‫ א‬ 2007


 13  1 

            ! " #  
$    
" & '.    $"    
 ‫ا
ذ‬  ‫رس‬
‫ ا ار‬ ‫ ا ار‬
‫آ ا \  اد‬ ‫آ ا \  اد‬

(
 
       !  

     
))* +  "#$
,
 !
- )  +
. /
& 0
 ,  "#$ %
" &'
&
& ) 5&  !
+ "#$
 
$1
$ 2 3
4"#$
 !
-

9 ;
+)    9& "#$
0 : $ !
'  ("#$
 ) " )) $6

  "#$
5 &
: =  / 2  9 " > 

)="  $
3
*.

.
'
+
. ? 
 0
 !

-
+
.   )
?   @ 
" 
A
 !
?- + /
9' " 
=  @; (
A
)  9 

 #
  
> / (2005) :

E:" /
'C 9  
9;
 :
+
. >
B&  *   ' $1

!)=
"
-     -
3  
'
 9 ;
= F: A
.G 'C @ 
" 
A
 A 'C 
A
"   ' $1 H

  
'
 
9 ;
 ' A= F:. " /
? @# IH

" 

A
+   ' $   '  9 ; +

K
 J
- 
!
+ #; A$ 
'
 9 ;
 '  C6  0
 5; G 'C @ 

.!
! =
!

A&
K
" 9 ;
!
 " $ )%
& )   +
/

'
 4 !
  "#$
5 &
& ) " '
:
 -   ' 'C
  !  '  ')  - ;  'C
   '"  ;   ))   ? " 

111
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

'" C 

$ #" 

@ 
" 
A
  -
)
  4L +
 4M"#$ M% M '  - N $ 
   )   &  . !
- 
!

/ 
A  )   5& : $  .$ 
N ; ! ! B&  9 ;
  )
9  !  '
9   5& * ! )  $1 " > A
'
!
!
"
   +
. 2 & ) " /
  .  +
. &
& " =
5)2 &
5)2  $1
# @# 

'
= 0  C
>


 =
5)2
.K

# ) ;  A
*
+
. C

Abstract
One of the basic considerations to determine specialty and identity of any architecture is its role as
epistemological discipline in specific cultural structure, so the research depending on cultural history
theories is able to distinguish between two types of architecture identification that, is architectural style
and architectural movements by its relation to culture.
The research basic focusing is on the relation between style and movement in architecture and its
influence on architecture especially in Iraq. Where the last had a lot of analytical and critical studies from
different points.
So the research problem has concerned with the epistemological confusion in styles and
movement concepts and the relation between them in addition to the lack of information that explains the
influence of any of them on contemporary architectural design in Iraq.
For reaching the research goal in explaining the way that architectural products would belong to
architectural style or movement and its influence on contemporary design in Iraq from (1965-2005) .First
the research had to extract stylistic and move mental measures architecturally, which counts as objective
measures can be implemented on any historical or present stage and then implement it on Iraqi
architecture in the stage (from 1965 to 2005)
The research finally reached to a number of results ,the most
important that is Iraqi architectural design from 1965 to 2005 is the stage where architectural thoughts
was born. The research put the stage in two parts; the first one (from the sixties to the end of seventies)
was able to define a general basic trend in the necessity of heritage in contemporary architecture but its
experiences were a kind of continuity to modern solutions with specialty of a place, environment and
culture, others built on stylistic metaphors as a way of making contemporary architecture in Iraq. The
later staqe of this stage developed a consesuous experiences toward heritage and conceptual
understanding of style, so it didn't have continues stylistics elements or a parallel experiences in a specific
movement, but it depend on individual translation of architectural solution. The last result of the research
is that between the individual way of thinking and a general theoretical solutions in which comes the joint
of architectural movement that unify a common architectural terminologies between people tests and
architect thoughts.

– ./% 0*1 – +,$ ()*$ 

  &' !"# $%  :  

  
 23$
*+

O)* +  
!9 
5&
 ' A' & !
- 
!
N- 

2 !>
;
= AP   B&  +)  :
+ P  != ) '" & !  "#$ #;   
!
N 

112

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

?>  )
I " ;  (:
!) 
!
?> !'=" 4)
 F;
L ) " 5&
B
; 0  -
O=  49;
B ? N#  '" ?>  L* ) &   
9;
C
 ' ?C' ) /
 A# 0
.:
!
  
