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    Catalytic cracking is a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. It involves heating oil in the presence of a catalyst at temperatures around 450-510°C and lower pressures. This causes the large molecules to crack into smaller, more useful products. The cracked hydrocarbon stream is then separated by distillation into various products like gasoline and diesel. The catalyst is also regenerated by burning off coke deposits between reactions. Overall, catalytic cracking converts heavy oil fractions into lighter, higher value products suitable for fuels.

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    Catalytic cracking is a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. It involves heating oil in the presence of a catalyst at temperatures around 450-510°C and lower pressures. This causes the large molecules to crack into smaller, more useful products. The cracked hydrocarbon stream is then separated by distillation into various products like gasoline and diesel. The catalyst is also regenerated by burning off coke deposits between reactions. Overall, catalytic cracking converts heavy oil fractions into lighter, higher value products suitable for fuels.

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    7 views16 pages

    Chapter5a Cracking 170106114842

    Uploaded by

    Khadeeja
    Catalytic cracking is a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. It involves heating oil in the presence of a catalyst at temperatures around 450-510°C and lower pressures. This causes the large molecules to crack into smaller, more useful products. The cracked hydrocarbon stream is then separated by distillation into various products like gasoline and diesel. The catalyst is also regenerated by burning off coke deposits between reactions. Overall, catalytic cracking converts heavy oil fractions into lighter, higher value products suitable for fuels.

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    of 16

    EP422

    SHOUTBOARD

    http://padlet.com/wall/EP422Pet
    ro
    CHAPTER5
    CHAPTER 5OUTLINE
    •Cracking
    •Fluid catalyticcracking
    I.Principles

    C R A C K I NG
    II.Recentdevelopments
    III.Feedstock
    IV.Product yields andqualities
    V.Catalyst and operatingparameters
    •Hydrocracking
    I.Principles
    II.Processrequirements
    III.Product yields andqualities
    IV.Residuecracking
    OILREFINING
    •Methodbywhichcrudeoilconvertedto
    petroleumproducts
    –(I think that a barrel(42gal—
    produces44galof
    petroleumproducts)
    •Distillation(fractionation)
    –Athightemperaturethelightestfractionsriseto
    thetopofatower,heavierfractionscondenseat
    bottom
    OILREFINING
    TypicalOil
    –Gasoline C4 toC1027%
    –Kerosene C11 toC1313%
    –DieselC14 toC1812%
    –Heavy gas oil C19 toC2510%
    –Lubricating oilC26-C4020%
    –Residue>C4018%
    OILREFINING

    •ThermalCracking

    •CatalyticCracking
    OILREFINING
    •What we get out of oil now withmodern
    refineries:
    –50%gas
    –30% fueloil
    –7.5% jetfuel
    HOW??
    CRACKING
    •Crudeoilcontainsmanylargemolecules.Iftheseareto
    beusedasfuelsorfeedstockforthechemicalindustry
    thentheyhavetobecrackedintosmallermolecules.

    •Whenhydrocarbonsburntheyarereactingwithoxygen
    intheair.Ingeneral,thesmallerthemoleculethebetter
    itwillmixandthenreactwiththeair.

    Fuelgas Petrol
    Naphtha Kerosine
    Diesel Fuel Oil andbitumen
    CRACKING
    Involves the breaking of C-C bonds
    inalkanes
    Converts heavy fractions into higher
    valueproducts
    •THERMAL
    proceeds via a free radicalmechanism

    •CATALYTIC
    proceeds via a carbocation (carbonium
    ion)mechanism
    THERMALCRACKING
    •High Pressure ... 7000 kPa
    •High Temperature ... 400°C to900°C
    •Free Radical Mechanism
    •Homolyticfission
    •Producesmostlyalkenes...e.g.ethenefor
    making polymers andethanol
    •ProducesHydrogen...usedintheHaber
    Processandin margarinemanufacture
    •Bonds can be broken anywhere in the molecule
    by C-C bond fission or C-H bondfission
    CATALYTICCRACKING
    •Slightpressure
    •HighTemperature
    •Usecatalystto speedupthecrackingreaction.
    Catalystsinclude zeolite,aluminiumhydrosilicate
    ,
    bauxite and silicaalumina.
    •CarbocationMechanism
    •Heterolyticfission
    •Producesbranchedandcyclicalkanes,naromatic
    hydrocarbons used for motorfuels

    **ZEOLITES are crystalline aluminosilicates;


    clay likesubstances
    CATALYTICCRACKING
    •Catalyticcrackingissimilartothermalcrackingexceptthatcatalys
    ts
    facilitatetheconversionoftheheaviermoleculesintolighterproduc
    ts.
    •Useofacatalyst(amaterialthatassistsachemicalreactionbutdoes
    nottakepartinit)inthecrackingreactionincreasestheyieldof
    improved-
    qualityproductsundermuchlesssevereoperatingconditions
    thaninthermalcracking.

    •Typicaltemperaturesarefrom450°-510°Catmuchlowerpressuresof
    10-20psi.

    •Thecatalystsusedinrefinerycrackingunitsaretypicallysolidmate
    rials
    (zeolite,aluminumhydrosilicate,treatedbentoniteclay,fuller'se
    arth,
    bauxite,andsilica-alumina)thatcomeintheformofpowders,beads,
    pelletsorshapedmaterialscalledextrudates.
    BASIC FUNCTIONSIN
    CATALYTICCRACKING
    Therearethreebasicfunctionsinthecatalytic
    crackingprocess:

    I.Reaction:Feedstockreactswithcatalystand
    cracks into
    differenthydrocarbons;
    II.Regeneration:Catalystisreactivatedby
    burning off coke;and
    III.Fractionation: Cracked hydrocarbon
    streamis
    separated into variousproducts.
    CATALYTIC CRACKINGPROCESS
    molecule
    using heat and acatalyst. s•Largeh
    •This process is known as catalyticcracking. ydrocarb
    •Thesmallmoleculesproducedarethenseparatedby onsarebr
    distillation. okeninto
    smaller
    Distillation
    tower
    pressure

    Catalytic
    cracker
    Heat to
    Big Molecules
    vaporise
    Molecules break
    up
    CATALYTIC CRACKINGREACTION
    In the catalytic cracker long chain
    moleculesare
    ‘cracked’.An example of such a reactionis:
    HHHHHHHH Octane
    HCCCCCCCCH
    HHHHHHHH
    Heat
    hexane catalyst
    pressure

    HHHHHHC H H ethene

    H CCCCCHH H + CC
    Ethene
    Used as a HHHH
    H H is used
    fuel to make
    C8H1 C6H14 +C2H4 plastics
    8

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