Contents A. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World i, Symmetry li, Fibonacci Sequence iii, Fractals iv. Spirals v. Golden Ratio and Golden Rectangle vi. Golden Angle B. Applications of Mathematics 1. Organizing patterns and regularities ll, Predicting behavior of nature and phenomena iii, Controlling nature and occurrences Department of Mathematics College of Arts and Sciences Mariano Marcos State University 2019 Scanned with CamScannerMathematics, as defined by the Webster's dict their —@perations; interrstations; = combinations ‘Configurations and their structure, measurement, ‘As such, mathematics has influenced humanity in its ever ene mathematics, only do teachers, scientists, engineers and other pr nature and our world. Tater, everyone, Mathematics @ useful way to think about nate 5 Matromatcs abounds in ar, musi, archteture, and foremost In NA Lock crea round you. You might stat to nate hat the word fhe Aifferent types of pattems that are either visibly regular or contains ‘They can recur in the mirosopic othe gigantic anc tam te simple tothe complex: They can rect 0 Aifferent contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically. Yes, pensable. 's all oround us and it has numerous applications in the world making. Sea help Mathematics can help organize pattems and regularities in the world, cd Bredict the vehevior of nature and phenomena and helo control nature ‘occurrences in the world for our own ends. fay life encounters. Not Recommended Videos: 1) Nature by Numbers by Cristébal Vila hts://ww. youtube. comwatch ?v=kkGsOWYOFOA 2) The Great Math Mystery by Nova https: /Avww. youtube.comMwatch ?v=empopzXuzdQk ‘Assigned Reading: Nature's Numbers by lan Stewart ‘A. PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORLD WOLF Hemost ntiguing things we seen nture re pattems and:numbers ‘These can be observed in things like shapes, actions, colors, words or melody m songs, lines end curves on buildings, and everywhere around us. Mathematics is alveys associated with numbers but pattems are not Immodiely linked to math. In practice, mathematics is actually more about pattense than numbers. A mathematician, Resnik (1999) even defined mathematics ae the ‘sclence of pattems’ and also writes“. in mathematics the primary subject Sa etch bee teen aaa arranged.” Hardy (1982) wrote n A Mathomadcton's Apology the folowing: ‘A mathematician, like a painter or a poet is a maker of Pattems. It his pattems are more permanent than their, tis because they are mage with ides. ‘Wikipedia provides the following definiton of a pattern, sill A ————-— wenradrdeiuiiethidiniicned ne (GEBSESEEEGSES As ouch, the elements of Predictable manner. patom ne Scanned with CamScannerz SYMMETRY ; Symmetry is innately observed in things we see around us and comes in” Various forms; There is symmetry in nature and in the works of artists, craftspeople, ‘musicians, choreographers and architects, Symmetries descibe pattems that provide ‘means for us to organize our world conceptually. Definition 2: Symmetry is a geometrical or other regularity that is possessed by ” | object and is characterized by the operations that leave the object ‘Symmetrical objects or images exhibit diferent symmetries. Symmetries can. + bbe described in terms of motions or directions in relation to some points or axes. The + ryyunevtotor ©perations involved commonly preserves distances, angles, sizes and shapes. b.tech ‘Symmetry Operations In general, there are four symmetry operations: translation, reflection, rotation and glide-reflection. A series of symmetry operations can be applied using function composition. Definition 3: Translation is a symmetry operation which moves everything by 4 (Certain distance in'a particular direction. <7 deletetety Translation is see Q. in textile prints and other occurrences in our physical world. Translation is also seen on some pattems used in local woven textiles like the binakol, G © etintion 4: Rettection isa symmetry consisting ofa minor tne or axis on the | pplane and maps points from one side ofthe line to the other side at the | 1e distance from the ais. Reflection is also called line | sami symmetry or\| Smnior symmetry Felledt Ss S|s* Scanned with CamScannermeperny ef an cigeet fe: Ze : * ‘Bateral syrmety lis the simplest form of reflection “Involving only one mirror axis. In nature, butterfly's wings, tiger’s stripes and the