ES. ig. 11.9 Cross Section of Deck Slab at Centre of Span, Fig. 11: # 10-200 o/c 25 mm Neoprene pad — -s}e-400--4¢———1 m ~ Abutment Fig. 11.10 Longitudinal Section of Deck Slab. 11.6 DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE TEE BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGE DECK Design a post tensioned prestressed concrete Tee beam slab bridge deck fora Natiow High way crossing to suit the following data: 1, Data Effective span = 30 m Width of road = 7.5 m Kerbs = 600 mm on each side Foot path = 1.5 m wide on each side Thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm Live load = LR.C. Class AA tracked vehicle For deck slab, adopt M-20 grade concrete ‘ For prestressed concrete girders, adopt M-50 grade concrete with cube steng transfer as 40 N/mm?. Loss ratio = 0.85 Spacings of cross girders =5 m Adopt Fe-415 grade HYSD bars ar ing'o ind stra: - conform! 1983 are available for use. eeePRESTRESSED CONC RETE BRIDGES | 281 girders as Class I type member. ign the : pest ible stress in concrete at transfer = 18 N/mm? jgsible stress in concrete at service loads = 16 Nimm? should conform to the specificatio Ss: 1343-20122. Ns of the codes IRC: 6-2014!, IRC: 112- desig ma and I Stresses in Concrete and Steel * 4-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars ; For M adopt the foll So = 20 Nit? and f, = 415 Nimm? ee M, = 0.138 fy bd? or M-50 grade concrete and High tensile steel cables fy = 50 Nim? fig = 18 N/mm? Soy = 16 Nimm? E, = 35 KN/mm? sreyssinet system H.T cables of Type 7K-15 (7 strands of 15.2 mm di i ple duets conforming to IS: 6006-1983! iain Cross Section of Deck girders are provided at 2.5 m intervals. 3. 4main Thickness of deck slab = 250 mm Wearing coat = 80 mm Kerbs 600 mm wide by 300 mm deep are provided ‘The cross section of the deck is shown in Fig. 11.11 Uh sje — 200 — + —-2500-—f—2500-—of ss Xo | 200 ->} 200 x 200 fillets 5004 Main girder Cross girder Fig. 11.11 Cross Section of Bridge Deck. ‘The main girders are precast and the slab connecting the girders is cast in-situ. Spacing of cross girders = 5 m ing of main girders = 2.5m282 _[ DESIGN OF BRIDGES 4. Design of Interior Slab Panel : fa) Bending Moments : oad weight of slab =(Ix1* 0.25 « 24) . ae kN/m? Death weight of W.C. = (0.08 * 22) ot NF Total dead load 7 Live load is IRC Class AA tracked vehicle, one wheel is placed at the centre org as shown in Fig. 11.12. va37 m———| \ | Fig. 11.12 Position IRC Class AA Wheel Load for Maximum Bending Moment. u = (0.85 + 2 * 0.08) = 1.01 m vy = (3.60 +2 x 0.08) = 3.76 m (u/B) = (1.01/2.5) = 0.404 (v/L) = (3.76/5.0) = 0.752 K = (BIL}= (2.5/5.0) = 0.5 Referring to Pigeaud’s curves (Fig. 11.13) m, = 0.098 and m, = 0.02 M, = W(m, +0.15 m,) = 350 (0.098 + 0.15 « 0.02) = 35.35 KN-m As the slab is continuous, design B.M = 0.8 M,. Design B.M, including impact and continuity factor is given by Mg (Short span) = (1.25 x 0.8 x 35.35) = 35.35 KN-m Similarly M, = W(m,+0.15 m) = 350 (0.02 + 0.15 x 0.098) = 12.14 kN-m M, (Long span) = (1.25 * 0.8 12.14) = 12.14 KN-m“SED CONCRETE sniDGes | 288 06 04 Values of vi 0 02 0.4 06 a8 a Values of w/B Coefficient m, x 100 Values of v/L 0 02 04 06 