(een, chonisome - Mi ats Domain of aloms ° oe , ‘ pts of sb -alomic ° > Medic neff! sre pecbresco ° Smibablons came hay Ly t : Blackbody Sa | WL lL, Stability of alo hee ol cnet lethe ing Qimutaki ial, theory [ ea lained raigs “Bobr Theont i * Photoelectric ef feck 4 photoelectric of feck ear. Ely Scout only if Y>. ZB 2} L> IE can he explained threug PE tkdn Einstein 's eq: ahh haus hY= hY, + Kinny process , re there 1 notime ba between the mcidence of Light ank ‘emission of electron - Btachbedy Rediation — interaction bhw radsotion & matter — The radiation can be suflocked , transmitted ov adsorbeal.+ [ Red! White Heat { continous oistribulion frequencies from UV to ig} Em oe emitted due +o thermal agitation of e° on te surface. — cpa Ba oe Density can mei eneney ‘ ies jee ‘Beers ies - “wavelength of radiation “te ib - aa peprheat ee Pepe das PM partPerfook pe oe 4 fa ai, radiations dipends en cS Sa SE nef lecting cxept a hae Ly Rodtalion et ret ae any Raddntions emitted, by ay bles ihoty ashen 0 ARONTight fugueny loos tp more number of standing waves,lata Average enerau, of standing wave average energy per degree of freeclom. =LhgT ii Avouge energy /oecillal = pm? + Lhe” =KT Spechal dinsity = ulv> dv = cae ici At y+ > ulrray a0 > alasiopher —_ Planch 's Radiotion. Theary Enid nthag exchange bho sadsotion § muittioe S ina “disoule manner. “act ae radiation emitted by oscillating. eet oh come in ip al ct ©. Y| whew ,n=1,2,3.-. ee ek att cha a ra 2 el aeekiiel aate.t it— Compton Scalboning.classically, A, andr’ must be the same. But the ea ee Wavelength of Arne a. > hO- YD = KE > hy +0 = sn! cosh + pos iG > pecs = hY Cl-cosg) FEH Dey eis dl ae ips a da Aing psine =O. > psin® bY sin © adding o°O 6@ prem = h?y74 hy) - ohyvy ‘cosh > CHE) + 2CKE myc? = hth Y- 2h cos > OPO) = 2nYY'+ BhVmc*- 2h gc? I Pl COS!PD BW(Ymoc?—VinyC*) = PHYY'(1- c6s h ) hyp! [2 —6,] = Glresb)h >m, cae | iS oa > AA eG enep wee aT 2-43 pm Ad 5 minimum at b= 0° and mocimum ot Dj Tr ' ( ( ( 0 TE Matter can exhibit wove -Like § particle like properties . This wave-like property of matter is coll matter woesE = \prc?+mpc* since Tesh mass ef photon 18 zero E\=NpFet «pe > pst ——®) According fo Planck's fous, £= he —@® A fom 4" 0 §® Ech > A> we = he > [ral Cc A E pc P The corresponding wavelengtte Applies te moving for the math. wave i6 He Matton waves xe particles wilh high momenta wok sual woves. Te ave val 6: eg* Duinson- Gomer Exponent “The experiment, consisted of fring aut elector Po from an electven moa Ni nor incidence . The electron gun conststed of a healed filomont pot neleas erated eleckrens era spent faee_pecrlanabed agli pd ine , eV. Te angular the ne} potoa | falter ae i ap Tvodauhed “ded wn ee to have same diffrachion potern as predicted, by Braga in X-Ray. ing [6 Oe Broglie. relation, How, i is the angle botrcuo we incident beam ond. the Bragg's plane se Hak is Bragg's cndition of diffraction. Sune, = 65° for a. Nerystol, d= 0-0%lnm Hence tle wave i tdad cactn, tahoe he A= 0-165 nm perpen tae* Wavefunchen. ¢ Quontiby whese perindic variation make up matin waves , Savefunction CM). ? > V must be continupus and Single valued. everywhere . Te 1 duwwabive of Pmust alse be continues and single = W-+0| ag Ly zbte and "YP mush be finile when 14,2 =0 fete Physica a Simi ficanco ef ¥s Vis re amplitude of mutton waves a ives tho probabili ds file ok aiven nt. (x y{2) in He Netel tft