166 Chapter 5 Geometica! Optics CONVEX __CONCAVE a Reo Reo R30 R>0 Meniscus | Meniscus Figure 5.12 Cross sections of various The surface on the let s 1, since ise ‘media in which itis immersed. Concave, diverging, or negative lenses, on the other hand, arc thinner at the center and tend to advance that portion of the incident wavefront, causing it to diverge more than it did prior to entry Thin-Lens Equations Return to the discussion of refraction at a single spherical in terface, where the location of the conjugate points-S and -P is given by a (581 When 5, is large for a fixed (ny ~ m)/R, 5; is relatively small TThe cone of rays from Shas a small central angle, the rays do nat diverge very much, and the refraction atthe interface can cause them all to converge at P. As s, decreases, the ray-cone angle increases, the divergence of the rays increases, and s; moves way from the vertex; that is, both 8 and 8, inerease until finally So= foand 5, = ©, Atthat point, m/s, = (ng —m)/R, so that if s, gels any smaller, s; wil have to be negative, if Bq. (5.8) is to hhold. In other words, the image becomes vietual (Fig. 5.13) Let's now locate the conjugate points for a lens of index ny surrounded by a medium of index tq, as in Fig. 5.14, where another end has simply been ground onto the piece in Fig. 5.13c. Tis certainly isn’t the most general set of circumstances, but itis the most common, and even more cogently, it isthe simplest.* We know from Eq. (5.8) that the paraxial rays issuing from S ce Jenkins and White, Fundenta ttre dite eran containing Ans focusing bear of ligt. 1.3 al sy will appear to meet at P’, a distance, which we now call sin from Vj, given by 6.1) e » a Figure 5.13 Retraction at aspherical interface between two transparent media shown in cross secvon.‘Thus, as far as the second surface is concerned, it “sees” rays ‘coming toward it from P’, which serves as its object point a distance 5,9 away. Furthermore, the rays arriving at that second surface are in the medium of index m The object space for the second interface that contains P’ therefore has an index n. Note that the rays from P' to that surface are indoed straight lines. Considering the fact that [seal =[sal +4 since 5,2 i on the left and therefore positive, 539 = [al and sy is also on the left and therefore negative, —sy = hy), we have fat ng td 6.12) At the second surface Eq. (5.8) yields Sa 6.13) Here ny > rg and Re <0, $0 that the right-hand side is positive, Adding Fags. (5.11) and (5.13), we have Pm (4-1), "4 say ae OR) Gdn OMY If the lens is thin enough (d—> 0), the last term on the right is effectively zero, As a further simplification, assume the sur rounding medium to be air (.., ry = 1)-Accordingly, we have the very useful Thin-Lens Equation, often referred to as the Lensmaker’s Formula: Lt Loa dth-o-o(-a) where we let 51 = sand sj = The points-V; and -V3 tend to coalesce as d—» 0, so thats, and s;can be measured from either the vertices or the lens center Just as in the case of the single spherical surface, if s, is moved out to infinity, the image distance becomes the focal length fj, or symbolically, (6.15) lim = fi Similarly im $= So It is evident from Eq, (5.15) that for a thin lens f= fy, and ‘consequently we drop the subscripts altogether. Thus 6.16) 52 Lenses 167 @ » Figure 5.14 A soherical ons, f} Rays ina verte plane passin tough lens. Conugate foci. (2) Retraction atthe interfaces where the lens is immersed in ar an nn = ny, Te radius drawn frm Cy is normal to frst surface, and as the ray enters the lens it bends cown toward that normal. The radi ram Cy i ermal o the second surface; and 2 the ray emerges, since nj > ny the ray bends down away fom that norm. (6) The geometry. and 6.17) ‘which is the famous Gaussian Lens Formula (see photo) ‘Asan example of how these expressions might be used, let's compute the focal length in air ofa thin planay-convex lens hav- ing a radius of curvature of SO mm and an index of 1.5. With light entering on the planar surface (R, ~ ©, Ry ~ 50), beas-p(t-t is-v($-4)