Unit 3

PHP
Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam,

School of Information Technology and Engineering,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore.

Table of Content
‣ AMP Package
‣ Type Casting
‣ Overview of PHP
‣ PHP Operators
‣ PHP - Environment Setup
‣ Conditional Statements
‣ PHP with HTML
‣ PHP Loops
‣ PHP Syntax
‣ PHP Arrays
‣ Output/Printing in PHP
‣ PHP Functions
‣ PHP Variables
‣ Date and Time Function
‣ PHP Data Types
‣ Global Variables - Superglobals
‣ PHP Strings
‣ File Handling
‣ PHP - Constants
Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 2

AMP Package
๏ AMP is an acronym formed from the initials of Apache,
MySQL and PHP or Python or Perl.
✓ Apache: It acts as Web server. Its main job is to parse any
file requested by a browser and display the correct results
according to the code within that file.
✓ PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language that allows
your Web site to be truly dynamic.
✓ MySQL: It enables PHP and Apache to work together to
access and display data in a readable format to a browser.

Apache Introduction
๏ Apache is a Web server Responds to client requests by providing
resources
๏ The first version of Apache, based on the NCSA(National Center
for Supercomputing Applications) https Web server, was
developed in 1995.
๏ Because it was developed from existing NCSA code plus various
patches, It was called a patchy server - hence the name Apache
Server.
๏ As a result of its sophisticated features, excellent performance,
and low price - free, Apache has become the world's most popular
Web server.

HTTP Request Types

๏ Get - The HTTP GET request method is designed to retrieve
information from the server.
๏ Post - The POST request method is designed to request that a web
server accepts the data enclosed in the request message's body for
storage. It is often used when uploading a file or submitting a
completed web form.


Overview of PHP
๏ PHP - Hypertext PreProcessor.
✓ Other Names :
• Personal Home Page
• Professional Home Page
๏ It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer
Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.

What is PHP?
๏ PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
๏ PHP is free to download and use
๏ PHP scripts are executed on the server
✓ Capable of generating the HTML pages
๏ HTML generates the web page with the static text and images.

What Can PHP Do?

๏ PHP can generate dynamic page content
๏ PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
๏ PHP can collect data from user
๏ PHP can send and receive cookies
๏ PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
๏ PHP can be used to control user-access
๏ PHP can encrypt data
With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images,
PDF files, and even Flash movies. You can also output any text, such as
XHTML and XML.

PHP is an amazing and popular language

๏ It is powerful enough to be at the core of the biggest blogging
system on the web (WordPress)!
๏ It is deep enough to run the largest social network (Facebook)!
๏ Companies using PHP
✓ Wikipedia
✓ Yahoo
✓ Mailchimp
✓ Tubmlr(Now switched to PHP7)
✓ Slack (PHP in the backend)
✓ Dailymotion
✓ Etsy

Usage statistics of server-side

programming languages - Feb 2021
https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/programming_language

Why PHP?
๏ PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X,
etc.)
๏ PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
๏ PHP supports a wide range of databases
๏ PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net

PHP - Environment Setup

In order to develop and run PHP Web pages three vital components need
to be installed on your computer system.
๏ Web Server − PHP will work with virtually all Web Server software,
including Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) but then most
often used is freely available Apache Server.
๏ Database − PHP will work with virtually all database software,
including Oracle and Sybase but most commonly used is freely
available MySQL database.
๏ PHP Parser − In order to process PHP script instructions a parser
must be installed to generate HTML output that can be sent to the
Web Browser.

Setup Web Server on Your Own PC

๏ Install a web server
๏ Install PHP
๏ Install a database, such as MySQL
๏ XAMPP (X ("cross"-platform), Apache HTTP Server, MySQL,

PHP and Perl)
✓ https://www.apachefriends.org/download.html
✓ https://www.wikihow.com/Install-XAMPP-for-Windows

Setup Web Server on Your Own PC

๏ WAMP for Windows
• https://www.wampserver.com
๏ LAMP for Linux

• https://bitnami.com/stack/lamp
๏ MAMP for MacOS

• https://www.mamp.info
๏ Wamp vs Lamp vs Mamp vs Xampp

• https://www.weboftwo.com/difference-wamp-lamp-mamp-xampp/

PHP with HTML

๏ PHP programs are written using a text editor, such as Notepad or WordPad,
just like HTML pages.
๏ PHP pages end with .PHP file extension. This extension signifies to the
server that it needs to parse the PHP code before sending the resulting HTML
code to the viewer’s Web browser.
๏ What makes PHP so different is that it not only allows HTML pages to be
created.
๏ It is invisible to your Web site visitors.
๏ The only thing they see the resulting HTML output.
๏ This gives you more security for your PHP code and more flexibility in
writing it.
๏ HTML can also be written inside the PHP section of your page.
๏ PHP can also be written as a standalone program, without HTML

