Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” refer to figures.
A anxiety-related disorders, 37
ABBT. See Acceptance-based behavioral
therapy (ABBT)
ACC. See Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Acceptance and commitment therapy
(ACT), 360 362, 364 365
Acceptance-based behavioral therapy
(ABBT), 362 363
ACT. See Acceptance and commitment
therapy (ACT)
Adaptive distraction, 108 109
Affective aggression. See Hostile aggression
Aggression, 73, 81 85, 247
mechanisms of effect of rumination,
85 87
moderators of effect of rumination,
87 92
disinhibition, 90 91
gender, 88 90
theories of, 78 81
Alcohol, 102
consumption, 90 91, 104 105
intoxication, 90 91
use disorder, 402 403
Ambulatory assessment, 139 140
Amygdala, 296, 298
Analog experimental studies, 51 52
Anger, 76 78, 206 207
Angry rumination, 73, 75, 91, 105, 108, 146
dispositional and manipulated, 82
mechanisms, 88f
Anorexia, 112 113
ANS. See Autonomic nervous system
(ANS)
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 294
Anterior insula, 298, 300
Anticipatory processing. See Preevent
rumination
Anticipatory Social Behaviors
Questionnaire, 48 49
Antisaccade trials, 287 288
Anxiety, 259. See also Depression
425
GAD, 38 45
illness anxiety disorder, 58 59
OCD, 55 58
PTSD, 50 55
social anxiety disorder, 46 50
anxiety-related rumination, 38
attachment, 217
avoidance, 217
disorder, 387 390
Anxious apprehension, 38
Anxious rumination, 38, 105
Arousal, 43 44
ATT. See Attentional training technique
(ATT)
Attachment
anxiety, 217
styles, 217
theory, 217
Attention, 279, 288 290
Attentional bias, 289 290
Attentional training technique (ATT), 385
Auditory hallucinations, 120
Autism, 91
Autobiographical memories, 47
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 136
Avoidance, 242 245
Avoidance theories of worry, 43 45
B
B cells. See Bone marrow cells (B cells)
Backward inhibition procedures, 284 285
BAS. See Behavioral approach system (BAS)
Baseline depressive rumination, 102 103
Behavioral activation, 317
Behavioral approach system (BAS),
251 252
sensitivity, 252
Behavioral avoidance, 16 17
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS), 251 252
Behavioral withdrawal, 16 17
Being modes, 358
426 Index

Beliefs, 240 242 updating of working memory, 280 281

Binge eating disorder, 113 116 Cognitive avoidance, 242 243
Bipolar disorder, 20 21 model of worry and GAD, 43
BIS. See Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT),
Blood-oxygen-level dependent contrast 315 316, 318, 324, 358
imaging, 292 293 cognitive modification, 332 336
Bone marrow cells (B cells), 147 concreteness training, 328 329
Borderline personality disorder (BPD), supporting research, 327 332
107 110 theory, 319 323
BPD. See Borderline personality disorder therapy, 323 327
(BPD) Cognitive bias modification (CBM), 315
Brain, 292 301 Cognitive control, 280
central executive network (CEN), Cognitive defusion, 346 347
298 299 Cognitive flexibility, 352 353
default mode network (DMN), 293 296, Cognitive fusion, 360 361
294f Cognitive inflexibility, 281 282
interactions between networks, 299 301, Cognitive inhibition, 283 284
301f Cognitive modification, 332 336
networks, 293 Cognitive Neoassociationistic Model,
salience network (SN), 296 298 78 79
Brooding, 6 7, 10 11, 18, 42 Cognitive sharing, 181 182
rumination, 289 Cognitive theories, 4
Bulimia, 113 116 Cognitive vulnerability stress models of
Buss paradigm, 81 depression, 22 23
Cognitive-attentional syndrome (CAS), 382
C Cognitive-behavioral models, 120
CAR. See Cortisol awakening response Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 102 103
(CAR) Cognitive-control training, 392 393
Cardiovascular functioning, 138 143 Collective disasters, 182
reactivity, 140 142 Collective rumination, 185 187
recovery, 142 143 Compassion, 326
resting and ambulatory assessment, Compulsions, 55 56
139 140 Concentration meditation, 348
rumination and worry, 143 Concrete processing, 321, 330
Cardiovascular reactivity, 140 benefits of, 330
