RESPIRATION- breakdown of food into energy molecules

ADP- exergonic molecule (doesn’t require energy in order to be formed)

ATP- endergonic molecule because it needs energy

Catabolic pathways
⁃ metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules

*respiration and photosynthesis co-exist with each other

Two types:
Catabolism- breaks down complex molecules
Anabolism-

*every reaction has a different enzyme

- active site and the substrate fit like a jigsaw puzzle

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
⁃ prokaryotes use other use substances

cytosol- fluid in the cell

Cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis
⁃ breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
⁃ ATP and NADPH is produces
a. investment (uses 1 ATP)
⁃ invest one ATP to produce glucose-6-phosphate
⁃ enzyme: hexokinase (enzyme that catalyze this reaction) (for 6-carbon sugars) (protects
the glucose and ATP)
⁃ process: phosphorylates (addition of phosphate group) glucose in the cell’s cytoplasm
⁃ positive amino acids: arginine, histine
⁃ active site of hexokinase has many positive charge
b. investment (no ATP used and no ATP produced)
⁃ isomerization: same molecular formula but different structure
⁃ enzyme: phosphoglucoisomerase
⁃ process: converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer
⁃ product: fructose 6-phosphate
c. investment (1 ATP used and phosphate no. 1 is added)
⁃ reaction: phosphorylation
⁃ enzyme: Phosphofructokinase
⁃ process: uses another ATP to transfer another phosphate molecule on C1
⁃ product: fructose 1,6-Biphosphate
d. cleavage
⁃ enzyme: aldolase
⁃ process: spilts fructose 1,6-biphosphate (C6) into two (C3) that are isomers to each other
⁃ product: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
⁃ product 2: 2 G3P
⁃ 6 carbon divided into 3 carbon molecules
⁃ only G3P continues with the other steps of glycolysis
⁃ DHAP to G3P R: isomerization E: Triose Phosphate Isomerase
e. energy harvest
⁃ every product will be multiplied by 2 because of the cleavage phase
⁃ reaction: phosphorylation
⁃ enzyme: triose phosphate dehydrogenase / G3P dehydrogenase
⁃ process 1: TPD transfer H- to NAD+
⁃ process 2: TPD phosphorylates G3P
⁃ product 1: 2 NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
⁃ product 2: 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
⁃ Reduction- gain of electrons
⁃ Oxydation- loss of electrons
f. energy harvest
⁃ enzyme: phosphoglycerokinase
⁃ process: phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to
produce ATP, and 3-phosphoglycerate
⁃ product 1: 2 ATP
⁃ product 2: 3-phosphoglycerate
g. energy harvest
⁃ enzyme: phosphoglyceromutase
⁃ process: relocates the P from 3C to 2C
⁃ product: two 2-phosphosglycerate
h. energy harvest
⁃ undergo dehydration
⁃ enzyme: enolase; pyruvate kinase
⁃ process: removes H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate; transfers P from PEP to ADP
⁃ product 1: two phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP); two pyruvate
⁃ product 2: 2 ATP
• OVERALL END PRODUCT:
- 2 NADH
- 2 ATP
- 2 Pyruvate