PHP Syntax
๏ PHP is denoted in the page with opening and closing tags as
follows:
<?php ————> Opening Tag

//php code;
?> <———— Closing Tag
๏ Short-open (SGML-style) tags

✓ Short or short-open tags look like this
<?...?>

Output/Printing in PHP
๏ echo & print() is the common method in outputting data.
๏ Since it is a language construct, echo doesn’t require parenthesis
like print().
<?php
echo "Hello World";
print("Hello World");
?>
Output:
Hello World
Hello World
Comments in PHP
<?php
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment

?>
<?php
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>
Example HTML and PHP

PHP
HTML <html>
<head>
<html> <title>Hello World PHP
<head> Script</title>
<title>HTML Page View </head>
</title> <body>
</head>
<?php
<body> echo "Hello World!";
<p>Hello World!</p> ?>
</body>
</html> </body>
</html>
Output for both HTML and PHP is “Hello World!”
Web Browser Source Page View of HTML and PHP

Printing Statements
<? Output
echo 123; 123
echo "Hello World!"; Hello World!
echo "Hello","World!"; HelloWorld!
echo "Hello"," ","World!"; Hello World!
echo 'Hello World!'; Hello World!
echo Hello World!; Not valid
?>
PHP Variables
๏ Variables are "containers" for storing information.
๏ Rules for PHP variables:
✓ A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable
✓ A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore
character
✓ A variable name cannot start with a number
✓ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
✓ Variable names are case-sensitive
‣ $age and $AGE are two different variables)

Variables
VALID INVALID
$prod_desc $9OctSales
$Intvar Sales123
$_Salesamt $*asgs

PHP Facts
๏ PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
✓ PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable,
depending on its value.
✓ Since the data types are not set in a strict sense, you can do
things like adding a string to an integer without causing an
error.

PHP Data Types

PHP Data Types
๏ Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do
different things.
๏ PHP supports the following data types:
✓ Integers − are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195
✓ Doubles − are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
✓ Booleans − have only two possible values either true or false.
✓ NULL − is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
✓ Strings − are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'
✓ Arrays − are named and indexed collections of other values.
✓ Objects − are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package
up both other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.
✓ Resources − are special variables that hold references to resources external
to PHP (such as database connections).

PHP Integer
๏ An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648
and 2,147,483,647.
๏ An integer can be either positive or negative.
<?php
$int_var = 12345;
$another_int = -123456 + 12345;
echo $int_var;
echo $another_int;
?>
12345
-111111
PHP Float
๏ A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point
or a number in exponential form.
<?php
$many = 2.28888002;
$many_2 = 2.2111200;
$few = $many + $many_2;
echo "$many + $many_2 = $few";
?>
2.28888002 + 2.21112 = 4.50000002
PHP Boolean
๏A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or
FALSE.
<?php
$x = true;
$y = false;
?>

PHP NULL
๏ Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
๏ A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.
๏ If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value
of NULL.
๏ Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
<?
$my_var = NULL;
$mmy_var = null;
//NULL is case insensitive;
?>
PHP Array
๏ An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
<?
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
echo $cars[0];
echo $cars[1];
echo $cars[2];
?>

PHP Strings
PHP Strings
๏ A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!”.
<?php
$string_1 = "This is a string in double quotes";
$string_2 = 'This is a somewhat longer, singly
quoted string’;
$string_39 = "This string has thirty-nine characters";
$string_0 = ""; // a string with zero characters
echo $string_1;
echo $string_2; Output:
This is a string in double quotes
echo $string_39;
This is a somewhat longer, singly
echo $string_0; quoted string
?> This string has thirty-nine characters

Quotes (“” Vs. ‘’)

๏ In a double-quoted string any variable names are expanded to
their values.
๏ In a single-quoted string, no variable expansion takes place.
Single Quote Double Quote

<?php <?php
$name = "Jay"; $name = "Jay";
$age = 23; $age = 23;
echo '$name is $age'; echo "$name is $age";
?> ?>
--------------------- ---------------------
Output: Output:
$name is $age Jay is 23
String Escape Sequence

‣ \n is replaced by the newline character
‣ \r is replaced by the carriage-return character
‣ \t is replaced by the tab character
‣ \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($)
‣ \" is replaced by a single double-quote (")
‣ \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\)

String Functions
๏ strlen() - Return the Length of a String
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
// outputs 12
?>
๏ str_word_count() - Count Words in a String

<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!");
// outputs 2
?>
String Functions
๏ strpos() - Search For a Text Within a String
✓ The PHP strpos() function searches for a specific text within a string.
If a match is found, the function returns the Character Position of the
first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world");
// outputs 6
?>

