THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
 Is one instrument of protectionism
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
ACCORDING TO UNITED NATIONS,
 Economic globalization is “the
increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of the growing
scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, flow of
international capital, and wide and rapid
spread of technologies.”
ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY FUND,
 Economic globalization is a historical
process, the result of human innovation
and technological progress.
 Refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across
borders.
 Is the movement of people (labor) and
knowledge (technology) across
international borders.
INTERCONNECTED DIMENSIONS OF
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
 Trade of goods and services
 Technology and communication
 Production
 Financial and capital markets
2 TYPES OF ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
1. PROTECTIONISM
 Refers to government policies that
restrict international trade
 The government’s intention are to:
o Protect its local businesses and
jobs
o Increase local competitiveness
vs. foreign entities
o Encourage domestic production.
IMPOSING TARIFF
WHY THE NEED FOR TARIFFS?
 It raises money for the government
 It protects domestic producers from
foreign competition
2. TRADE LIBERALIZATION
 Refers to the removal of trade barriers
between countries in order to encourage
free trade.
 Some tangible examples of trade
liberation are:
o Reduction of tariffs and non-
tariff barriers
o Reduction or elimination of
quota
SOME ADVANTAGES OF TRADE
LIBERALIZATION
 Increase specialization
 Higher efficiency
 Lower prices for the consumers
 More capital inflow
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ENCOURAGES
COUNTRIES TO SPECIALIZE
 In order for countries to be competitive, they
need to focus on products and services where
they have comparative advantage (where they
are good at can offer at the most competitive
cost)
 By focusing on fewer products and services,
they can take advantage of efficiencies and
economies of scale.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION CAN LEAD TO
LOWER PRICES FOR THE CONSUMERS.
 Imported products or products made from
imported raw materials can be sold at lower
prices if tariffs are removed or reduced.
 Local products, particularly those which the
country has specialized on can be produced
efficiently and be sold at lower prices.
 TRADE LIBERALIZATION CAN LEAD TO
HIGHER EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCERS.
 Due to constant threat from foreign competition,
it makes countries work efficiently, cut cost, and
to focus where they have comparative
advantage.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION CAN ATTRACT
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
 Countries with low barrier to trade are attractive
ground for foreign capital investment.
SOME DISADVANTAGES OF TRADE
LIBERALIZATION
 Structural unemployment
 Environmental Issues
 More favorable to developed countries
TRADE LIBERALIZATION CAN LEAD TO
STRUCTURED UNEMPLOYMENT
 With trade liberalization, countries and
companies with comparative advantage grow
and those who are uncompetitive decline or
close down. While there could be overall net
economic gains, they could not compensate nor
take care of people who lose jobs in the process.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION COULD RESULT TO
EXPLOITATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
 With trade liberalization, transnational
companies may relocate their manufacturing
sites to other countries, usually in developing
countries, to take advantage of their less
stringent environmental policies and
implementing rules. This results to more
pollution or extraction of natural resources
without proper regulation.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION TENDS TO BE MORE
FAVORABLE TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
WITH MATURE INDUSTRIES
 Developing countries with small and young
industries can be vulnerable to lose out in
competition with big, mature corporations from
the more developed countries.
 It is argued that businesses in developing
countries need protection to help them grow and
diversify.
DYNAMICS FROM THE DIFFERENT
STAKEHOLDERS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
CONSUMERS
 Find the cheapest place to buy
COMPANIES
 Search for the cheapest place to
manufacture
COUNTRIES (with lowest wages and weakest
regulations)
 Produce the cheapest products
WINNERS IN TRADE LIBERALIZATION
 Corporations and stockholders who earn more
profit
 Consumers who get products at a cheaper price
 Low wage workers who are now earning more
LOSERS IN TRADE LIBRALIZATION
 Companies who lose out to foreign competition
 High wage workers who have lost their jobs due
to wage war
 Low wage workers work in hazardous
conditions (i.e. exposed to pollution)
5 MAIN ACTORS OF ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
 Transnational corporations or TNCs
 State
 Consumers
 Laborers
 Regulatory institutions
MODERN WORLD SYSTEMS
 Formulated by American sociologist
Immanuel Wallerstein in 1970s
 A result of the increasing political and
economic interdependence of nations
 Had origins in the 16th century,
primarily in parts of Europe and
Americas as their influence went beyond
their physical borders through conquest
and trade.
 CORE VS PERIPHERAL SOCIETIES
PERIPHERY
 Low income nations
 Less mechanized economic activities
 Exports raw materials and agricultural
goods
SEMI-PERIPHERY
 Industrialized Third World nations
 Lack the power and economic
dominance of the core nations