Caregiver behaviors, 216 Concreteness training, 328 329
CAS. See Cognitive-attentional syndrome Contrast avoidance model of GAD, 44 45
(CAS) Control theory, 201 206
CBM. See Cognitive bias modification Cool-focus condition, 76 77
(CBM) Coping
CBT. See Cognitive behavioral therapies with negative affect, 104 105
(CBT) responses, 22
Central executive network (CEN), 279, strategies, 108 109
298 299 theory, 204 205
Chronic depression, 358 Correlational studies, 48 49, 51 52
Chronic sympathetic hyperactivation, 136 Cortisol, 136 137
Chronic worry, 248 stress response, 145 146
Cognition, 280 292 Cortisol awakening response (CAR), 144
attention, 288 290 Co-rumination, 171 178
effortful control, 290 291 interpersonal outcomes, 176 177
inhibition, 283 288 intrapersonal outcomes, 172 176
set shifting, 281 283 Counterfactuals, 50 51
 Index
Craving, 105 107
Cross-sectional studies, 209 210, 242 244
Crux of rumination, 25
D substance-related outcomes, 102 107
Daily diary study, 47 48
DBT. See Dialectical behavior therapy
(DBT)
Default mode network (DMN), 279,
293 296, 294f
Deliberate rumination, 52 53
Delusions, 119 120, 399 400
Depression, 10 12, 247, 390 393. See also
Anxiety
gender differences in, 26
mechanisms of effect of rumination, 19f
Depressive rumination, 3, 11 12, 22 23,
82 83, 86 87, 89 92, 103 105, 108, 284,
288 289
gender differences in, 21 22
manipulation, 10
mechanisms, 13 20
behavioral avoidance, 16 17
impaired problem-solving, 15 16
negative thinking, 13 15
social support, 17 19
Depressive ruminators, 257
Desire thinking, 105 107
Detached mindfulness (DM), 386
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 364
Direct aggression, 83
Disinhibition, 90 91
Disordered eating, 110 116
anorexia, 112 113
bulimia and binge eating disorder,
113 116
Displaced aggression, 83
Disposition rumination, trait of, 74 75
Dissipation, 74
Distraction, 6 9, 47
DM. See Detached mindfulness (DM)
DMN. See Default mode network (DMN)
Doing modes, 358
Dorsal ACC, 296 297
Dot probe task, 289 290
Driven-doing, 358
Dual vulnerability model, 12
Dysphoria, 11 12
Dysphoric individuals in rumination
condition, 14
Dysphoric undergraduates, 287
Dysregulated behaviors, 108 109
427
BPD, 107 110
disordered eating, 110 116
psychosis, 119 121
self-harm, 117 119
coping with negative affect, 104 105
craving, 105 107
substance use and substance-related
problems, 102 104
suicidality, 117 118
E
Eating
disorders, 110 111
eating-related rumination, 111
Effective distractions, 6
Effective emotion regulation skills, 253 254
Effortful control, 290 291
Emotion regulation therapy (ERT), 363
Emotion(al), 255, 258, 260, 399 400
arousal, 247
awareness, 255 256
cascade model, 108 109, 116
fear of, 248 249
processing, 45
recovery, 179 180
regret, 208
regulation, 253 261
motivations of alcohol, 104 105
perceived need for negative mood, 258
performance motives, 258 259
poor emotion regulation skills,
254 256
rules about fixing negative emotions,
256 258
self-verification motives, 261
social belonging, 261
social motives, 260 261
theories, 258
relief, 178 179
sensitivity, 247 248
social sharing of, 178 185
Endocrine functioning, 143 147
cortisol stress response, 145 146
depressive rumination, 147
resting cortisol, 144 145
ERPs. See Event-related potentials (ERPs)
ERRI. See Event-Related Rumination
Inventory (ERRI)
ERT. See Emotion regulation therapy (ERT)
Escape theory, 104 105, 115 116
Event-related potentials (ERPs), 292
428
Event-Related Rumination Inventory
(ERRI), 53 54
Excessive rumination, 319, 322
Executing functioning. See Cognitive
control
Experience sampling designs, 9 10
Experiential avoidance, 242
Experimental studies, 6 7, 54 55
Expressed rumination, consequences of
collective rumination, 185 187
co-rumination, 171 178
expressive writing, 170 171
social sharing of emotion, 178 185
Expressive writing, 170 171
F Health behaviors, 153 157
Factor analysis, 40 41, 215 216
Fear of emotions, 248 249
Fear-inducing film, 44
Feared social event, 49
Feel like continuing rule, 256 257