String Functions
๏ str_replace() - Replace Text Within a String
✓ str_replace() function replaces some characters with some
other characters in a string.
<?php
$para = "Its PHP world!!!, welcome to Hello world !!";
$newPara = str_replace("world", "Server", $para);
echo $newPara;
?>
O/P - Its PHP Server!!!, welcome to Hello Server !!
PHP - Constants
PHP - Constants Types
๏ A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value
cannot be changed during the script.
๏ A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (NO $ sign
before the constant name).
๏ To create a constant, use the define() function.
๏ Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Parameters: Optional
๏ name: Specifies the name of the constant
๏ value: Specifies the value of the constant
๏ case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name
should be case-insensitive. Default is false

Constant - Without using Case-insensitive

Constant - Using Case-insensitive

PHP Constants
๏ Another way of calling the PHP Constants

Type Casting
Type Casting
๏ Forcing a variable to behave as a type other than the
one originally intended for it is known as type casting.
๏ A variable can be evaluated once as a different type by
casting it to another.
๏ Types
✓ settype()
✓ gettype()

Type Casting - settype()

๏ The settype() function converts a variable to a
specific type.
๏ Syntax:
settype(Variablename, "newDataType");
<?php
$pi = 3.14;
settype($pi,"string");
echo $pi;
settype($pi,"integer"); Output:
3.14
echo $pi;
3
?>

Type Casting - gettype()

๏ The gettype() function returns the type of a
variable.
๏ Syntax:
gettype(Variablename);
<?php Output:
$a = 3; echo gettype($a); integer
$b = 3.2; echo gettype($b); double
$c = "Hello"; echo gettype($c); string
$d = array(); echo gettype($d); array
$e = array("red", "green", "blue"); array
NULL
echo gettype($e);
boolean
$f = NULL; echo gettype($f);
$g = false; echo gettype($g);
?>

PHP Operators
PHP Operators
๏ Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
๏ PHP language supports following type of operators.
✓ Arithmetic operators
✓ Assignment operators
✓ Comparison operators
✓ Increment/Decrement operators
✓ Logical operators
✓ String operators
✓ Array operators
✓ Conditional assignment operators

PHP Arithmetic Operators

๏ The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values.
๏ Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20.
Operator Description Example
+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30
- Subtracts second operand from the rst A - B will give -10
* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200
/ Divide numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 2
Modulus Operator and remainder of after an
% B % A will give 0
integer division
Increment operator, increases integer value
++ A++ will give 11
by one
Decrement operator, decreases integer
-- A-- will give 9
value by one
fi

Assignment Operators

Comparison Operators
๏ Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20.

Increment/Decrement operators
๏ Increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.
๏ Decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
If $x = 10
Operator Name Description Result $x
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x 11
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one 10
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x 9
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one 10
Logical Operators
Operator Name Description Result
and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true

String Operators
. (dot) Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and $txt2
Concatenation
.= assignment
$txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
<?php <?php
$txt1 = "Hello"; $txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!"; $txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 . $txt2; $txt1 .= $txt2;
?> echo $txt1;
Output: ?>
Hello world! Output:
Hello world!

Array Operators

Conditional Assignment Operators
If Condition is true ? Then value X :
Otherwise value Y
Conditional
?: Ternary
Expression $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3
Returns the value of $x.
The value of $x is expr2 if expr1 = TRUE.
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 = FALSE

Conditional
Statements
Conditional Statements
๏ Conditional statements are used to perform different actions
based on different conditions.
✓ if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
✓ if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is
true and another code if that condition is false
✓ if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for
more than two conditions
✓ switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to
be executed

Conditional Statements

The if Statement
๏ The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
Syntax
<?
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
?> <?php
$a=30; $b=20;
if ($a > $b)
{
echo "a is bigger than b";
}
?>
Output: a is bigger than b

The if...else Statement

๏ The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is true
and another code if that condition is false.
๏ Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

The if...else Statement

<?php
$a=10;
if ($a > 100) {
echo "A is greater";
} else {
echo "A is smaller";
}
?>
Output: A is smaller

The if...elseif...else Statement

๏ The if....elseif statement to select one of several blocks of code to
be executed.
๏ Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if first condition is false
and this condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are
false;
}

The if...elseif...else Statement

<?php
$Weather="SUN";
if($Weather=="Sunny"){
echo "Weather is pleasent";
} elseif ($Weather=="Rainy") {
echo "its raining";
} elseif($Weather=="Cloudy") {
echo "Cloud pleasent";
} else{
echo "Its hard to forecast weather";
} ?>
Output: Its hard to forecast weather

Switch Statement
๏ The switch statement is used to perform different actions based on
different conditions.
SYNTAX:
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all
labels;
}