08 1.0 Values of wB Coefficient m, x 100 Fig. 11.13 Moment Coefficients m, and m, for K= 0.5 (Pigeaud's curves). (6) Shear Forces Dispersion in the direction of span = [0.85 +2 (0.08 + 0.25)] = 1.51 mGES IGN OF BRIO — 204 | OF Joad is kept such that the whole dispersion i jn mum shear, from the edge of the beam as shown in i Span, For maxt Ae gi ot * eptat (1-512) Ma a+ Bg enn y slab = pffective width of s! nm Breadth of cross girder ae an Clear tength of panel ~ (5 > on 5 (BIL) = (4.8/2.3) 08 vained os 260 Fi ple 4.6, k for continuous slab is obtai i sian idth of slab = 2.6 * 0.755 [1 * (0.755/2.3)] + 3.6 + (2x ie Effective W! an = (350/5.079) = 70 kN = 70 (2.3 - 0.755)/2.3 = 47kN 5 x 47) = 58.75 KN Load per metre width Shear force/metre width Shear force with impact =(I 2! < | 250 mm slab Fig. 11.14 Position of Wheel Loads of Maximum Shear. (c) Dead Load Bending Moments and Shear Forces Dead load = 7.76 kN/m? Total load on panel = (5 x 2.5 x 7.76) = 97 kN (u/B) = | and (v/L) = 1, as panel is loaded with uniformly distributed load. k = (B/L) — (2.5/5) = 0.5 and (1/k) = 2.0 From Pigeaud’s curve (refer Fig. 11.15) m, = 0.047, m, = 0.01 Mg = 97 (0.047 + 0.15 x 0.01) = 4.70 kN-m ; M, = 97 (0.01 + 0.15 = 0.047) = 1.65 KN-m Design B.M including continuity factor, My, = (0.8 4.7) = 3.76 KN-m M, = (0.8 * 1,65) = . Dead load shear force = (0.5 x a ooes 924 kNTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES | 285 oe | oO 8 a qo values of K or 1/K Fig. 11.15. Moment Coefficients for Slabs Com, Coefficients m, for Kand m, for 1/k. pletely Loaded with Uniformly Distributed Load, (d) Design Moments and Shear Forces Short span moment = M, = (35.35 + 3.76 Long span moment = M, = (12.14 + 1,32) shear Force = V = (V, + V,) = (8.92 + 58.75) = 67.67 kN Design Ultimate Load Moments & Shear Forces are Joad factors to the service load moments, Total Design Short Span Ultimate Moment (M,,) = [1.35 Mf, +1.5.M, computed by applying appropriate J = (1.35 x 3.76) + (1.5 x 35.35)] = 58.1 KN-m/m Total Design Long Span Ultimate Moment (M,) = [(1.35 1.32) + (1.5 « 12.14] =20kKN-mv/m > Total Design Ultimate Shear Force = V, = [(1.35 * 8.92) + (1.5 x $8.75)] = 90.26 KN {e) Design of Deck Slab and Reinforcements M, 58.1 10° ; 7 f ired = d = {,——¥— = |__?8' XIN Effective depth of slab requir 0.138/,,.5 \ 0.138 20x1000 Adopt effective depth, d= 200 mm and overall depth of 250 mm | Using 12 mm diameter bars Effective depth provided = 200 mm =145mm 6 (:) | ee = 1.45, using M-25 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars ba) \ 1000x200? - Read out the percentage of reinforcement required from Table 2 of SP: 16 Design Aids 1004, ) = 0.443 =| ——t p= 04a =( 104S 286 | DESIGN oF BRIOGE x 100020 = 886mm” 100 p Ag solving " diameter bars at 120 mm centers (4 ide 12 mm : ‘at Ptoy; For short span oe. provide 10. mm diameter bars at 150 mm centery, sd, 2), For long SPS" mm’). a] xural Strength (f) Check for Ultimate Fle 942 415 My = (0.87 415% 942% 200)|\~ 90 2005 20030 = (61.42 « 109) Nmm _ 7 42 kN-m > 58.1 kN-m (Hence safe) (9) Check for Ultimate Shear Strength rtimate shear strength of the reinforced concrete deck slab is checked by ' The ultimat