: ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ΐϴϛήΗ
Ϊόμ˰Ϥϟ΍) Ϧϴϓή˰σ ϰ˰Ϡϋ ϱϮΘΤϳ ϲϧϭήΘϜϴϟ· ήμϨϋ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍
ϲ˰˰ϓ ϲ˰˰ΑήϬϜϟ΍ έΎ˰˰ϴΘϟ΍ έϭή˰˰ϤΑ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ΍ ΢Ϥδ˰˰ϳ ˬ(ςΒ˰˰ϬϤϟ΍ϭ
ΐ˰˰ΟϮϣ Ϊόμ˰˰Ϥϟ΍ Ϊ˰˰ϬΟ ϥϮ˰˰Ϝϳ ΎϣΪ˰˰Ϩϋ Ϛ˰˰ϟΫϭ Ϊ˰˰Σ΍ϭ ϩΎ˰˰ΠΗ΍
ϞϴΌ˰ο έΎ˰ϴΗ ϻ· ήϤϳ ϻϭ ˬ(ϲϣΎϣ΃ ϞϴλϮΗ) ςΒϬϤϠϟ ΔΒδϨϟΎΑ
ςΒ˰ϬϤϠϟ ΔΒδ˰ϨϟΎΑ ˴ΎΒϟΎ˰γ Ϊόμ˰Ϥϟ΍ Ϊ˰ϬΟ ϥϮϜϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ ΍˴ΪΟ
ΡΎ˰ΘϔϤϛ ΩϮϳΪ˰ϟ΍ έΎ˰ΒΘϋ΍ Ϧ˰ϜϤϳ ΍ά˰Ϝϫϭ ˬ(ϲδϜϋ ϞϴλϮΗ)
ϩΎ˰ΠΗϻ΍ ϲ˰ϓ Ϟ˰λϮϳ ϻϭ ΕΎ˰ϫΎΠΗϻ΍ Ϊ˰Σ΃ ϲ˰ϓ ϞλϮϳ ΪϬΟ
. ήΧϵ΍
ˬΔ˰˰ϠϗΎϧ ϒμ˰˰ϧ Ω΍Ϯ˰˰ϣ Ϧ˰˰ϣ ϦϴΘΤϳή˰˰η Ϧ˰˰ϣ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ΍ ϥϮ˰˰ϜΘϳ
.ΔΒΟϮϣ ϯήΧϷ΍ϭ ΔΒϟΎγ ΎϤϫ΍ΪΣ·
ϰ˰˰˰Ϡϋ ϱϮ˰˰˰ΘΤΗ ϲ˰˰˰Θϟ΍ϭ (P) Δ˰˰˰ΒΟϮϤϟ΍ ΔΤϳήθ˰˰˰ϟ΍ Ϟμ˰˰˰ϔϳ
ΔΤϳήθ˰˰ϟ΍ Ϧ˰˰ϋ ˬΔϨΤθ˰˰Ϡϟ ΕϼϣΎ˰˰Τϛ Δ˰˰ΒΟϮϤϟ΍ Ε΍Ϯ˰˰Πϔϟ΍
ΔΒϟΎδ˰˰ϟ΍ ΕΎ˰˰ϧϭήΘϜϟϻ΍ ϰ˰˰Ϡϋ ϱϮ˰˰ΘΤΗ ϲ˰˰Θϟ΍ϭ (N) ΔΒϟΎδ˰˰ϟ΍
Δ˰˰ϘτϨϤϟ΍ ϰϋΪ˰˰Η ΔϠ˰˰λΎϓ Δ˰˰ϘτϨϤΑ ˬΔϨΤθ˰˰Ϡϟ ΕϼϣΎ˰˰Τϛ
Ϟ˰ϛ ΔϛήΣ ϩΎΠΗ΍ ϰϟ· ΔΤοϮϤϟ΍ ϢϬγϷ΍ ήϴθΗϭ ˬΓΩήΠϤϟ΍
.ΕΎϧϭήΘϜϟϹ΍ έΎϴΗϭ Ε΍ϮΠϔϟ΍ έΎϴΗ Ϧϣ
: ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ΰϣέ
:ϲ΋ΎϨΜϠϟ ϲΟέΎΨϟ΍ ϞϜθϟ΍

ΔϴΤϴοϮΗ Δϣϼϋ ϲϫϭ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϝϮΣ ϱή΋΍Ω ςΧ ˱ΎϤ΋΍Ω ΪΠΗ