Switch Statement
<?php
$Weather="Cloudyblurr";
switch($Weather){
case "Sunny":
echo "Weather is quite pleasent outside";
break;
case "Rainy":
echo "Its Raining outside";
break;
case "Cloudy":
echo "It is expected to Rain";
break;
default:
echo "Weather Can not be forecast";
break;
} Output:
?> Weather Can not be forecast
Switch Statement
<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red,
blue, nor green!";
}
?> Output:
Your favorite color is red!
PHP Loops
PHP Loops
๏ Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and
again, as long as a certain condition is true.
๏ In PHP, we have the following loop types:
✓ while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true
✓ do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then
repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is true
✓ for - loops through a block of code a specified number of
times
✓ foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an
array

while Loop
๏ The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true.
๏ Syntax
while (condition is true) {
code to be executed;
}

while Loop
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} Output:
?> The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5

while Loop
<?php
$x = 0;
while($x <= 100) {
$x+=10;
Output:
} The number is: 0
?> The number is: 10
The number is: 20
The number is: 30
The number is: 40
The number is: 50
The number is: 60
The number is: 70
The number is: 80
The number is: 90
The number is: 100

do...while Loop
๏ The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it
will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the
specified condition is true.
๏ Syntax
do {
} while (condition is true);

do...while Loop
<?php
$x = 1;
do {
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5); Output:
?> The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5

do...while Loop
<?php
$x = 6;
do {
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5); //Condition Fails
?>
Output:
The number is: 6

for Loop
๏ The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times
the script should run.
๏ Syntax:
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)
{
code to be executed for each iteration;
}
Parameters:
‣ init counter: Initialize the loop counter value
‣ test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If
it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues. If it
evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
‣ increment counter: Increases the loop counter value

for Loop
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 5; $x++) {
}
?>
Output:
The number is: 0
The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5

for Loop
<?php
for ($x = 5; $x > 1; $x--) {
}
?>
Output:
The number is: 5
The number is: 4
The number is: 3
The number is: 2

for Loop
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 50; $x+=10) {
}
?>
Output:
The number is: 0
The number is: 10
The number is: 20
The number is: 30
The number is: 40
The number is: 50

foreach Loop
๏ The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop
through each key/value pair in an array.
๏ Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
}

foreach Loop
<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue",
"yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value) {

echo "$value <br>";
}
?> Output:
red
green
blue
yellow

foreach Loop
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35",
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $val) {

echo "$x = $val<br>";
}
Output:
?> Peter = 35
Ben = 37
Joe = 43

Break and Continue

๏ The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.
๏ The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a
specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration
in the loop.
Break Statement
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
//Break the statement, when it reaches X=4.
break;
}
}
?> Output:
The number is: 0
The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3

Continue Statement
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
continue; //when it reaches the value x=4,
it skip that value and continue to next iteration
}
} Output:
?> The number is: 0
The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 5
The number is: 6
The number is: 7
The number is: 8
The number is: 9

Break in While Loop

<?php
$x = 0;
while($x < 10) {

if ($x == 4) {
break;
}
$x++;
}
?> Output:
The number is: 0
The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3

Continue in While Loop

<?php
$x = 0;
while($x < 10) {
if ($x == 4) {
$x++;
continue;
} Output:
The number is: 0
echo "The number is: $x"; The number is: 1
$x++; The number is: 2
} The number is: 3
?> The number is: 5
The number is: 6
The number is: 7
The number is: 8
The number is: 9

Arrays
Arrays
๏ An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
๏ In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
✓ Indexed/Numeric arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
✓ Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
✓ Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more
arrays

Length of an Array - The count() Function

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo count($cars);
?>
Output: 3

Indexed/Numeric Arrays
๏ A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric
index.
๏ There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
✓ The index can be assigned automatically (index always
starts at 0)
✓ The index can be assigned manually
$cars[10] = "Volvo";
$cars[11] = "BMW";
$cars[12] = "Toyota";

Indexed/Numeric Arrays
<?php
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " .

$cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
Output:
I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.

Loop Through an Numeric Array
<?php
$arrlength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {

echo $cars[$x];
Output:
echo "<br>";
Volvo
} BMW
?> Toyota

Associative Arrays
๏ An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.
๏ When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array
is not always the best way to do it.
๏ With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign
values to them

Associative Arrays
๏ There are two ways to create an associative array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", “Ben"=>"37",

"Joe"=>"43");
or
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";
Associative Arrays
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43");
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Output:
Peter is 35 years old.
Associative Arrays
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {

echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?> Output:
Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Multidimensional Arrays
๏ In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can
also be an array.
๏ Each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on.

Multidimensional Arrays

PHP Sorting Arrays
๏ The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or
numerical order, descending or ascending.
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

• rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
• asort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
• ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
• arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
• krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

PHP Arrays Functions

๏ is_array($arr) - To check whether the provided data is in form of an
array, we can use the is_array() function. It returns True if the variable is
an array and returns False otherwise.
๏ in_array($var, $arr) - When using an array, we may often want to check
whether a certain value is present in the array or not.
๏ sizeof($arr) - This function returns the size of the array or the number of
data elements stored in the array. It is just like count($arr) method
๏ array_slice($arr, $offset, $length) - This function is used to create a
subset of any array. Using this function, we define the starting
point($offset, which is the array index from where the subset starts)
length(or, the number of elements required in the subset, starting from
the offset).