the equation 4.7. Vege = (0-12K (809 fy)” Ow 200 200 = <— |= 2.00 ajiere kore 2 s200-[1+ 7) Ag and P= (4) < 0.02 = fa = 0.0047 1000 x 200 Vegac = [0.12 * 2.00(80 * 0.0047 x 20)°33](1000 x 200) N = (96 x 1000) N = 96 KN > 90.26 kN (Hence safe) 5. Design of Longitudinal Girders (a) Reaction Factors Using Courbon’s theory, the LR.C. Class AA loads are arranged for maxims eccentricity as shown in Fig. 11.16. Reaction factor for outer girder A is a =Mihre 41x 3.75x 1.1 4 |-o7 mh (21x 3.75") + (21 « 1.257) Reaction factor for inner girder B is t= Mil, Aer ast — =0588%, (213.75?) + (Ux 1.25")Fig. 11.16 Transverse Disposition of IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle. W = Axle load = 700 KN W, -05W Ry = (0.764 x 0.5 W) = 0.382 W Ry = (0.588 * 0.5 W) = 0.294 W if Dead Load from Slab Per Girder The dead load of deck slab is calculated with reference to Fig. 11.17. oe Posts 250 | 300 fillet Fig. 11.17 Details of Foot Path, Kerb, Parapet and Deck Slab. Weight of 1. Parapet railing (Lumpsum) 0.92 kN/m 2. Foot path and kerb = (0.3 x 1.5% 24) 10.08 3. Deck slab = (0.25 x 1.5 x 24) 9.00 20.00 KN/m + Tal dead load of deck = [(2 « 20) + (7.76 x 7.5)] = 98.2 kN/m Mis assumed that the deck load is shared equally by all the four girders ‘Dead load/girder = (98.2/4) = 24.55 kN/mmnt gots, Girder Dead Load of Main (o med as 1800 mm at the rate of The overall depth of the girder is asst! ee nt metre of span. of the girder = 3 ea depth = (60 « ae = 1800 mm flange is hat four to 6 cables are easily accomm, The bottom flat elected so tl ‘ > asi The section ane main girder selected in shown in Fig. 11.18, ed in the flange. The s Dead weight of rib = (LIS * 0.2 * 24) oa 2) = i kN/m d weight of bottom flange = (0.5 * 0- 80 ” 10.32 kN Weight of cross girder = (0.2 x 1.25 * 24) = 6 kN/m 1200+ r 250 a 200 px 2 200 1800 a 200 300 f-—500—+| Fig. 11.18 Cross Section of Prestressed Concrete Girder. (d) Dead Load Moments and Shears in Main Girder Reaction from deck slab on each girder = 24.55 kKN/m Weight of cross girder = 6 KN/m Reaction on main girder = (6 x 2.5) = 15 kN/m Self weight of main girder = 10.32 KN/m Total dead load on girder = (24.55 + 10.32) = 34.87 KN/m The maximum dead load bending moment and shear force is computed us! shown in Fig. 11.19 thus 3 5x = [(0.125 % 34.87 x 30%) + (0.25 x 15 x 30) + (15 * 10) #8 = 4261 kN-m ing the lot_— TT Prism SSE CONCRETE BRIDGES | 289 15 15 15 15 nan 34.87 kN/im Sma Sm bah sade Fig. 11.19 Dead Load on Main Girder, Dead load shear at support Voax = ((0.5 * 34.87 x 30) + 0,5 x 75)) = 561 kN (e) Live Load Bending Moments in Girder Span of the girder = 30 m Impact factor (Class AA) = 10% The live load is placed centrally on the span as shown in Fig. 11.20. b=15m Influence line for BM. Fig. 11.20 Influence Line for Bending Moment in Girder. Bending Moment at centre of span ; = 0.5 (6.6 + 7.5) 700 = 4935 kN-m BM including impact and reaction factors for outer girder is, Live load B.M = (4935 * 1.1 x 0.382) = 2074 KN-m For Inner girder, B.M = (4935 * 1.1 x 0.294) = 1596 kKN-m {f) Live Load Shear Forces in Girders _ For estimating the maximum live load shear in the girders, the ILR.C. Class AA