CORE
 Strongest and most powerful nations
 Technologically advanced
 Producers and exporters of capital-
intensive products
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
 Is an agreement among countries in a
geographic region to reduce and
ultimately remove, tariff and non-tariff
barriers leading to free flow of goods or
services and factors of production
among each other.
LEVELS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
1. FREE TRADE AREA
 MEMBER COUNTRIES – removal of
all barriers or tariffs to the trade of
goods and services among member
countries.
 NON-MEMBERS COUNTRIES –
each country is allowed to set its own
trade policies with non-member
countriees.
 Example: North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – is
an agreement among three
countries (united state, canada,
and mexico)
2. CUSTOMS UNION
 Member countries eliminate trade
barriers between them and impose a
common tariff against non-member
countries.
3. SINGLE MARKET
 Countries freely exchange all goods,
services, labor, and capital.
4. ECONOMIC AN MONETARY UNION
 ECONOMIC – country members share
one trade policy with non-members.
 Example: European Union
 MONETARY – countries share a single
currency such as the Euro
5. COMPLETE INTEGRATION (POLITICAL
UNION)
 Member pay smaller expenses to trade
which can spur economic growth, but
one member can bring others down if its
economy or growth slows. The more
integrated the economies become, the
less flexibility the governments of
member nations have to make
adjustments that would benefit
themselves.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
POSITIVE
 Raise income
 Generate jobs
 Stimulate economic growth
NEGATIVE
 Diversion of trade – trade shifts from a
lower cost producer outside the union to
a higher cost producer inside the union.
 Create trade barrier with non-member
countries
 Lose degree of control over key policies
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
MARKET INTEGRATION
Brief history of Global Market Integration in the 20th
Century
 The history of global market integration goes
way back during the Roman days as evidenced
by their expansive, yet unified empire made
possible by an extensive network of
transportation, common language, common legal
system and common currency.
 In more recent history, cooperation among
countries was crucial to help rebuild economies
as a result of World Wars, economic depression
and other crises.
 In today’s modern world, cooperation among
countries continues to be relevant. It is a
prerequisite to achieve development goals.
NAPOLEONIC WARS IN 1815 –
BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR 1
 This period was marked by significant
expansion of trade as transportation and
communication became more efficient
due to many technological
advancements like the steam engine and
telegraph.
 Suez Canal was openned which
decreased travel time between Europe
and Asia.
 In general, the goverments’ policies
were favorable to openness of trade,
capital mobility, and migration.
 The economic structures followed the
“core-periphery” pattern. Capital-rich
European countries were the center of
trading. Manufactured goods and capital
flowed from the core to the periphery.
On the other hand, raw materials and
natural resources flowed from the
periphery to the core.
WORLD WAR 1 (1914-1918), THE GREAT
DEPRESSION (1930’s), WORLD WAR II
(1939-1945)
 Te international economic activities that
flourished in the19th century were
decimated by two world wars and an
economic depression.
POST WORLD WARS AND POST
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
 After World War II, the major powers
composed of the Western European
countries, the United States or America
and Japan took the colossal task of
rebuilding the physical infrastructures,
international trade and monetary system.
 It would take decades of effort from
these major powers, before they
utimately succeeded in restoring to a
substantial degree the global ecconomic
integration.
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM AND THE
1944 AGREEMENT
 The Bretton Woods Agreement was
created in a conference of all of the
World War II Allied countries at Bretton
Wood, New Hamsphere, USA in 1944.
 The conference’ agenda was to address
the economic sufferings brought about
by the Great Depression in the 1930s,
and World War II.
THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT
ESTABLISHED A NEW GLOBAL
MONETARY SYSTEM
 It replace the “gold standard” with the
US dollar as the global currency
 It created the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund to monitor
the new system
 Countries agreed that their Central
Banks will aintain fixed exchange rates
between their currencies and the US
dollar.
 Countries agreed to avoid trade wars.
They will not lower their currencies
strictly to increase trade.
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
(IMF) AND THE WORLD BANK WERE
ESTABLISHED AS PART OF THE BRETTON
WOODS AGREEMENT
IINTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
 Provides financial assistance to
countries on economic crisis or with
threathened currencies.
 Helps protect the stability of the global
monetary system.
WORLD BANK
 Provides financing to developing
countries to help reduce poverty and
support economic growth.
 Supports key developmental areas such
a education, health, agriculture, and
infrastructure.
 THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON
TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)
 Signed into law on January 1, 1948 with
23 countries after World War II to
regulate world trade in an effort to aid
economic recovery.
 The treaty’s main objective was to