PHP Arrays Functions

๏ array_pop($arr) - This function removes the last element of the array.
๏ array_shift($arr) - used to remove/shift the first element out of the array.
๏ array_push($arr, $val) - This can be used to add a new element at the

end of the array.
๏ array_reverse($arr) - This function is used to reverse the order of

elements
๏ array_merge($arr1, $arr2) - If you want to combine two different arrays

into a single array.
๏ array_rand($arr) - If you want to pick random data element from an

array

PHP Functions
PHP Functions
๏ PHP Built-in Functions
✓ PHP has over 1000 built-in functions that can be called directly, from
within a script, to perform a specific task.
✴ Array functions
✴ Calendar functions
✴ Date functions
✴ Directory functions
✴ Error functions
✴ Mail functions
✴ Math functions
✴ Misc functions
✴ MySQL functions

PHP Functions
๏ PHP User Defined Functions
• Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create
your own functions.
✓ A function is a block of statements that can be used
repeatedly in a program.
✓ A function will not execute automatically when a page
loads.
✓ A function will be executed by a call to the function.

User De ned Function in PHP

๏ A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function
๏ A function name must start with a letter or an underscore.
Function names are NOT case-sensitive.
๏ Syntax:
function functionName()
{
}

fi


<?php
function apache() {
echo "PHP and MySQL";
}
apache();
?>
output:
PHP and MySQL

fi


<?php
function apache() {
echo "PHP and MySQL";
}
echo "Calling Apache First Time : ";
apache(); //we can call the function "N" number of times
echo "\n\nCalling Apache Second Time : ";

apache();
?> output:
Calling Apache First Time : PHP and MySQL
Calling Apache Second Time : PHP and MySQL

fi


<?php
function addnum() { //creating the function
$a=10;
$b=20;
echo $c=$a+$b;
}
addnum(); //calling the function
?>
output:
30

fi

PHP Function Arguments

๏ PHP function – Adding Parameters
๏ Information can be passed to functions through arguments.
๏ An argument is just like a variable.
๏ Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
parentheses.
๏ You can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them
with a comma.
!"#$%&'()'$#'*+,-%&#.
function familyName($fname) {
}


<?php
function MarvelMovies($namelist) {
echo "The Best Marvel Movies - $namelist \n";
}
MarvelMovies("Iron Man");
MarvelMovies("The Incredible Hulk");
MarvelMovies("The Avengers");
MarvelMovies(“Doctor Strange");
MarvelMovies("Avengers: Infinity War");
?>
output:
The Best Marvel Movies - Iron Man
The Best Marvel Movies - The Incredible Hulk
The Best Marvel Movies - The Avengers
The Best Marvel Movies - Doctor Strange
The Best Marvel Movies - Avengers: Infinity War

<?php
function DCMovies($namelist,$year)
{
echo "$namelist Movie released in $year\n";
}
DCMovies("Batman Begins","2005");
DCMovies("The Dark Knight","2008");
DCMovies("The Dark Knight Rises","2012");
?>
output:
Batman Begins Movie released in 2005
The Dark Knight Movie released in 2008
The Dark Knight Rises Movie released in 2012
PHP Default Argument Value

<?php
function setHeight($minheight = 50)
{
echo "The height is : $minheight";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 50
setHeight(135); output:
setHeight(80); The height is : 350
The height is : 50
?> The height is : 135
The height is : 80
PHP Functions - Returning values

<?php
function sum(int $x, int $y)
{
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5,10);
echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7,13);
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2,4);
?> output:
5 + 10 = 15
7 + 13 = 20
2 + 4 = 6

PHP Date and Time

Functions
PHP DATE and Time Functions
๏ With PHP's date function you format timestamps, so they are
more human readable.
๏ A timestamp is the number of seconds from January 1, 1970
at 00:00.
๏ Otherwise known as the Unix Timestamp, this measurement
is a widely used standard that PHP has chosen to utilize.
๏ The date function uses letters of the alphabet to represent
various parts of a typical date and time format.

TIME Function
๏ a (lowercase A): am or pm depending on the time.
๏ A (uppercase A): AM or PM depending on the time.
๏ g (lowercase G): Hour without leading zeroes. Values are 1 through
12.
๏ G (Uppercase G): Hour in 24-hour format without leading zeroes.
Values are 0 through 23.
๏ h (lowercase H): Hour with leading zeroes. Values 01 through 12.
๏ H (uppercase H): Hour in 24-hour format with leading zeroes.
Values 00 through 23.
๏ i (lowercase I): Minute with leading zeroes. Values 00 through 59.
๏ s (lowecase S): Seconds with leading zeroes. Values 00 through 59.
DATE Functions
๏ d (lowercase D): Day of the month with leading zeroes. Values
are 01 through 31.
๏ J (lowercase J): Day of the month without leading zeroes. Values
1 through 31
๏ D (uppercase D): Day of the week abbreviations. Sun through Sat
๏ l (lowercase L): Day of the week. Values Sunday through
Saturday
๏ w (lowercase W): Day of the week without leading zeroes. Values
0 through 6.
๏ z (lowercase Z): Day of the year without leading zeroes. Values 0
through 365.