hake le LY [dx dy dz > Prsabilty of « particle ewe aang ia a Vdune The thtad prebebil en ee eee unity ‘all the pate atin found in space . * dedydz =41) 32 Ydoes'nt satishy dtus y! at 4 janigten then YP’ will. ; © tmdliin ie via tek se taneton mioliapd. sunvefunchon“Two wavefunctions tb, Gc) and ),C os said. to be ortkogonol nae ‘inorval (a,b) iff : : Bee ‘g Uncor taint, Principle. Fe quantum wserld isnot deterministic , unlike classical AICS. The Heisenberg 's principle isa direct consequence of the swove - posticle dnd. “eis impossible 42 specify, p recis et ot dean a value, i boty members Bie tae epee ahi xe ate to pane th il Lonian, are eon conjug in the Homi Gp), (hd), CE, cea gate pair of a flo. The Tepes and memento a a particle eannot be | Amubtanceushy a ide ar bibrary precision. ” = erie in zai Ap. Uncer taal ¢ oo Ais given as, DA=¥CA*) - AY Sin Recoil moments of the electron due to incident re. h it's x- igs = Ap = AY and it's x-componen is — axdp.~ 2 Electron « Yiffraction. drrcugh a narred slit - Fraunhoffer Diffraction Due to the presence of slit, the electron beam suffers diffraction and each electron acquires the X- components ef momentum.— Application of Uncertainty relation. * 1 Ground, stale § Behr 's cneraty Total energy of electron. in the electric field Of a proton. E> gaat =p ch am ¢ am ok Condition for minimigption of energy + | =0 “flee n >P = me Pe h h@ if. =f. ~ 0:0524nm RB me* E, cmet ~-136eV 2h G Sdrodinger s Equation - I slates the selakionship between the momentum and. wovelongle associated u2ilh matter waves using the De- Broglie's nelation . | It describes the behavior oF atemic systems & their interaction wilh other particles and E-M rodsation.Consider a group of waves associoted with a moving particle YC#£— Displacement of these waves ok position 1” and time T- Let the wave motion be. represerted by she classical. wove equation. aa particle where Tk je ks ITT Se bz > Vis + | at + ka? Sx? ay* dz” Assume that the save amplitude at T” is periodic in t Wer {We eeE HO ah: ep f yy DA=h Substitute o4"°© fn wave euation , 2 fe we gel VW VCR, 4) = —w? Yr, = 7 VRE +40 Ye) - O ——® \\*The total energy CE) of any parlicle is the sum. Of it's Rtential Energy (v) & tic ene energy (KE). KE =Lmy? = E-v > mv = (am(E-v) Honce, the wove equation describing. the motion becomes, v7 Wret) + 81m ve-vyPlF,t)-0 A) But |, fs hl " 27 VW? YEE) +. Ev) Weert) =O The Schrodinger ' Time- Independent Equation 5- WED + an (E-v) WG") = 0 from eq” @) We Wey hs (E-v) VWore*t =0 sv wre, ava V¥@nEer- ar me Vere 77 involves diffcenttin, w-r-t space pee only> 9? VOR t) + gm VV) = erin E YR) © ia h* AHS of eg°© con be soritlen as follows § gm EVO) - sihe £) AYCD = a (i : 2. Wr \-ite A] L2" hi + AN ils J at S You) at Now , e9” © becomes - Energy operat CE) [= Vi+ vy] Wot) =iha Yarr) 2m ot Homittorian Schrodinger ‘5 Time Operator ¢ A) Dependant fquation In qenerad , Figepanluc Exaation where, Fl —» Eigen Operator E —+ Eigen Volue Y —+ Eigen functionmee. eed fo) iS dca ye ee eT ACEO Dee ee a ee an CR LT inside a box day X-direction only. The particle CMY CoML eer tL hard walls of the Peas ONL Mame AV Nad pete) mek hea mae ee Be V(x) = ‘ea ECM 4 ° O 42 4 bk HOd=0 | where aes aed ARNO a (boa ca The aeneral, eelution ef this cavation 76°Go if v a co ew ine a Dia aC ecu Te ome CMBTTA Me eae Sy the censhuits A ond B. i ced OM ae Set OM VT ie ed Ea AOD oe 4D eae oe} PR