remove barriers blocking international
trade by reducing tariffs, quotas, and
subsidies.
 It was first intended to be an iinterim
agreement but it remained in place and
active until the World Trade
Organization replaced it in 1995.
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
(WTO)
 Established in Uruguay in 1986 and
replaced GATT in 1995.
 An independent multilateral
organization responsible for trade
services, non-tariff related barriers to
trade, and other broader areas of trade
liberalization.
 125 nations signed on with the WTO,
constituting more than 90% of the
world’s trade.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
 Economic integration is the term used to
describe how different aspects between
economies are integrated.
 As the economic integration increases,
the barriers to trade between markets
diminishes.
THE DEGREE OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO 5 STAGES:
1. PREFERENTIAL TRADING AREA
 Considered as the first stage of
economic integration.
 Gives preferential access to certain
products from participating countries by
reducting tariffs.
 Tariffs are not eliminated but are lower
vs. non-participating countries.
IMPLICATIONS OF PREFERENTIAL TRADING
AREA
TRADE CREATION – occurs when the
preferential trading results to the substitution of
the high-cost local products by lower-cost
imported products.
TRADE DIVERSION – occurs when the
preferential trading results to the substitution of
low-cost imports from non-member states with
higher-cost imports from member states.
2. FREE TRADE AREA
 Considered as the second stage of
economic integration.
 Elimination of tariffs, quotas, and
preferences on most goods and services
traded between countries in the trade
bloc.
 However, there is no unified policy
outside the Free Trade Area. Example:
NAFTA
NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT (NAFTA)
 Created to eliminate barriers to trade
andd investment between the United
States of America, Canada, and Mexico.
 One of the world’s largest free trade
zones.
 Established in 1994
POSITIVE
 Lowered prices by removing tariffs.
 Provided oportunities for businesses to
expand their market
 Quadrupled trade between the three
nations
 Generated 5 million US jobs
NEGATIVE
 Excessive pollution
 Loss of manufacturing jobs
 Exploitation of workers in Mexico
 Moved Mexican farmers out of business
THE UNITED STATES MEXICO CANADA
AGREEMENT (USMCA): THE NEW
NAFTA
  Signed by the United States of America,
Canada and Mexico in November 30,
2018. It was established to:
 Established to provide freer market and
fairer trade for benefit of workers,
farmers, ranchers and businesses in
order to drive robust economic growth.
 Another objective s to provide well-
playing jobs and new opportunities for
the North American middle class.
3. CUSTOM UNION
 Similar to Free Trade Area, but the
member countries have common
external tariffs and joint position in
trade negotiations with countries outside
the union.
4. COMMON MARKET
 It is custom union + Movement Factors,
specially labor and capital
 The key features is the extension of free
trade from just tangible goods, to
include all economic resources (labor
and capital)
 A common (or single) market is the
most significant step towards full
economic integration
5. ECONOMIC UNION
 The final step in an economic
integration process.
 Union member countries allow the
freedom of movement of goods, services
and the factors of production such as
capital and labor, plus they have a
common external trade policy.
 Union member countries have common
currency and harmonized monetary and
fiscal policies. Ex: European Union
EUROPEAN UNION
 Operates as one unit in the global
economy with majority of member
states adopting the Euro as their single
currency (Denmark and UK negotiated
to retain their own currencies)
 Its purpose is to be more competitive in
the global marketplace. The EU’s trade
structure has propelled it to become the
world’s second largest economy after
China (GDP: $22/25.3 trillion,
respectively).
 The European Union took effect in 1993
under the maastricht Treaty.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
 International Financial Institutions are
established and owned by several
governments and international
institutions.
 They are members of the World Bank
Group (i.e International Finance
Corporation), Regional Development
Banks (i.e. Asian Development Bank),
and export credit agencies of individual
country governments (i.e. US Export
Import Band)
 They are subject to International Law
GOALS OF INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Help reduce global poverty and improve
living conditions and standards.
 Support sustainable economic, social,
and institutional development.
 Promote regional and/or global
cooperation and integration
FOCUS AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Support the social and economic
development programs of nations with
developing or transitional economies.
 Provide technical and advisory
assistance in the implementation of arge
scale infrastructure projects in emerging
markets.
 Provide capital to increase the
participation of other players such as
sub-national government entities, as
well as the private sector.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND ALLIANCES
 In addition to International Financial
Institutions, there are many International
 Organizations and Alliances which were
established to foster stronger economic,
political or security ties among nations.
They also play important roles in global
market integration.
THE ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 Group of influential and highly-
developed countries that discuss and