ςΒϬϤϟ΍ ϰϟ· ΪόμϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ έΎϴΘϟ΍ έΎδϣ ϰϠϋ ϝΪΗ
:ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ι΍ϮΧ
ϩΎ˰˰ΠΗϻ΍ ϲ˰˰ϓ ˱ϼ˰˰λϮϣ ϥϮ˰˰Ϝϳ ΎϣΪ˰˰Ϩϋ ˱΍έΎ˰˰ϴΗ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ΍ έή˰˰Ϥϳ
ϩΎ˰ΠΗϻ΍ ϲ˰ϓ ˱ϼ˰λϮϣ ϥϮ˰Ϝϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ ˱΍έΎϴΗ έήϤϳ ϻϭ ˬϲϣΎϣϷ΍
.ϲδϜόϟ΍

ϦϴΘϟΎ˰˰Τϟ΍ ϲ˰˰ϓ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ΍ ι΍Ϯ˰˰Χ ϰ˰˰ϨΤϨϣ ϞϜθ˰˰ϟ΍ ΢˰˰οϮϳϭ

:ΔϴϟΎΘϟ΍ ρΎϘϨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϩίΎΠϳ· ϦϜϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ϭ

:ϲ΋ΎΑήϬϜϟ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ έήϤϳ

ϲϣΎ˰ϣϷ΍ ϩΎ˰ΠΗϻ΍ ϲ˰ϓ έϭήϤϟΎ˰Α έΎ˰ϴΘϠϟ ϲ΋Ύ˰ϨΜϟ΍ ΢Ϥδϳ -
ΰΟΎ˰Τϟ΍ Ϊ˰ϬΠϟΎΑ ϰϤδϳ Ύϣ ϲϣΎϣϷ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϯΪόΘϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ
Ύ˰˰ΘϤϴϗ ϥϮ˰˰ϜΗϭ ˬϞϴ˰˰λϮΘϟ΍ ϲ˰˰ϓ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ΍ ϩΪ˰˰όΑ ΃Ϊ˰˰Βϳ ϱά˰ ϟ΍ϭ
˹̄˼ ϭ ϥϮϜϴϠδ˰ϟ΍ ΕΎ˰ϴ΋ΎϨΛ ϲ˰ϓ Ζ˰ϟϮϓ ˹̄̀ ΰΟΎ˰Τϟ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍
. ϡϮϴϧΎϣήΠϟ΍ ΕΎϴ΋ΎϨΛ ϲϓ ΖϟϮϓ

: ϲ΋ΎΑήϬϜϟ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ έήϤϳ ϻ

Ϟϴ˰˰λϮΘϟ΍ Δ˰˰ϟΎΣ Ϟ˰˰ΜϤϳ ϰ˰˰ϨΤϨϤϟ΍ Ϧ˰˰ϣ ϲϠϔδ˰˰ϟ΍ ˯ΰ˰˰Πϟ΍ -
ϥ΃ ϰ˰ϟ· ήϔμϠϟ ΎϳϭΎδϣ ΎΒϳήϘΗ έΎϴΘϟ΍ ϰϘΒϳ ΚϴΣ ϲδϜόϟ΍
ϲδ˰Ϝϋ έΎ˰ϴΗ ή˰Ϥϳ Κ˰ϴΣ έΎ˰ϴϬϧϻ΍ Ϊ˰ϬΟ ϰ˰ϟ· ΪϬΠϟ΍ Ϟμϳ
.ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϒϠΘϳ ϥ΃ ϪϨϜϤϳ ΪΤϳ Ϣϟ ΍Ϋ· ΪϳΪη
3
4
 : Diode Types (ΩϮϳ΍Ϊϟ΍) ΕΎϴ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ω΍Ϯϧ΃
:Ge Diode ϡϮϴϧΎϣήΠϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ
Ε΍Ϋ ϥϮ˰ϜΗ ΐ΋΍Ϯθ˰Α ϥϮϘΤϣϭ ϡϮϴϧΎϣήΠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ωϮϨμϤϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Κ˰ϴΤΑ ˬΔΒϟΎ˰γ ΓέϮ˰ϠΑ Ε΍Ϋ ϥϮ˰ϜΗ ϯή˰Χ΃ ΐ΋΍Ϯ˰η ϊϣ ΔΒΟϮϣ ΓέϮϠΑ
.ϦϴΗέϭΎΠΘϣ ΔΒϟΎδϟ΍ϭ ΔΒΟϮϤϟ΍ ϥΎΗέϮϠΒϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ
:Se Diode ϥϮϜϴϠδϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ
Ε΍Ϋ ϥϮ˰ϜΗ ΐ΋΍Ϯθ˰Α ϥϮ˰ϘΤϣϭ ϥϮϜϴϠδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ωϮϨμϤϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ Ϯϫ
Κ˰ϴΤΑ ˬΔΒϟΎ˰γ ΓέϮ˰ϠΑ Ε΍Ϋ ϥϮ˰ϜΗ ϯή˰Χ΃ ΐ΋΍Ϯ˰η ϊϣ ΔΒΟϮϣ ΓέϮϠΑ
. ϦϴΗέϭΎΠΘϣ ΔΒϟΎδϟϭ ΔΒΟϮϤϟ΍ ϥΎΗέϮϠΒϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ

ϊ˰˰τϘϟ΍ Ϧ˰˰ϣ ϡϮϴϧΎ˰˰ϣήΠϟ΍ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΛ ΍ά˰˰ϫ

ή˰΋΍ϭΩ ϲϓ ΎϤ΋΍Ω ϞϤόΘδΗϭ ΓέϮϬθϤϟ΍
Ϧϣϭ Bridge ϢϳϮϘΘϟ΍ ή΋΍ϭΩ ϞΜϣ ΓέΪϘϟ΍
ϲπ˰˰ϔϟ΍ ς˰˰Ψϟ΍ϭ (1N4001) ΎϫήϬ˰˰η΃
.ςΒϬϤϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϝΪϳ ΎϤ΋΍Ω

Maximum
Maximum
Diode Reverse
Current
Voltage
1N4001 1A 50V
1N4002 1A 100V
1N4007 1A 1000V
1N5401 3A 100V
1N5408 3A 1000V
ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ΔϳΎϤΤϟ΍ Γέ΍Ω ϡ΍ΪΨΘγϻ΍ Δό΋Ύθϟ΍ ΕΎϴ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ξόΑ ΕΎϔλ΍Ϯϣ ϦϴΒϳ ϝϭΪΟ
:ήϨϳί ϲ΋ΎϨΛ
: ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ κ΋ΎμΧ ϰϨΤϨϣ
Ϟ˰˰λϭ ΍Ϋ· Ύ˰˰ϣ΃ ˱Ύ˰ ϴϣΎϣ΃ ϪϠϴ˰˰λϮΗ Ϣ˰˰Η ΍Ϋ· ϱΩΎ˰˰ϋ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϛ ή˰˰Ϩϳΰϟ΍ Ϟ˰˰Ϥόϳ
ϑϮ˰γ ϲδ˰Ϝόϟ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϨϴόϣ ΔϤϴϗ ΪϨϋ ϪϧΎϓ ˱ΎϴδϜϋ ˱ϼϴλϮΗ
Ϊ˰ϬΠϟ΍ ϰϤδ˰ϳϭ ˬΓΪϳΪ˰ηϭ Δ˰ΌΟΎϔϣ ΓέϮμ˰Α ϲδ˰Ϝόϟ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ Ω΍Ωΰϳ
ϭ΃ "έΎϴϬϧϻ΍ ΪϬΟ" ϲδϜϋ έΎϴΗ ΙϭΪΣ ϲϓ ΐΒδΘϳ ϱάϟ΍ ϲδϜόϟ΍
ϰ˰Ϡϋ ˱Ύ˰γΎγ΃ ή˰Ϩϳΰϟ΍ Ϊ˰ϬΟ ϭ΃ έΎ˰ϴϬϧϻ΍ ΪϬΟ ΪϤΘόϳϭ ˬ "ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ΪϬΟ"
ϲ΋Ύ˰ϨΛ Ύ˰ϬϨϣ ϊϨ˰λ ϲ˰Θϟ΍ ΓΩΎ˰Ϥϟ΍ Ύ˰ϬΑ ΖϤόσ ϲΘϟ΍ ΐ΋΍Ϯθϟ΍ ΔϴϤϛ
. . ήϨϳΰϟ΍
:ήϛάϟΎΑ ΓήϳΪΟ ΔϴϟΎΘϟ΍ ρΎϘϨϟ΍ϭ
Ϊ˰˰ϬΠϛ ή˰˰Ϩϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ ϲδ˰˰Ϝόϟ΍ έΎ˰˰ϴϬϧϻ΍ Ϊ˰˰ϬΟ ϞϐΘδ˰˰˵ϳ x