Camas eT E eS You =0 ab x=L > Csin (kL)=0 > kL nr aaa LN at na yn ia Woo cule main *) eee a PUL as a ae Since , the probability of finding the particle aT eae UT TEST aa RL eo ee acs Wor) du = 1 oO Es Caterers aa = one ee eae 2 a as 2.0 ena aan aa i: Hence, from eq® | & 2 Yio» iB eT nz iT TUTTE Con) ws pre aT SNe aT ANE N LE Dea S| ar gE, aed ar - si Ceara sR) Cn, Yen uy, Bt = | CORTE sn (ama.) but , we know +thab, a Ren aoe AM 2m" Beet bet cana E cut ar SESE i Cy ah: cian 2mL* PROBABILITY DENSITIES dl ooYor,y,2) = Ae ie sin(oa1r ) ee [22 + ae are | i Taste BOS si So aan met BUC CMM CS17 1 Ret aS ee COL tunneling . eT ere eo) ee WC Oa ME Re eae) ATC © (@) vx) AR Okan anes ae VORA Vx) +O, Ak LO — CD oma * v(x)=0 eae a oe ea fee elo Yo a oN ee CPE 2m CE-Vp) Cane nC i a 3—» a Bo +2mE%Gd= 6 Srey rs TONED Piaieed YL A cs ea Soa 9 lk ky= [2mE k, = [2mCve-€2 ie het Pee eae Pay a ie eo ee) a as |a er fe er Pica uae Yee eal G Sic pen ooo incoming ; } F the ha i irewdl baer tele . pa rae Pat nite 46 64-0) eee NPD) incident a 1y z a eer TO eel SOUCY epee ab Use ra) Cee US TL Deore Omen 211A TR Ns meee eet Binniq_and_ Heinrich Hohrer of IBM Zurich. ru sata ae Talat eae TYE Te CC ea Eva oe Me faa ae ee cee EY eam Tce A) oe? Ree eae tra ie) PSM eae CM CTR walls of he potential well- ae ODE sharp needle ond torminales ‘in a single Tia tr DE) ia Vall i:cake LFrF- ba, Po-ir] CONS ces aoe nee a) a eee wic] ee es oe Deemer leet 7) Teer eee ee ee Se COU ON ee eee aN EL ee i os a eC SR Be image. Note: §TM can either be used in Constont Gurrent eran i We cn_cither el am ena sare Cre COLAC Som eW ne Sir ame ta 6 fe (GRO yearre No oe ol INCOME TMC NC e ya MT dU oe Tag TN a a) Nano technolo 1y the creation of fundamental materials, Coa UT me Ble) Be Te a re eg CO ae am me So Ce Oo COMET Te cha) ms gl LC Wy ena CMT AEE ae RET Me oe enya chip. will opproximately double overy 24 months.” am Sg Pe ce a BO an a Cee 2) ea eR CU me Damn Te a Tea 2 Im toc Cae TORY A a eee Cea ae devices , Spacecrafts otc. ms YM ao tT eC eee ne at oe Cate Ta ocr) ar meee R ane aoe TH an ema Pa es Amy: I 11-1000 nm =narkheleo .MIN gre 9 Pe ee ae ae ee oe CO er MeN Lr a eC or a Rr aan al SS neers a oa VS : tae Rvenresenr cer Ll at Fey Eve ey Volume, — Quontum Goofinement Ta ee Cae UP RC Se Rem called exeiten {e+h*}. This is comparable See eee Te Soe Pore race es Wm ny wm, LL ed Cay m—» M (reduced mass) =_, Mo ieee ES 7a a ea mh, Osa mm and m, —~ m faegelsor) SY CT ee EY 4oe Bohr 's excitonic radius, r=0529€s 7A * Quantum Dots - Wires = Wells Saeco st mec CCL MeO MTC LT) 28 nC) free iA, MY ee (Ol es Vues ae ee Kose meee CT wT | Garcon CPs Pm an eee rT —s ay Brac LP 3 direction ¢- Quantum dot ney Ce converts a continous k Tee Ya Yor ee fey) ad Loan la uy Tg aa Three - Dimension Two-D One-D Pare) eae. cn a sc SL i PReEUAWaGeanCeerit=I fam a aa EVER LC ee Te no- of EUV WAT bere) Vere t e ae cur) POLLY a Oe) ears § E, Cop aR URLs nial aie! |e See ee ROL A Soe mao val cn Re ner Cty ir Ba ae Tyme Mere ed olbhe Pa pee maria Ret fF eats Sa ors eneagy & eae Crea Q ro band gap enerqu.. Three ways fo Ce tO coe aan ea Proto detectors and LASERS east Veme: gre ace Ap Houta Biosensers and Od He Q:D% CL Fiat = pane) Quarstum Le D's Ea ComputationRUT CMA Coat aH a fae I ert Ean Bawa Co hs) ren eeu AMT eure} ; ae Le ay ere CO USS ocblonas Pema 19 eel ea Bottom - down —+ Sol - or lentes to ni Poets ar oe eee eRe Lt eT a