FFFS. See Fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS)
Fight reactions, 78 79
Fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), 251 252
Flashbacks, 54
Flight reactions, 78 79
fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)
Forgiveness, 86
Formal mindfulness practice, 348
Frequent rumination, 104
Functional connectivity, 293
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI), 292 293
Future-oriented worry, 40
G Imaginal task, 43 44
GAD. See Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)
GAM. See General Aggression Model
(GAM)
Gang members, 83
Gender, 88 90
differences in depression, 26
differences in depressive rumination,
21 22
General Aggression Model (GAM), 79 80
General impulsivity, 101 102
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),
37 45, 211 212, 221 222, 240, 316, 322,
328, 357, 381, 387 390. See also Social
anxiety disorder
Index
avoidance theories of worry, 43 45
cognitive avoidance model of worry and,
43, 45f
contrast avoidance model, 44 45
worry and rumination, 39 43
Gratitude, 347
Grief rumination, 215 216
Group-based anger, 260 261
Group-based emotions, 260 261
Guilt, 50 51
H
Hallucinations, 119 120
Happiness, 251 252
Health anxiety, 58
Health-related worry, 156 157
Heart rate variability (HRV), 138 140
High trait ruminators, 9 10
Hope, 251 252
Hostile aggression, 78, 101 102
Hot aggression. See Hostile aggression
Hot-focus condition, 76 77
HPA axis.
See Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal
axis (HPA axis)
HRV. See Heart rate variability (HRV)
Hypochondriasis, 58
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
(HPA axis), 136 137
I
I3 theory, 80 81
“If only” thoughts, 46 47
IFG. See Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
Illness anxiety disorder, 58 59
Immediately after inductions, 44
Immune functioning, 147 149
Impaired problem-solving, 15 16
Impulsive aggression. See Hostile
aggression
Induced angry rumination, 140 141
Induced rumination, 54 55, 289 290
Induced worry, 38 39, 294 295
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 296 298
Informal practice, 348
Inhibition, 279, 283 288
of distracting information, 286
Insecure attachments, 217
Insomnia model, 149
Instrumental aggression, 78, 85
 Index
Integrated theory, 22 26
Integration, 25 26
Intentional forgetting of information,
285 286
Internal sensations, 399 400
Internalized stigma, 219
Interrelated brain networks, 279
Intolerance of uncertainty, 248 249
Intrusive memories, 51, 54
Intrusive rumination, 52 53
Inward self-focus, 5
K rumination, 349 354
Kabat-Zinn’s therapy, 355
Kick-the-dog phenomenon, 83 84
L Momentary rumination, 77 78
Laboratory-induced aggression, 85
Late positive potential (LPP), 292
Longitudinal effect of rumination on sad
mood, 9 10
Longitudinal studies, 55, 244
Lymphocytes, 147
M (mPFC)
MAGT. See Mindfulness-and acceptance-
based group therapy (MAGT)
Major depression, 108
Manipulated rumination, 144 145
MBCT. See Mindfulness-based cognitive
therapy (MBCT)
MBSR. See Mindfulness-based stress
reduction (MBSR)
MCT. See Metacognitive therapy (MCT)
Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), 294
Mental backburner, 243 244
Metacognition, 240, 381 382
Metacognitive mode, 386 387, 387f,
391 393
Metacognitive theory, 323, 382 387
Metacognitive therapy (MCT), 382 387,
383f
alcohol use disorder, 402 403
depression, 390 393
generalized anxiety disorder, 387 390
OCD, 396 399
posttraumatic stress disorder, 393 395
schizophrenia, 399 402
social anxiety disorder, 395 396
Metaworry, 39
Mindfulness, 347 349
Mindfulness meditation, 348 349, 354 355
429
Mindfulness-and acceptance-based group
therapy (MAGT), 363 364
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
(MBCT), 357 360, 364 365
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
(MBSR), 355 357, 364 365
Mindfulness-based therapies, 354 366
ACT, 360 362
cultivating mindfulness, 347 349
MBCT, 357 360
MBSR, 355 357
mindfulness-related constructs and
therapies, 362 366
Moderators, 22 26