develop economic and social policies.
 Publishes ecoonomic reports, databases,
analyses and forecasts on the outlook for
worldwide economic growth.
 Established in 1960 by 18 European
nations; United States and Canada
joined in 1961; now with members of
South America and Asia-Pacific.
THE ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)
 Was established to increase the price of
oil, which in the past had a relatively
low price and had not kept up with
inflation.
 With considerable global market power
as it has major control of the world’s
crude oil and natural gas reserves,
estimated at around 80% and 50%
respectively
 Founded in 1960 by five oil-producing:
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia., and
Venezuela.
THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
 Was established on August 8, 1967.
Philippines was one of the founding
members; today there are 10 member
states.
 One of ASEAN’s aims and purpose is to
accelerate the economic growth, social
progress and cultural development in the
region.
 The establishment of the ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC) in 2015
was a major milestone in the regional
economic integration agenda;
collectively, the ASEAN market is
worth US$2.6 trillion, making it third
largest economy in Asia and the seventh
largest in the world.
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
 Global corporations are key playes in
global economic integration. They
influence consumer behaviour like
spending patterns, lifestyles, work, and
culture among others. With
advancement of technology, more so
lately with digital technology, the world
has become smaller and easier for global
corporations to conquer.
NATURE OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
The nature of global corporations may vary. Here are
some common characteristics of global corporations.
 Conduct major activities like
manufacturing, distribution, research &
development, marketing, and selling of
products and services in countries other
than country of origin.
 Some can influence the local and global
trade laws or regulations, economy, and
culture.
 Some have strong brand recognition
globally.
CLASSIFICATION OF GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS AND THEIR DIFFERENCES:
INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES
 Make their products at their originating
country
 No foreign investment
 International activities are limited to
importing and exporting of products
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
 Have foreign investments and localizes
products and services according to
preferences of the local market.
GLOBAL COMPANIES
 Have investments in many countries but
maintain a strong headquarters in one
country.
  Typically market their products and
services to each individual global
market.
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES
 Very complex organizations with
investments in many countries
 Have a global headquarters but
distributes decision-making powers and
research and development to various
national headquarters.
A WORLD OF REGIONS
GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE
SOUTH (FOCUS ON LATIN AMERICA)
ORIGIN OF THE FIRST, SECOND AND
THIRD WORLD
 The terms originated during the Cold
War, when the world was divided into
three classifications based on politics
and economics.
FIRST WORLD – Capitalist bloc (capitalist
and industrialized Western countries)
SECOND WORLD – Communist bloc
( communist countries and its allies)
THIRD WORLD – the rest of the world’s
countries that are neither capitalist nor
communist, and formerly colonized countries.
HOW THE THREE WORLD ARISE
o While Cold War was on-going between the First
World and Second World countries.
o Asian and African nations became independent
after WWII. They organized a conference and
formed the Non-Aligned Movement. This
movements rejects “colonialism” from both the
First and Second Worlds.
o Latin America joined Asia and Africa. Together,
they were called the Third World.
o In 1989, the Cold War ended and in 1991, the
Soviet Union collapsed. The Second World got
dissolved.
FIRST WORLD COUNTRIES
o United States
o Canada
GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH
o South Korea
o Japan
o Australia
o Western European nations
SECOND WORLD COUNTRIES
o China
o Cuba
o The Soviet Union
o Other allies
THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
o Asia
o Africa
o Latin America
o Oceania
THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE
 Held in 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia
 Attended by 29 countries from Asia and
Africa
 Political and economic coopeation
between Asia and Africa
 Established to combat colonialism and
communism by either the US or the
USSR
 Birth of the Non-Aligned Movement
 Established Third World solidarity
DEFINING THE “THIRD WORLD”
 “Third World” was coined by French
demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952 as
parallel to the Third State during the
French Revolution
 It means “underprivileged people”
 It is a group of Non-alliance Countries
(to the First and Second World) which
refused capitalism and communism
during the Cold War.
 Because the “Third World” countries
are mostly poor countries, “Third
World” became synonymous to
impoverished countries.
 “Third World” has now become
outdated because countries have
evolved in economic status and it is
now inaccurage to cluster them as one
group.
 THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL
NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH
 At the end of the Cold War, new and
simpler classifications was created as
Second World countries joined the First
and Third World.