ele safe wad) Physical Vapour Deposition (PvD) pears i Thermo] evaporation PAST MECC Sad tosh —> Grbon Nanotubes TRU ao) Le ao el SS OK an aan ee Buckminster Ree (Ceo) a en ne To er ated ES Tt (Meme Lom Yy eee) wae en ae ee ey Coe Ca CTT Mare ae TUS PS Cart “Wypes_of Carbon Nanolishes —+> Single_Walled Nanotubes (SWNT) - ~ diameter ~ tam with tube length thot con_be cer BY atoat |COU holt) HOA» iain TS Matte ake TS Ue Re Ce et ce OC hs Ce CL Ce gmphene. ae Cn Co ea CTCL Te mL RO eS eS me Te a SN me Tate) Terai Pata ty ta —? Muti Walled Nanotubes (MWNT) — NEM ae ee Coed Sa nit TM ee YE i ea oe tL ba CCT CO ee aT Ci Ma Meo Lea ra mmm T Te a La STS TS PT me mE eT | Pes a scroll Oe eet — Torus - CT COMME LTT (eN VMs Sod) creme CMe CR TCT CT ee OC CT a eae 2 RL re aut mm si aL —> Nanobud — a ee a Bee aed eNO ae eae Ca has useful properties of CNT and buckuballs.(ONuetn) Ne 129 Synthesis _of CNT 's—* Ms ea oe FCveray trted Boll milling , Chemical Vapour Deposition caylee Cg CNT’s —> Solar Cells, Ut a nha ett a PEI La een teN Saas a —* Nanoscale Size _Effect - + Realization of minikictured devices La ay mH Paar Seay an Pans Ned Lr PoC NLR terry Ce 71) Meet ‘ied Sad aL aes Se ee ae a OTTO) Ley aa — Electrical Gm me aN CMs aL ma ney Properties ENN EN os Ne) UT | e- Pe Material — with LM Ree me Nar -92 mae materials [products BY ae re tts ae) Te To Maan Sr eae ua rye RuCMe Ya Nae Ly Lae cra ae Ce te cere Rate ca Manufacturing cost © O hac totea» Medical - “ End Crea ce Gel Con TS Ta a 02 Ja) VENT Ma MCT SOT amd Properties Cree ee cm a) ya NB mest Sr ou Cea rc bulk solid. This is due to N-m size of the material Pfam Sais a ri fraction of surface atoms ia Bary RT a Cm LM MMO athe SMEG LTR aL)Saeeee/fial Modern sd Oe OL See at Ty Bie} Sr CIN LED sowie —>* Monochromatic; not coherent ; discrete LASER. ——> Monochromatic ; coherent; discrete Chorocteristics of LASERS mem ee aseaT Tae) Ts Cer Cra aa ee rea ORB aro Dam a a * se, Pf flange benae dvergence zing aera ene a om Sara Ts On ae CT es are id iad inlaid Wi caei Se Sede er Le mem Ure GES VL Fanta ba CrT Ta ce ears VAs za a be: oad ce 102 Cam ore semen CL Cae aT oe mW (continews) Geen y — ret oe! OO pA ene ee eth,I I * Much more mono chromattcthan ee MY amet Se a aout aa CCT eC Tam eae OL ea Ott myc energy and fime._af at: >b. ee tg nen- monochromaticity , A — High Contrast CYT Tae eee TC Light cor Ce eee Lae a laey Sar degree aw es eT eC feo a aC * Gherence : (eee ae ieee a Cee aT separate woves that reinforce or cancel each irom CoC It VON Sa a aL ee Se, a a PT TCD me ome LAM ECT ACAD Témporal Coherence ee ee on OL ae Ce OL Brae ve. NOV La v Cea Spatial Coherence 0 3 hose difference bjw the too aS ee | oC ae OORT mee ea points on a wavefront of the. period of observation then COCR N Me CT aC: Aes me RTE Casale be spatially coherent: if coherent. Bay erat Me els)PN mee oem period st. ann eee er are te ree ree eer fa whereas fatal feared) aa i ae Se eZ Oe a BT Oe Yo me eT IN AMT Tn SAN temas 38 cold ATO te nase e ate Teed cy mA) 2) a aaa (12) Aer a meee Tae Py)) Ca Yc Ce Sen Ae Ta nena and aN Interaction of light with matter takes place in discrete packets of energay called photons (quanti). 