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ABSTRACT
The theme of our presentation is mainly based upon an overall view of a three-
dimensional memory that offers possibility of storing 1 TB (terabyte=1000 GB)
of data in a sugar-cube-sized crystal called the holographic memory. Most
computers hard drive only hold 10 to 40 or 80 GB of data, only a small fraction of
what a holographic memory system might hold. It is a storage system that stores
more information in smaller space and offer faster data rates of about 1 GB per
second. The hardware is based upon optical interference patterns. High-speed
recording would be possible with holographic recording because of parallel signal
processing using a spatial light modulator. Holography enables storage densities
that can far surpass the super paramagnetic and diffraction limits of traditional
magnetic and optical recording. In addition, unlike conventional technologies that
store data bit by bit, holography allows a million bits of data to be written and
read out in single flashes of light, enabling data transfer rates as high as a billion
bits per second (fast enough to transfer a DVD movie in about 30 seconds). The
paper now deals with the hardware concepts of the holographic memory system,
coding and signal processing, a comparison with existing memory systems,
concluded with its applications and technical problems faced in this regard are
also dealt upon along with the future of this storage system.
1. HISTORY
To read the stored data, the hologram is illuminated with the reference
beam. Each page of the hologram is recorded separately. To record on the
hologram, the data in the form of electric signal is converted to optical signals by
a page composer. The controller generates the address to access the desired
page. This results in the exposure of a small area of the recording medium
through an aperture. The optical output signal is directed to the exposed area by
the deflector. Using this beam deflecting mechanism, the light (which carries the
information) and the reference beam are made to interact. The interference
pattern is thus recorded on the hologram. To record a different page, the
aperture is moved and the above process is repeated.
For data retrieval, the laser (reference beam) is focused on the
appropriate page according to the address generated. A photo detector array on
the other side of the hologram records the image of that sub
4.2 DATA STORAGE
light from the scene or object (the object beam). Optical interference between the
reference beam and the object beam, due to the superposition of the light waves,
produces a series of intensity fringes that can be recorded on standard
photographic film. These fringes form a type of diffraction grating on the film,
which is called the hologram.
AFTER BEFORE
PRE-DISTORTION PRE-DISTORTION
5.5 GRAY SCALE
The predistortion technique described in the previous section makes it
possible to record data pages containing gray scale. Since we record and detect
more than two brightness levels per pixel, it is possible to have more than one bit
of data per pixel. The histogram of a hologram with six gray-scale levels made
possible by the predistortion technique
If pixels take one of g brightness levels, each pixel can convey log2 g bits
of data. Gray scale also divides the system's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) into g 1
parts, one for each transition between brightness levels. Because total SNR
depends on the number of holograms, dividing the SNR for gray scale (while
requiring the same error rate) leads to a reduction in the number of holograms
that can be stored
5.6 CAPACITY ESTIMATION
6. ASSOCIATIVE RETREIVAL
Holographic
Memory
2.4 ms 10 GB/s 400 Mbits/cm2
Main Memory
(RAM)
10 – 40 ns 5 MB/s 4.0 Mbits/cm2
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This table shows the comparison of access time, data transfer rates (readout),
and storage capacity (storage density) for three types of memory; holographic,
RAM, and magnetic disk.
Holographic memory has an access time somewhere between main
memory and magnetic disk, a data transfer rate that is an order of magnitude
better than both main memory and magnetic disk, and a storage capacity that is
higher than both main memory and magnetic disk. Certainly if the issues of
hologram decay and interference are resolved, then holographic memory could
become a part of the memory hierarchy, or take the place of magnetic disk much
as magnetic disk has displaced magnetic tape for most applications.
8. IMPLEMENTATION
There are many different volume holographic techniques that are being
researched. The most promising techniques are angle-multiplexed, wavelength-
multiplexed, spectral, and phase-conjugate holography. Angle- and wavelength-
multiplexed holographic methods are very similar, with the only difference being
the way data is stored and retrieved, either multiplexed with different angles of
incidence of the reference beam, or with different wavelengths of the reference
beam. Spectral holography combines the basic principles of volume holography
using a photorefractive crystal with a time sequencing scheme to partition
holograms into their own sub volume of the crystal using the collision of ultra
short laser pulses to differentiate between the image and the time-delayed
reference beam [6]. Phase-conjugate holography is a technique to reduce the
total volume of the system (the system includes recording devices, storage
medium, and detector array) by eliminating the need for the optical parts between
the spatial light modulator (SLM) and the detector. The SLM is an optical device
that is used to convert the real image into a single beam of light that will intersect
with the reference beam during recording. Phase-conjugate holography
eliminates these optical parts by replacing the reference beam that is used to
read the hologram with a conjugate reference beam that propagates in the
opposite direction as the beam used for recording. The signal diffracted by the
hologram being accessed is sent back along the path from which it came, and is
refocused onto the SLM which now serves as both the SLM and the detector [5].
9. PROPERTIES
Digital holography:
The angularly selective property of holograms recorded in thick materials
enables a unique form of high-capacity data storage distinguished by its parallel
data access capability. A holographic data storage system is fundamentally
page-oriented, with each block of data defined by the number of data bits that
can be spatially impressed onto the object beam. The total storage capacity of
the system is then equal to the product of the page size (in bits) and the number
of pages that can be recorded
The coherence length of the beam determines the maximum depth the
image can have. A laser will typically have a coherence length of several meters,
ample for a deep hologram.
An alternate method to record holograms is to use a digital device like a
CCD camera instead of a conventional photographic film. This approach is often
called digital holography. In this case, the reconstruction process can be carried
out by digital processing of the recorded hologram by a standard computer. A 3D
image of the object can later be visualized on the computer screen.