 Activists/critics/scholars used the terms
‘North and South’ to represent global
differences.
 Global North – previously First
World Countries
 Global South – previously
Third World countries
THE GLOBAL NORTH
 Comprised mostly of wealthy,
industrialized and democratic countries
such as:
o USA
o Canada
o Western Europe
o Developed parts of Asia
DIFFERENCE OF GLOBAL SOUTH FROM
o Australia, New Zealand
THE GLOBAL SOUTH
 Comprised generally of developing
countries/regions of Asia, Africa,
Middle East and Latin America.
GENERAL COMPARISON OF GLOBAL NORTH
VERSUS GLOBAL SOUTH
GLOBAL NORTH
 Cold War-term – First World
 Geography – USA, Canada, Western
Europe, developed parts of Asia,
australia and New Zealand
 Politics and Economics – developed
countries; wealthy, industrialized and
democratic capitalist
GLOBAL SOUTH
 Cold War-term – Third World
 Geography – regions in Asia, Africa,
Middle East and Latin America
 Politics and Economics – developing
countries; non-industrialized; some are
non-democratic
DEFINING THE “GLOBAL SOUTH”
LOCATING THE GLOBAL SOUTH
 “Politically and ideologically charged
term” (Mabhena, 2019)
 “Global South is a challenge to colonial
and imperial borders, physical and
otherwise, and to forge global alliances
against coloniality. The Global South is
therefore also a set of historical and
political situations and conditions
(Mabhena, 2018).
 Developing countries or less developed
countries.
 The term emerged to avoid the “poor”
stigma associated with the term “Third
World”
 Reflect inequality and lack of
representation of some sectors in the
global political processes.
 A way for countries to make a stand
about common issues to foster global
equality.
THIRD WORLD
THIRD WORLD
o Used during the Cold War
o Primarily non-alliance countries or
countries that were neither First nor
Second World
o Aims to counter the superior power of
the “developed” First World countries
o Linked with “poor” countries due to
impoverished status of most countries
o Hierarchical term
GLOBAL SOUTH
o Replaced the “Third World” after the
Cold War
o Formerly Third World countries and
impoverished nations
o Carries more weight in resisting
dominating forces
o Has little to do with continents andd
country’s borders
o Reflects underdevelopment and
imbalances of economic and political
power between countries
o Empowering term
 1. There is a global north in the global south
o Manila
2. There is global south in the global north
o New York City
STRUGGLES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH MADE
GLOBAL
Global South can also be a metaphor, implying
that the ills of the south like poverty,
environmental issues, human trafficking are
also getting globalized.
 Flooding in New York, 2012
 Flooding in Manila, 2012
Countries are classified based on their levels of
economic productivity by measuring:
o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – total
output of a country
o Gross National Income (GNI) – GDP
per capita
WORLD BANK’S COUNTRY INCOME
CLASSIFICATIONS USING GROSS NATIONAL
INCOME PER CAPITA (updated threshold as of fiscal
year 2019)
o Low-income economies: $995 or less
 34 countries (Afghanistan, Haiti, South
Sudan, Rwanda, etc.,)
o Lower-middle-income economies: $996 t0
$3,895
 47 countries (Philippines, India,
Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.,)
o Upper-middle-income economies: $3,896 to
$12,055
 56 countries (Brazil, Columbia, Iraq,
Botswana, etc.,)
o High-income economies: $12,056 or more
 81 countries (UK, US, Australia, Qatar,
Singapore, etc.,)
Note: Botswana and Rwanda are both Third world
countries, but they have very different economic status.
DEPENDENCY THEORY AND THE LATIN
AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
LATIN AMERICA
 Entire continent of South America in
addition to Mexico, Central America,
and the islands of the Caribbean
 Colonized by the Spaniards and
Portuguese from the late 15th through
the 18th century
 Movements of independence from
Spain and Portugal in the early 19th
century
 After World War II, Latin American
countries are still experiencing
underdevelopment:
 Serve the interests of the
wealthier countries
 Little to no resources left for
their own development
 Manual labor and export of
cheap raw materials
 Rely on wealthier countries for
nutrition and medical aid
DEPENDENCY THEORY
 Dependency theory is the condition in
which the South’s economic
development decreases their
independence and increases the North’s
economic development (Cardoso and
Felato, 1979)
 The overall concept of the dependency
theory is that the rich countries in the
core exploit the poor countries in the
periphery.
 Poor countries export primary
commodities to the rich countries, who
in turn converts them to higher value,
more expensive products which they
sell back to the poor countries.
 Therefore, the poor countries would
never earn enough from what they
export, and would never get out of
poverty.
MAIN SUB-THEORIES
1. NORTH-AMERICAN NEO-MARXIST
APPROACH
 Dependency to capitalist system is the
cause of lack of development
2. LATIN AMERICAN STRUCTURALIST
APPROACH
  Excessive reliance on exports of
primary commodities result to
underdevelopment
COMBATING THE DEPENDENCY
 Development in the global south must
begin by “drawing most of a country’s
financial resources for development
from within rather than becoming
dependent on foreign financial markets.
(Bello, 2006)
Efficiency- means finding the quickest possible way
of producing large amount of particular product
Ex. Carbon emission, destruction of coral reefs and
marine Biodiversity, deforestation, pollution and
climate change
HARVEY – neoliberals and environment
Ecological Modernization theory