human face exhibit bilateral symmetries, Definition 6: Rotationis a symmetry xing one point (the center or rofocenter) and ‘Bates everything by the same amount (angle) around that point. Er, Roaia tyrone hy ‘When an image is rotated completely around its center (equivalent to 2 360 ‘degree rotation), it may appear ints original form two or more times. The number of times it appears is called the order of rotation. ‘A fidget spinner is a toy that consists of a ball bearing iny center of a multitobed flat structure made from m plastic designed to spin along its axis wit litle effort. ae" re ‘The flower of Santan (bxora coccinea) has four or five petals and exhibits rotational symmetry. order 4 and order 5 B The brittle stars or ophiuroids are echinoderms in the class Ophivroidea closely related to starfish. They have a central disc and five arms. These are found in our local beaches particularly in coral reefs. Can you think of other examples of orders 6, 7, 8, 87 Cur footprints left on the sand exhibits glide reflection. Scanned with CamScanner‘Symmetries in Nature Honeycomb ‘A honeycomb is @ mass of hexagonal prismatic wax cells built by honeybees in their nests to contain their larvae emaice°S of honey and pollen. The structural design penkets Fesions of maximum area but with minimum praametet. suggesting that honeybees are economists and ‘mathematicians, vagy 8Pe Would ve the most space to sore honey but requre the least amount of wel boo MS,“ Wal, when yu thnk ot making iles woul work ‘well because they willleave. ‘gaps in the honeycomb. Others could reply with triangles Sr sduares for storage which wouldn't leave gape, kia) ers rs lids) 7 OX Shape. One of the early proofs, was alven by Thomas C. Hales in 1999, ‘At present, there is stil an honeycomb: Recommended video: Why do bees build hexagonal honeycombs? by BBC Link: https://wwnw.bbe.co.uk/programmesip03zn0bp Recommended reading: ‘piolgical: mathematica speciatons about bees (art 1: Honeycomb geomet) by Alistair Bird Link: httas:faperioccal.com/2015(0 Vapiologicalmathematical-speculatons-about bbees-part-t-honeycomb-geometry! Phyllotaxis/Phyllotaxy leat arrangements Known as phytexis"or phyllotaxy come in many forms. Leaves of plants may have the same arrangement on opposite sides where pairs of leaves are attached at a node. The arrangement of leaves may also alternate along the stem. Scanned with CamScannerjoultural-and- Recommended link https/www sciencedirect.comfopics/at biological scences/phylotaxs) Tiger's Stripes and Hyena’s Spots The stripes on the tiger's skin are pattems that are actually part of the animals skin s0 it appears below the fur as well. Tiger ‘Stripes have probably developed because the pattem helps hide them and protect them in their natural environment. Animals’ stipes and spots have various biological significance like mating Purposes, for defense or as camouflage and others, but the process on how the pattems are formed is not yet fully understood. In Alan Turing’s paper on morphogenesis, he theorized that reactions of chemical substances (morphogens) that diffuses through tissues could explain how pattems in animals are developed. ‘Turing presented mathematical models based on biological and chemical properties of cells, ‘Although Turing's theory on morphogenesis has not been proven, a lot of work. have been done in relation to his paper that aim to explain the world arcund us through ‘mathematics. Recommended readings: 1) How animals got their spots and stripes — according to maths by Thomas Wool Lint hpitheconversatn.com/howenimalegotther-spcteand-shipes: ‘according-to-maths-85053 . 2) The chemical basis of morphogenesis by A. M. Turing Link: http:l/cba.mit.edu/events/03.11,ASE/dacs/Turing.odt Pattems in Landscapes and Seascapes 1¢ earth's dynamical systems. The Pattems and land formations result from the eat fever changing landscape of our word is mostly affected by natural laws but most ‘ecently, man has caused changes in he landscape for various purposes ~ good and bad. Scanned with CamScannerTrain of wavesis a group of waves of equel or similar wavelengths traveling in the same direction. These waves can be caused ether by the friction between \Wind and the surface water or the gravitational pull of the sun and moon on the earth. ‘A dune is a hil of loose sand formed as @ result of the interaction between the wind or flow of water and soil. ‘Notice how