MONTH Function
๏ m (lowercase M): Month number with leading zeroes. Values 01
through 12
๏ n (lowercase N): Month number without leading zeroes. Values 1
through 12
๏ M (uppercase M): Abbreviation for the month. Values Jan through
Dec
๏ F (uppercase F): Normal month representation. Values January
through December.
๏ t (lowercase T): The number of days in the month. Values 28
through 31.

YEAR Function
๏ L (uppercase L): 1 if it's a leap year and 0 if it isn't.
๏ Y (uppercase Y): A four digit year format. Values 2020
๏ y (lowercase Y): A two digit year format. Values 00 through 99.

Other Functions of Date and Time

๏ e (lowercase E): Timezone identifier Examples: UTC, GMT,
Atlantic/Azores
๏ S (uppercase S): English ordinal suffix for the day of the month, 2
character. Values st, nd, rd or th. Works well with j

Full Date and Time Function

๏r (lowercase R): Displays the full date, time and
timezone offset. It is equivalent to manually entering
date("D, d M Y H:i:s O"). Values: Example: Thu, 21
Dec 2000 16:01:07 +0200
๏c ( l o w e r c a s e C ) : I S O 8 6 0 1 d a t e . Va l u e s
2011-02-12T15:19:21+00:00

Example
<?php
echo date("m/d/y");
?>
Output: 07/15/20
<?php
echo date('l \t\h\e jS');
?>
Output: Wednesday the 15th


Check Date
๏ Syntax:
checkdate(month, day, year)
<?php
var_dump(check4date(07,15,2020));
?>
Output: bool(true)

Example
<?php
echo date("m/d/y");
echo "<br>";
echo "Today is ";
echo date("j F Y, \a\\t G.ia");
?>
Output:
07/15/20
Today is 15 July 2020, at 8.45am

DISPLAYING NEXT WEEK

<?php
$nextWeek = time() + (7 * 24 * 60 * 60);
// 7 days; 24 hours; 60 mins; 60secs
echo 'Now: '. date('Y-m-d') ."\n";
echo 'Next Week:'. date('Y-m-d', $nextWeek)."\n";
?>
Output:
Now: 2020-07-15
Next Week: 2020-07-22
PHP Global Variables -

Superglobals
PHP Global Variables - Superglobals
๏ PHP offers a number of useful predefined variables.
๏ Accessible from anywhere within the executing script and provide you with a
substantial amount of environment-specific information
๏ The PHP superglobal variables are:
✓ $GLOBALS
✓ $_SERVER
✓ $_REQUEST
✓ $_POST
✓ $_GET
✓ $_FILES
✓ $_ENV
✓ $_COOKIE
✓ $_SESSION

PHP $GLOBALS
๏ $GLOBALS is a PHP super global variable which is used to access global
variables from anywhere in the PHP script.
๏ PHP stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The
index holds the name of the variable.
<?php
$x = 75;
$y = 25;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z; Output: 100
?>
<?php
$MyNumber=456456; // Local Scope
echo "Number is : $MyNumber \n”;
function Addition(){
global $MyNumber; //Assigning $MyNumber as Global
Variable
$a=50;
$b=7;
$c=$a * $b;
echo "New Global Addition : ".($MyNumber * $c);
echo "\nAddition is {$c}";
} Output:
Number is : 456456
Addition();
New Global Addition : 159759600
?> Addition is 350

PHP $_SERVER
๏ $_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds information
about headers, paths, and script locations created by the Web server.
๏ Information regarding the server and client configuration and the
current request environment.
๏ $_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’]: Returns the filename of the currently
executing script
๏ $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']: The URL of the page that
referred the user to the current location.
๏ $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']: The path component of the URL.
For example, if the URL is http://www.example.com/blog/apache/
index.html, then the URI is /blog/apache/index.html.

PHP $_SERVER
๏ $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']: The client’s IP address.
๏ $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']: The client’s user agent, which
typically offers information about both the operating system and
browser.
๏ $_SERVER[‘SERVER_SOFTWARE’] : Returns the server
identification string (such as Apache/2.2.24)
๏ $_SERVER[‘SERVER_ADDR’] : Returns the IP address of the host
server
๏ $_SERVER[‘SERVER_NAME'] : Returns the name of the host server
(such as jayakumars.in)
๏ $_SERVER[‘GATEWAY_INTERFACE’]: Returns the version of the
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) the server is using

PHP $_REQUEST
๏ PHP $_REQUEST is a PHP super global variable which is used to
collect data after submitting an HTML form.
๏ The form with an input field and a submit button. When a user
submits the data by clicking on "Submit", the form data is sent to
the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. In this
example, we point to this file itself for processing form data. If
you wish to use another PHP file to process form data, replace
that with the filename of your choice. Then, we can use the super
global variable $_REQUEST to collect the value of the input
field.

