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    Кобликов А.С. Юридическая этика

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    12 views87 pages

    Кобликов А.С. Юридическая этика

    Uploaded by

    Паша Креед

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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Tlocne pbIXOfa B CRET NpenbiayWiero HINAHHA ObUT NPHHAT BpeleH B JciicTBUc YronosHo-MponeccyanbHblit KomeKc Poccuit- ckoii Meaepalinn. B cBa3 c 9THM U3MATEMBCTBO BHECTO BO BTopoe WadaHKe HeIHAaYATeBHBIC TIOMpaBkKH HW MpHBeC TeKCT yue6unKa B cooTReTCTBHe ¢ HOBeHWYMM H3MCHeHMAMM 3AKOHODATeENbCTBA. Jlanusie MonpankH He MORIAH Ha comepxanue obi yx YueGHHKa, COXPAHMB 4HTAaTEMO ROSMORHOCTS HCMIONBIOBATL B HE- W3MeHHOM BsHme Tpyn AnckcaHapa CemMeHoBy4a Ko6nuxora, BEI- jaWOUIeTOCA Hay4HOro AesTenA HW TipekpacHoro YeMOBeKa. Tipeancnopue K nepBoMy 131aHHIO Usyyenne HpancTBeHHbIX acneKTOB H MpoGeM Npomeccun He- oOGxOAHMO KaxkaOMy fopHucTy, ocoGeHHO B COBPeMCHHBIX YCOBHAX, KOM/a CTABHTCA 3ala4a TYMaHM3aUHH OGWeCTBEHHOI HM rocysapcT- BeHHOM XH3HH, KOMIa YenoReK MpoBosraaieH KonerTHTyuHelt BEIC- uleit WeEHHOCTHIO MK Ha MepBblit M1aH BbLIBMTalOTCA rapaHTHH ero mipas H coon. A wpHANYecKad Mpobeccua UMeeT CBOUM «OOBbEK- TOM» UMeHHO Yenopeka. JeaTeAbHOCTS fopvicTa KacaeTcA BaKHeH- WIMX Gar, HHTepecos sNoAelt, HepenKO CAs3aHa C BTOPKEHHEM B MX AMYHYIO KUSHb, a HOTA HC OrTpaHHveHHeM MNpab, NPHHSATHEM pe- WIeHHi, BIMSHOLUMX Ha cynbGy YenOBeKa. Mexkay TeM yueGHOH AHTepaTypbl, MpeHasHayeHHOH 1s OBTa- ACHHs| 3HAHHAMM B OOMACTH IOPHANYECKOi ITHKH, ABHO HeOCTA- Touno, YueOuuka mo 1opwanueckoit aTHKe B cTpaHe HeT. MyGanka- UNH, MOCBALIEHHbIe €& MPOOTEMAM, HEMHOTOUNCTEHHBI HB OMTpe- AeqeHHOii CTeMeHM He OTpaxkaioT COBPeMeHHIX Mpesctapnennit B nactosuiem yueOHMKe AenaeTca MombiTKa C yYeTOM oMnbiTa NpenodaBakHA Kypca OpHAHYECKOH OTHKM HB COOTBETCTBHH Cc yueOHbIMH MporpaMMamit ToMoub O6y4aeMbIM OBTaLeTh IHAHHAMH, O HpaBcTBeHHOli CyMHOCTH IOpHANYeckolt mpocbeccun, HpaBcTBeH- HbIX TpeOOBAHHAX K €€ MpeACTABHTeAAM KaK B MpodpeccHoHaTbHOlt AesTebHOCTH, Tak MBO BHEcnyxKeGHOM NOBeACHHH. A. C. Ko6amkos, NOKTOP OpHAMMeCKHX HayK, Mpodeccop Taasa I MOPAJIb H STHKA: OCHOBHDBIE: NOHATHA § 1. Mopaas, ee cbynkuni erpykTypa Mopaab (oT nat. moralis — HpapcTBeHHblit; mores — Hpapb!l) s1B- sete OHUM 13 CMOCOGOB HOPMaTHBHOTO PeTyMPOBAHHA ToBeAC- Ha YemoBeKa, OcoGoil (bopMolt oGulecTBeHHOrO CO3HAHHA MH BHIOM OOMIECTBEHHDIX OTHOLICHHIT. Ecrb psu onpesencunit MOpai, B KO- TOPIX OTTEHSIOTCH Te HTH HHbIC Ce CYLLECTBEHHEIC cpolictsa!. Mopaab — 9TO OHH 13 cnocoGon peryiMpoBaHHst moBeacHHA muoneit B oGwecTBe. OHA NpeacTaBaacT co60ll CHCTeMy NPHHUMTNOB VM HOpM, OMPCACAAIOUIX XapakTep OTHOWICHHIL MEXKIY OADM B COOTBETETBUH C MPHHATBIMH B AHHOM OOLICCTBC MOHSITHAMH 0 20- Ope Hi ae, CMpaBeMAHIBOM Ht HecTIpAaBesLANBOM, NOCTOHHOM H HEZOC” ToliHoM. Co6monenne Tpebosannit Mopamn odecnesnpaeTcs CIOL AYXOBHOTO BosaelicTRMA, OOulecTBeHHLIM MHeHHeM, BHYTPCHHHM yOoKICHHEM, COBECTbIO HCTORCKA. OcoSeHHOCTbIO MOPAIH ABAKETCH TO, ITO OHA perysMpyeT rlope- ene W Co3HAHHe slonell BO BCeX Cchepax %KHIHH (MpoOu3sBOACTBeH=- Has fesTenbHoctb, ObIT, ceMeHHbIe, MCXAKAMYHOCTHEIE HW Apyre OT- Howenusa). Mopanb pacnpoctpansetes TaKxKe Ha Me@XTPYMMOBbIe 1 MeXTOcyapCTBCHHbIe OTHOUIEHHA. Mopaibubie npHHUMMb! HMCtoT peeobulee SHAYeHHC, OXBATbIBA- JOT BCeX MoNell, AKPEMIAIOT OCHOB! KYbTYPbI HX B3AMMOOTHOLIC- HM, CosMaBaeMbIe B JLINTeETbHOM Mpollecce HCTOpHYecKOTO PasBit- THA OOULECTBA. ' Cheam MHOrHX HCTONHHKOB NO sTOMy BoMpocy CM., B HacTHocTIE: Apotnuuxui O. Ff. Tlowatue wopat. M., 1974; Mapkenctekas a1HKa: Yaebuoe nocoswte naa wyson / Moa o6ut. pea. A. M4. Tumapenxo. M., 1980; ‘Auucusios C. ®. Mopaas w novexchne. M., 1985; [yceiinoe A. A. Bacacuue wb atuny, M., 1985; Stuxa / Toa pen. A. A. Fycetinosa, E. JT. y6xo. Mu. 1999: Fyceiinoe A. A., Anpecen P. f. StuKa. M., 2000; Pasun A, B. OTuKa: ucropus it Teopua: YueGHoe nocobue 218 By308. M., 2002. Prana I. Mopaas 1 31iKka: ocHoBHBle MOHSTHS Besikitii NOCTYNOK, NoBeMeHHe YeTOBeKa MOET HMETE pasHoo- pasHoe 3HayeHHe (MpaBowoe, MONHTHYECKOe, IcTeTHYECKOe Hi Ap.) HO eFO HPaBCTBCHHYIO CTOPOHY, MopabHoe conepxaHHe oucHHBa- lor 0 CAHHOMi LKane. MopaibHbie HOpMbI NoBCenHeBHO Bocnpo- H3BOAITCA B OOUICCTRE CHAO! TPAIHUNM, BAACTHIO OOUeNpH3HaH Holi M NOLAepAVBaeMO! BCCMH AMCUMMIMHEL, OGWeCTBCHHDIM MHenvem. Hx