Modules, 326 327
Mood regulation strategies, 253 254
Mood-as-input model, 258
Moral disengagement, 86
Motivational models of alcohol use,
104 105
Motivational systems, 251
mPFC. See Medial prefrontal cortex
Myopia, 80
N
Natural killer cells (NK cells), 147
Negative affect(ivity), 25 26, 78 79, 246
coping with, 104 105
negative affective priming task, 284
Negative beliefs, 4
Negative emotions, 205 209, 247. See also
Emotion(al)
rules about fixing, 256 258
Negative feedback loop, 4 5
Negative metacognitive beliefs, 241, 400
Negative moods, 280 281, 291
people in, 244 245
perceived need for, 258
Negative repetitive thought (NRT), 40 42
Negative thinking, 13 15, 19 20, 24 25
Negative urgency, 87
Negative work rumination, 210 211
Neuroticism, 246
Neutral distractions, 6
NK cells. See Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), 118
NRT. See Negative repetitive thought
(NRT)
Nutrition-inhibiting behaviors, 154
430
O Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), 294
Obsessional rumination, 56
Obsessions, 55 57
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD),
55 58, 381, 396 399
metacognitive model of, 397f
Overgeneral memories, 14 15
P Predominant theory, 135
Padua Inventory, 56 57
Pain, 150 153
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), 150
Pain-related rumination, 150
Parasympathetic nervous system, 136
PCC. See Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)
PCS. See Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
Perceived discrimination, 186 187,
219 221
Perception, 249
Perfectionism, 249 251
Perfectionistic concerns, 249 250
Perfectionistic striving, 249
Performance motives, 258 259
Perseveration, 281 282
Perseverative cognition, 139
hypothesis, 137 138, 138f, 142, 153
Personality traits, 75, 245 253
emotional sensitivity, 247 248
intolerance of uncertainty, 248 249
neuroticism, 246
perfectionism, 249 251
reinforcement sensitivity, 251 253
Physical exercise, 154
Physical functioning
cardiovascular functioning, 138 143
endocrine functioning, 143 147
health behaviors, 153 157
immune functioning, 147 149
modified perseverative cognition
hypothesis, 153f
pain, 150 153
perseverative cognition hypothesis, 138f
sleep problems, 149 150
Physiological arousal, 44
Physiological dearousal, 149
Poor emotion regulation skills, 254 256
Positive distractions, 6
Positive metacognitive beliefs, 240 241, 400
Positive moods, 256
Positive rumination, 21
Post-Event Processing Questionnaire,
46 47
Index
Postevent processing. See Postevent
rumination
Postevent rumination, 46 48
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
50 55, 175, 327 328, 330, 350, 381,
393 395
Predictive control system theory, 299 300
Preevent rumination, 46, 48 49
Preexisting rumination tendencies, 53 54
Prime-trial, 284
Proactive aggression. See Instrumental
aggression
Problem drinker
craving for alcohol in, 106 107
desire thinking and, 106 107
Provocation, 81, 88 89
Provocation-aggression research paradigm,
74 75
Provocation-focused rumination, 92
Psychopathy, 91
Psychosis, 119 121
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
R
Reactive aggression. See Hostile aggression
Reactive control system theory, 299 300
Reactivity, 140 142
Recovery, cardiovascular, 142 143
Reflective pondering, 6 7, 10 11
Regret, 208
Reinforcement sensitivity, 251 253
Rejection sensitivity, 212 213
Relational aggression, 82 83
Remembering, 51
Repetitive thinking, 6, 135, 143 144
Repetitive thoughts, 58 59, 155
Resistance
to distractor interference, 283 284
to proactive interference, 283 284
Resource-allocation theory, 291 292
Response inhibition, 283 284, 287 288
Response Style Questionnaire (RSQ), 6 7
Response styles theory (RST), 5 8, 13,
205 206
Resting cortisol, 144 145
Revenge, 86
Reward responsiveness, 252
RFCBT. See Rumination-focused cognitive
behavioral therapy (RFCBT)
 Index
RRS. See Ruminative responses scale (RRS)
RSQ. See Response Style Questionnaire
(RSQ)
RST. See Response styles theory (RST)
Rumination, 8 10, 37, 56, 74 75, 103, 111,