loads . ite placed as shown in the Fig. 11.21. | Reaction of W, on girder B = (350 0.45)/2.5 = 63 KN ; Reaction of 7, on the girder A = (350 * 2.05)/2.5 = 287 KN Tos oad on girder B= (350 + 63) = 413 KNMaximum reaction” imum reaction ! oe ‘een ive load shear with impact fa “ = (388 * 1,1) = 427 kN 10 x 1.1) = 297 kN Longitudinal girder (287 x 28.29/31 seder A= girder ctor in inner girder Outer girder = (27 25ms}e25mefe25 mo) 3.6m Ss ahem aes ale omaha —s “4 > Fig. 11.21 Position of IRC Class AA Loads for Maximum Shear. (g) Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces The design moments and shear forces are compiled in Table 11.4. Table 11.4 Abstract of Design Moments and Shear Forces in Main Girders (h) Properties of Main Girder Section The main girder section is as shown in Fi Properties of the section are: A=73 x 104 mm? ¥ = 750 mm, y, = 1050 mm, 7= 2924 x 108 mm4 2, ~ (/y,) = (2924 108)/750 = 3.89 x 108 mm! 2p ~ (UY,) = (2924 x 1081050 = 2.78 x 108 mm} ig. 11.22 for computational purposes. ThePRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES | 291 ry Y, = 1050 | ——e Fig. 11.22 Cross Section of Main Girder. / ) Check for Minimum Section Modulus Sy, = 50 Ninm? 1 = 18 N/mm? Sf, =18Nimm? —M, = 4261 KN-m fj =40N/imm? —-M, = 2074 kN-m See = Soy = OM, = (M, + M,) = 6335 KN-m Soy = 16 Nima? Sag = (Wg — Soy) = (0-85 * 18 — 0) = 15.3 N/mm? Soe = Fou ~ Ug) = 16 N/mm? Sint = Soy!) + (Mynz,) = 0+ (6335 x 10°V/(0.85 x 2.78 x 108) = 26.80 N/mm? x -|* ae Sor [or x 10°) + (10.85) 4261 ie) ~ 15.3 = 1.77 x 108 mm} < 2.78 x 108) - Hence the section provided is adequate.292 | DESIGN OF BRIDGES @ Prestressing Force / Allowing for two rows of cables, covet required = 200 mm Maximum possible eccentricity ¢ = ( 1050 — 200) = 850 mm Prestressing force is obtained as P= Ashe Vy tA) = {(0.73 « 10° * 26.80 x 2.78 = 108)/(2.78 = 108) + (0.73 , = 6053 « 109 N 955 = 6053 kN Using Freyssinet system, anchorage type 7K-15 (7 strands of 15.2 mm di 65 mm cables ducts, (IS: 6006-1983) ameter) a Force in each cable = (7 * 0.8 * 260.7) = 1459 KN , Number of cables = (6053/1459) = 5 ‘Area of each strand = 140 mm? Area of 7 strands in each cable = (7 x 140) = 980 mm? Area of strands in 5 cables = A, = (5 x 980) = 4900 mm? The cables are arranged at centre of span section as shown in Fig. 11.23, _ +599 ——s Fig. 11.2: 3 Arrangement of Cable at Centre of Span Section.PRESTRESSED CO) wo permissible Tendon Zone INCRETE BRIDGES | 293 At support section, eS (Z, .fy/P)-(2,/4) $2.78 * 108 « 18y/605, 3 < 445 mm * 10) ~ (2.78 « 1080.73 « 106) and © 2 Ly -w/MP) ~ (Z/A) 2 0-(2.78 x 1080.73 « 105) 2-380 mm ‘The 5 cables are arranged to follow a parabolic ; icit Profile with the result an eccentricity of 180 mm towards the soffit at the support aa or force having cables at support section is shown in Fig. 11.24 section. The position of 870 Fig. 11.24 Arrangement of Cables at Support Section. 