Running head: HALLUCINOGEN-RELATED DISORDERS 1

Hallucinogen-Related Disorders

Student Name

Institutional Affiliation

Date
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Opioid-Related Disorder

Opioid includes any form of a natural or artificial chemical whose effects are similar to

morphine. Such chemicals also have characteristics that relate to opium. The chemicals bind to

opioid receptors, which are found within the central nervous systems. The opioids that are

partially synthesized artificially show varying effects on toxicology tests, while those that are

fully synthetic require more tests to ascertain positive reactions (Ebert, Leckman &

Petrakis, 2018). The additional tests get required due to the lack of response between the latter

and opiates. With the proper prescription of opioids, the DSM-5 does not include withdrawal and

tolerance within the criteria (Ebert, Leckman & Petrakis, 2018). Thus, the criteria ought to get

supported by a minimum of two procedures despite the required eleven criteria that support the

disorder's diagnosis. Without reliance on the withdrawal and tolerance during the disorder

diagnosis, three symptoms include the possible outcomes. Such symptoms include loss of

control, craving for the substance, and salience to the behavioral repertoire.

The Diagnostic Criteria

There have been changes to the diagnostic criteria regarding DSM-5 that define opioid-

related disorder as related to addictive and substance abuse disorders. Persons with such

conditions may be under numerous substances that include both the prescribed and the illegal

drugs like heroin (Ebert, Leckman & Petrakis, 2018). Therefore, special consideration with

withdrawal and tolerance should be considered during the diagnosis for opioid-related disorders

with the expected neuroadaptations. Such neuroadaptations develop from the prolonged use of

the prescribed therapy for opioids. The latter drugs get prescribed to suppress pain and cough.

With the proper prescription of opioids, the DSM-5 does not include withdrawal and tolerance

within the criteria (Ebert, Leckman & Petrakis, 2018). Thus, the criteria ought to get supported
HALLUCINOGEN-RELATED DISORDERS 3

by a minimum of two procedures despite the required eleven criteria that support the disorder's

diagnosis. Without reliance on the withdrawal and tolerance during the disorder diagnosis, three

symptoms include the possible outcomes. Such symptoms include loss of control, craving for the

substance, and salience to the behavioral repertoire.

The Evidenced-Based Psychotherapy and Psychopharmacologic Treatment for Opioid-

Related Disorder

Evidence-based psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic treatment for opioid-related

disorders require the stepwise implementation of the best care techniques within the treatment

centers. Therefore, the evidence-based approach includes establishing quality metrics that are

clear, developing the primary care environment, and empowering the emergency department.

The metrics can be incorporated into the licensing agency's assessment programs (Madras et al.,

2020). The accreditation and licensing agency should consider providing quality and effective

medications as the primary condition for recognizing and providing the operating license.

The developed metrics ought to enhance screening for opioid-related disorders within all

the healthcare facilities and systems. The metrics also ought to encourage prompt access to

therapy at all healthcare levels, including prescription induction during primary care within

institutions (Madras et al., 2020). The rising incidence of comorbidity involving psychological

disorders necessitates medication use screenings where a psychosocial diagnosis has now been

identified, as well as attempts to recognize comorbid psychiatric therapy when it arises (Madras

et al., 2020). Several ORD clients have co-occurring psychological conditions, particularly

trauma-related illnesses like psychological problems. Sufferers with opioid-related psychological

issues who may not receive therapy for such complications have unfavorable therapeutic

efficacy.
HALLUCINOGEN-RELATED DISORDERS 4

Clinical Features to Observe in A Client

There are three symptoms and features that a healthcare provider ought to look for within

the possible outcomes. Such signs and features include loss of control, craving for the substance,

and salience to the behavioral repertoire (Boscarino et al., 2011). Loss of control shows that the

substance has been used for an extended period beyond expectations. It may also indicate the use

of the drug in large amounts, or the efforts to control its use have failed (Boscarino et al., 2011).

The second feature to consider includes salience to the healthy behavior required for spending

enough time to recover from use. The final feature to consider includes craving for the drug. The

clinical features can get categorized as mild, moderate, or severe basing on the DSM-5. Loss of

control is deemed severe for prolonged use of the substance and gets assigned DSM-5 approval

code F11.21. Salience to healthy habits and craving can be both mild or severe based on the

patient's conditions. Thus, it can take double DSM-5 codes to designate the status of the severity

of the patient's substance use.

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References

Boscarino, J. A., Rukstalis, M. R., Hoffman, S. N., Han, J. J., Erlich, P. M., Ross, S., …

Stewart, W. F. (2011). Prevalence of prescription opioid-use disorder among chronic

pain patients: Comparison of the DSM-5 vs. DSM-4 diagnostic criteria. Journal of

Addictive Diseases, 30(3), 185-194. doi:10.1080/10550887.2011.581961

Ebert, M. H., Leckman, J. F., & Petrakis, I. (2018). Current diagnosis & treatment

psychiatry (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education / Medical.

Madras, B. K., Ahmad, N. J., Wen, J., & Sharfstein, J. (2020). Improving access to evidence-

based medical treatment for opioid use disorder: Strategies to address key barriers within

the treatment system. NAM Perspectives. doi:10.31478/202004b