O)2   ! ' & +  )
.@ 
" !

M !
" A
-  =>
'
A= 
9 ;
=
.  #;
 '=
-
3  
'
 9 ;
 '  
6
  E:" 
'C
> 
  $
'C
G )   #)
) 
 +
2 
A: 4))*   * " /
N#
' 
 C6
G ) +  " $
$

* .:=
@# C +   $

  ./
? *
A
& "  "  

*.! *   * + #; IH

'
 9 ;

. 
'
 9 ;
 ' $1    @; 
$
$

5   9   " /$ +
. @ 
" 

+& ,& 

Hegel and Art History \ (1981) Ernst Gombric +
  
C
& I = / "#$
,
 !
- 5  9 ;
(Hegel) ' O
" #9"   )= +   
 =)"   $ '
0
 ! " 45* 4H
 "#$
5 &
? 
N)  #P 9;
 )   . )% 5) +
.  "#$
5 &
'" F
& !:
 !
" 9 ;
9
))1 '"* $$  0
 
=
, C
9 ;
'  ) A>

"  
  

" &
A$   C 
  
" (-=
'") =

 
9 
 # 
."#$
,
 
K
 C
)
B A A$ K
C
In Search of Cultural History \ (2002 ) Ernst Gombrich 0
&
! =
K ' C '
9 ;
'  ) A>
N) " ' * (Gombrich)K' I"
A# 0
."#$
0  " 9
 ! -  K'
)
 ?
Q" "#$
  " ?    "
! =
 I *  >  + M  !#
 
 
)  )=
1
0)
* N;
A=
. 9
  =
+
. ":. '
 "#$
, 
R ?  +;* ))* + 

Style in Architecture \ (1944)Julian Leathart 0

&2  > 

!
 1 :
 - 
!
N 9 ; Q; (Leathart) 
;
L- N; "  ) S &
" 4 9 ; >
))2 
L" '  
"
 5& 
K '
'C
!. A$ ;;
 C S ;  
 
 * " 9 ;
;   * 4;
%
 ;

.&
9 ;


Architecture 2000 and Beyond Success in the Art of \ (2000)Charles Jencks 0*
Prediction
 
 
#
 M (' * 9;)  '*  ) !
> *    (Jencks)O' & 
>   :  ;     
A>
L ) +
. 
#
B # '
G ="  
P M 

113
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

&
 4#
A= $  ;  A=   
'
  " 
'

.(isms) Q;
Sources of Architectural Forms \ (1995)Mark Gelernter 0
A Critical History of Western Design Theory
& !  
'C " C
!> +
. 
 5  
'
A= +
. ) 
C
  $ 
  $ 
A$ ;H
* 4:
 " ' Periods   =
?  : ; 

' + A 'C ?-  & 
!%)

F  >  )= A 

'
  
' C L- $ 
F
C >  )= A   *  =
 T
M M; ;  "#$

=

0 C
A)#
$1  N-  '
=

' / 4 -   & L#
$ %9" ;C
.L#
B

    ,1  ! ,2

*&  \ *       \ 5    &14 & / 2000 / 0  1 &
    6   1 7   " #  8 +&
" > 
9 ;
A= +   P* !  > &  9 ;
M= ) 
;
K
4; 
$$
> 
  = +
. G A$ %#  A= $1 
C N)
 C $
 #

. "   
!
   
B  N !
"  
5
)* 1' 9 ;
) 
 A$ .9 ;

5  012   \ 5    &14 & / 1987 /   & ! #&
Q)   5 &2 -  
0 + '1
N - 
!
, ) 

1950-  ;
! 1917-1900 4
 ! 1917-1900  $
!
: 9 )) ?- A
2
 !  ' 

+ !
!)  ) 
 41960-1950 

!
A$ 1932-1917
.
N ?;  ')' N; ! ) > 


/ 2
* *!    )   " # \ 5    &14 & /1996/! &  ! #&
$ 
 =
& + $1   $*    > '  1C $
'
" 
)
/
 

9 ;
+
. $ 
)  +
. ; C* / 

9 ;
  - A$ !
 