6. Check for Stresses For the centre of span section, we have P = 6053 KN 2,= 3.89 « 108 mm? e = 850mm h= 0.8577 = 0.85 A =0.73 * 106 mm? M,= 4261 kN'm Z, = 2.78 x 108 mm? M,= 2074 KN'‘m9a | oesenor PS 10°) = 8.29 N/mm? 0° (0.73 * _ ox 850)/(3.89 * 10) = lace uti (Peis, (6053 * 10° * 850)(2.78 x ‘0 Ne. Nimom‘ (rey canst « 10°V(3.89* i= 1095 ba = (4261 * 10°V/(2.78 * 108) = 5.33 N/mm? (Mie 06(3.89 * 108) = 5. = (2074 * | 7 2 re ons x 108/(2.78 x 108) = 7.46 N/mm (MJ) = At transfer “ = [(P/A) -(PelZ,) + (M/Z) "(8.29 - 13.22 + 10.95) = 6.02 N/mm? 6, = [(P/A) + (PelZ,) - (M,/2Z,)] = (8.29 + 18.50 - 15.32] = 11.47 N/mm? ‘king load stage: oun 6, = [n (P/A) — 0 (PelZ,) — (M/Z) + (MJ/Z)] ‘ = [0.85 (8.29 — 13.22) + 10.95 + 5.33] 2.09 N/mm? (Compression) =n (PIA) —n (Pe/Z,) - (M,/Z,) + (M/Z,)] 0.85 (8.29 + 18.50) ~ 15.32 — 7.46] =~ 0.01 N/mm? (Tension) All the stresses at top and bott. the safe permissible limits, om fibres at transfer and service loads are well within 7. Check for Ultimate Flexural Strength For the centre of. span section 4, = (5 «7 x 1400) = 4900 mm? 5 = 1200 mm 4= 1600 mm 4, = 200 mm Jog = 50 Nima? eCificati : forces inthe girder ane nto OFIRC: 6.2014 Birder are cal 4 ~ live loads ag given below, ulated by applying the partial safety factors for dead amd er Bei, . quired design ultimate bending Moment in the outer girder is evaluated # M~ (135 M+ 15 MiPRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES | 295 = (01.35 * 4261) +5 x 2074) TEBRIDGES | 295 = 8864 kN-m ing to IS: 1343-1980, the ultimat petoutd as follows: fe flexural Strength of the centre span section A, = yy + yp) Apt = 0.45 fg, (b~b,) (Dif) = 0.45 = 50 (1200 ~ 200) (250/1862) = 3021 mm? Agy = (4900 ~ 3021) = 1879 mm? Aw So )- (feaue Ratlo | 5 .d.fy ) \2001600x 50 From Table 11 of IS: 1343, we have for post tensioned beams with effective bond, (fou!0-87 f,) = 0.93 and (x,/d) = 0.43 Sou = (0.93 * 0.87 * 1862) and x, = (0.43 x 1600) = 1506 N/mm? = 688 mm M, = Vou Apw (d= 0.42 x,) + 0.45 f, (b-b,) D; (d-0.5 D,)] = [1506 x 1879 (1600 — 0.42 x 688)] + 0.45 x 50 x 1000 x 250 (1600 - 0.5 x 250)} = 12006 x 10° N.mm = 12006 kN-m M, = 12006 kKN-m > 8864 KN-m (Hence safe) }= oar 8 Check for Ultimate Shear Strength Ultimate Shear Force = [(1.35 V, + 1.5 VDI = [(1.35 x 561) + (1.5 x 427)] = 1398 kN The design shear resistance of the support section is calculated by using the equation specified in IRC: 112-2011 clause 10.3 as L. . Vrac (Ga Fk Op faa +MPsind Computing the numerical values of the various parameters, we have 1a[ Sez) ( Bee”) ornadymnt 12 12 5 =( 20027508780) (552040?) 2‘oF BRIDGES : 296 | oEsIGl 5)=2.33 since /,=3.5 Nim? for 5 =(3.5/1. «= 50, fas cath = (0:85 » 6053 *10°)73 * 10] = 7.04 Nags V2 6, = (Made Bh oy (delt) = (4 * 670N(30 % 1000)] = 0.089 [iB Gad" #heafes none s ‘hac = nx10) 2 (2.33) $1%7.04 «2.33 56.2x10° + (0.86053 x 10° x0,089) N = (2021 x 10°) N = 2021 KN > 1398 KN 7 i i: 2-legged stirrups of Fe-415 RYsp i inal stirrups of 10 mm diameter s eee spacing of 300 mm throughout the span according to the spec ifcaine of IRC: 112-2011. 9. Supplementary Reinforcements _ According to Clause, 16.51 of IRC: 112-2011, minimum Longitudinal Teinforcemenis of not less than 0.13 percent of gross cross sectional area are to be provided to safeguard against shrinkage cracking. Ag, = (0.0013 x 0.73 x 10°) = 949 mm? 20 mm diameter bars are provided in the compression flange as shown in Fig.11.25, 10. Design of End Block Solid end blocks are provided at end supports over a length of 1.5 m. Typical equivalent prisms on which the anchorage forces are considered to be effective are detailed in Fig. 11.26. In the horizontal plane, we have the data, Py =1459kN, 2 Yo=225mm and 2 ¥,=900 mm Hence the ratio o!