High capacity, high transfer rate, random access memory systems are
needed to archive and distribute the tremendous volume of digital information
being generated in many applications
Metro Laser is developing an innovative, ultra-high density holographic
data storage system. Holographic storage extends the high density of an optical
disk (CD-ROM) into a true three-dimensional random access.
10. ADVANTAGES
Using currently available SLM's can produce about 1000 different images
a second at 1024 X 1024 bit resolution. With the right type of media (probably
polymers rather than something like LiNbO3), this would result in about 1 Gigabit
per second writing speed. Read speeds can surpass this and experts believe 1
Terabit per second readout is possible.
The advantages of the proposed hologram memory architecture are:
-Ultra-high storage density - up to 1 TB/cm3
-High retrieval rate ~ 1GB/sec
-Secure data access
An advantage of a holographic memory system is that an entire page of
data can be retrieved quickly and at one time
With the fuzzy coding techniques introduced, volume holographic content-
addressable data storage is an attractive method for rapidly searching vast
databases with complex queries. Areas of current investigation include
implementing system architectures which support many thousands of
simultaneously searched records, and quantifying the capacity reliability
tradeoffs. Holograms are common in science-fiction, most notably Star Trek, Star
Wars, and Red Dwarf.
By storing and reading out millions of bits at a time, a holographic disc
could hold a whole library of films. Movies, video games, and location-based
services like interactive maps could be put on postage-stamp-size chips and
carried around on cell phones. A person's entire medical history, including
diagnostic images like x-rays, could fit on an ID card and be quickly transmitted
to or retrieved from a database
Many of the remarkable advances in consumer electronics over the last
few years--and much of the economic health of the industry--are directly
traceable to the explosion in storage capacity. Web e-mail services routinely offer
each of their customers a gigabyte of memory for free. Apple's newest iPod is
only possible because of small, cheap hard drives that can hold a staggering 60
gigabytes of data--a storage capacity that just five years ago would have been a
lot for a desktop PC.
Eventually, if the hardware becomes affordable for consumers,
holographic storage could supplant DVDs and become the dominant medium for
games and movies. Portable movie players and phones that download
multimedia from the Web would take off. Holographic storage could even
compete with the magnetic hard drive as the computer's fundamental storage
unit. And on a larger scale, corporate and government data centers could replace
their huge, raucous storerooms of server racks and magnetic-tape reels with the
quiet hum of holographic disc drives
Likewise, cell phones now come with flash memory chips easily able to
store address books, calendars, photos, and the like. Indeed, the theoretical
promise of holographic storage has been talked about for 40 years. But
advances in smaller and cheaper lasers, digital cameras, projector technologies,
and optical recording materials have finally pushed the technology to the verge of
the market. And the ability to cram exponentially more bits into infinitesimal
spaces could open up a whole new realm of applications.
The benefits of exploiting the third dimension could go beyond storage to include
more efficient ways to search ultra dense databases, like those that store satellite
images for mapping and surveillance; new kinds of displays; and even ultra fast
processors whose logic circuits are carved into holographic materials.
Storage technologies such as CD’s and DVD’s have drawbacks. The density of
magnetic materials in hard drives is fast approaching a fundamental physical
limit. Flash memory is slow, and a DVD is barely large enough to hold a full-
length movie.
Storing data in three dimensions would overcome many of these
limitations.
The upcoming problems requiring very huge computing power make us
today looking properly for new technical solutions not only in terms of CPU
enhancement but also in terms of other PC components. Regardless of the
technology used for CPU production, the data number transferred for processing
is determined also by possibilities of other subsystems. Capacity of modern
devices of mass memory reflects this tendency. CDs discs allow storing up to
700 MBytes, the developing technology of DVD-ROM - up to 17 GBytes.
Technology of magnetic recording develops quickly as well - for the last year the
typical capacity of a hard disc in the desktop computers has increased up to 15-
20 GBytes and higher. But in the future computers are to process hundreds of
gigabytes and even terabytes - much more than any current CDs or hard discs
can accommodate. Servicing of such data volumes and their transfer for
processing by ultra speed processors requires completely new approaches when
creating storage devices.
But if and when holographic storage will come to dominate the market is
still an open question. InPhase's initial product launch is slated for late 2006, but
industry experts, while optimistic, are also cautious. "They have made numerous
contributions on the hardware side, in media and materials, and in error
correction," says Hans Coufal, manager of science and technology strategy at
IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA, and an expert on holographic
storage. "It's very impressive but still some ways away from a viable product. Not
a long ways, but some ways."
Over the next four years, the Bell Labs team got its holographic material to
work in conjunction with the latest miniaturized lasers, cameras, and optical
components to read and write data. This also required advances in software to
correct for errors in storing and retrieving digital bits.
13. CONCLUSION
But whoever wins, holographic storage could change the rules for
information technology by opening up the possibilities of working in three
dimensions.
14. References
1. "Holographic data storage.". IBM journal of research and development. Retrieved 2008-
04-28.
2. ^ "High speed holographic data storage at 500 Gbit/in.2". Archived from the original on
3. ^ a b Robinson, T. (2005, June). The race for space. netWorker. 9,2. Retrieved April 28,
4. ^ "Maxell Introduces the Future of Optical Storage Media With Holographic Recording
10. ^ Television Broadcast, “Holographic Storage Firm InPhase Technologies Shuts Down”
14. ^ Inphase Technologies, Inc. (Longmont, CO, US) and Nintendo Co., Ltd. (Kyoto, JP)