the “lines” are arranged. Transverse waves Son dunes line up in parallel straight rows at right angles: to the prevailing wind direction. Recommended readings: 41) A mathematical advance in describing waves by Charlotte Hsu Link: https://phys. orginews/2016-02-mathematical-advance.htm! 2) Universal nature of the nonlinear stage of modulation instability by Gino Biondini and Dionyssios Mantzavinos Link: https:/éarxv.orefpdti1511.00951.pdt 3) Blown by wind: nonlinear dynamics of Aeolian sand ripples by Hezi Yizhaq, Neil Balmforth and Antonello Provenzale LLinkchttps://pdfs.semanticschotar.org/3e31/a97c5b2a697bO38fc7b7E4e/301414 126d8.pdt 4) Oynamics of sand ripples and dunes by Hiraku Nishimari Link: http:/iwww.scipress.org/joumals/formalpdtf20s 1/30s10091.pdt '5) Handbook of mathematical geosciences by Springer Link: https:/Aink.springer.com/contentipat/10.1007%2F978-3-319-78999-6.pef FIBONACCI SEQUENCE Definition 7; The Fibonacci sequence isa list of ordered natural numbers: 4, 1,2,3,5,8, 13,21, “The first two numbers are both equal to 1 and the succeeding numbers in the sequence are the sum ofthe two consecutive numbers immediately preceding “them. Moy ‘The numbers Inthe Fibonacci sequence are generated by the recurrence oon Rai = 1A =(fcat Fea for n> tamper fry peo Feb ores sao eee: Fes ena re ee Scanned with CamScannerP22 EASY Gs uw- ay 20 3 9 n gr Leonardo of Pisa, best known by his nicknar inhis book Liber Abaci (The book of counting, oF ca ‘also breed new pai starting withthe one pair? ‘once a month, and each pair they produce can how many pairs of rabbits will be bred in a year, sme “Fibonacc*", posed the problem loulation): if pair of rabbits breeds irs at one month old, “BREEDING” FIBONACCI NUMBERS | oo sci sa to 4 jet i are wr A 21 3] er BE a 1 2 ye 2 aah | des . 7 ae 538 furs ye K 2 pers A ss ofS Ba Rr Sia, Photo crt o Infobase Publishing ‘As seen in the figure, the solution to the sequence. ‘Can you give the solution to the problem? problem gives rise to the Fibonacci “The Fibonacci sequence did not eam popularty until the 49 century, when ‘mathematicians were able to establish many of its properties and occurrences. The ‘Sequence appears in Pascal's triangle, the binomial formula, and interestingly, in nature and plants. ‘Sunflowers ‘Sunflowers have become part of tradition of Mariano Marcos State University. “These are planted every year ata specie dato inte forthe flowers to bloom during the Commencement Exercises. Interestingly, sunflowers exhibit the Fibonacci sequent number of spirals ‘sunflower, for instance, are arrang vce "Taking time to count the number of spirals in a sunflower, we'd find that the ‘add up to a Fibonacci number. The seeds at the head of the ged in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise siion.| It can be observed that the number of spirals are always consecut fe eke numbers in the Fibonacci se { there ere 34 spirals in clockwise direction. ee a Scanned with CamScanner @In fact, @ great many plants produce petals, leaves. and seeds in the Fitonace! sequence. ‘Sneezewort or Harangan ‘The plant forms a Fibonacci sequence in terms of its leaves and branches. FRACTALS Definition 6: Fractals are geometric figures like triangles, squares; circles and” ‘ean tepals Fractals are never-ending pattems. They are infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales. This means thet one can take a small extract of the shape and it looks the same as the entire shape. (mathigon.org) “The word “fractal” was colned in 1980 by a Belgian mathematician in the name of Benoit Mandelbrot (1924-2010). Mandeltrot chose the name “ractal" because it feminds him of the concept of fraction’. (Nocon & Nocon) Fractals are some of the most beautful and most bizarre geometric shapes found in nature, in geometry and in algebra. The branches of trees, as well as leaves like ferns have fractal structure. eT Scanned with CamScanner‘The Nervous, System Even our body systems like the nervous system show fractal structure. The human circulatory system needs to distribute fresh oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. To do this, the blood vessel system relies on its fractal structure which ‘occupies minimum volume but has maximum area to reach every cell in the body (Nocon & Nocon). SPIRALS Scanned with CamScanner(Ciypetbone kat) (Ts aowi stay The Mily Way Gali The Milky Way galaxy is an example ofa spiral