6 Pi energy ACY ae UME ot) AE: £,-E,= hv Ce eta ae calle on E ai aCe Yee ee te ee Bt A mn co OE al Ms Cae a Pay aam proud em RLS a ee ee Lo GCBa haber tas Are i orn Lo a EY mo ea mee Le Catt ee) 72) a UNC De ae ee Be Tae OST ae aR TT ony oan help Neem acces cm There rT a SIE : inane by *ny fn nohure : sHimuloted email oy OY Mer TES ails ate) Patter / Cee cer a a rs oie faim Ye ea) may Ven aA rad associated with +he Stimulating and Pa AWW rel et eT TT Yee meet paLgetaaa mye When an atom {a simulated to emit ra Sue baal liberated is used Ce By fe CT eon Lea Mea yen) Rates of 3 transition processes ina collection of atoms are mathematically related % : Peat NY *Gimulated Emission. N73 ef Maaaieemail BT AE Ta Bs alcid ater ee a CR ae Le CN oa mee ee Pe A fees De ee ee a) Bea EL 5 Ng ale qep(*A,r eee rae EN, N= aa) wari Bec Cary ket Oe CRE CL Car Fea If eo eset Ws els PGE Cm) aCe ga eee Co he ee Ly mae os Gra energy density) aN CG By — Einstein's efficient for rea Nr Cs Rowe eas Emissions (Cm) Average time an electron spends in, the excited stoke before UC A em RO DBR cen lifelime C,,. A a oa eaeRate_of Stimubited Erission +] = 4% Pi] nate of downoad emission : R,, (electron +nnsistion from 2-1) Fa aS aN 1 aca er a) v a 7 t ey La ae eee Ce ton Gon Coa Pens ee Lt renee yd a 7] c Hence , when the CT et a CM ee a A ed eu L ee ee LL) emission ane the some. aN Canc Wea ee USO ESLER A ALY iPr yen eas Ria Ch Came aur a act Ld amitaimn te tho dAnm'mn nas TTC SH BBN eT ame* Radiotion emitted in the spechum in a rondom manner is Incoherent source. * Rate of stimulated emission —» tes —> Coherent” source ea ICL (Nala) Deal Ow density Clowier level) Ca ou “em Density of Atoms (n)) soy ace Ne A am Ie GeO © Medium in which P-L ig achieved + Active Medium eam a ate YC forse tat CNTs a Ste Parot - Etalon eS Cee (tees) CA Co Saat aL * the method by uohich P-I is achieved is called aT ae — Optical Pumpin Xe_or Kr fiosh lamp is used +to supply the Juminous A eR oe eee oe Le) > | Direct blectron| excitation CMTE Came Sa am eae CNL YY. MY RYO oe 6-3ean Ye TC ee To Se 7.) OS Me Crou te Mma ae Ca Ve Cre it ae eae ra) ey +4 bara Eee Oe MN ETON ara by Senta ee provides the initial va UCU eC, OL ee it's excited form cs * “These atoms collide Da Oe Mea Py We yee Si Ex: He-Ne Jaser, He- Ct Loser mae So ae To oTN * Molecules undergo chem: ied in which the te CC ee Ex: H-F Laser “> | Direct Conversion ates eat if} ea] converted into vA Cla Pa ore Teme tym TT) ee eee ee Lo RL UY fa.1) 1 oO ae of adsorption mee ond af best i: 1 ratio can be obtained even with an Crys pumping mechanism. PE Mm eT LTA ee ec Ce system sith S or + jevels. mTOR et YM Mt Vc) ete am) CM Pd Acero EL oe eee Ma State, sti CUT a CYT Mt To)t,t mmr aD + Stimulated emission can lead to a chain yt ena Ton Sate ee TOM La oe LY Yo aU Me eet le ee ome Vo Cts Mt Cre 2° Excitection Mechanism ETC eg Pump Cai +o +the active medium +o SM or ee od oe a ala ated RO STAs Meant eo) deed y Cray AST Me eC or them Lita 4 aR a es) a a concave mirrors placed coaxially . One of +he Cet ee YB partially! reftected (output coupler)Cis Tame PMLA Tato Rr arya We Cae CTC tO me Te Se rola Cee ev Attentuation Factor chr Cr perc _ g(v)[Ny- Ny] = | een ard rr... ~, |.rg 7 eee od al where, &— Attenuation factor aOR aL reel Broadening function ae Ue eT Nis TE tae tet) es ae eee Ee a OT Ie) ee me LL) ze Ls Ci Tatty Pier eoch other = Fabry- pay eee Siew Ne TT eae: Te MeN MMT YT TTT) LT aL d eee CCC ee Ome CLS cavity , losses must be compensated by the ° ts Cee er Me Tt Me ert tA TCL COT Te eS Te) tC * For LASER oscillations +0 begin 2(%-G)d CA 21 a a CSL rr oir Yate kd [ol -= em di|T S 11-10 ice) a SY Ce Roundtrip Ct UOT. Beast ec) 5 a2 [* = ih CLS Ear 2d voit iret. os eeee es ee ee al 0 RY ee es eo OMY.) 124 ato a a oie) CLS a * Four Leve| laser Scheme ¢ More directional & monochromatic than solid Sl ae P09 OT ST AMT ee ol eS Fal tg Re! Smog eat LASER e an wip Oukput rs Lr res 7 RD Peet of discharge tube of 80cm and bore diameter of ort aN ae ee MAD ee L OE ~~ “The pumping is provided electrically by creating a discharge. The Oa oe oa ene OL NTS PTC ey TO Ped CT ee ee Rae so eT SC ae plane , 4 Coal TUL ae YI NO output mirror at the other. anes eee er) aa Ts power = 1 -lbomwW O Seat Caen Xa in CC Ce) le Olle.issis al eaineasinceai iimpsincmmicmusinn aoe ao bea nea MeL cit gir wy he ree UO ie = OME | a ia ME NST <7 eT Ca Soy rene Cm eS.) me ee 19-81 and 20-61 eV which are metastalle States. —* "These atoms return +o the ground state by CUM aCe Ae Bh A (Ae) Se ee Ne levels Ey & Eg a el —_An cate oa LC 2 Grbon di-oxide. (Co,/)_laser - In molecular lasers, oscillations are achieved by electronic ‘in ra COTO CCL TY a) ea | CNM Ce Ooo CI STMT oe ara Ce NCC a ae ol ha Rar Stretching Cer i cE] mode SETS ST lessEy I Te tube of diameter, 25cm and lag ere 0 Working ian eC eC eC Ny gets exciked due to collision with OTTa ner sd Chal ar ey le Oe Ne Se oe ead 0 PC) Cy ‘transfer energy to CO, in_resonont collisions since +he lowest Mn ar ay Cae) energy as the asymmetric streching mode of Co,.qa tT a Es nas Cd as we Pod Se rs ee eee > erry as of a scalar field— bat hana Cee ON aR TAC} Peer ry) is aod cate be oT dx oy 3 Rae) ae of flx,4,2) -: Ae RRA ES aC at COLES aCe OES Aco AD CE Ls re - Pree are Cae Woe ST = ee) | A isa scalar field , divF hich is - dv F = T-F’ = a6 +ah + a6 Kl dy Fd ERM ees ‘fielid.| <-> nae Pio (ee ae) ee |e ea Feot ae Cay field be ag PL Reg (agree ta Naa Se eit ween if rs x Soe 7 CY sd ee a ar) ane ora Se mere SCT ieee 7 oso a Havre Y TI Oe <7 foie TY TTT ee PN LEB (OU TTUITCY “The lee SET aN ae a TS ns ne i” ral to +the value of the function eT Oe Theorem | Stokes Theorem aa Pe eee Ea ee ta “ae as ‘al ri aa han rT Cae ee [2 rol ago nea a Gouse Low eee ee ae cyAEE RE ae = 0 Forodoy 5) | ao $F dt ~dhe ae flow — 8 l = PS eee oe eM Oye ety ee fe OTe ected we kno, Qene? fp dt —_© [ane NPE rman Sn [ia eats eo) Eo eer Ea ra PS rar a Gauss _lous of magnetostatics Wi B =OForaday ‘sow _of emi $2 BK = $B. ak POP ae aera aed GE-d ae Pe ve eee 1 ee oe Ro ee are = caps mea 4 Tust os changing aC aaa Roa mm Caso OC. aU Tur Baie RRC ee Te (hl ie hc ce ee Dae ae OE | ee partial differential equations. The + equations along with LA a era) RY ee Meal CSS Mee LLY | ae Cas Tol Pe—*_ Wave equation _ of, EM waves — Ya dl allah , assume that the charges & currents ase limited +o o Smal region Surrounding the origin. Se CUTE a ee CL amg Reena from Ca Ts [91-8 a) Vel ato) FF=0 en EY See eae 3E CS or oe Cyl act roe aes TART ed V sL_ = C—> speed of light aSY et ee CN TOL) usith Speed 'c'. iid (>) 5 ae oe Ga oe arr) [i(k 7 -cot)] Surface of constant phase determines the, Se PE he LY ee Cee OCCT ol eC ey.) ) ; Oras ees ky: + kyz = const: r ad a cod a plone Ll to K} De E E OTN PMT T TO TAY CeO ete SY 110 ye Ee ate Tee vient Ea a > aD a =-HoG, ae atHere One eae ar ate vo (WE - e ee -) care ma ey Perpendicwar to direction Ce Lo ean ire ee OLE we know —> raed ae =a — Phase velocity — Phase of em. waves he lear) aaa poe ITY ir) ca pat aT CONN SL