¥o) = (112.5/450) = 0.25 Interpolating from Table 11.3 , the bursting tension is computed as Fig. = (0.26 * 1459) = 380 kN Area of steel required to resist this tension is obtained as, A, = (380 * 109(0.87 « 415)] = 1052 mm? Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 100 mm centres i vertical plane, the ratio of ( Y,,/¥,) being higher, the magnitude of bursting tension is smaller However the same reinforcements are Provided in the form of a mesh both ia the horizontal and vertical directions as shown in Fig. 11.26Fig. 11.25. Reinforcement Details at Centre of Span Section. Freyssinet anchorage 499 409 j-———1200-——+| -7K15 N 10 mm 9 bars Equivalent 750: 7=— Bearing pad prism 1500 >| Fig. 11.26 Equivalent Prisms and Anchorage Zone Reinforcement. 11. Cross Girders Cross girders of width 200 mm and depth 1250 mm are p along the span of the main girders. Nominal reinforceme! rovided at intervals of 5 m nts of 0.15 percent of theDESIGN OF BRIDGES a i isting of 12 mm diameter bars spaced two n {0p, tWo at mig cross section, consis! rovided in the cross girders. Nominal stirrups Made wpe and two at bottom are pl ks are provided at 200 mm centres. Two strain 10 i ed lin! d n i ee ote a i ile wires of 7 mm diameter are Position, p cables each consisting of 12 high tensi a ty third points along the depth of the cross girders. ED CONCRE?T, -TENSIONED PRESTRESS : 11.7, DESIGN OF is TWO SPAN BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGE Dec Design a post tensioned prestressed concrete continuous beam and slab | Sf . : . , a dock for a National high way crossing to suit the following data: b idge 1, Data Width of carriage way = 7.5 m Two continuous spans of 40 m each Kerbs: 600 mm wide on each side Wearing coat thickness = 80 mm Live load: IRC Class AA tracked vehicle For prestressed concrete girders, adopt M-60 grade concrete with compressive strength of concrete at transfer as 40 N/mm? For cast-in-situ deck slab, adopt M-20 Grade concrete Spacings of cross girders = 5 m Spacing of main girders = 2.5 m Loss ratio = 0.8 High tensile strands of 15.2 mm diameter conforming to IS: 6006-19831? and Fe-415 HYSD bars are available for use. Design the bridge deck as Class-1 type structure conforming to the codes IRC: 6-2014, IRC: 112-2011 and IS: 1343-2012. 2. Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Steel According to the given data, we have for M-60 grade concrete Compressive strength of concrete = Ky = 60 N/mm? Adopt permissible stress in concrete at transfer = Seg = 20 N/mm? Permissible tensile stress (Class 1 type structure) =/, =f =0 . . . « Ultimate tensile strength of 12 wires of 7 mm diameter high tensile cables = f, = 1500 N/mm? , Maximum permissible Stress in the H.T. cable = 5 le = 1200 2 Modulus of elasticity of concrete = a 'YSD bars adopt the following parameters. J, = 20 Nimm? and A, = 415 N/mm2 M, = O13 Lb