201 203, 206 207, 209, 211 212, 215
and bipolar disorder, 20 21
and depression, 10 12
induction, 9
in seasonal affective disorder, 12
type, 91 92
Rumination-focused cognitive behavioral
therapy (RFCBT), 315, 318 332
Ruminative exploration, 211 212
Ruminative responses scale (RRS), 6 7
Ruminative tendencies, 216
S of negative events, 178 179
S-REF model. See Self-Regulatory Executive
Function model (S-REF model)
Sad mood, 8 10
Sadness, 50 51
Salience network (SN), 279, 296 298
Scary stimulus, 44 45
Schizophrenia, 399 402
Secondary social sharing, 183 184
Self-compassion, 347
Self-defining memories, 58 59
Self-efficacy, 254 255
Self-focused attention, 4 5, 14
Self-focused rumination, 6 7, 92, 115 116
Self-harm, 117 119
Self-oriented perfectionism, 250 251
Self-referential processing, 294 295
Self-regulation, 76 77
theories, 321 322
Self-Regulatory Executive Function model
(S-REF model), 382
Self-relevant distractors, 286
Self-report measures of trait worry, 38 39
Self-reported aggression, 85
Self-reported emotion, 44
Self-verification motives, 261
Set shifting, 281 283
Shame, 50 51
Situational attentional refocusing, 394
6-item worry subscale of Thought Control
Questionnaire, 39 40
16-item Penn State Worry Questionnaire,
39 40
Sleep problems, 149 150
Small group dynamics, 185 186
431
Smoking cessation, 155
SN. See Salience network (SN)
Social anxiety, 206
Social anxiety disorder, 46 50, 395 396.
See also Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)
postevent rumination, 46 48
preevent rumination, 48 49
Social belonging, 260
Social costs, 177
Social encounter, 49
Social interaction, 185 186
Social motives, 260 261
Social sharing
of emotion, 178 185
interpersonal outcomes, 182 185
intrapersonal outcomes, 178 182
Social support, 17 19
Socio-affective social sharing, 181
Speech-phobic participants, 43
State depressive rumination, 146
Stigma consciousness, 219
Stigma-related stressors, 219 222
Stop rules, 257
Stop-signal task, 287 288
Stress generation hypothesis, 18 19
Stress-reactive rumination, 24 25
Stressful life events, 23 24
Stressors, 209 222
childhood, 216 219
interpersonal, 212 216
stigma-related, 219 222
Stroop test, 287
Structural connectivity, 293
Subgenual ACC in depressive rumination,
295 296
Subgenual cingulate cortex, 295 296
Subjective fear, 43 44
Substance use, 102
and substance-related problems, 102 104
Suicidal ideation, 117
Suicidality, 117 118
Suppression countersuppression task, 386
Sustained attention, 288 289
Symptom-focused rumination, 6 7
T
T cells. See Thymus cells (T cells)
TAU. See Treatment as usual (TAU)
Tertiary social sharing, 184
Test-trial, 284
432 Index

Thinking, 46, 51 Triggers of rumination, 201

Third wave of behavioral therapies, control theory, 201 204
354 355 coping theory, 204 205
30-item Worry Domains Questionnaire, negative emotions, 205 209
39 40 stressors, 209 222
Thoughts, 399 400 Triple network model, 300
suppression, 243 244 TSST. See Trier social stress test (TSST)
Thymus cells (T cells), 147 24-item Thoughts Questionnaire, 46 47
Traditional attentional bias scores, 290 22-item Anxious Thoughts Inventory,
Trait 39 40
angry rumination, 140 141 Type 1 worry, 387 388
anticipatory rumination, 48 49 Type 2 worry, 387 388
depressive rumination, 12, 146, 288 289,
297 U
negative rumination, 144, 152 Unmitigated communion, 18
perseverative cognition, 139, 144 Upward counterfactual thoughts, 46 47
rumination, 6 7, 101 102, 295
ruminators, 287 288 V
self-report measures of trait worry, Vengeance, 86
38 39 Verbal perseveration, 107
trait-depressive rumination, 37 38
Trauma W
survivors, 54 “What if” statements, 50 51
trauma-focused rumination, 55 Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, 281 282
trauma-related rumination, 50 52, 54 Working memory, updating of, 280 281
effect of, 55 Worry, 37 39, 57, 247, 322. See also
Treatment as usual (TAU), 316, 327 329 Emotion(al)
Trier social stress test (TSST), 145 146 and rumination, 39 43
Triggered displaced aggression, 83 84 theory of, 38