 $1 )  + /
9'"."#$
 %
%  >
IH  ) S  &
?   BC
.  )
  )
 G2 M' M$1  $ / $
- 
!
" 9 ;

 * & ! &  \       \ 5    &14 & / 2002 / 9 :  ! #
 9 + (  
) - 
!
A)# /  9 ))   ! - 
!
K )  ; 
4'=
L )
$ 
?
-* 
   
'C. & ) 
I = U))  

114

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

'  0
 K
 '=
@; A   4A +
. '=
 A&  
='

'C 

L )
.)* '" 
 ' : N# 

 

9 ;
 " "#$
>
5 &
" 5)  #)
) 
" 3
> 0
 
;.  > &  (' * 9 ;) # )
 H 
2  
0 * "#$  ! '

 
!
   : B   9 ;
$1    #" 
2 *.3:

C
*  * 4!= ! - 
!
) :   ! =
$6' & P ' $1 )  *  " 
' * 9 ; > " &
'
* 9;
B $ L
* C ' ! 3:
 A
 
.! 
;!  9
   -
3  
'
 
9 ;
= F: A " /
'C > 
" 

A
 A 'C 
A
"   ' $ H
!)=
"
- 
.G 'C @ 

E:  %)2 : 'C
N: ' 0
 :
V  -
3  V#;
 '=
 )
+ 
9 ;
  
'
  .1
V ' * 9 ;
 ! " *  

K
 ?    ' ?' .2
'
'" 
9 ;
'"  ' $1   @ 
" 

A
A" ' ?' .3
V9 ;
N - O) + '  A# * '  V 

V@ 
" !  ' & G )   '  .4
;! <
.  -
3 F:. !
K " M#;  M'" 
'
 9 ;
 ' A=  E1
. ' *  9 ;
   " !
K  J F:. E2
A
'" +  & $1  '= 
'
 M )  M'" 
9 ;
 ' $1 F:. E3
.(2005  ) +
.   )
?  ) @ 
" 

.
. &
3  ! -   ' )
 "#$
"  .   E4
= > $+9 /1
))2 
=
$ / '
 9 ;
 '
))2 A=
  
5& /
? * @# IH

./

   " #

(, > 1" 7" # <1)   +&

115
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

!
" 4! =
5) 'C
  3  (Teyssot, 1981, P30) "#$
6
-  
# ) ?
&
B 
A> ' !

# )  " " A> ' )=
; 
#; ) & "  N#
.
# ) B A 9
 L   
! =
?
+
2 !;
   >
'       )  =  &   :
 - 
!
) N 

# ) 3 9 '.? 

  ; 
 
# ) 3 ?   . 4"
A>

# )
Architectural Paralante 
A= +
. 
H
A=  

" > 

#   
   L K
+ $*  (;#" Q: 


Q; A  ) '  ) =
Q;
"  & &)
(Kruft, 1994,)  
# ) ! =
;  'C

#; )  
- P "  1 = ' =
H
" (!
H
 )2 L )
)
"
; *  .W C
 )
 -
O=  ;) 
 + 
$   'C
P" C
(
&
)
H
O)* +  " ( 4;P 4  4#P )  ! "  N:  " :
 - 
!

3 &  . G
(' "#$
X6
 G Q;) =
!    
    )  ' 
!

 "   ; & ! =
@"  ')    A>
N " =
 L )  # 
:

.! =
9 ;
? 
" 2 L )
$   :
 - 
9 ;
!
 ! " Q; ;

:  ! ;  :

  
!
> 
Architectural Paralante L ) + *

 H " 
A= 99 " M 


&
=;
) >
C $
#
"
#; )  
 "   '  ' L )
+ !   ' Architectural Paralante
.(Kruft, 1994, P180)


K ' C ' A
Architectural Paralante ;)  
K 
'C

 *
% -H ) 
 ) 
 !&
')'
4')'
$ M 9  ) 2  ) + K
>  .
.)
 H
 
/ C N)

$
!
>  +
. +-* '  )
!
+)  M ' ! )
!
$ " ' 5) ! =
 K
  $
L )
*
.(Neri, 1981) .'2  H
 ! ' 
Vernacular Architecture 

0
 #
C    9
   ) 5) ' 9 ;
+)  :
  
!
; "
  C*  9
  =
!" M"  ;  
(9 ;
)  $'*  9
  =
Q; /
;
* '   !' 
=
 H
+
. ":. #
 )
N ;   ! =
A%  
#; ) 

.
'
>   N ;
    !
+ 6  >  !
 - 
0
 !
" 9 ;
 ' +

? 
  
.     AP
+
A +
. !CS    ..:
  
  =

!
N   9 
 9
  =
A$ :

0 . " 
 #  >
& (C
#
  ) $
!
+ )=
B @;  '.
:  " C S !. 
 )= 
 '
   ) * >
"  
  E: W' "#$
A=

116

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

!&   N&

 ! +
. # =
, N ; 
"
!=;
A= > 9 ;

(Gombrich,1981,)
=


 $"  "2 A=  
&
 #  " ' * $'2 5 &
*
$
L )  C O
#
 > 
H
 
#  " ' $1 
' A%   A#
 =

)
!   9  

A= " !
  ) > .(Richard, 1986,) 9
  "2 +
. &

. - "> 
=)" ?C'  ' / 'C* +
. '=
&



# =  M 
+
. A

2 !>
 #  N A=
" H
  9
.H
5
 %9&
"#$
$ ; >
 ?1 1 9 +!
4+ 
 A: 
 + 
" Y * 
"
#
+ Problematic  'C
A=  C
" ! >  
@"* #  +   'C
" .
!
: ' . A$ #  B6C . 4
'  'C
))2 
 (Althusser, 1971,) C
 '
 
 '  
B : !


 * ? 2   
) 
N  
> C $
#
 "  
* #" 
A= N ; 
.(Kruft, 1994,)  & ? Z
  O)* +   A  B > + 
> 
 
" %C S '
N  )   = 
N  
& C N)
#
"  
"
#

; 
 = 
IH
" 4C N)
#
 'C : % ' A
? Z

.(Kruft, 1994,) #

0

#"* 


'
 " +
2 !;
  

"
#
 +   'C
 *
.Tradition #
A= )" 
"
&
   
  'C
 
+ 4>
E:  * : ))*   1' Tradition #
>
.P ))
*  
* 
/
&    *  #
"
  
##
:
M *
!'
+    #
 * 49
  
"
#
: "  > 
 #
:M $
.##
 M$ ; &

9
 :=
N * 1 A

M ') '  '
:
A- 1908 C
#
  N"
#  #
 > .9
 :=
K  
0
##
$ 
   )) " M Y 

  
%)
 A$ " 
;. ) " " # )
 '
) $1  ##
B
 =
["'

#    Y   '

!&
 #
##  Lecorbosier 9' 
9 -.!
C

.(Lecorbusier, 1946) 
N"   
C
3  : 
  '
 9 +  
   49
 ! " ##
$ +   1 
'
> " #
* > 
)=  ' 
  * )) *  - ;  )  '  !
A#" 4 ) ; " ##

 
:

  " #)
;C
 $1  '
" & 
>
 $ A#
B   2
.(Giedion, 1974)  &* 
##
 9  +   ) 
 
! )
 C  
117
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

 ! 4> @(&

/ M#;  ')  - ;  'C
  '"2  ;   ))  1 '
?  '
)   '
#
\
  +  "2  & @=  '
& " 4L2 +    !  ' 
.9 ;
" ' #;  )  P  '
C  'C )   ! K
>" C
&

* + M  '
'=
?=; 1C  / -
O= "   # )  1 '
A= : 
 ; 
&   " 
9   3  C
#
$  " 9 
"#$
5 &
 ! )
'=
  ) * " 

6
 #
; .L2 &
 * " "
P9

.
O 
 
N&
5&  $ 

#
&  "#$
%

" ?   M @ 
 
 M  
&   
+ '
  
-
O=   . 4

K ' $   '. ;   ' '
G  
&


;. 

 
'" N A
@
@"    
 
 @" 
 M @
.

E: W' ;! ,=  !  $& A # 

  4 ' *  9 ;' = O) + M # ) ! *   *  E1
:

%9&
:=
: 
H
 =  ' " 
&
>  "#$
$1 " +H; 
  =
" 
9 ;
>E*
.# ) '"   & )
 M$* " !
'    " )=
"#$
L / 4M#) !# 
  
'   (
) A
=
 A= H    !) O) + 
'
+  E5
" ))2 % +  "2  & @=  
 ' '
Q  "#$

" '* 
.A)= * 
-    " A>  ;   
' '

>   9 ;
 $1
;    
'
 )) 'C 

A
$1  E2
. 9;
'C * = & + +   '
F: A  
  ' $1
F:  @ 
" 

A
$1 =  E3
.
M$* !
 ' 
"#$
'=


9;
'C
 =
&
 ?-

, 9B ! \
K   '.  IH
 '
 9 ;
 '
))2 A=
 +
. #)
!#=
"    
  '.   
'
 9 ;
 '  C6 G ) 0
 5;  ' * 9 ;'  *
.!
- 
!
+ $1
   " # , 9B
 C6 L ) A$ (;)
)  &  C6
A$ 4 '
 C6
L ) 4 ) /$ A: 
E: W' C

1  , 9B

118

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

1= +&   ♦

+ ) S +
.  
;
;
0 . >
  C
" #; ) > O)* + + 
;)  !
  (
) ' 
 A# 0
 ) S    '
C
!;" :  ;#   'C
(Simper, &
!>
0 S G
A
 ' 
=: 
Y 
 ;   .G
A

 '  
N: -
O=   '
;
 - : O'   9 ;
C   AP
+ * .1978)


" +
. 
B  A$ +
2 
"   ? 

# ) @#   A )
 6

3
; N"  ' C H &
  
)
 ' !. 
" Q / H
&
B=
#
.9 ; +
.
 #   & C   ♦
" > 4N &


 ;
A= : ! ) A= + ;
  ) !'" '6
B / .(Quintavallem 1981 )
-
= 
))
 5' ;. 9
; !'=
B
B $ + 6
@;* - "* 
 "   !:
"9
= 
  @;*  ! )   )
:
A:  .&
9=
 ) "  '
   ) $1  9 ;'  ) 
 =
 
 = 

.(Riegle, 1981) %C S   ) " > R M & &

B&  ; 

' " %C S   ) * = 
  ) * ;
  )  *
.9 ;
+
. 
  
@)
' C
!&
9

 A  C   ♦

?- 
 
F $ 

#
" 0  C  A=
 $1  
9 ;
C6  
#
( ) & " !
  
 A2 ;#
* . 
" &
A$ &

&
#; )
(Hale, 
9 ;
;  M  "
F
+
. 
M  $ $' #; ) ?- 
$ 


.2000)

(#&)  , 9B

#)
C
 C6  *  ;)

/
  
 & A=
 & $
.&

4? 2 4 & A
A:  9 ;
%
9=
K

 (  ♦
;.  "2  -
C6 1 0
 9 ;
* H
$ &  & N  & A
>
(1996, )& ! + 
0 .   "2 '  / N &
 =
 -
+ 
< *2 ♦
C2  M  M=- #
 ' ]" 4&
A- N ;   =
C
-   ? 2 ?
0

A
?
?
6  "2 A#
A
3&
 =
" 
)
 C
*    ;)  =
A#
A
& ;  &   C  ;     ?-  &  ?
1  ?
     .N &

(1995,&&
) . &
119
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

  ♦
4  ! =
 =
K
   ) 
  
  & !
A A= + &

+ 
 "#$
5 &
- " # 
 =
* 
)
$  #
 *  " K ' > 
"
#
- " / 
=
'

: =)=
 
 ;
+  *  & *   A=
(Frankle, ! =
M) '
&
N&  '
@=  > "

&   !
 L2
.(1962
" # 7  D1   ? ,& E9 , 9B

- 
&
Q 1 9 ;
" C
 K
 9 ;
  # !
C6 1 0

 - #= *  &
   1 Q) 9 ;
1 0
 9 ;

  $'2 + 
:   "


  9 ;
" C
C6 9 ;
" -)
#; ) #
M:* ;   'C

E: W'
#*1 ♦
A   ')
  =
$ C  ;; - A# 1 9 ;
" C
 C6 1' ;
>
  '
%&= ! ;
>  4(Gelernter, 1995,) ' 
&
 
 -
!  - *
 &9
-
;
C6  
?-  . ; ' B9 A   ;
 ' 4
 &

 ! )

;)   
 # 
 C
 "#$
  & 
#
A: 
/ 
  9   )' ,

.(Nesibit, 1995) &

841  9   (&  F ♦

) 9
   ? +
. 
O) + A#  9 ;
" ;
*  + C6
  
9  ! =>
 'C $   %
'C
A  ) 
" ! =
(Tansey and Patric, 1995) C  9 ;
?-  .  # A#
0   "#$
?
A- &
$ A- O)* + 'C
  .'C