ee) cP as the rote ot which the phase of a wove propogates in free Space : Vp > oz. * 42 = fAcna ig J) cal fer_a__sin curve /woveform Para y ii mony sin curves thot all faba art heey) CYT Yaa J (-Y 31 > the waveform mah a med et Paar of sin component. The. waveform moves ot a rate that Tt) pu Sem SPY Seam ode T Lda) Ca TTL wavefronts as fune- of time. This is group NaC Ste ie fa Pena | aCe Ms yey mary pen —> free space as weer YAY ro Velocity = rn I Vetoei a a Le PNET Sed CSS ae a dA dk dA Poe ee Sk —™ dn = « - ch dw ‘ip ow en eee Se es | ee ee A ay re nN en a +A de ) ee em STN et n da Group index (Nq) issee Ora fibres cena The. proposals for optical communitation. via- dielectric waveguides Penh ma Pe ce =an sa 3 aWer c Peau om OY tasaa Beene ere ee me Oe oe anol ee a CS m2 to Se La waves travels between optically te AT Bi 2) De NCL am eC ee ee care TTL are ni an ea mene ae SiC NM 28 oD yy f , % ! H Freee MALS | Aer i MeneE Ee tC a Seed CM iT ats Yo aa u Ce Le aa eee mn a Only a rT) a ae CT a Cera T DE Sa eo e Likcaitenees nail Se ee CS a Hl Pa 7hd ema a a bs er i bec (hacer acne all ee Oa ae cL cc Ua Cg bce a nok be aljeweel. 40 entor the POA A ram bo aa Ca Tae CON Sn ames en Am Be A oC a ae ag ea mG ~ mS et SmiWarcd 2 on Ean ee) vet Wea (ook A eR Sa ane ee aN CO (ord ro a (re (oe 2, oi VN rel = a) pre a] IN) Nea resort Cee eae SOm SareeaSe cm CN Rilacod cea Teme SS (CC EIA Cloddi. L aarelit Lage ma nek Com] ce rem conling, that DT mee ON Meee i I Se ee Peeler a eee Se ee ee * Number-_of Medes : ele EY 7 r ad Energy in the fiber is propagated by electric and. magnelic field. of CS a ae MN: MC oa Ee a ee Be ee aN Ua Number of modes can be determined. by ‘horizontal wave. nunbor.'(v) A Pa eaves graded. - indert flan PharNORA een eee Ne ra ReICLE Sece eT Vv hd mR Lg L, the wavelength associated to V= 2-405. is Do mm SBN Pee a ae Tee ae OR Ga Te aa a eee mw LLL co Se eee ne Baye w Me ee a TO edd PT esc Das Ltu ae Lae) Bd 73. SZ TAU i Goes ta) bala Ta Meo brovelling Lee ae Pe OM C7 “modes! {0_pass er a together fori eng 7 anal “rmys] (paeeeeDevs Coane Sas ere ante saeeeaae LAYS Memos OS RU Sas LT MeO eats Teele tL ra et Bat Fala Riel yeaa ‘ibe OO we loa Ba UE e Caan ee eat try pi ae a MN mee Cae Dilemma Me f isi Boy ae eae im aa tt oNea Um CALS mC ar ceed ca Tod Se AM OR ely cma Se Uo TO Se aa ae a re R UC UCSC eae Per uo oO ep xa ea Cui Ln Cote ha Brealey ee a BT em YR Ye Sight Tra Pee ee ae ta el ee oe a Td Me CT 6 eee Uae CUM ee Compared a wavelength. tener Ob... te eh OO ap MW gn ge ogTP aan er a D PCO CLC) -TLca) Bad a med OI Beem Lore Re Cam Ln MS a a Ween 7 oa Se Cece a Cake PMC a oa mir nesule in pron: ri Ce Croc quided Rye Mere ar vr BA fas} am WU Clndding> ley CANS micro bending. is sao ml mocrobending A Ce Cae eS | Depew ale ania * Dispersion :we TN Tore Ce ae Pm Sr transmission. ee OCU De a Le ab ad trovel Cr ame See me ae eC Ta ders POA eentn) i SE eae ae aa 4 SACS a NOL ead _ inter Dame rt CEYD) i MIRC CC Oe) seu Optical bight seunces do not emit just pa escent Mg Pm Ce eae LT RD CLM Nie | oT e TT SS ar UUme Tac aC a play aiffotentes CT Cm Cone aeRC, anne RA dispersion dispersion INS YSN e201 3 Eee eT ma eB DOM Pvc Maree EN Saute Cee Le ‘i mac eT te SON MT ME aS nt ea i WN Ag EO Ce TTA TCM ae ae Ce A em aoe Lae LL a SLU UR Sse Lae Coe a mR UUR UR ae Rd aoa aera ome es ae eee Tmax? maximum delay. time Rae nt o ro Tin = disk a = LD) Tye tboi 3 PS Ferrara Fra saa a mares LeU aN LO MOL ET ae Cone ae Lan To a EN ny emo e eT ey eee awe 5B Tm me ONAL Tm Co reer Wd, 1 tore} Fa MUIR LLee Oca a Tu (eek) ere ec AoC aC em os a ee mmc: MPT MN 702) Ae oe ea iP eM SUM NY (0 el 0 TTC SLY ee Oy oo! Did OA eS Naa EE Ga a nal fe al Praia eet aaa vote BO CMLL YRC) Ze BT Scat LL oe B00 ts in metals, the bands ane Ca ee RT eo mee tioe se a) have completed. filled. bands , but the Sra is Ba Si ae fo Coe a Ca ene acaElemental osaeste Berane yi atc ei rate Iie SMe CMe Ue a ea) eed at ri mn mr am CU Ba oat a eae ee TR 2 nn rape ret TL CR) Eee) a a CN a i een Le ae me Le (Ce eH eC on a oe So Ce aA aC a eS forces Ce a COA ete wea EC a ere ST) repulsive forces ane of quantum mechanical origin Solids are stable as the altrackve & replusive oak Da ea Ome eae ete [tong nh > wary ye | re | cana Paint rar Paule iti nding Bonding ry are CN ey Eis few ym roe a eel is aL Hl mn use the “fuuling equation’ to find Ca a me ree d= a aT 4 se Re LT Oe mm Om Aa Ss Sa Nat eM eNO stole Came at Cee Oe Ce ec) Bre CONE am Yo a Tee donee Ca changes [Yael oie enerqy NAT CT ecto Wf 0 ome rv A CMR Ta Sa electronic. wave functions) ee cee be Energy devel Splitting. Bee Cm coc csr ars aa CT levels associated sith the (est fom the nucleus with be first and 7 Ty ON aL yeF irom are Fa RSMMC -one ma Vm CNC i a ome OVE Name peer sR Le PEC) Pan a eg Cae ay) CITe 27 Mae a) Te) Lt er DOS ae ee og oo a 779 es DT) Oa oe 2D] ler ad tame 28 aml NP) eT Rue lsc a eee) The electrons & holes have. mete MOOT Se Ci SC ae eR Cae mo eC aR a ea om a YCe ae OMe Te NS came) Uma a Sa} Se Ae Ea aL SELL Yee eee me amartt) menemim of fOi . Oe arr amy Sa Ue) Pee Ser esto CO ea ed ae Ee eco ROU ted SYM testo mCo YM ad eae St Therefore, the recombination rom NY, Da arta gop 1% teatively Lasser emitted. ro to oe eee os Nl quaction Yael Talo ok eae ra) Pan a Dr a Te Ol LS ors Sr ute ee DCm Ca a A a Se eee Po a I frye S50De ee eT Ld eT eae ee a ee ey La Sufficiorct onea : Noise. ras rz aia CoN aes + mie at er Siar alae md UO Pew OT Usa areas a Te Nme OME LSA De ern testy) Doar Ca Re ot eA Cer ee lena Say ett at Coe Le ee es eae a @r) tea bar Enoyy is equal to the number of photons times the Energy of the ra (er) ae a oD Ly amessCeSSRE ROMO, oA Le zy Quantum efficiency is the rntio of ne: of electrons to the no- OF photons. We shows the ability of a semiconductor to convert ight to current. SSA YS) een a Tame Tere Oa oa Oe on Ls Depletion. region is. deveid of charge. particles. Ne a OR MUL oD ee Ba Ne aCe wa ed Ter ees eC OR a ae 2 Cad areca Ne ee [Posttwel- latrinsie -| Negative] Seen layer Pee) ade es itiency. exists when photons entering it produce chargeSenate Ae CT Re Menage) me Re a an TT om rt Crees a Oe ve Pe mG em Electrobuminesconce Quantum of energy emitted. i$ almost: equal to bard gap Cee ee eee To De) naam ee AS eam Patan eC ae Lod MUSE exist el aed raat st ae See red Same Tee ce ee Td oma mee UT ena Ll eee — Injechion.: Generahon of excess charge carriers * Barrier potential is reduced under forward bias Se a ce mL CE ee ee ee eC ham Ea COUR me Tes aS ee TT DN bee TM aPas me Or a LLL olen fea an eed TUE aR AA Needs o p-n jun” a (same aoa jelent er fame Dye) aris 4 No readsorption YeoinettaY vitor) must occur aay Ly Structure of LED Electrical Tar a fore ae ne eee Rs me er Intense Coherent Source P-n junction diede under forward bias aaa Tee Ce Od ean SAE cts Pp