<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type=“submit"> </form>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_REQUEST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
} ?>
</body>

<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = htmlspecialchars($_REQUEST['fname']);
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
} ?>
</body>

$_GET
๏ PHP $_GET is a PHP super global variable which is used to
collect form data after submitting an HTML form with
method="get".
๏ $_GET can also collect data sent in the URL.
๏ http://www.example.com/index.html?cat=apache&id=157 was
requested, you could access the following variables by using the
$_GET superglobal:
✓$_GET['cat'] = "apache"
✓$_GET['id'] = "157

$_POST
๏ The $_POST superglobal contains information pertinent to
any parameters passed using the POST method.
๏ The following POST variables will be made available via the
target subscribe.php script:
✓ $_POST['email'] = "jayakumars@vit.ac.in";
✓ $_POST['pswd'] = "rainyday";
✓ $_POST['subscribe'] = “subscribe!”;
๏ URL: http://www.example.com/index.html

Get vs Post Method

GET POST
Data is submitted as a part of

Data is submitted as a part of url
http request
Data is visible to the user Data is not visible in the url
It is not secure but fast and It is more secure but slower as

quick compared to GET
We can pass 255 char as query We can pass unlimited data by

string this method as query string

$_REQUEST – GET Method
<form action="myphp.php" method="GET">
Firstname: <input type="text" name="fname" />
Lastname: <input type="text" name="lname" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
<?php
echo "Firstname: " , $_REQUEST["fname"];
echo "Lastname: " , $_REQUEST["lname"];
?>

$_REQUEST – POST Method

<form action="myphp.php" method=“POST">
Firstname: <input type="text" name="fname" />
Lastname: <input type="text" name="lname" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
<?php
echo "Firstname: " , $_REQUEST["fname"];
echo "Lastname: " , $_REQUEST["lname"];
?>

$_COOKIE
๏ The $_COOKIE superglobal stores information passed into
the script through HTTP cookies.
๏ Such cookies are typically set by a previously executed
PHP script through the PHP function setcookie().
๏ For example, suppose that you use setcookie() to store a
cookie named example.com with the value ab2213.
๏ You could later retrieve that value by calling
$_COOKIE["example.com"]

$_SESSION
๏ The $_SESSION superglobal contains information regarding all
session variables.
๏ Registering session information allows you the convenience of
referring to it throughout your entire Web site, without the hassle
of explicitly passing the data via GET or POST.
๏ Sessions are stored on the server, which means clients do not have
access to the information you store about them.
๏ They work instead like a token allowing access and passing
information while the user has their browser open.
๏ The problem with sessions is that when you close your browser
you also lose the session.

$_FILES
๏ The $_FILES superglobal contains information regarding data
uploaded to the server via the POST method.
✓ $_FILES["file"]["name"] - the name of the uploaded file

✓ $_FILES["file"]["type"] - the type of the uploaded file
✓ $_FILES["file"]["size"] - the size in bytes of the uploaded file
✓ $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"] - the name of the temporary copy
of the file stored on the server
✓ $_FILES["file"]["error"] - the error code resulting from the file
upload

$_FILES
๏ UPLOAD_ERR_OK: The file was successfully uploaded.
๏ UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE: The file size exceeds the maximum
size imposed by the upload_max_filesize directive.
๏ UPLOAD_ERR_FORM_SIZE: The file size exceeds the
maximum size imposed by an optional MAX_FILE_SIZE hidden
form-field parameter.
๏ UPLOAD_ERR_PARTIAL: The file was only partially uploaded.
๏ UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE: A file was not specified in the upload
form prompt.

$_FILES - Example
<?php
if ($_FILES["file"]["error"] > 0)
{ echo "Error: ".$_FILES["file"]["error"]; }
else {
echo "Upload: ".$_FILES["file"]["name"];
echo "Type: " . $_FILES["file"]["type"];
echo "Size: ". ($_FILES["file"]["size"] / 1024) ." Kb";
echo "Stored in: " . $_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"];
}
?>
$_ENV
๏ The $_ENV superglobal offers information regarding the PHP
parser’s underlying server environ-ment.
๏ Some of the variables found in this array include:
$_ENV['HOSTNAME']: The server host name

$_ENV['SHELL']: The system shell

Local Variables
๏ A variable declared in a function is considered local.
๏ That is, it can be referenced only in that function.
๏ Any assignment outside of that function will be considered to
be an entirely different variable from the one contained in the
function.
๏ Note that when you exit the function in which a local variable
has been declared, that variable and its corresponding value
are destroyed.