BbInoHeHHe KOHTpOAMpyeTca BCEMHL OtpeTcTBeHHOCTh B MOPaIH HMeeT DYXOBHBIi, WeanbHbIii xa Tep (OcyxAeHHe HH OL06peHHe noctynkoB), BbICTyNaeT B cpop- MC MOPAILHLIX OLCHOK, KOTOPBbIC YeMOBCK NOKCH OCO3HATb, BHYT- PeHHe MPHHATS H COObpa3HO C ITHM HaNpaBANTh M KOppeKTHpo- BaTb CBOM TOCTyNKH HM TMoneneHne. Takat ouleHKa nomKHa COOTBETeTBOBATH OOWIMM MIpHHUHTaM H HOpMaM, MpHHSITBIM BCeMH NOHATHSAM © JOXKHOM M1 HEOXKHOM, LOCTOMHOM HW HesOcTOHHOM WT. AL Mopanb 3aBHCHT OT ycnOBHii YeroBeYecKoro ObITHA, CYLIHOCT- HbIX MOTpeOHOcTei YeMOBeKa, HO OMpeMeAACTCA ypOBHEM OGuLecT- BCHHOFO M MHAMBHAyaIbHOrO cosHaHus. Hapaay ¢ mpyrnan cop- MaMM peryMpoBaHHA noBeACHHA sone! B OOULeCTBe Mopanb cay- NT COMACOBAHHIO —ACATCIBHOCTH = MHOXECTBA — MHAMBIULOB. NpeppauleHno ee B COBOKYNHYIO MaCCOBYHO AeATeEbHOCTb, TOAuH- HeHHY10 ONPeHeACHHBIM COLMATBHBIM 3aKOHaM. Uceneaya ponpoc 0 (byHKUHAX MOpani, BbUeNsIOT perynaTHB HYIO, BOCNHTATCABHYIO, MO3HABATeCABHY!, OMCHOYHO-HMMepaTHB- Hylo, op {pYIOUly!O, ~MOTHBALIMOHHyI0, KOMMYHHKaTHBHyIO. NpornoctHMeckyio HW HeKoTopble Apyrue ee dbyHKuun'. Meppoct NeHHHit MHTepec LIT IOPHCTOR MpescTABAMOT Take CPYHKLUM MO- PIM, Kak peryASTHBHad M BOCHUTaTENbHas. PeryanTupias (byHKUMs CUHTaeTeR BenyUell dbyHKUMel Mopam Mopanb HanpapiseT M KOppeKTHpyeT MpakTHYecKyIO AesTeMLHOCTL YenOBeKa C TOUKH 3peHHa yueTa HHTepecoB APYTHX Monel, COLLECT ba. [Ip STOM AKTHBHOe BOsTelicTBHe MOpaaH Ha OOuecTBeHHLIC OTHOMICHMA OCYUICCTBINICTCA YCpe3 MHAMBHLYaIbHOC MoBeneHHe BocnutratenbHas dbyHKUNs MopaaH COCTOMT B TOM, 4TO oa yua- 27 B (POPMHpOBAHUH YeTOBeYeCKO! AMYHOCTH, ee CaMOCO3H Mopais chocoGcrayet craHomeHMio B3risKI0B Ha uenb IC KUSHU, OCOIHAHHWO YENOBEKOM CBOeTO DOCTOMHC 10M A APYTHMH JIOLEMH H OGUNeECTBOM, HEOGXOLMMOCTH yBakKeHHA K MipaBaM, JIMMHOCTH, AOCTOMHCTBY ApYTHX. Sty (PyHKUMW NpHHsTO 'Ca.: Apraneeascutt JT. M. Kype aeKumit lo MapkeHeTcKo-aeHHHCKol M., 1974. C. 37—46 § |. Mopanp, ¢€ byHKUKH H CTpYKTypa 3 xapakTepHaopaTs Kak TyMaHvcTMueckyIo. OHA OKagbIBReT BAMSHME Ha peryMAaTHBHyi0 H Apyrne byHkunn MopaiH. Mopanb paccMaTpHBaioT 1 kak ocoGyro hopmy o6ulecTBeHHOFO COQHAHHA, HW Kak BHA OOUIECTBCHHBIX OTHOWEHHA, HW Kak UehcT- BYIOLIMe B OGINCCTBE HOPMBI MoveneHMa, PeryAMpylolUHe NCATE AL HOCTD YeOBeKa — HPABCTBEHHY!0 DeATeAbHOCTb. Hpanctaenvioe cosHanve ABNACTCA ONHUM 3 WIEMEHTOB MOpa- AM, "pedcTaBiAlolliM coGolt ce WNeaMbHylO, CyYGBEKTHBHYIO CTOpO- ny. HpapeTBeHHoe cosHaHime MpesTuchiBacT MonAM onpenenenHble noneaeHhe HW MOCTYNKH B KayecTse ux Ronra. HpapcTBeHHoe CO3Ha- He JacT OUCHKY Pa3HbIM AB/ICHIM COUMaTbHOM elCTBHTELHO~ CTH (nocTyNka, €fO MOTHBOB, NOBELEHHA, o6pa3a KH3HH_H T. 2.) ¢ TOUKM 3PCHWA COOTBCTCTBHA MOPAIbHLIM tpeGopaHMam. Sta oucH- Ka BBIPAKaeTCA B OLOGPCHHH WIM CCYKACHHH, MOXBANe WIM TOpH- LaHHM, CHMNATHM WH HeNpHASHH, MOODA 1114 HeHaBKcTH. Hpap- cTBeHHOe COsHAHHe — cbopma OGUICCTBCHHOTO COIHAHHA H OLHO~ BPeMeHHO OGNACTs HHJMBHAyaTbHOTO COsHAHHA HYHOCTH. B mocneaHem BaxkHOe MECTO 3AHMMaeT CAMOOIEHKa YEMOBEKA, CDA- 3aHHad C HPABCTBEHHEIMU JYBCTBAMM (COBECTS, TOPAOCTb, CTEIL, PpackaaHne HT. T1.). Mopaab Hese39 CBOAUTE TOALKO K MOpQAbHOMY (HpapcTBeHHo- My) CO3HaHHW. BBICTYNaM MPOTHB OTOKAECTHIEHMA HPABCTBCHHOCTH H HpaBct- BeHHoro cosHaHHa, M. C. Crporosna nican: «HpapcTBeHHoe Co3- Have — 370 DITAAAE, yOoxneHHs, Usen o AoGpe HM ane, 0 AocTou- HOM H HedOCTOHHOM NOBeeHHH, a HpaBCTBeHHOcTh — 370 AelicT- ByloUIMe 8 OOIUECTBe COUMANbHbIe HOpMbI, —perymupytouiHe TOCTYNKU, NoBeseHHe MonCH, HX BIAMMOOTHOUEHHAY?. Mopanbuble oTHOLeHHs: BOSHHKAIOT MOKAY JOAbMH B Tpoliecce HX HeATenBHOCTH, HMeIlei HPABCTBCHHbIH XapakTep. OHM pase YaloTca To colepxaHmo, dopme, cnocoby couNaMLHO CBAIM MEX- Ay cyOvexramn. Wx cozepxaHve onpenemseTca TEM, M0 OTHOUIC~ HH] K KOMY KaKHe HPaBCTBEHHEe OGASAHHOCTH HeceT e10BEK (K o6wectBy B LenOM; K JionsM, OGLeOMHeHHBIM onHOn mpoteccn- eit; K KONCKTHBY; K WieHaM CEMBH HT. a.), HO BO BCeX CAYYAAX 4e- JOBCK B KOHEMHOM CHeTe OKASLIBAETCA B CHCTEME MOPANHBIX OTHO- WeHHM Kak K OBWICCTBY B WeNOM, Tak H K ceGe KaK ero ‘WICHy. 1Cx.: @ynocoexan aHunKnonemua: BS t. M., 1964. T. 3. C. 499; unocodexni: suunxnoneauseckHA cnowape, M., 1983. C. 387—388. 