UNITED NATIONS- - 8 Millennium Development

Goals (1900)

1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

FOOD SECURITY
2. Achieving universal primary education
Challenges of food security – billions of people
3. promoting gender equality and women empowerment
- Priority
4. Reducing child mortality
Security of foods - sustainability of Society
5. improving maternal health (INDIA)
6. combating disease Food Security – environment
7. environmental sustainability
1. deforestation
8. Global partnership
2. Industrial Fishing

3. decline in the availability of fresh water

Poverty line or poverty threshold (CLIMATE REFUGEES)

Poverty- characterized by severe deprivation of basic 17 Sustainable Goals

human needs including food, safe drinking water.
Sanitation and facilities

Note: the greatest contributor is ECONOMIC

GLOBALIZATION

ECONOMIC GLOBALZIATION AND

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- LACK OF
SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable Development- the development of our

world today by using the earth’s resources and the
preservation of such resources.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
 QUIZZES

1. The organization who listed the and addressed

the different Problems of the world.
 UNITED NATION
2. During 2015 how many people are living in the
extreme poverty
 836
3. Characterized by severe deprivation of basic
human needs including food, safe drinking
water, sanitation and facilities.
 POVERTY
4. The development of our world today by using
the earth’s resources and the preservation of
such resources.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
5. It means finding the quickest possible way of
producing large amount of particular product
 EFFICIENCY
6. It means finding the quickest possible way of
producing large amount of particular product
 EFFICIENCY
7. A theory that sees globalization as a process that
can both protect and enhance environment
 ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION
THEORY
8. People who are force to migrate due to the lack
of access of water due to flooding.
 CLIMATE REFUGEES
9. It refers to the net worth of the country
 WEALTH
10. It speaks to the distribution of assets
 WEALTH INEQUALITY