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Zoology
Email: egyptianacademic@yahoo.com ISSN: 2090 – 0759
Received: 7/9/2009 www.eajbs.eg.net
The influence of prey on size, capture area and mesh height of the orb-web of the
garden spider, Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) (Araneaea: Araneidae)
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841), stabilimentum, web size, web capture area, web mesh
height.
INTRODUCTION
foraging success influence the architecture of the web, hence, well-fed or satiated
spiders build smaller web and absence of prey increases the web size and capture
area?
Feeding Treatment. Thirty seven (37) penultimate and adult females (Fig. 1) of
Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) were collected and each was placed in a
13x9x9cm upturned plastic cup and watered through wet cotton and fed with one blue
fly and brought to the laboratory. It was then starved for four days prior to
experimentation to ensure that the spiders’ energetic status was uniform. Each spider
was housed in a wooden cage 60 x 60 x 20 cm, covered with clean plastic sheeting on
the top, front, and back. Screen sides provided ventilation. Only spiders (N=30) that
spun webs on the next 24 hours were used in the experiment.
Fig.1: Female Argiope aemula (Walckenaer 1841) from the vicinity of Mindanao Steel Corporation:
(A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view.
B
Spiders were subjected to three sequential feeding treatments. These were: (A)
small-size prey; (B) large-size prey; and (C) no prey. Spiders in small-size prey
regime were given fruit flies (Drosophila sp.; body size: 0.25-0.30 cm) ad libitum and
one grasshopper (body size: 1.2-1.6 cm) was introduced directly into the webs to
spiders in large-size prey regime. For the first three (1-3) consecutive days, spiders
were given fruit flies ad libitum. For the next 3 days (day 4-6), spiders were given one
grasshopper every day. For five (5) days (day 7-11) the spiders were fasted. The web
architecture were observed every day in small and large prey regime, while in no prey
regime, only webs spun in the final 3 days (day 9-11) were observed to ensure that
the spiders were already starving. For the purpose of comparison, spiders in no prey
feeding regime are categorized “starved” or “fasted” while in small-size prey and
large prey regime are considered “poorly-fed” and “well-fed” respectively. The web
architecture was observed and documented every day. The web was photographed
with a ruler beside it (for calibration) and imported to UTHSCSA Image Tool
software UTHSCSA Image Tool Version 3.00 where necessary measurements were
done. The web capture area was determined by subtracting the area of the free zone
(non-sticky spirals) from the size of the web while the mesh height is the average
distance between sticky spirals of the web (Fig. 2).
The influence of prey on web size, capture area and mesh eight of the orb-web garden spider 67
Fig. 2: A schematic web of Argiope aemula demonstrating the web parameters measured. Free zone
(white-color) is the area in the center of a web covered by non-sticky spirals and is present in
both decorated and undecorated webs. Capture area (gray-color) is the rest of web area covered
by sticky spirals. Mesh height/size/width is the distance between two consecutive sticky spirals.
Stabilimentum, if present, may consist of one arm in the lower half or one arm on both the
lower and upper halves, or two arms in both lower and upper halves of the webs. Sometimes
stabilimenta may extend into the area covered by sticky spirals.
Table (1) shows that the prey treatment had a confound effect on the web size
(ANOVA: F=43.5; df=2; p<0.001), web capture area (F= 30.08; df=2; p<0.001) and
web mesh height (F=34.79; df=2; p= <0.001). The web size was significantly
different between the three treatments (Figure 2 and Table 1). Starved spiders spun
significantly larger webs than well-fed spiders (NP=2078.3+457.3 cm2 vs.
LP=1250+466.0 cm2; Turkey’s Pairwise Test: Q=7.645, p<0.001). Similarly, spiders
in small-prey regime constructed larger webs than spiders in large prey regime
(SP=1607.8+497.5cm2 vs. LP=1250+466.0 cm2,p<0.001).