galaxy. It has logarithmic spirals in its arms beginning at the center of the galaxy and expanding outwards. Interestingly, spiral ‘galaxies follow the familiar Fibonacei pattem. Recently, Thomas Dame and Patick Thaddeus of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics made a discovery which suggests that the Miky Way galaxy has a mirorike symmetry. I true, the Miky Way galaxy willbe a near-perfect miror image offset with wo major ams: the Perseus and the Soutum-C ; Snails’ Shell (Nautilus Shel!) The (hell of a"nautlus apart from exhibiting the Fibonacci numbers also possesses the property of a [Fibonacel spral drawn in a Fibonacel rectarigle, 3 collection of squares with sides that have the length ‘of Fibonacci numbers. 1s of a sheep, the placement of eaves around a stem, hurricanes, ink of the hors Now, thi ashells not mentioned above. What type of spirals are they? galaxies and other se ES Scanned with CamScannerwei” @ The Golden Ratio appears many times in geomety, art, architecture and in nature. GOLDEN RATIO AND THE GOLDEN RECTANGLE Definition 10: The Golden Ratio, also known as the Divine Proportion, Golden) “Section or Golden Mean, dencted by 9, is equal to - ‘There is a special relationship between the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci ‘numbers. If any two successive Fibonacci Numbers are taken, their ratio approximates the Golden Ratio. One can observe that the higher the numbers in the sequence, the closer they match the golden mean. Ina line segment, the golden ratio can be found by dividing the segment into two parts (as shown on the right) so that the longer part divided by the smaller partis also equal to the whole length divided by the longer part. atb “thats, ath a Lat uae engte shot. gare. <: He. @ Sao Using some algebraic methods, one can also find the Golden Ratio in terms of radicals, that is, 1405 oe = 1.61803... Consider a line segment with length 100 centimeters. How long should and b be for them to satisfy the Golden Ratio? (100) It your answers are a = 61.8 ems and b = 38.2 ems, then you're right! i = t ath =100 i. : a. or . D loo 1.19, #100 a. 4-9 “a car wows Gl. tb 100 Or ep Heyy 190, volt so ECT] ETT ae ‘ : = et ae Scanned with CamScanner|The Golden Rectangle on the other hand is a rectangle whose side lengths’ are in the golden rato: A golden rectangle with longer side a and shorter side b, when placed adjacent to a Square with sides of length a, will produce a similar golden rectangle with longer side a+ b and shorter side a. This illustrates the relationship 2 GOUDEN REctastey, 24D ¥ conbination ath a v Wi vertcal (ne ge ets +A sqae to tectangle The Vitruvian Man (The Man in Action) by Leonardo de Vine , We can draw many lines of the rectangles into the figure. There are three distinct sets of Golden Rectangles: each one set for the head area, the torso, and the legs. ‘Monalisa by Leonardo da Vinci The Monalisa includes lots of Golden Rectangles; a rectangle whose base extends from the woman's right wrist 10 her left elbow and exiend the rectangle vertically untlitreaches the very top of her head. Also, drawing squares inside the Golden Rectangle will reveal that the edges of these new squares come to all the important focal points of the woman: her chin, her eye, her nose, and the uptumed comer of her mysterious mouth. It is believed thet Leonardo, as a ‘mathematician tried to incorporate mathematics into at This painting seems to be made purposefuly line up with golden rectangle. [3 Scanned with CamScannerGiza In architecture, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece and the Pyramids of exhibits the Golden Rectangle. Definition 14: The golden angieis the smaller ofthe wo ‘angles created by Sectioning he creumference of acre according to the goon rao that is, nto two arcs such tha the rato ofthe len the length ofthe smaller arcs the same as the Circumference tothe length ofthe lager are. ‘ath of the larger are to ‘aio of the full Algebracaly, let a+ bbe the crcamference of a cite, dived into a longer arc of length a and a smaller arc of length b such that a+b a = 161803. ‘The golden angle is then the ange subtended by the smaller are of length b. it ‘measures approximately 137.60776 degrees, 14 Scanned with CamScanner\5 Ge Pho rede Mtpedia Pho crei1oCosmomery : m Ina plant, itis @ common observation that distribution of leaves on a follows a pattem (phylotaxis). Such pattem gives each leaf the maxi sunlight without completely blocking other leaves (Reyes, 2018). Of course, they Aren't all of these patterns in nature worthy of appreciation? sre! Asa mater la en Stewart nfs bok tues Nabors; explained at “by Using mathematics to organize and systematize our ideas about patterns, We ‘iscovered a great secret. nature's pattems are not just there to be admired, they aré tal clues to the rules that govern natural processes"! EXERCISE 1.1. ‘A. Provide concise responses to the following questions. 