Local Variables
<?
$x = 4;
function assignx () {
$x = 0;
echo "\$x inside function is $x. <br>";
}
assignx();
echo "\$x outside of function is $x. <br>";
?>
Output:
$x inside function is 0.
$x outside of function is 4.
Static Variables
๏ In contrast to the variables declared as function parameters, which
are destroyed on the function’s exit, a static variable does not lose
its value when the function exits, and will still hold that value if
the function is called again.
๏ You can declare a variable as static simply by placing the
keyword STATIC in front of the variable name.

Using STATIC Keyword Without STATIC Keyword
<? <?
function static_track() function static_track(
{ {
STATIC $count = 0; $count = 0; //not using
$count++; STATIC keyword
print $count; $count++;
print "<br>"; print $count;
} print "<br>";
static_track(); }
static_track(); static_track();
static_track(); static_track();
?> Output:
static_track(); Output:
1 ?> 1
2 1
3 1
File Handling
File Handling
๏ What is a file?
• A computer file is a block of information, or resource, which is
available to a computer program.
• How to create a File? [Linux Example]
• File Permissions [Read, Write, Execute]
• File Types
✓ Text File [ASCII, Unicode ]
✓ Media File [Mp3, Video, Flash]
✓ System Files [Dynamic Link Library – DLL]
✓ Executable Files [Exe, Deb, Rpm]

Basic File Operations - for Text File

๏ fopen(filename,mode) = used for opening a file with
specific mode
๏ fclose(fp) = used to close the file. (fp = filepointer)
๏ feof(fp) = used to find the End of File.
๏ file exists(fp) = Checks whether a file or directory exists
๏ filesize(fp) = Gets file size
๏ filetype(fp) = Gets file type
๏ fstat(fp) = Gets information about a file

File Handling
Syntax:
$filename = "sample.txt";
$fp = fopen($filename,"r") or
exit("Unable to open file");

File Permissions or Modes:

๏ r - Read only Starts at the beginning of the file
๏ r+ - Read/Write Starts at the beginning of the file
๏ w - Write only Opens and clears the contents of file
or creates a new file if it does not exist
๏ w+ - Read/Write Opens and clears the contents of
file; or creates a new file if it does not exist

File Permissions or Modes:

๏a - Append Opens and writes to the end of the
file or creates a new file if it does not exist
๏ a+ - Read/Append Preserves file content by
writing to the end of the file
๏x - Write only Creates a new file. Returns
FALSE and an error if file already exists
๏ x+ - Read/Write Creates a new file. Returns
FALSE and an error if file already exists

Reading File Contents

๏ There are five methods to read the file contents
✓ fread(fp,size) = File Reading Using Bytes
✓ fgetc(fp) = File Reading Using Character
✓ fgets(fp) = File Reading Using Lines
✓ file(fp) = Reads entire file into an array
✓ file_get_contents(fp) = Reads entire file into a string
✓ readfile(fp) - function returns the number of bytes
read on success

Writing Contents into File

๏ fwrite(fp,string) = Binary-safe file write
๏ file_put_contents(fp,string) = Write a string to a file

Formatted File Read and write

๏ fscanf = Parses input from a file according to a format
๏ fprintf = Write a formatted string to a stream
PHP Check End-Of-File - feof()

๏ The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been
reached.
๏ The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown
length.

Writing Contents into File

<?php
$filename = "welcome.txt";
$fp = fopen($filename,"w+") or exit("Unable to
open file");
$content="welcome to php";
if(fwrite($fp,$content)==true)
{ echo " sucess"; }
else
{ echo "failed to written"; }
?>

ank You !!
😎
Th
!

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PHP

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam,

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 3

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 4

HTTP Request Types

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 5

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 6

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 7

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 8

What Can PHP Do?

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 9

PHP is an amazing and popular language

Usage statistics of server-side

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 11

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 12

PHP - Environment Setup

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 13

Setup Web Server on Your Own PC

๏ XAMPP (X ("cross"-platform), Apache HTTP Server, MySQL,

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 14

Setup Web Server on Your Own PC

๏ LAMP for Linux

๏ MAMP for MacOS

๏ Wamp vs Lamp vs Mamp vs Xampp

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 15

PHP with HTML

<?php ————> Opening Tag

๏ Short-open (SGML-style) tags

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 18

# This is also a single-line comment

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 19

Example HTML and PHP

Output for both HTML and PHP is “Hello World!”

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 20

Web Browser Source Page View of HTML and PHP

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 21

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 22

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 23

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 24

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 25

PHP Data Types

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 27

2.28888002 + 2.21112 = 4.50000002

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 29

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 30

//NULL is case insensitive;

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 32

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 34

Quotes (“” Vs. ‘’)

Single Quote Double Quote

String Escape Sequence

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 36

๏ str_word_count() - Count Words in a String

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 37

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 38

O/P - Its PHP Server!!!, welcome to Hello Server !!

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 39

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 41

Constant - Without using Case-insensitive

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 42

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 43

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 44

Prof. Jayakumar Sadhasivam, VIT, Vellore. 46