2 FpoGnen cyaeGHol aTaxn / Mon pea. M. C. Conpozosua, M., 1974. C7. § 1. Mopaab, e€ bynkunn m etpyxtypa 5 MopaibHble HOpMbI ONpeMeMMOT COepKAHHE MOBEACHHA, TO, Kak MpHHATO MOCTYNATb B ONpeteMeHHOM cHTyauMn, T. €. TIpHcy- ine AaHHOMy OSutecTBY, COUMATLHOM rpytine HpaBbl. Oun ornnua- JOTCH OT APYTMX HOPM, AefCTBYIOWIHX B OOULECTBE 1 BbINOHAIOWINX peryaAATHBHBIC (pyHKUMM (9KOHOMHYCCKHX, MOMMTHYCCKHX, MpaBo- BBIX. ICTETHYCCKHX), MO criocoGy peryIMpoBaHHA MOCTYMKOB J0- acii. HpaBb! MOBCeHeBHO BOCNPOM3BORATCA B OKW3HH oGutecTBa cusoit TpalMUHH, ABTOPHTeTOM H BIACTbIO oOuienpusHaHHoi MH HoaiepxMBACMOM BCEMH AHCUMILIMHBI, OOWIECTBCHHDIM MHCHHCM, yOeXAeHHeM WICHOB OOUICCTBA O JO/KHOM NoBEeEHHH TIpH OMpe- JI@ACHHBIX YCAOBHAX. B oTIM4Me OTF NpOcTHIX OSKIYAeB H NPHBbIYEK, KOTMA JOAN OL- HOTHMHO MOCTYMAIOT B CXO/HBIX CHTYALIMAX (MPasMHOBAHHE AHA PO- KICHHA, CBAALOLI, MPOBONbI B ApMHIO, pasTM4HbIC PHTYAIbl, MPH- BBIMKA K OfPeAeCHHLIM TPYLOBbIM AelicTBHAM Hi Jp.), MOPATbHbIC HOpMbI He MPOCTO BLINOAHOTCA BCAeACTBHE 3aBeneHHOTO OOUIC- NpMHsiToro Nopsuika, a HaxonsAT HAeliHOe OGOCHOBAHKE B NpescTaB- JICHMSIX YEAOBEKA O NOKHOM WIM HELO/KHOM MOBeLEHHH Kak BO- OOUIe, Tak MB KOHKpeTHOM XH3HCHHOM CHTYaLHH. B ocHopy (opMyIMpoBaHHsA MopabHbIX HOPM KaK Pa3yMHDbIX, Hemecoo6pasHbIx H OLOOpAeMBIX MpaBHA MOBECHHA MOOKCHEI Pe- QUbHbIC MPHHUMMBI, W1eabl, NOHATHA O go6pe Wane WT. 2., MelicT- ByiolMe B OOUIEcTBE. BsinowHeHve HpaBCTBeHHbIX HOpM OGecreyMBaeTCA aBropuTe- TOM H CHO! OGMIECTBEHHOTO MHCHHA, CO3HAHMEM CyGbeKTA O DOC- TOMHOM HAM HeMOCTOMHOM, HpaBCTBCHHOM HIM GesHpaBcTBeHHOM, uO OflpedeeT M XapakTep HPaBCTBCHHBIX CAHKLMIT. MopaabHaa HOpMa B MIpHHuMMe paccunTaHa Ha LOOpOBOMbHOe ucnoaHenve, Ho ee HapyleHne BaeyeT 3a coGoi MopambHBIe CaHK- UHH, COCTOALIMe B OTPHUATEbHOM OUeHKE M OCyKMeHHM MoBee- HMA YenoBeKa, B HamlpabeHHOM AYXOBHOM BosueficTBHH. OHH 03- HavalOT HPaBCTBCHHBIM 3aNpeT COBEPUIATh NOACGHDIE MOCTYNKM B Gyayuiem, anpeconaHHbiit KaK KOHKPeTHOMY "eNOBeKy, TAK H BCeM okpyxaiounm. MopaibHas caHKUMs MOMKperdeT HPaBcTBeHHble TpeGosaHusA, colepxKaliMecsa B MOpasIbHbIX HOPMAX HM MPHHUHMTAX, HapyiieHne MopambHbIX HOPM MoxeT BeH 3a COOO! MOMHMO MOPANIbHBIX CaHKUMM CAHKLLMM WHOrO poma (IMCUMMANHApHble WH MpenycMOTpeHHble HOPMaMH OGULeCTBEHHBIX opranu3aunit). Ha- MpHMep, ecnM BOeHHOCTYKaulHit Cora CBOeMy KOMaHAMpy, TO 3a 9THM GeCueCTHBIM MOCTYIMKOM B COOTBETCTBHH CO CTENeHbIO ero TA- X%KECTH HA OCHOBAHHH BOMHCKHX YCTaBOB MoceAyeT COOTRETCTBYIO- wast peakuna. 6 [napa I, Mopanb 1 Tika: ocHoBHBIe NOHSTHA MopanbHble HOPMbI MOryT BbIpaxkaTbes Kak B HeraTMBHOIl, 3a- npemaroweit pope (Hampumep, Monceespt 3axonbt — Jlecatb 3a- nopegeit, ccbopmMyaupopaHHple B BuOnHH), Tak H B MO3HTHBHOI (Oyab YecTeH, MoMoraii GaWwKkHeMY, yBaxail CTAapLUMX, GeperH 4ecTb CMONONY HT. 2.). Mopanbuble npHrunnst — omHa 13 cpopM BbipaxeHusa HpaBct- BeEHHbIX TpeOoBaHHit, B Hanbonee ouleM BAe pacKpEIBarONaT comepxkaHHe HpaBCTREHHOCTH, cyulecTByIOWei B TOM HIM HHOM oGutectne. OHM BbIPaxalOT OCHOBONONAaratoulMe TpeSoBanuA, Ka- caloulvecs| HpaBcTBeHHOil CyULHOCTH YeNOBeKa, XapakTepa B3aH- MOOTHOUICHHIT MEX/Y TOAbMH, ONpemerMOT OOulee HarpaBneHHe ACATEABHOCTH YeNOBEKA Hi ZTeKAT B OCHOBE YACTHBIX, KOHKPeTHBIX HOPM NobeneHHs. B oTOM OTHOMICHHH OHM cayKaT KpHTepHaMut HpaBeTBeHHOCTH. Ecan MopanbHaat HopMa mpeanicpinaeT, KaKHe KOHKPeTHO 110- CTYNKH TOUKEH COBEpLATh YeAOBEK, KAK BECTH CeOs B THMMYHBIX CHTYaLMAX, TO MOPaIbHbIit NPHHUHN WaeT yeOBeKY OGUee HanpaB- AeHHe jeATeENbHOCTH. K YHCAY MOpAIbHEIX NPHHUAMOB OTHOCATCA TaKHe OGLE Haya- 41a HpaBeTBEHHOCTH, KaK TYMAaHH3M — MpH3HaHHMe YeqOBeKa BbIC- Wel LeHHOCTHIO; abTpyH3M — GeckopBICTHOe cayxKeHHe GnWxKHe- MY; MHJIoccpave — cocTpagateAbHasd M NesTenbHast 1OGOBb, BbIpa- Kawulasics B TOTOBHOCTH TIOMO4D kaxkKTOMy B 4YeM-1H60 HYAMAIOULEMYCA; KO/ICKTHBU3M — CO3HATENbHOe CTpeMeHHe CO- acticrsopaTb OOwemy Gylary; OTKa3 OT HHAMBHAyaIM3Ma — TMpoTH- BONOCTABICHHA HHANBHa OOULECTBY, BCAKON COUMANBHOCTH H 3r0- M3Ma — MpeANOYTeHHs COOCTBCHHBIX HHTepecon HHTepecaM BCeX JIpyTHX. Kpome npHusmos, XapakTepH3y!OulMXx CYULHOCTb TO HAM MHI HpaBCTBEHHOCTH, paNINYaloT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe (POpMaIbHBIe NIpHH- UMMbI, OTHOCALLIMECs YK K COCOGaM BbINOAHEHHA MOpallbHBIX Tpe- Gosanuit. Takosbi, Hanpumep, CO3HaTeABHOCTS M MpOTHBOMONOXx- Hble eit cbopManu3m, cpeTHuH3M, baTaIH3M, dbakHaTH3M, LOPMaTH3M. Tipukunnt Toro powa He OnpenensoT cozepxKAaHMA KOHKPeTHEIX HOPM NOBeEHMS, HO TAKKE XAPAKTePUByIOT OMpeneeHHyWO HpaBcr- BEHHOCTb, TMOKA3bIBAN, HACKOMLKO CO3HATEIbHO BLITOAHAIOTCA HpaBCcTBeHHble TpeboBaHHA. HpapctsenHble teanbl — MoHATHA MopallbHoro co3HaHHA, B KOTOPBIX MIPEAbABIACMEIC K OMAM HPABCTBEHHBIe TpeOoBAHHA BbI- PaxawTca B Bue OOpa3a HPaBCTBEHHO CoBeptieHHo nMYHOCTH, NpescTanieHHA O YenoBeKe, BOMIOTHBINEM B CeGbe Hanboree BHICO- KHe MopanbHbie KayectBa § 2. Mopanb # mpaBo 7 HpapcrBeHHbiit Wea Mo-pa3HoMy NOHHMaNICA B pasHoe BpeMA, B PAVIMYHBIX OOUIECTBAX M YHEHUAX. Ecamu Apuctotenb BHT HpaB- CTBCHHbIii W1@A B JIMMHOCTH, KoTOpas BbICUIci 2OGnecTHIO C4HTacT caMonoReIollee, OTPeLUeHHOe OT BOIHEHHit M Tpepor mpakTH4c- CKOit AeaTebHOCTH Co3epuaHHe MCTHHBI, TO KaxT xapakTepH30Ba1 HpascTBeHHBIit Weal KaK PYKOBOMCTBO JUIA HaLUHX TIOCTYNKOB, «GO2KECTBCHHOTO YeIOBEKA BHYTPH Hac», C KOTOPbIM MbI CpaBHHBa- em ce6a M ynyuulaeMcA, HHKOra, OAHAKO, He 6yZy4H B COCcTOAHHM cTaTb Ha O1MH ypoBeHb c HMM. HpascTsewHblit Hea mo-cBoemy OMpeserstor pasxIMYHBle PeMrHOsHbIe YYCHHA, MONHTHYECKHE Te- YeHHA, (pustocoder. HpascTseHHblii Weal, MpHHATHI YeNOBeKOM, yKa3bIBacT KO- HeUHyIO Hem caMOBOCTHTAaHHs. HpascTBeHHbI meat, Mpwusterit OGULECTBEHHBIM MOPaIbHBIM COZHAHHeM, OMpeeReT UeAb BOCTIM- TAHMs, BINT Ha COMepKAHKe MOPATHIX NPHHUMITOB H HOPM. Moxxo ropoputb 4 06 oGuiecTBeHHOM HpaBCTBCHHOM Hleae Kak 06 06pa3e COBepUIeHHOTO OOulecTBa, NOcTpocHHoro Ha Tpebo- BAHHSIX BEICLUCH CrpaBesMBOCTH, TYMaHU3Ma. § 2. Mopaap n npapo CoorHourenHe MopaiH M MmpaBa — ONWH 13 BAXKHBIX acrieKTOB MOYYCHHSA STHX COUMANBHBIX IBICHHI, MpeAcCTABAMIOLIHit OCOObIit wHTepec sai 1opucros. Ey nocsauieH pal cneuMambHbtx padot'. MbI KOCHEMCA 3€Cb AMUIb OTLEbHBIX IPHHUMMHANbHbIX BbIBOLOB, CYLECTBEHHBIX ILI PACCMOTPeHHA MOcAeAYIOMLAX BOrIPOCOB. Mopanb OTHOCHTCA K YHCY OCHOBHBIX THTOB HOpMaTHBHOTO PCrYMPOBAHHA ACATeNHOCTH, NOBeAeHMA YeNOBeKa. OHa OGecrie- MMBACT NOAMMHCHHE JCATEABHOCTH Joel eHHbIM OOuLecoUMab- HBIM 3aKoHaM. Mopatb BbIMomHaeT OT cbyHKUHIO COBMeCTHO C JIPYrHMH cbopMaMH OOUIeCTBCHHOM MMCUMTMUIMKBI, HanpaBleHHbIMi Ha OGecneveHHe YCROEHMA M BbINOAHEHMA JOAbMH YCTAHOBCHHDIX B OOmecTBE HOpM, HaXOMsICb C HMM B TECHOM B3AHMONCHCTBHH 1 BaaHMoriepermieTeHHHt. ' Cat, puactnocTi: Bacuzses 10. C. Baaumozelicrane mpana mt Mopamt // Conetekoe rocysapeTso 4 npapo. 1966. Ne 11; /Iyxaweaa E. A. Morvnbt it HowereHne veroseKa B paBosoit ccbepe // Tam xe. 1972. Ne 8; Kysneuo- 6a H. ®. Yrononvioe npaso 1 Mopaiy. M., 1967; Kapneu H. H. Yrononttoe Npavo u otaKa, M., 1985; JIykaweea E. A. Tipano, Mopars, anHoctb. M., 1986; Huxyaun C. H. Hpancracrtbie Hatiana yromoproro npava: YueGHoe nioco6ue. M., 1992; Byxpeee B. H., Puckan H. H. 3ruxa npana. M., 1998. 2402 8 Taapa I. Mopanb 1 oTHKa: ocHOBHDIe NOHATHA Mopaab uw mpaso — HeoGxonMMbIe, BIaMMOCBAAHHbIe HM B3aH- MOTIPOHHKalOULMe CHCTEMBI peryAUMH OGULeCTBeEHHOM XKH3HH. OHH BOSHHKAIOT B CHy MOTpeGHOCTH OGecneyHTL CbyHKUMOHMpoBanne oGulecTBA MYTeM COraCOBAHHA PaXIM4HBIX HHTepecoB, No~yHHe- HHA Joneli ONpeaeACHHEIM MpaBHaaM. Mopaib HM npabo BbINOAHMOT cHHHyIO couManbHyIO dyHK- uMiO — perynMpoBanue noBencHust Moreh B ObuecTBe. OHM mpen- CTABIAIOT CIOKHbIC CHCTEMBI, BKTOYAOLUNE OOLUECTBEHHOe CO3Ha- Hie (MOpaibHoe MpaBoBoe); O6tlecTReHHbIe OTHOUIeHHA (HpaB- CTBEHHbI€ HM MpaBosble); OOLeCTBeEHHO 3HaYHMYW jesATeTBHOCTE; HOPMATHBHbIe C(pephi (HPABCTBEHHbIe H MpaBopble HOpMbI). Hopmatupxocth — cnoiictBo Mopami H npaBa, no3sBomstontee PeryIHpOBATh NoBeACHHe Aisi. Tipu stom O6bekTbI HX peryMpo- BaHHA BO MHOTOM Copraaawr. Ho perysampopanue ux ocyuecTBAA- CTCs CNCUM(PMYECKHMH SLI KAXKTOFO M3 PeryATTOpoB cpescTBaMH. Eanuctso o6ulectseHHbix OTHOUIeHHI «c HEOGXOLHMOCTEIO OMpe- Heaset OGUHOCTS MpaBoBoit M MopabHoli cucTeM»!, Mopatb HM mpaso HaXOAATCA B MOCTOAHHOM B3aHMOZeiiCTBHH. TIpaso He AOKHO NpOTHBOpeYHTh MopanH. B cBoio o4epetb OHO OKa3bIBaeT BOSMeHCTBHE Ha (POPMHPOBAHHE HpaBCTREHHBIX BO33pe- Hit HW HpaBCTBeHHBIX HopM. IIpH 3TOM, Kak oTMeyan Terenb, «Mo- PabHad CTOpOHa HM MOpatbHble 3anoBeAH... He MOryT GbITb npeaMe- TOM NONOXUTEMBHOTO 3aKOHOMATeAbCTBa>*, 3aKOHOTATebCTBO HE MOX€T JI€KpeTHPOBATb HPaBCTBEHHOCTD. Mopaab 4 npapo kaxaoli OGuecTBeEHHO-3KOHOMMYeCKOH bop- MaLMM OHOTHNHBI. OHM OTpaxaioT CAHHbIi 6a3Hc, MOTpeGHOCTH 1 HHTepecbl ONpeAeNCHHbIX COLMATBHBIX rpyrim. OOULHOCTb MopallH TIpaBa NPOABIACTCH HB OTHOCHTEMbHOM YCTOHYMBOCTH MOpalbHBIX H Mpabobbix NPHHUMMOB H HOPM, BbIPAKAIOUINX KAK BOO CTOSULMX y BaactTH, Tak H OGuINe TpeGoRaHna cnpaBewIMBOCTH, TyMaHHOcTH. Mopanbuble 1 mpanoppie HOpMbI HMeWwT BCeocbulMi xapaKTep, 06- uteo6A3aTeEABHBI; OHM OXBATbIBAIOT BCE CTOPOHBI OGULECTBEHHEIX OT- HoweHHit, MHorve mpasopple HOpMbI 3aKkperiswT He UTO HHOe, Kak HpapcrBeHHple TpeGopanna. Ectb H apyrue oGmacTH enMHcTBa, CXONCTBA H MepermieTeHHA MOPAIN H MpaBa. Mopant 1 npao — cocTaBHbie YacTH LYXOBHOI KyTBTYpBI Yen0- BeuecTBa. Tp onHOTHNHOCTH Mopaa H npaBa B OMperzercHHOM oGmecT- Be M@KAY STHMM COUMATBHbIMH peryaTOpaMH CyLIeCTBYIOT BaxK- ' Jykaweea E. A. Upano, Mopans, anunoctb. ? Feeeaw I. Cou. M.; J1., 1934. C. 233. § 3. STHKa — yueHie 0 Mopar 9 ple pasmHuna. Tpaso W Mopaib pasimuatotes: 1) mo OObEKTY pe- ryanpopaHna; 2) 10 crocoGy perynnposanus, 3) mo cpeicTBaM OGeCheieHHs BbIMOAHCHHA COOTBETCTBYIOWHX HOPM (xapaktepy a HM). an peryinpyeT Mw OGiulecTBeHHO 3HAaYHMOC TlopeneHHe. OHO He LOKHO, HanpuMep, BropraTbca B JIMSHY!O KW3Hb ‘“4eOBe- ka. Boslee Toro, OHO MpH3BaHO CO3LABATb FApaHTHH MPOTHB T10106- Horo BropxcHus. OGbeKTOM MOpaAbHOTO peryMpoBaHHA SABIIACTCA KaK OOLICCTBCHHO 3HauMMoe mopnemeHue, TAK MH JMYHad XKH3Hb, MOKTWYHOCTHEIE OTHOWeHHA (apyxGa, T0O0Bb, B3IAHMOTOMOLIE uT. 2). Cos TIpaBonoro peryMpoBanisA — npaposoilt akT, co3zapae- Mblii rocylapcTREHHOi! BACTHWO, PCATLHO CKTAMLIBAIOLUINECA Tpa~ BOOTHOLICHHA Ha OCHOBe MB MpeseAaxX NpaBOBbIX HOPM. Mopaap peryaupyeT nopeseHie cy6bekTon O6UICCTBCHHDIM MHCHHeM, 06- IenpHHATEIMH OObIMAAMH, NHMBILYaIbHbIM co3HaHHeM. CoGmorzenne mpaBoBLix HOpM OGecneuMBaeTca CICUMATHEIM TOCyAApCTBEHHBIM aNnapaTOM, NPHMeHSIOILHM MpaBoBoe nooutpe- He WIM OcyxMeHHe, B TOM HHCMe H TOCYAAPCTBEHHOE MPHHYATE- Hie, OpHANUeCKHe CAHKUMH. B MopalH HeHCTBYIOT TOABKO AyXOB- HbIC CAHKUHH: MOPaIbHOoe ogo6peHne MAM OCyKICHHe, MCXOMS LHe OT OGLUECTBA, KOJIEKTHBA, OKPYXKAlOUINXx, a TaKKe CaMOOLICHKH “e- JIoBeKa, CTO COBECTb. § 3. Sruka — yuenne o Mopann Ecau TepMHH «MOpaib» aTMHCKOTO MPOHCXOXKEHHA, TO <9TH- Ka» NPOHCXOAHT OT ApeBHerpevecKoro c10Ba «3TOC» — MecTOTpe- GbinaHne, copmectHoe xKWIMue. B IV B. 20 4. 9. ApHcToTemb 060- SHAMIL MIpHAraTeMbHbIM «ITHYECKMit> Kacc YEAOBEYECKHX AOOPO- Aeteneii — no6ponetenei xapakTepa B OTIMUMe OT nobpoaertesei pasyMa — aWaHosTHCcKHX. ApHCTOTeAb OGpaz0Ba HOBOC CYLICCT- BuTeabHOe erhica (3TMKa) LIA OOOSHAYEHHA HAYKH, KOTOpan H3yua- eT poGpoaeteau. Takum o6pa30M, 9THKa KaK Hayka CyLlectByeT cabune 20 BeKoB. B coppemenvom MoHUMAaHHM 9THKa — cpunococbcKan HayKa, M3yYAIOUaA MOpallb KAK ODHY 13 BaXHCILUHX CTOPOH KNSHCACA- TeALHOCTH YeropeKa, OSwecTBA. Ecam Mopalb npeactanasteT Cool OOBEKTHBHO CYLUECTBYIOMce CeLMHNeCKoe ABNIEHHE o6ulecTBeH- HOit XKM3HM, TO STHKa KaK HaykKa W3y4aeT MOpastb, €€ CYIMHOCTh, MPUpoay MH CTPyKTypy, 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH BOZHUKHOBCHHA HM pasBH~ 2-402 10 Taapa |. Mopanb 1 9THKa: OCHOBHbIe NOHSATHA THs, MeCTO B CHCTEMe ApyrHx OOULecTBeHHbIX OTHOLIEHHH, Teope- THYECKH OGOCHOBBIBACT OMPeMeICHHYHO MOpa/IbHY!O CHCTeMY. Victopuecku mpenmet 3THKM CyllecTReHHO M3MeHsNCA. Ona HAYA CKNALbIBATECA KaK WKOIA BOCIMTAHMA YenOBeKa, Hay'4e- Hus ero ZO6pogzeTerM, paccMatpuBanach 4 paccmMaTpuBaetcs (pea- THOSHBIMH WeONOTaMH) Kak MIpH3bIB YeMOBeKa K HCTIOAHCHHO Go- .KECTBCHHBIX 3aBeTOB, OGecrieuMBalOlUHx GeccMepTHe JIM4HOCTH; Xa- pakTepH3yeTcs KaK yueHHe O HeMpepeKaeMoM ome H crocoGax ero peaqH3alHH, Kak Hayka 0 (OpMHpoBAaHHH «HOBOrO YenoBeKa> — SecKopbICTHOrO CTponTenA aGcOMMOTHO cnpaBeLIMBOrO OOWeCTBeEH- Horo Mopayka HT. 1. B oreuecrseHHbix myG1HkallMAX COBpeMeHHOrO NepHona Mpeob- JalaOulMM AWIAETCH ONpeLeeHMe ITHKH KaK HayKM O CYULHOCTH, 3aKOHAX BO3HAKHOBEHHA HM HCTOPHYeCKOTO pasBHTHs Mopaln, (YHKUHAX MOPAIH, MOPA/IbHbIX LEHHOCTAX OOWUECTBEHHOM 2KH3HH. B oTHKe MpHHATO pa3szeAATb oBa powa mpobsem: co6cTBeHHO: TeOpeTHYeCKHe MpoOAeMEI O MPHPoOe M CyLHOCTH MOpamH H HpaB- CTBCHHYIO STHKY — YYCHHE O TOM, KaK JO/2KCH MOCTYMATb YeNOBeK, KaKMMH MpHHUMMaMH HW HOpMaMH O6s3aH PyKOBONCTBOBATECA. B cucTeMe HayKM BbUICIIOT, B YACTHOCTH, 3TMYCCKyIO aKCHOMO- THW, H3yyalolyO NpobyieMbl o6pa WM 31a; MeOHTOMOFMIO, Mccie- AYWUY!O MpoGAeMBI JoNIra M MOKHOTO; AeCNpeKTHBHY!O 3TMKy, H3yYaIOlyIO Mopatb Toro HH HHOTO OGulecTBA B COUMOROTHYE- CKOM H HCTOpH¥eCKOM acTieKTax; reHeatoruw MopalH, HCTOpH4e- CKYIO STHKY, COLMOMOFHIO MOpaIH, MpodeccHOHAabHY}0 ITHKY. Orvka KaK HayKa He TOJIbKO H3yYaeT, OOOOIAcT H CHCTeMaTH3H- PYCT NPHHUMMBI MH HOpMbI MopamH, AeitcTByIOIMe B OOuIecTBe, HO M cnoco6cTayeT BbIPAaGOTKe TAKHX MOPATbHBIX MpeACTAaBIeHHil, KO- Topbie B MaKCHMaIbHOl CrenleHM OTBeYaIOT HCTOpHuecKHM noTpeb- HOCTSM, CHOCOGCTBYA TeM CaMbIM COBepLICHCTBOBAHHMO OGUleCTBA H YedOBeKa, STHKa Kak HayKa CAYKHT COUMAIBHOMY H SKOHOMHYE- CKOMy mporpeccy oGulecTBa, yrBepxTeHMW B HEM MpHHUNMOB ry- MaHH3Ma H CIpaBeUIHBOCTH. Taapa IT KATEFOPHH STHKH Kateropuit STHKH — 9TO OCHOBHbIC NOHATHA oTHYeCcKOl HayKH, oTpaxaioulne HaHGoee CyLeCTBEHHBIe SCMCHTbI mopasi. Kareropuit 3THKH — He TOMbKO TeOpeTH¥CCKUe KOHCTPYKUMH. To, uro oGpasyeT (bopMaNbHBIH annapaT TeopHH, B TO >Ke BpeMs cyulectByeT B CTHXHiHO opMupyioulemca CO3HaHHK o6ulecTBa. K mpumepy, KaTeropHa cnpapedHBOCTH, couepxkaHHe KOTOpOIt TOAy'YHAO UCTOAKOBaHHe cue y APHCTOTeA, CYLecTByCT B co3Ha- HUM K@kIOrO YeOBeKa, co3HaHHH J11060ro odulecTBa, COLMab- HOM Tpyrinbl. Tipu scem pasHooGpasHHt MOZxXOLOB K onpemeneHHio CHCTeMBI armueckHX KaTeropHtit MOXKHO BBUICAMT OOULeMPHSHAHHBIC, HaHOO- dee BaxkHbIe B TCOPeTH4CCKOM H mpaKTH4eCKOM OTHOUICHHH KaTe- ropunt: noGpo H 3/0, Gnaro, crpanesuIMBOCTh, aonr, COBECTD, OTBeTCTBEHHOCTD, MOCTOHHCTBO HM 4eCTb. K KaTeropusiM STHKH OTHOCAT TAKE CMBICII KU3HH, CHACTbE H ap. § 1. Lo6po u 310 JloSpo u 3no — HanGoree o6uHe popMbl MopambHOi OLCHKH, PasrpaHMUMBaloUIne HPaBCTBeHHOe H GesHpaBcTBeHHOC. Jlo§po — xareropusi 3THKH, OGEAHHAIOWIAA BCE, HMCIOUICe TO- JOXKMTENbHO’ HPABCTBCHHOC 3HAYCHHC, OTBEYAIOLUee TpeGopaHHsim HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, CAyKalee OTTPAHHYCHHIO HPaBCTBCHHOTO OT 6e3- HPABCTBEHHOTO, MpOTHBOCTOSLICTO Sy. Co BpemMeH ApeBHOcTH AO6po H 310 HCTOAKOBbIBAIC Kak Be CHIBI, TOCMOACTBYIOLUMe Hall MMPOM, HaMpHpooHble, GesM4HOCT- 12 Taana II. Kateropit aTHKH HbIe, O, Surempe nucan: «Mpencrasrenus o H06pe 4 3e TAK CHb- HO MeHAHCh OT HapoOda K HapOdy, OT BeKa K BEKY, YTO 4YaCTO Mps- MO IIpOTHBOpe4HIM OLHO Apyromy>!. PeAMrHo3Han STHKa BHAHT ZOOpO KaK BbIpaxeHMe pasyMa WH BomH Bora. B paaiMyHblx YYeHHAX 106pO MPHHATO BBIBOAMTb 13 TIPMPOAB! YeMOBeKA, 13 OGIecTReHHO! NoNb3bI, M3 KOcMMYecKOTO 3aKOHAa WIM MUpoBOH Men HT. 1. Camo onpeneseHne nobpa nocta- TOWHO CIOXKHO. Hexotopnie YYCHble OTKASbIBAIOTCH OT TOMbITKH ZaTb onpegeneHne 06pa, yKa3biBaa, YTO STO BepxOBHas, MCXOAHAH M KOHE4HAA KaTeropus, KOTOpad He MOxeT GbITb OXBaYeHAa KaKOil- 160 AecuHHuHelt. 310 — KaTeropust ITHKH, MO CBoeMy CouepxaHio NpoTHBONO- NOXKHAT NoOpy, o6oOweHHO BbIpaxkaioulan NpeActapneHne o 6e3- HpaBCTBeHHOM, MpoTHBopeYalliem TpeGoBaHHsAM MoOpaNM, 3actyKH- BalollleM ocyxTeHUA. Ito obulad abcTpakTHad XapakTepucTHKa OT- PHUATeIbHBIX MOPQIBHBIX KaYeCcTB. MopaabHoe 310 cneayer OTNMYATE OT COUMATBHOTO 31a (MpoTH- BOMOAOKHOCTH Gara). MopambHoe 310 HMeeT MecTO Torna, Kora OHO — MposBAeHHe BOAM OMpemeneHHOro NHMa, rpynmbt Hu, co- UHanbHoro cos. OGEITHO KaK MopasbHoe 310 oeHMBaloT OTpHLia- TeAbHbI€ NOCTYNKH Moe. Tlpovcxoxkaenne 31a o6bscHseTcA No-pasHomy. B peurnosHpix yueHHAX 310 — cpatanbHast HeM3GeXKHOCT YeMOBeYeCKOrO cyLlecT- popanua, AmManyun Kant cuntai 310 HeoOXOZHMbIM cieaCTBHeEM 4YBCTBEHHOI MIpHponbi YeyoBeKa, @panuyscKue MpPOCBeTHTe/IH OGBACHAIN 310 pesyAbTATOM HEMOHHMAHHA YenoBeKOM cBoeit Mon- AMHHOH Mpuposbl. MapKcHcrbt cBa3bIBaioT 310 c aHTaronMcTHye- CKHM ycTpolicTBom OOtlecTBa. Tlonatus m06pa M 31a, Kak M ApyrMe HpaBcTBeHHbIe KaTeropun, BCera 3aHMMaa YMBI. Bort 0 4em cnopunn oOpasosaHHble MonoAbie nioAM Hayana npownoro sexa (OHeruH M SeHCKH” 60 BTOpor rnage «Earenun Oxeruia» A. C. Nye kuwa): Mex Hum sce poxaano cnops! Vk pasmeiuineHMio anekno: Nnemex musnyswix porosopei, Nnoaei Hayk, 20690 ut 370, VW npeapaccyakn Bexosbie, V1 rpo6a Taiints poxorue, Cyab6a 1 xv3Hb 8 CBOI 4peny, Bce nonsepranoce ux cyay. ' Mapxe K., Iueeave ®. Cou. T. 20. C. 94, § 1. LoGpo 1 310 13 C xareropueit 20Gpa cBisaHO M TaKoe NoHATHE, Kak AO6pore- Telb — ycroiiMuBble TIOMOXAKHTCMbHbIC KAYCCTBA JMYHOCTH, YKa3bl- palouine Ha ce MOPAJIbHYIO Ue@HHOCTb. JloGpoazetrenn MIPOTHBOCTOMT TopoK. JoGpoaetebHbIii 4eOBEK HE TONbKO NPH3HACT NONOXHTCABHLIC HpaBcTBeHHBle MpHHUHTIbE H tTpeGopaHusa, HO HM TROPHT n06po, nlo- cTynast B COOTBETCTBHH C HUMH (106ponesTb — je1aTb o06po). Tpencranacnita © AOGponeTet, KaK HO HOGpe, HCTOpHMccKH 13~ mMensineb. Tax, B JIpesreii Tpeunn B cootsererpun ¢ yucHHem Tiaroxa so6poseteAb CBASHIBATACh C TAKHMM HPABCTBEHHbIMH Ka- yecTBaMM, KaK MYX€CTBO, YMEPCHHOCTb, MYAPOCTb, CrpapesViH- poctTb. Xpucruakckas Bepa B snoxy CpcaHebcKoBbs! BbLABHHY1a TPH OCHOBHbIe AOGposetenM: Bepy, HaTexKAy, M060Bb (Kak Bepy B bora, Hanexkay Ha eTO MHMOCTb H J0G0Bb K HeMy). Tipu aceit W3MCHYMBOCTH B3PIALOB B PAIHOe BPeMs HB pasHy- HBbIX COAX OGUIECTBA YECTHOCTb, TyYMaHHOCTS, MYKecTBO, GecKopbi- CTHe, BEPHOCTb HT. M1. OLEHMBAINCh M OLEHHBAIOTCA TOAOXHTCIBHO, Bor kak onvcaH 8 nocnecnosum x pomary 3. M. Pemapka «TeHM 6 pai» (M., 1972. C. 428—429) ceoeo6pasxbii HpascTBeEHHbI KOMeKC NONOKM- TENbHLIX FePOeB. «ByAb BOOP K MYKECTBEH; CBATO BLINONHAM AONT YenoBe- weckoro 6pareraa 4 ConvpapHocTH, He NPOxCAN Geay4aCTHO MIMO SY2xOrO ropa; Tepnawemy Geactane npnan Ha NoMOWb Aaxe B yu\ep6 cebe; OyAd Bepes 8 mio6an 4 ApyxOe, HENPUMMpHM K NOANOCTH MW GecnoWapeH K Hero- ASSN; COBEPLUNB AOCTOMHBIA NOCTYNOK, HE NbUKBCR M HE TOpANCb, He NPO- ViaHOCM rpOMKHKx épaa M GnaropoaHbK CeHTeHUNiT; Byab paBHoAYUeH K Go- rateray, BnactH, Kapbepe 4 APYTMM PHvaraM nu4HOrO BOsERILEHH; HE yuwxaitos u He yHuxalt, GnloaM ecTe 4 AOCTOMHCTEO™ Jlobponetern wHora cBASEIBAIOT C OTIPCACACHHLIM COLMMAILHLIM NoAOxKeHNeM AVYHOCTH. Tak, MOXHO TOBOPHTb O BOMHCKHX NOOpo- aeteasx. A. B. Cysopos 6 Hactasnennu VW. O. Kypucy mucan: «1, To6ponerenb, 3ambiKaiulascs B YeCTHOCTH, KOTOpat OHA ia. OHa: B CHepxKaHUH CI0Ba, B GeIIYKABCTBHH H OCTOpOXxHO- cTH, B Ge3MulenHH, 2. Comnaty — Gompoctb, opuuepy — xpab- PocTh, reHepaty — MyxKeCTBO>. Y cpeaHesekonux puiyapelt cywjecrsoaan Yenbi KynbT «TpyAHbix 206- Ponerenei», cpeay KOTOpEIX Ha NepBOM MeCTe Brink xpabpocTs M MyKeCT- BO, HEOBxOAMMBIe ANA 3aLUTbI YeCTH WM AOCTOMHCTEA. PHikaps NPeANoyn- Tan ckopee CMepTs, 4eM YHINKEHNE. Hapsay c nonstnem o6pa B oTHKe ynorpeGanetca TepMHH O40. B o6piennoit KU3HH Gaaro — Bce, ¥TO COCobcTBYeT YeMOBeKe- CKOH KUSH, CAYAUT YAOBIETBOPEHHO MaTEpHabHBIX Ht LYXOBHBIX 4 Taapa II. Kateropmm arnkit notpeGuocteit monei, ABIAeTCA CpeACTBOM JIA MOCTHKEHMA Onpe- HeneHHbIx ueteii. ITO W NpHpomHple Grara, M AyXOBHbIe (O3HaHHe, oOpazoBaHie, MpeAMeTb! KyAbTypHoro MoTpeGneHHs). MoresHocTh He Beeraa copmanaeT c 62arom. Hanpumep, HckycCTBO JHINeHO yTH- JIMTapHOl MOABSbI; Pa3sBHTHE MpOMbIULIeHHOCTH, MaTepManbHOTO MPOH3BOACTBA NPHBOAMT YeNOBeYeCTBO Ha rpaHb SKoMOrMYeCKOit KaTacTpoppbi. Jlo6po — pa3sHosumHocts nyxoBHoro 6nara. B armueckom CMBIC- ge noHsTHe Grara yacto ynorpeGaseTcA KAK CHHOHMM 106pa. § 2. Cnpaseammpocts Cnpanemmpocth B oOtlecTRe MOHMMaeTCA B pasIMYHBIX acrieK- Tax. STO KaTeropua MopanbHO-noaMTHYeCKad HM Mpasonas. B aTHKe CHpabeUIMBOCTh — KaTeropHA, O3HAYaIOLad TaKOe MOTOKEHMe Be- ie, KOTOpoe paccMaTpHBaeTCA KaK ODKHOe, OTBEYAIOUIee MIped- CTABCHHAM O CYIIHOCTH Ye7OBeKa, CTO HEOTBEMJEMEIX MpaBax, HC- XOMALee H3 NPH3HAHMA PaBeHCTBA MexXIY BCEMH JHOAbMH H HeOO- XOJIHMMOCTH COOTBCTCTBHA MOXKIY ACHHHeM H BOILAAHMeM 3a 106pO HM 3110, MpaKTHYCCKOil PorbIO pasHBIX MoAeit M MX COMMATbHbIM TO- IOXKCHHEM, NpabaMu VM OOs3aHHOCTAMM, 3acmTyraMM M MX Npv3Ha- HueM!. ApHcTOTeNb BrepBble pasieIH1 CnpaBeAAMBOCTS Ha ypaBHitTenb- HY10 (CpaBelUIMBOCTL paBeHCTBa) HW pacnpenenMTeAbHyIO (cripaBen- AMBOCTb NPOMOPUMOHATbHOCTH). ITH ACTIeKTbI CrpaBeMAMBOCTH co- XPAHSIOT CROC 3HAYCHMC HB COBPCMCHHBIX YCIOBMAX. Hecnpasearusocts npornsononoxHa cnpapeainpoct. Ona TaM, Te YeMOBeK MpHHIKeH, ero MpaBa H AOCTOHHCTBO He OGecre- YeHbI, M@KAY JIOAbMH HeT papeHcrpa, a Gaara, BosdasHHe 3a 10Gpo H 310 pacnpeneasiotca HerponopunoHanbHo. Cnpasemimpoctb rmaBexctayer B mpodeccHoHalbHoN AesTenb- HOCTH 1opuctos. CaMO NOHATHE «OCTHUM®> MO-1aTHIHM O3HayaeT cnpapewimsocts (justitia). KOpuct, TakKuM O6pa3om, «npencTaBuTenb cnpapez1mBocTH». CnpapemimpocTh — STHYeCKas H Mpabobad KaTeropHa. «Ira ka- Teropua, — numer E. A. Jlykaurepa, — nonyac o6bapiaeTcA ITHKA- MM Kak CNe”MdHYecKH MopalibHas, a opHcTaMH — Kak crieuMdpH- 4YeCKM Mmpanopas»?, ' Cat: Duaocodexnit HuMroneaMueckit croBapy. C. 650. 2 Mykaweea E. A. Tlpavo, Mopanb, uHocte. C. 88. § 2. Cnpaneamnpocth is Vines cripasesimpoctu, TpcOopalite ciipapesvinpoctH TIPOHH3bI- alOT SAKOHOLATEABCTRO COBPEMCHHOTO eMOKpATHYecKOTO OOuLC- crpa. Tpapopoe BbIpaxKeHHe Tpe6onaHHA CpaBesINBOCTH Conep- xuren Bo Beeooueil AeKiapaumM npaB vesoBeKa, B TOM “HcTe [pHMeHHTeENbHO K ACATEABHOCTH cyaa. B yactuoctn, cr. 10 Mlekaa- paunn raacnt: «Kaxkabtit YenopeK, iA ompenterenHs cro Mpap Ht OGAZAHHOCTeM M ILIA YCTAHOBNCHHA OGOCHOBAHHOCTH NpeADABICH- Horo CMY YFOAOBHOTO OOBHHCHHA, HMCeT MpaBo, Ha OCHOBE MONHO~ To paBeHCTBa, Ha TO, YTOObI ero Meo 6bLIO paccMOTPeHO T1acHO c coOmomeHHeM Bcex TpeOoBaHNii CnpaBeAIHBOCTH HE3ABHCHMbIM Ht GecnpucTpacTHbIM CyOM». Craps 14 MexayHapoanoro nakTa 0 TPAKMAHCKMX VM MOMHTHYECKHX Mpabax, popmyaupys oGitee tpe6o- BAHHe CNpaBeLIMBOCTH K CY1AM MPH NPOHSBOACTBE NO yrOOBHEIM MH rpaxKaHCKUM Jev1aM, KOHKPeTH3HpyeT ero B BILIE MMHMMyMa HpoUeccyaNbHBIX TapaHTHit AIA KAKAOTO OOBUHsEMOTO B YTOAOB- HOM MpecTyTuIcHHH. TpeGonaHe cripaBesIMBOCTH B TocytapeTBe W oOulecTBe BOTINO- ulaeTes| B OCHOBHBIX NpMHUHMaX H KOHKPeTHBIX HopMax KoueTuTy- unn P®. Jaa mpoiecen lopucTa cnpapeaiuBocTL ccTb HepasienbHLlit HpapeTBeHHbiit HM cnyKeOHbI OAT. CrpaseuinBocth CuHTaOT CHHOHHMOM MpaBocysMs, Tlpasocy- ‘Me ¢ ApeBHHX BpeMeH H30Gpaxatn c NOBASKO!I Ha T/a3aX, ¢ Beca- MH M MeuOM. 