1. Enumerate and describe the different patterns visible in our environment. 2. Other then those mentioned in the text, can you cite other pattems that you ‘can see in our environment? 3. Can you think of other creations/inventions that possess the Golden Ratio/Golden Rectangle/Golden Angle? Provide a brief explanation. B. Describe in your own words the given symmetries. You can include illustrations or drawings to demonstrate the concepts. 41. Translation 2. Reflection 3. Rotation 4. Glide reflection CC. Writing, Write an essay of reflection paper containing 100-200 words on the topic Presented in this chapter (Le. Mathematics in Our World) Scanned with CamScannerIbo B.[APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS] tion ofall creations. Yes, Mathematics, nes Is the foundal : forint absence, te word carnckmove event hat ofaninch People men be it farmer, fisherman, carpenter, mechanic, doctor, engineer, eae as the oun ‘and practically everyone needs mathematics! Even insects reybees utilize mathematics in their eve ‘existence. Mathematics makes our Ife crvery an nos prevents chaos. In 6 syne {here is order when all th system's components are in order of in good con ‘working harmoniousty with each other. As humans, there is order when we religio. ble Abide the rules set before us. Through critical and higher order thinking, we are a to judge which rule to followiimplement and which not, to achieve order. ® Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world Nearty all pattems in nature are puzzles, mostly deep ones, and mathematics 's brillant at helping us solve puzzles and dig out the laws and structures that lie behind some observed pattem or regulary, and then using them to explain what's going on (Stewart, 1999). As Numerical Pattems {In astronomy, so many pattems can be enumerated. The phases of the moon, that is, from new moon to full moon is a complete cyclo that occurs in twenty-cight days. One year is equivalent to three hundred and shty-fve days long. Does this make sense? ‘The number of days it takes for the 3 satelites lo, Europa and Ganymede to orbit the planet Jupiter such as 1.77, 3.55 and 7.16 days respectively reveal that each is exactly twice the previous one. Kepler, fascinated with his search for mathematical pattems in nature (though accidental) was able to discover that the orbital period of a planet (time it takes a planet to go once around the Sun) and the dstance of the planet from the sun are related! How did Kepler do it? Let d= distance of any planet from the Sun = orbital petiod Then This constant, a very elegant number, was the same forall the six planets that precisely existed during his me; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Satural ‘Amazing Isn't it? Have you ever wondered why humans have two lege, cats have four, insects have sb and spiders have eight? Starfish have five arms (or ten, eleven, enc seventeen, depending on the species), Scanned with CamScannerI B.Geometric Pattems 1.2 colecon of Did you know that the rainbow es we normally view as arcs i it the airt tirles, one for each color? These crdes can be seentrom the ait ang Circles can also be seen in the ripples on a pond, in th butterfies’ wit Many viruses assume the shape of anicosahedron —a regular solid that Is formed out of twenty equilateral tangles. (C+Pattems of Movement ‘There is rhythm when there is a pattem of moverient or sounds. Humans do have primary movement pattems that are leamt and refined throughout life. Foremost is gait. This is the default pattem of movement ofthe limbs during locomotion that has regular rhythm: leftvightteftwightdeft. For fourtegged creatures such as horses have 4 rhythmic pattems like walk, trot, gallop and canter while dogs have 2 additional gaits such amble and pace. Insects also have the rhythm of scutling, pulsations for the jellyfish and wavelike motion