4 DERs in Electricity Market :

4.1 The rise of DERs :

The proliferation of DERs has witnessed a significant rise recently. This trend has been driven by:

• technology advancement related to the power industry

• falling prices of DGs
• rising electricity prices in some countries
• governmental policies to incentivize RES

Figure 4 illustrates the trend of RES capacity in the world. It’s clear the it’s in continuous rise [14].

3000

2500

2000
GW

1500

1000

500

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

GW produced

Figure 4:Total Yearly RES production worldwide [14]

4.2 DER Technologies:

Briefly, DER technologies include:

DG (distributed generation) which are small production units close to the consumers. These units are fossil-
based, like microturbines, or renewable. PV systems are currently the most used in the world [15].

ESS, as they are discussed in this paper.

Microgrids which are small grids that can be connected to the main grid or alone in islanded mode.

15