Table1: Mean (+SD) web parameters for No Prey (NP), Small-size Prey (SP), and Large-size Prey (LP)
A. aemula.
Parameters No Prey Small-Size Prey Large-size Prey P
Web Size (cm2 ) 2078.3+457.3; n=50 1607.8+497.5; n=65 1250+466.0; n= 67 3.1E-13*
Capture Area (cm2 ) 2009.7+404.5; n=48 1594.6+484.3; n=53 1216.6+456.7; n=31 1.9E-11*
Mesh Height (cm) 0.43+0.06; n=46 0.36+0.08; n=60 0.49+0.09; n=44 4.3E-13*
*P values are from Kruskal Wallis and ANOVA (*) Tests comparing the treatments (comparing means) and n is
the number of webs measured in each parameter.
In the absence of potential prey, spiders not only increased the web size but
also the capture area. A significant difference in web capture area was observed
among spiders in different feeding treatments (p<0.001). The no prey spiders
constructed significantly larger capture area than in the presence of small prey
68 Liza R. Abrenica-Adamat et al.
was replaced with large-sized prey, the spiders adjusted (increased) the distances
between the web sticky spirals. This suggests that spiders in different feeding groups
adopted different foraging strategies (e.g. narrow-spaced or larger-spaced mesh
height) based upon an assessment of their previous foraging success (presence of
small-prey or large-prey or interception and consumption of small-prey and large
prey). This further suggests that starved or food-deprived spiders increased their
foraging effort in terms of silk investment by spinning more tightly spaced sticky
spirals compared to satiated or well-fed spiders. Furthermore, in the absence of prey,
spiders constructed narrower-meshed compared to spiders in the presence of large
prey but larger than in the presence of small-size prey. This is probably because
spiders were unable to detect presence of any prey type or cannot know why they are
not catching prey, so spider in no prey treatment made a compromise between
increasing and decreasing the mesh height to accommodate both small-size and large-
size prey.
In the present study, the food-deprived spiders did not only increase the web
size and capture area but also increased the number of spiral turns while decreasing
the distances between spirals turns. Suggesting that starved spiders should increase
their web construction effort (increased investment on web spirals) to efficiently
increase their foraging effort. In addition, the increasing web construction effort could
be ultimately directed to increasing prey capture rates thus increase foraging success
which has a significant implication to spiders’ survival. According to Chacon and
Eberhard (1980) and Herberstein et al. (2000), a larger capture area results in higher
prey interception and by increasing the distance between sticky spirals spiders may
enlarge over-all capture area without greater energy expenditure. Hence, the food-
deprived spiders commonly increase web area to enhance prey encounter. Similarly,
based on the study conducted by Eberhard (1986) and Peakall and Witt (1976), a large
web intercepts more insects but at the same time more expensive to construct than
small web of the same design, not only in terms of material but also because of a
higher construction effort.
Finally, the observed differences in web mesh height is due to the differences
in prey body length (prey size: 0.25cm vs. 1.2-1.6 cm) and prey kinetic energy
(Prokop, 2006). The effects of web architecture, especially on mesh height, are
interesting in light of mixed and contradicting results from other studies (Heiling and
Herberstein, 1998; McReynolds & Polis, 1987, Herberstein & Elgar 1994; Eberhard,
1986; Nentwig, 1983; Vollrath 1992a,b; Murakami, 1983, Uetz et al. 1978;
Blackledge and Zevenbergen, 2006, and Prokop, 2006). Murakami (1983) and Uetz et
al. (1978) argued that a lower mesh height will target prey items with a smaller body
length that otherwise fly through a web. Blackledge and Zevenbergen (2006) found
out that increased mesh width of Argiope aurantia orb-webs resulted in a general
reduction in the retention times of insects, though the retention times for different taxa
of insects were not predicted by any specific morphological or flight characteristics.
The retention times of insects are very complex, but their results suggest that mesh
width can act to selectively capture a certain taxa of insects over others. The findings
of their study may help to explain the variation in web architectures (mesh height)
spun by A. aemula spiders in response to prey size variation. Our results on mesh
height, however, contradicts the findings of Witt (1963), that when prey conditions
were bad, thread production decreased and both web area and mesh height increased
when spiders were starved.
70 Liza R. Abrenica-Adamat et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES