COMMERCIAL COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE

TRANSLATION TOOLS

ASSIGNMENT #02 SEMESTER Fall 2020

Submission Date (January 10, 2021)

BY

FARHANA SARWAR

17061517-002

Intro to Translation and Technology (TRAN-401)

BS. English (ATS) 7th Semester

Submitted To

Sir Kamran

Centre for Languages and Translation Studies

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Table of Contents
COMMERCIAL COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE TRANSLATION TOOLS.........1

COMMERCIAL COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE TRANSLATION TOOLS.........3

Classification of commercial machine translation...................................................3

Computer-assisted Translation................................................................................4

1. Electronic Dictionaries, Glossaries and Terminology Databases.....................4

2. Concordances...................................................................................................6

3. On-line Bilingual Texts....................................................................................7

4. Translation Memories......................................................................................7

5. Alignment........................................................................................................8

6. Localization.....................................................................................................8

References.................................................................................................................10

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 COMMERCIAL COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE TRANSLATION
TOOLS
The system is based on the intended target market, for instance, home versus
professional, and the various languages involved. The languages and direction of
translation in the translation systems is pre-determined. The direction of translation
for the multiple class varies from system to system and not possible to list each one.
Similarly, the directions not listed for the multilingual systems, which consists of
more than three languages. Almost all commercial systems are called to have rule-
based, which are defined, rather than the corpus-based architecture. Corpus-based
systems is now being commercially developed and can make their appearance in the
market in the future.

Classification of commercial machine translation

The type labelled as ‘professional’ in below table for individual professional
translators, while ‘client–server’ is primarily intended for external contractor
companies or translation companies in order to support their teams of professional
translators either in-house or working as ‘suppliers’ of translation services on a
freelance basis. This table presented by Hutchins, Hartmann and Ito in 2004.

Language Bilingual Bilingual Trilingual Multilingua Total

type (unidirectional) (bidirectional) l
General 18 31 7 12 68
Professiona _ 19 3 12 34
l
Internet as 12 25 6 45 88
web, e-mail,
chat-rooms
Home 8 36 9 16 69
Client- 3 6 1 13 23
server
Total 41 117 26 98 282

In Hutchins, Hartmann and Ito’s (2004) compendium, only two commercial

integrated systems:

 ESTeam Translator© developed by a Swedish company called ESTeam AB,

a machine translation system integrated with a translation memory system
that supports European languages,
 TransPen developed by a Taiwanese company called Otek International, Inc.,
a Chinese–English machine translation system integrated with an optical
character recognition (OCR) tool.

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 One of the important commercial functions of machine translation is to improve
the productivity and creativity of human translators who are able to check and
edit translations.

Computer-assisted Translation
In practice, computer-assisted translation is a complex process involving specific
tools and technology adaptable to the needs of the translator, who is involved in the
whole process and not just in the editing stage. The computer becomes a workstation
where the translator has access to a variety of texts, tools and programs: for example,
monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, parallel texts, translated texts in a variety of
source and target languages, and terminology databases. Each translator can create a
personal work environment and transform it according to the needs of the specific
task. Thus computer-assisted translation gives the translator on-the-spot flexibility
and freedom of movement, together with immediate access to an astonishing range of
up-to-date information. The result is an enormous saving of time.

The following are the most important computer tools in the translator's workplace,
from the most elementary to the most complex:

1. Electronic Dictionaries, Glossaries and Terminology Databases

Consulting with electronic or digital dictionaries in the computer do not appear
radically, it different from using paper dictionaries. Electronic dictionaries available
in several forms as:

Software that can be installed like; CD-ROMs, the search engine Google, example,
gives access to the huge variety of monolingual and bilingual, trilingual, dictionaries
in many languages, and the most important Oxford English Dictionary. On-line
dictionaries organize material from their corpus because they are not just a collection
of words in isolation. For instance, we can ask for all words consisting to one key
word, or for all words that come from a specific language. That is why, they allow
speedly cross-access to information.

There are wide range of dictionaries, glossaries for translator helps and databases on
the Internet, web. By Le Nouveau Dictionnaire Terminologique developed in Quebec,
Canada contains 3 million terms in French and English belonging to 200 fields.
Another is EURODICAUTOM, a multilingual terminology database developed by
the European Union that covers a variety of areas, both in scientific and non-scientific
(Agriculture, Arts, Automation...). More, there are different websites that offer
information on terminology that is helpful and would be useful to the translators. One

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is TERMISTI research center attached with the Higher Institute for Translators and
Interpreters that provides information on the following:

 Dictionaries available on Internet (various sites)

 Terminology networks
 European terminology projects like ( Human Language Technologies,
Information Society Technologies)
 Translation Schools
 Forums and diffusion/discussion lists
 Conferences
 Journal-Constitution such as the International Journal of Lexicography.

A Terminology management system (TMS) is a software tool specifically designed to

collect, maintain, and access terminological data. It is used by translators,
terminologists, technical writers, and various other users. It improve linguistic
quality. Further process:

As in the above picture the terminology management system give the meanings with
fuzzy meanings and with different search patterns.

1. Concordances
It doesn’t replace tools such as dictionaries or glossaries, but provide an additional
method to handles the texts for output means translation. In it, a word-processing

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programs that producing list of all the occurrences of a string of letters within a
defined corpus with the objective of establishing patterns that are otherwise not clear.
These letters may shape part of a word, for example, a prefix or postfix for instance,
or a total word, or a gathering of words. Explicit elements of concordances
incorporate giving factual information about the quantity of words or suggestions,
ordering words and so forth regarding recurrence or sequential request and, above all
maybe, recognizing the specific setting wherein the words happen. Data can be
collected and put away as more messages are interpreted, creating an information
base accessible for counsel whenever in a non-successive manner.

Concordances are especially significant for interpreting specific writings with fixed
jargon and articulations that have an unmistakably characterized meaning. They
guarantee expressed consistency, giving the interpreter more power over the content,
regardless of length and intricacy. In any case, they are not all that supportive to
scholarly interpreters, who are continually confronted with issues identifying with
Lthe polysemic and allegorical utilization of language. By and by, some abstract
interpreters use concordances as they plainly have a possible job in a wide range of
interpretation.

2. On-line Bilingual Texts

Normally a bilingual corpus consists of ST plus its translation or result, previously
carried out by human translators. This kinds of documents, stored electronically, and
called a bi-text. It facilitates translations by supplying ready solutions to fixed
expressions, thus automating part of the process. The growth of the translation market
has led to increasing the interest on the part of companies and international
organizations in collecting or collections of texts or corpora on multiples languages
stored, on-line and available for immediate result.

3. Translation Memories
Translation memories present the most important applications of on-line bilingual
texts, through back to the beginning of the 1980s with the pioneering TSS system of
ALPS, later Alpnet. It was succeed at the beginning of the 90s by programs as,
Translator Manager, Translator's Workbench, Optimizer, Déjà Vu, Trados and
Eurolang, with others. In its shortcut form, a translation memory is a database in
which a translator store\save translations for future re-use, in the same text or either
for other texts. Mostly the program records data in bilingual pairs: a SL segment
combined with a SL segment. During translation if any identical or similar source-
language segment comes up later, the translation memory will find the previously

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translated segment and this program automatically suggest it for the new translation.
The translators are free to accept it without change, or polish it to fit the current
context, or reject it. Characteristics of computer-assisted translation tools:

 Terminological homogeneity: It about meaning of terms does not vary.

 Phraseological homogeneity: Ideas or actions that are expressed or
described with the same words in the text
 Short, simple sentences: increase the probability of repetition and reduce
ambiguity.

This program can be used in this ways:

1. In interactive mode: The text, that translated is on the computer screen

while the translator selects the segments one by one to translate text. After
each selection the program searches its memory for similar segments and
produced a possible translations in other window. The translator can accepts,
modifies or rejects the suggestions.
2. In automatic mode: This system automatically processes the whole source-
language text and convert into the target-language text the translations it fines
in the save memory. It is a more useful mode if there is a lot of duplication
because it avoids treating each segment in a separate operation.

This program is normally consist of the following elements:

1. A translation editor, that protects the target text format.

2. Text segment localizer.
3. Terminological tool for dictionary management.
4. Automatic system of analysis for new texts.
5. Statistical tool that indicates the number of words translated, and to be
translated, the language etc.

4. Alignment
To align or justify text, move your cursor into the paragraph you want to change, then
click the left-align, right-align, centered, or justify buttons. Alignment is how the text
flows in relation to the rest of the page or in column, table cell, text box, etc.

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PARAGRAPH DIALOG BOX: JUSTIFICATION AND ALIGNMENT

Open the paragraph dialog box by clicking the small arrow icon in the bottom-right
corner of the Paragraph group as shown in the picture. The dropdown menu to change
the alignment is near the top of the dialog box.

Four main alignments: That is left, right, center, and justified.

 Left-aligned text is text that is aligned with a left edge.

 Right-aligned text is text that is aligned with a right edge.

 Centered text is text that is centered between two edges

 Justification controls the spacing between words. A justified text increases

the space between words to fill the entire line so that it is aligned with both
the left and right edges.

5. Localization
Translation software can be even more complicated than translating websites.
Software applications include resource formats which contain the application’s texts.
These resource files come in many different formats, each with different character
encoding and structure. When our professionals translate software, they get the texts
for translation and don’t need to bother with complex structures. Two types,

 Application Resource File Software resource files can be very complex and
with unique encoding.
 Software Localization Editor; Translators will see the texts for translation
in a visual editor.

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Localizations tools can be used as manually or by automatically, its all depends on
the translator. It includes,

 Acrolinx: Content optimization platform that integrates with writing tools,

points out language problems, and gives suggestions for improvement.
 Termbases: Powerful web-based software creating and managing for
multilingual terminology resources.
 TermWeb: Term web, enables the consistency of language translation and
brand equity across all touchpoints from country to country, culture to culture
mostly and around the world.
 Anylexic: a new generation of the terminology management programs, It can
help translator at each stage of translation terminology management process:
creation, editing, search, and exchange

References
 Hutchins, W. J. (1992). An introductions to machine translation. United
states: ACADEMIC PRESS INC. San Diego, CA 92101.

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 Somers, H. L. (1992). An introductions to machine translation. Manchester,
UK: ACADEMIC PRESS INC. San Diego, CA 92101.

 Van Slype, G. (1979) Critical Study of Methods for Evaluating the Quality of
Machine Translation: Final Report,
http://www.issco.unige.ch/projects/isle/vanslype.pdf. November 2003.
 Vasconcellos, M. and D.A. Bostad (1992) ‘Machine Translation in a High-
Volume Translation Environment’, in Computers in Translation: A Practical
Appraisal, J. NEWTON (ED.) (1992A). LONDON: ROUTLEDGE: 58–77.

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