for fish, worms and snakes among others. @Mathematics Helps Predict the Behavior of Nature and the World ‘Mathematical modelling, a process that is gaining recognition in the sciences utilizes mathematical structures such as diagrams, scatter plots, equations and so forth to represent real world situations for the understanding of how a specific system Works. derstanding the motion ofthe heavenly bodies can predict the occurrence of the lunar and solar eclipses and the retum of comets during the ancient chilzations, Modelling takes care ofboth the orbital parameters ofthese heavenly bodies and the areemnal forces caused by other planets that may change these orbital motions. in eAtition, te positions of the Sun and Moon relative to the Earth predicted tides for many years ahead. The high and low tides as we observe follow a periodic pattem that can be modelled using the sine function. ‘Weather on the other hand is a phenomenon that is much harder to predict. However, weather prediction models requiring earth observations such as temperature, ai, pressure, moisture, wind speed and water levels as inital conditions far help predict the formation, intensity and track of complex weather systems (phys.org). Scanned with CamScannerAccurate weather forecasts predict when and where extreme weather may ‘ake. while climate projections are key to identifying weather pattems changing on a longer time scale. Familarizing oneself how a system works makes one to attempt to control the system. 'n terms of health, heart disease, dubbed as the number one killer of men and Women is considered as one ofthe top preventable causes of death. Causes incude Senetic and poor ifestyle habits euch as poor cet, lack of exercise and others. In Worst cases where the natural regulating mechanism of the human heart falls to function, the electronic pacemakers controls the situation. They are designed to supplement the heart's own natural controls by regulating the heartbeat. Meanwhile, manipulating or altering the weather system probably happens ‘when certain regions of a country experience severe drought that may affect large ‘scale agriculture. This weather modification is known as cloud seeding. It changes the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nucle, which alter the ‘microphysical processes within the cloud. In the medica field, headlines refering toa great numberof deaths are due to outbreaks of epidemics and commuricable dseases, Such outbreaks cal foro sepia response, thatis, tobe able to contro the spread of ciseasesto the population tnoeah the intraduction of vaccinations, Scanned with CamScanner19 @ Mathematics Has Numerous Applications In the World Making it indispensable. Mathematics as a rich body of knowledge that rests on mathematical foundations has numerous applications. Theories that include computer and telephone lines designing, fight scheduling that optimizes routines in any particular akon, signal-processing ways tha provdes the most accurate radar images for he Pilots, |n watching the television, have you ever wondered how the special effects on the screen are produced? Or how the TV signals are transmitted by satellite? Im astronomy, have you thought about how the orbital movements of the Satelite can be solved mathematically? For aircraft launching, has anyone tried to Count the various applications of mathematics in the manufacture of a spacecraft? In farming, are you not amazed why a new strain of potatoes are resistant to disease? ‘These are just but fw and amazing applications of mathematics. And we need + 0 appreciate and understand all of these now, otherwise, they will cease to function. We need to discover and develop new mathematics in the years ahead for us to solve old and new problems, othensise, our society will fall apart when change requires Solutions to new problems or new solutions to old problems (Stewart, 1995).~ EXERCISE 1.2 A. Provide concise but substantial responses (maximum of 5 sentences) to the following questions. 1. Enumerate and desotbe the pattems discussed in the text. 2. Identity and describe other pattems you usualy see in your own community. 3. Discuss the importance of mathematics in our lives as mentioned in the text 4. Other than those discussed in the text, give ancther importance of ‘mathematics in our Ives. 5. How else is mathematical modeling applicable to other elds? Scanned with CamScanner