APPENDIX B

RUNGE-KUTTA-NYSTRÖM METHOD

The Runge-Kutta-Nyström (RKN) method Initialize x0 and the following variables:

(Kreyszig 1993) computes the solution of y0 ← y ( x0 )
y′′ = f ( x, y, y′ ) using the initial values y0′ ← y′ ( x0 )
y ( x0 ) = y0 , y′ ( x0 ) = y0′ at equidistant
points x1 = x0 + h , x2 = x0 + 2h , …,
xN = x0 + Nh , h the step length and N i=1, N
the number of steps. Figure B.1 shows the
corresponding algorithm.
Calculate:
1
The following functions are used in k1 ← hf ( xi−1 , yi−1 , yi′−1 )
2
the present study: y′′ = d 2 s dx 2 ;
1 § 1 ·
f ( x, y, y′ ) = 2 ( t f E f )τ ( s ) . The first point K ← h ¨ yi′−1 + k1 ¸
2 © 2 ¹
of the effective bond length, Lef , is x0 = 0 1 § 1 ·
k 2 ← hf ¨ xi −1 + h, yi −1 + K , yi′−1 + k1 ¸
and the last one is xN = Lef . The effective 2 © 2 ¹
1 § 1 ·
bond length was divided in 100 segments k3 ← hf ¨ xi −1 + h, yi−1 + K , yi′−1 + k2 ¸
2 © 2 ¹
of equal width ( N = 100 ).
§ 1 ·
L ← h ¨ yi′−1 + k3 ¸
© 2 ¹
The initial values are the free end 1
k4 ← hf ( xi −1 + h, yi −1 + L, yi′−1 + 2k3 )
slip, y ( x0 ) = s f , and the laminate strain at 2
the free end, y′ ( x0 ) = ( ds dx )0 =
ε f ( x = 0 ) = 0 . According to the algorithm
xi ← xi −1 + h
represented in Figure B.1, the loaded end
slip, y ( xN ) = sl , and the laminate strain at
the loaded end, y′ ( xN ) = ε f ( xN ) , are Calculate the solution at xi :
calculated. § 1 ·
yi ← yi −1 + h ¨ yi′−1 + ( k1 + k2 + k3 ) ¸
© 3 ¹
1
yi′ ← yi′−1 + ( k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 )
3

END

Figure B.1 – Runge-Kutta-Nyström algorithm.