. ΪϬΠϟ΍ ΖϴΒΜΗ ή΋΍ϭΩ ϲϓ ϲόΟήϣ
˱ΎϴϣΎϣ΃ ˱ϼϴλϮΗ Ϟλϭ ΍Ϋ· Ύϣ΃ ˱ΎϴδϜϋ ΎϤ΋΍Ω ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϞλϮϳ x
.ϱΩΎόϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϞΜϣ ϥϮϜΗ Ϫλ΍ϮΧ ϥΎϓ
ϭ΃ ϒ˰ϠΘϳ Ϧ˰ϟ Ϫ˰ϧΈϓ έΎ˰ϴϬϧϻ΍ Δ˰ϘτϨϣ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϝϮΧΩ ΪϨϋ x
έΎ˰ϴΘϟ΍ Ϊ˰ΤΗ Ϫ˰Α ΔϠ˰λϮϤϟ΍ Δ˰ϴΟέΎΨϟ΍ Γέ΍Ϊ˰ϟ΍ ϥ΃ ΚϴΣ ϕήΘΤϳ
. ϪϔϠΗ ΐΒδΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔϤϴϘϟ΍ Ϧϣ Ϟϗ΃ ϥϮϜϴϟ
: ήϨϳί ϲ΋ΎϨΛ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϢϴψϨΗ
ή˰Ϩϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ Δϴϔϴϛ ΡήθΗ ΔτϴδΑ Γή΋΍Ω ϞϜθϟ΍ ΢οϮϳ
. ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϢϴψϨΗ ϲϓ
ΪϬΟ ϱϭΎδϳϭ ΖΑΎΛ ΝήΨϟ΍ ΪϬΟ ˬέΎϴΘϟ΍ ΔϤϴϗ Ϧϣ ΪΤΗ R ΔϣϭΎϘϤϟ΍
έΎ˰ϴΘϟ΍ ή˰ϴϐΗ ϭ΃ ϞΧΪ˰ϟ΍ Ϊ˰ϬΟ ή˰ϴϐΗ Ϧ˰ϋ ή˰ψϨϟ΍ ξ˰ϐΑ ˬή˰Ϩϳΰϟ΍ έΎϴϬϧ΍
. ϞϤΤϟ΍ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ΏϮΤδϤϟ΍

5
Example: output voltage required is 5V, output current required is 60mA.
1. Vz = 4.7V (nearest value available)
2. Vs = 8V (it must be a few volts greater than Vz)
3. Imax = 66mA (output current plus 10%)
4. Pz > 4.7V × 66mA = 310mW, choose Pz = 400mW
5. R = (8V - 4.7V) / 66mA = 0.05k = 50 , choose R = 47
6. Resistor power rating P > (8V - 4.7V) × 66mA = 218mW, choose P = 0.5W