9TO O3HauaeT, YTO cyzmuMit TOKCH GbIT GecnpH- CTpacTeH, YTO NPEKAC, HEM PELIHTb, OH O6s3aH TOUHO BIBCCHTH BCE 43a» Hi «MPOTHB», a PCLUMB, HENpPeKAOHHO MPOBOAMTS CripaBesLIHBOe PeueHMe B KH3HB. B wpuanyeckoii MeATebHOCTH NPHHUMMHAIbHa mpoGjema co- OTHOWCHHA 3AKOHHOCTH M chpaseanmpocti. B cy H3BecTHO! KOHCepBaTHBHOCTH 3AKOHOMATECTBA H CHOKHOCTH perysTMpyeMbIx HM OTHOUICHMI MOryT BO3HHKaTb CHTYalLHH, Kora pelicHHe, cpop- MaJ1bHO cooTBeTcTRYIOUee GykBe 3AKOHA, OKAKETCA HECHpaBesLIM~ BbIM, a TAKKE CHTYALLMH NpPOTHBOMOTOXHOTO Poa. Mexay Tem He3aKOHHoe pelleHve B NPHMHUMTIe HCTbIA MIPH3Ha- BATb CMpaBeLIMBbIM, MOITOMY HeEOGXOLHMO CBOeHPEMCHHO OTPA- 2XKATb B 3AKOHOMATCALCTBE MPOHCXOAAUIMe B OOUIECTBE H3MCHCHHD, MpeLYCMATPHBATh BOSMOXHOCTH BbIGOpa PeuleHHi B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OOcTOsTeABCTB nena (HANpHMep, CMATHHTb HakasaHHe WIM BORCC OcBoGomnTb oT Hero). Yxc CO3TaHbI CyMbl MPHCAKHBIX, M1paBoMo4~ HBIX MPHHATb PellleHHe B COOTBETCTBHH C HX COBECTbIO, HapOsHbIM NOHMMaHHeM CnpaBesIMBocTH, 16 Tana I. Kareropiit aritxit § 3. Moar Aoae — Kateropus STHKM, O3HAYAIOMUAA OTHOLICHHE JIMMHOCTH K OOWCCTBY, APYTHM NOAM, BbIPAkaOLeecA B HPABCTBEHHOI OOA- 3AHHOCTH MO OTHOWIEHHIO K HUM B KOHKPeTHBIX YCIOBHSIX. Jlonr npencrasnset coGoii HpaBcTBeHHyto 3auayy, KoTOpylo 4e- Hopek (popmysMpyet aia ce6a caM Ha OCHOBAHHH HpaBCTBeEHHbIX tTpeGopaHnii, OGpauleHHbIx KO BceM. STO AM4HAA 3ala4a KOHKpeT- HOTO JIMLa B KOHKpeTHOH CHTYAMHH. Jloar MoxeT ObITh CouMaNbHBIM: NarpHOTHUecKHit, BOMHCKHit, Hoar Bpava, Aomr cymbu, Jor cnepowarena wT. n. oar anuHpiit: POANTeIBCKHI, CbIHOBHH, CynpyxXeckHii, TOBApHLeCcKHit HM Ip. YcnelHo BLINOAHATE CBO (PyYHKUHM paGoTHHKH cy0B HM Mmpo- KypaTypbI MOryT TOMBKO Tora, Kora OHH ryGoKo oco3HaIH COUM- @IbHOe 3HAYCHHE CBOCIt JeATeMBHOCTH M OOTalalOT BbICOKHM 4yB- CTROM JouITa, TOTOBbI AO KOHLa, BOTIpeKM BCeM TpyAHOCTAM H TIpe- NATCTBHSIM, €FO BbITIONHHTb. Cyabs, Mpokypop, crefopaTenb He MOX€T MHPHTbCA C HaPYICHHAMM 3aKOHOB, NpaB YeMOBeKa, HHTe- Pecos oGiecTBa Ht rocynapeTBa. B raa3ax o6uiectsa cyaba, npoxypop, caemonateab — Hempe- KIOHHBIt CTpax 3aKOHHOCTH, KOTOPBIM JBHXKET TOJIbKO YYBCTBO AoAra, HE AONYCKa‘OULMit KOMMPOMHCCOB, CHENOK C COBECTLIO, He NOMUAOUIMHCA KAKMM-JIHGO BIHAHHAM H CJ1y2KAllIHit TOBKO 3aKOHY 4 cnpapemiupoctn. Ho uT06bI AeiicTBoBaTb TAKMM OOpa3soM, Hemoc- TATOYHO 3AHHMATb ONPCACACHHYIO JOWKHOCTD M 3HaTb 3aKOHbI. He- OOXOAMMbI CLC COOTBETCTBYIONIMC HPaBCTBCHHbIC KavecTBa, 103B0- AMOLIME TREPIO CTOATh Ha CTpaKe CnpaBelIMBOCTH, HeCMOTpA HM Ha KakMe BINH. Cyaba, Brepsble H3GpaHHblii Ha LOMKHOCTb, MPUHOCHT NpHeATy (cm. cr, 8 3akona © cratyce cymeit B PoccHiicKoii Penepaunn), B KOTOPOH TOPACCTBCHHO KAAHCTCA ObITh GecNpucTpacTHbIM H cripa- BeMLINBbIM, KaK BENAT CMY OAT cyAbH M cro CoBeCTS. § 4, Cosects Cogecm WHOFAa Ha3bIBAIOT Apyroit CTOpoHOit nonra. Copecth — CAMOOMEHHBAIOUIee TYBCTBO, MepexkHBaHHe, OAH H3 ApeBHestunx UATHMHO-AHYHOCTHEIX PeryIATOPOB MOBEeEHHA Jose. Conectb — kaTeropna 9THKM, XapakTepH3yioulat crlocobHOcTh MCOREKA OCYIICCTRIATh HPABCTREHHBI CaMOKOHTPONB, BHYTPeH- HIOW CaMOOLICHKy C NO3IHUMit COOTBETCTBMs CBOerO NOBEAeHHA Tpe- § 5. Ornererpennocts rr GoRAHMAM HPaBCTBEHHOCTH, CAMOCTOATEABHO cbopMynMpopatb [1A ceOa HpapcTBeHHble 3alauy TpeGopatb oT ces HX BHITIOMHEHHS. Copectb — cyObeCKTHBHOe OCO3HAHHE JIMYHOCTBIO CBOCTO wou Mt OTBETCTBEHHOCTH MIcpe OOLCCTBOM, APYFHMH JOAbMH, BbICTY- naiwulee Kak Loar 1 OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb Nepel CAMMM coboit'. Uynerbo CoBecTH OrpakilacT HCAOBCKA OT ALypHoro, HOpONHOTO, crumyaupyeT GyaropoacTBO, OTBCTCTBCHHOCTD. Tiron Hepelko arlenaupyioT K COGCTBEHHO! CoBecTH MK COBECTH Apy THX, 1awT ouenky ceOe H JPYTHM, HCHOMb3yA NOHATHA «4HCTaA copecTb», aneunerast COBeCTh», ,

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