:ήϨϳί ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϡΪΨΘδΗ ϢϴψϨΗ Γέ΍Ω

Ϟϴ˰˰˰λϮΘϟ΍ ϲ˰˰˰ϓ ϡΪΨΘδ˰˰˰ϳ ή˰˰˰Ϩϳί ϲ΋Ύ˰˰˰ϨΛ ϥ΃ Ϣ˰˰˰Ϡόϧ Ϧ˰˰˰Τϧ
ϥϮ˰ϤϜϟ΍ ϕή˰ϓ ϥϮ˰Ϝϳ ΎϣΪ˰Ϩόϓ ˬ ϥϮ˰ϤϜϟ΍ Ζ˰ϴΒΜΘϟ ϲδϜόϟ΍
ϥϮ˰Ϝϳ (έΎ˰ϴϬϧϻ΍ ϥϮ˰Ϥϛ) ή˰Ϩϳί ϥϮ˰ϤϜϟ΍ Ϧϣ Ϟϗ΃ Ϫϴϓήσ ϦϴΑ
:ΔϗϼόϟΎΑ ϰτόϣ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ϲϓήσ ϦϴΑ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ϕήϓ
VL = Vz = Vs - Vrv = Vs - I .Rv
I = IL +IZ
:ΚϴΣ
.ϞϤΤϟ΍ έΎϴΗ : IL
ϩάϫ ϲϓ ϱϭΎδϳϭ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϲϓ έΎϤϟ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ : IZ
.ήϔμϟ΍ ΔϟΎΤϟ΍
VL = Vs – ( IL+ Iz ) Rv
VL = Vs – IL . Rv
ϥϮ˰Ϥϛ ) ή˰Ϩϳί ϥϮ˰Ϥϛ ϰ˰ϟ· ˱ΎϳϭΎδ˰ϣ ΢Βμϳ ϰΘΣ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϲϓήσ ϦϴΑ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ϕήϓ Ω΍Ωΰϳ ϞΧ΍Ϊϟ΍ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ΩΎϳΩί΍ ϊϣϭ
ϰ˰Ϡϋ ϖ˰ΒτϤϟ΍ ϥϮ˰ϤϜϟ΍ ϕή˰ϓ ΩΎ˰ϳΩίΎΑ ϲδ˰Ϝόϟ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ Ω΍Ωΰϳϭ ˬ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲϓ (IZ) ϲδϜϋ έΎϴΗ ήϤϳ ΎϫΪϨόϓ ( VZ έΎϴϬϧϻ΍
ϥϮ˰ϤϜϟ΍ ΍ά˰ϫ ϱϭΎδ˰ϳϭ ˬ ήϨϳί ϖΒτϤϟ΍ ϥϮϤϜϠϟ ˱ΎϳϭΎδϣ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϲϓήσ ϦϴΑ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ϕήϓ ϰϘΒϳ Ϛϟάϟ ˬ ήϨϳί ϲ΋ΎϨΛ
: ΔϗϼόϟΎΑ ϰτόϳϭ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ϲϓήσ ϦϴΑ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ϕήϓ
VL = VS – ( IL + IZ ) RV
Ϊ˰Ϩϋ Ϛ˰ϟΫϭ Ϫ˰ϴϓ ή˰Ϥϳ ϱά˰ϟ΍ ϲϤψϋϷ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΪΤϟΎΑ ϚϟΫϭ ϒϠΘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ΔϳΎϤΤϟ ( RV) ΔϣϭΎϘϤϟ΍ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
. Ϫϟ ΔϤϴϗ ϰϠϋ΃ϭ Ϟϗ΃ ϦϴΑ ϞΧ΍Ϊϟ΍ ϥϮϤϛ ήϴϐΗ
ϥϮϤϛ Ϧϋ ϞϘΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ΕΎϧϮϤϜϟ΍ ϢϴψϨΗ ΔϴϧΎϜϣ· ϡΪϋ Ϯϫ ήϨϳΰϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ϢϴψϨΗ Γέ΍Ω ΉϭΎδϣ Ϣϫ΃ Ϧϣ
.. ήϨϳί

:Light Emitting Diode (LED) ϲ΋Ϯπϟ΍ ΙΎόΒϧϻ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ

.Δϴ΋ΎΑήϬϛ ΓέΎηΈΑ έΎΜϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ ˯Ϯπϟ΍ ϊθϳ
ϲϣΎ˰ϣϷ΍ ϩΎΠΗϻ΍ ϲϓ ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϤϛ ϲ΋Ϯπϟ΍ ΙΎόΒϧϻ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϞλϮϳϭ
ΓΎ˰τόϤϟ΍ Δ˰ϴ΋ΎΑήϬϜϟ΍ ΔϗΎτϟ΍ ϥ΃ ϰϠϋ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϞϤϋ Δϳήψϧ ΪϤΘόΗϭ
ϱΩΆ˰ϳ ΎϤϣ ΔϨΤθϟ΍ ΕϼϣΎΣ ϚϳήΤΗ ϰϠϋ ϞϤόΗ ϲϣΎϣϷ΍ ϞϴλϮΘϟΎΑ Ϫϟ
ωΎό˰η· ΔΒΒδ˰ϣ ΕΎ˰ϫΎΠΗϻ΍ Ϟ˰ϛ ϲ˰ϓ Κ˰όΒϨΗ ΓήΣ ΕΎϧϮΗϮϓ ΪϴϟϮΗ ϰϟ·
. ˯Ϯπϟ΍
ϲ˰ϤΤΘϟ ϡϭ΃ ϮϠϴϛ ˺ ϰϟ· ϡϭ΃ ˿́˹ ϦϴΑΎϣ ΎϬΘϤϴϗ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ΎϤ΋΍Ω ϞλϮΗϭ
.LED ˯ϮπϠϟ ΚϋΎΒϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍

6
 :ϥ΍ϮϟϷ΍ ϲΛϼΛ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍
.. ˱ΎΒϧΎΟ ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϦϴΒϣ Ϯϫϭ
..(ήϔλϷ΍ϭ ήπΧϷ΍ϭ ήϤΣϷ΍) ϥ΍ϮϟϷ΍ έΪμϳ Ϫϧ΃ ΚϴΣ
ϲ˰τόϳ Ύ˱˰όϣ Ϧϴ˰ϨΛϻ΍ ϝΎόΘη΍ ΪϨϋϭ (ήπΧ΃ϭ ήϤΣ΃) ϦϳΪϟ Ϧϣ ϥϮϜΘϳ ϪϠΧ΍Ω ϲϓ Ϯϫϭ
..ήϔλϷ΍ Ϯϫϭ ˱ΎΜϟΎΛ ˱ΎϧϮϟ
.. ήπΧϷ΍ ϥϮϠϟ (a2)ϭ ήϤΣϷ΍ ϥϮϠϟ (a1)ϭ ϙήΘθϤϟ΍ ςΒϬϤϟ΍ ϲϫ ϰτγϮϟ΍ ΔτϘϨϟ΍

R = (VS - VL) / I

IF VF VF VR Luminous Viewing
Type Colors Wavelength
max. type. max. max. intensity angle
Standard Red 30mA 1.7V 2.1V 5V 5mcd @ 10mA 60° 660nm
Standard Bright red 30mA 2.0V 2.5V 5V 80mcd @ 10mA 60° 625nm
Standard Yellow 30mA 2.1V 2.5V 5V 32mcd @ 10mA 60° 590nm
Standard Green 25mA 2.2V 2.5V 5V 32mcd @ 10mA 60° 565nm
High intensity Blue 30mA 4.5V 5.5V 5V 60mcd @ 20mA 50° 430nm
Super bright Red 30mA 1.85V 2.5V 5V 500mcd @ 20mA 60° 660nm
Low current Red 30mA 1.7V 2.0V 5V 5mcd @ 2mA 60° 625nm

...ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϲϓ έΎϤϟ΍ ϲϣΎϣϷ΍ ϲϤψϋϷ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ :IF max

...ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϞϴϐθΗ ϞΟ΍ Ϧϣ ϲΟΫϮϤϨϟ΍ ϲϣΎϣϷ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍ :VF type
.. ϪϠϤΤΘϳ ϥ΃ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϠϟ ϦϜϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϤψϋϷ΍ ϲϣΎϣϷ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍ :VF max
.. ϪϠϤΤΘϳ ϥ΃ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϠϟ ϦϜϤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϤψϋϷ΍ ϲδϜόϟ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍ :VF max
.. mcd = millicandela ϲ΋ΎϨΜϠϟ ωϮτδϟ΍ ΓΪη :Luminous intensity
.. Γ˯ΎοϺϟ Δϳ΅ήϟ΍ αΎϜόϧ΍ Δϳϭ΍ί :Viewing angle
.. nm = nanometer έΩΎμϟ΍ ˯Ϯπϟ΍ ΔΟϮϣ ϝϮσ :Wavelength

:Photo Diode ϲ΋Ϯπϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍

Γά˰ϓΎϧϭ N ΐϟΎ˰γ ή˰Χ΁ϭ P ΐ˰ΟϮϣ ϞλϮϣ ϪΒη Ϧϣ ϲ΋Ϯπϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϥϮϜΘϳ
˱Ύϴδ˰Ϝϋ ϼ
˱ ϴ˰λϮΗ ϲ΋Ϯπ˰ϟ΍ ϲ΋Ύ˰ϨΜϟ΍ Ϟ˰λϮϳ
.ϞϜθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΢πΘϳ ΎϤϛ ˯ϮπϠϟ ΓάϔϨϣ ΔϓΎϔη
: ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϤϛ

ςΑ΍ϭή˰ϟ΍ ήδ˰ϜΑ ˯Ϯπ˰ϟ΍ ϡϮ˰Ϙϳ ˬϲ΋Ϯπ˰ϟ΍ ϲ΋Ύ˰ϨΜϟ΍ ϰ˰Ϡϋ ˯Ϯπϟ΍ ςϘδϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ
Ω΍Ωΰϳϭ ˬΔϴϠϗϷ΍ ΕΎϨΤθ˰Α ϰϤδΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ΕΎϨΤθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΩΪϋ έήΤΘϳϭ ΔϳέϮϠΒϟ΍
ΐϳήδ˰˰Θϟ΍ έΎ˰˰ϴΘΑ ϰϤδ˰˰ϳ ˱΍έΎ˰˰ϴΗ ˱Ύ˰ ϧϮϜϣ ςϗΎδ˰˰ϟ΍ ˯Ϯπ˰˰ϟ΍ ΓΩΎ˰˰ϳΰΑ ΩΪ˰˰όϟ΍ ΍ά˰˰ϫ
. ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϻ΍ Ε΍έ΍Ϊϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡΪΨΘδϳϭ

7
 : Varactor ϱϮόδϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍
.ΎϬϴϠϋ ϊϗ΍Ϯϟ΍ ΪϬΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ˱΍ΩΎϤΘϋ΍ ΓήϴϐΘϣ ΕΎϔΜϜϤϛ ΔϳϮόδϟ΍ ΕΎϴ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
ϲ˰ϓ ΔϠ˰λϮϣ ϡϮϴδ˰ϴϠϴδϟ΍ Ϧ˰ϣ (PN) Δϴ΋ΎϨΛ ΔϠλϭ Ϧϋ ΓέΎΒϋ ˱ΎγΎγ΃ ϱϮόδϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ϭ
. ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϤϛ ϚϟΫϭ ϲδϜόϟ΍ ϩΎΠΗϻ΍
ϲ˰˰ϓ ˱΍ή˰˰ϴΒϛ ˱΍έϭΩ ΰΟΎ˰˰Τϟ΍ ϥϮ˰˰ϤϜϟ΍ Δ˰˰ϘτϨϣ ϲ˰˰ϓ ϞϜθ˰˰ΘΗ ϲ˰˰Θϟ΍ Δ˰˰ϴΗ΍άϟ΍ Δόδ˰˰ϟ΍ ΐ˰˰όϠΗϭ
. ( 2500 pF) ϰϟ· ΔϴΗ΍άϟ΍ Δόδϟ΍ ΔϤϴϗ ϞμΗ Ϊϗϭ ˬϱϮόδϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍
Δ˰Ϥϴϗ Ϊ˰ϳΪΤΗ ϲ˰ϓ ϲδ˰ϴ΋ήϟ΍ έϭΪ˰ϟ΍ ϲΟέΎ˰Χ ϊ˰ΒϨϣ Ϧϣ ϖΒτϤϟ΍ ϲδϜόϟ΍ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ΐόϠϳ
ΔϴΗ΍άϟ΍ Δόδϟ΍ ϥ· .(cd) ΔϴΗ΍άϟ΍ Δόδϟ΍ κϘϨΘϓ (d) ΰΟΎΤϟ΍ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϣ ΔϛΎϤγ Ω΍ΩΰΗ ϩΩΎϳΩί΍ ϊϤϓ ˬΔϴΗ΍άϟ΍ Δόδϟ΍
ϒ˰ϠΗ ϻ· ϭ ϲδϜόϟ΍ έΎϴϬϧϻ΍ ϥϮϤϛ ϰϟ· ϝϮλϮϟ΍ ϡΪϋ ΔψΣϼϣ ΐΠϳϭ ˬϖΒτϤϟ΍ ϲδϜόϟ΍ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ΩΎϳΩίΎΑ κϗΎϨΘΗ (cd)
.ϱϮόδϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍
.ϩήΒϛ ϊϣ ϞϘΗϭ ϖΒτϤϟ΍ ϲδϜόϟ΍ ϥϮϤϜϟ΍ ήϐλ ϊϣ Ω΍ΩΰΗ ΚϴΣ Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ ωΎϔΗέΎΑ (cd) ΔϴΗ΍άϟ΍ Δόδϟ΍ ΔϤϴϗ ήΛ΄ΘΗ
Ε΍έ΍Ω ϲ˰ϓϭ (FM) ϱΩΩή˰Θϟ΍ ϞϳΪ˰όΘϟ΍ ϰ˰Ϡϋ Δ˰ϠϣΎόϟ΍ ϝΎΒϘΘ˰γϻ΍ Γΰ˰ϬΟ΃ Ϧϴ˰ϧέ Ε΍έ΍Ω ϲ˰ϓ ΔϳϮόδϟ΍ ΕΎϴ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϡΪΨΘδΗ
. ϱΩΎϋ ϲ΋ΎϨΛ ϱ΄ϛ Ϫϣ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϦϜϤϳ ΎϤϛ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΘϟ΍ ΓΰϬΟ΃ ϲϓ ΔλΎΧϭ (UHF) ΔϴϟΎόϟ΍ ϕϮϓ Ε΍ΩΩήΘϟ΍

: ϲϜΗϮη ϲ΋ΎϨΛ

έΎ˰ϴΘϟ΍ ϢϳϮ˰ϘΘϟ Ϟ
˵ Ϥό˴Θδ˵Η ΕΎϴ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϩάϫ
Ϛ˰ϟΫϭ . ήϤΘδ˰Ϥϟ΍ ˶έΎϴΘϟ΍ ϰϟ· ˶ΏϭΎϨΘϤϟ΍
˶ΏϭΎ˰˰ϨΘϤϟ΍ έΎ˰˰ϴΘϟ΍ ˴ΩΩή˰˰Η ϥϮ˰˰Ϝϳ ΎϣΪ˰˰Ϩϋ
. ˱ ΍ΪΟ ϲϟΎϋ

:Tunnel diodes ϲϘϔϨϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍

ϡϮϴϧΎ˰ϣήΠϟ΍ Ϧ˰ϣ ϡΎ˰ϋ ϞϜθ˰Α ϲ˰ϘϔϨϟ΍ ϲ΋Ύ˰ϨΜϟ΍ ϊϨμϳ
ΰΟΎ˰Τϟ΍ ϥϮ˰ϤϜϟ΍ Δ˰ϘτϨϣ ϲ˰ϓ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ΔΣΎδϣ ϥϮϜΗϭ
. Γήϴϐλ
˱ΎϣΎϤΗ ϲδϜόϟ΍ ϞϴλϮΘϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲϘϔϨϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϑήμΘϳ
Ϫ˰ϧΎϓ ϲδ˰Ϝόϟ΍ Ϟϴ˰λϮΘϟ΍ ϲ˰ϓ Ύ˰ϣ΃ ˬϱΩΎ˰όϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟΎϛ
. ι΍ϮΨϟ΍ ϲϨΤϨϣ ΎϬϨϴΒϳ ΔϔϠΘΨϣ ΔϘϳήτΑ ϑήμΘϳ
ΩΎ˰ϳΩί΍ ϊ˰ϣ ϲϣΎ˰ϣϷ΍ έΎϴΘϟ΍ κϗΎϨΘϳ ΩΪΤϣ ϝΎΠϣ ϦϤο
ϲ˰˰ϘϔϨϟ΍ ϲ΋Ύ˰˰ϨΜϟ΍ ϥ΃ ϱ΃ ϖ˰˰ΒτϤϟ΍ ϲϣΎ˰˰ϣϷ΍ ϥϮ˰˰ϤϜϟ΍
.ΩΪΤϤϟ΍ ϝΎΠϤϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϦϤο ΔΒϟΎγ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ϱΪΒϳ
ΕΎΑά˰ΑάϤϟ΍ Ε΍έ΍Ω ϲϓ ΍˱ήϴΜϛ ϲϘϔϨϟ΍ ϲ΋ΎϨΜϟ΍ ϡΪΨΘδϳ
Ϟϴ˰λϮΘϟ΍ ϲ˰ϓ ˱Ύ˰Ϥ΋΍Ω ϥϮϜϳϭ ˱΍ΪΟ ΔϴϟΎόϟ΍ Ε΍ΩΩήΘϟ΍ Ε΍Ϋ
ϲδ˰˰Ϝόϟ΍ ϥϮ˰˰ϤϜϟ΍ Δ˰˰Ϥϴϗ ˱΍ή˰˰ϴΜϛ ϰ˰˰ϋ΍ήΗϭ ˬ ϲϣΎ˰˰ϣϷ΍
. ΔΒϟΎγ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ϰϠϋ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϖΒτϤϟ΍