.(Colquhoun, 1996,) 
 )
" #  5 ♦
$ 
=
!
" 4
  $ + 
' )= H
A  ) 9 ;
" $

R 9
* 4$ ' )= - 
A )  0
 Q;)
 % P K 
!>
!
   " ( '
  )
;   M9 $  !C ! +;  " 
'  & *   A- - 
B  ' .
.(White, 2002,) ##
= 9 ;

" #  ?1 9B


  
 "2 ;)   
  ;)  !  9&*  ' A> ' 9 ;
C6

   0'= 
: 9 ;
" A>
' A
K
: ='   ; *  H * 5 )
.A>
: 5 )  
&
 ;
L# +2   !;)

120

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

    ! , 9B

:9  2 4? 9B

 & A# 1 
9  + !$6   !- 5 $ 
'=
&
 ♦
.
&S A#
'1    '  
!> 
 A$ &
 # 
A" W + $1 
 ' @;  =   
 ] &
= ♦
   #
N&  C*  ' 

 
& A'* + >=
 &
0
 A# ?
5 
.+
2 !;
" 
 " > 
' 
" =
H !> 
A )
#
)    '
'C '"  ; +
. &
&
 9  +  1 >
 ♦
.9   !   $'* & A: 
>
5&  : 0
 C
5&

 ! (  9B
3 +
. &. ' 
  :
 
 @;  * = 
  + 
'
+ 
 
B : M=  -* -
O=  A 

  A:  
B > 
&


.C
)* A  '
 '
M $'*
+  " 9B
 $6
 ;H:  B
  
9  @#
 
 " N 
&
3 9 1 0

. -6
:

91 9B G4
Y 
 " '2 $1
A$ 5 '
 &
* I
L ) +  ) I
$1 A:
.
C    ' \

$# \ 
 
H 
+
. # 
9;
 '
 '  C6  +
. #)
!#=
"    
.   ' $1 ?C ' 0
 @ 
" 
A
 /
"
B
 ) G 
=

A
> N @ 
" 
A
   '
/
& @:
 4 2005 :
-
+
. 1921 A - 


O)1  9'      N 
=

'"  - ). " 
B 2 :
-
+
.   )
?   ! =

A
+ 9' )"
.- 

!9 
?- 
9 !
- 
!

$# 0&
E: 
A
 = /

.;
N -
 N-


.%:=
-


.=>


121
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

.%C S A>


E:C 'C


.^ =
  '
E*
.O#
E5
. S   E
.&
&

  
E/
 +
. ":. 4  >  5) '
 C6 A$ = ! 9 ;
 C6 + #; A )
.&
K )  )S 
 #
   '
C6 ; 
(2005 =! , H ,1& <1   >)      
E:))*  H A: 
:)- +
. )#  
* C  +
2 H

.  $
?  +    )
?   !

.2005 A +    $
?   !

.
@; K 
K A: "  $
H
*
   " # , 9B    , > $#
1  , 9B :I 
" # 1= +&  G1
#! K  K ♦
 9 
 '
&)
 '
> A" = 
+ 
A=
:    ) 
" >
5P* '
  
;;
  #
;
N -
" %
 3;#   + ) .#

%

* ?%>
! 
NC
" ;
%
!'  > 0
 N 4!=  '    ?%>

 
"  :=
 + A
  +
2 =" "'
  )
  H & " ' &

#
Y)
A
" '" "'
& * 
A)-2 " #
 
 " ' "  )
* 

 ?> ! N $ 
  )   . !&  # ) ' A
;
N -
 *.


. (1) 'C ,

#
K

8=> , ♦
-
?>  (80 ?  +
60 ?  )2  9
A)#
+
2 K 
%:=
-
5P* >
!. +  !&
! 9 +  " ' F =
 
:=
;;   * ' 
$ 
%:=

J
 +  " ' # ) ! ;)   & +  :=
N9 * " 
? 1

.(2) 'C   AC
 S  
I
 ')
K
: A
* 5P*  #"   $
  $
A)#
" - 

)
 *
 ')
K 
 .- 
%
 #
 
  )  + %:=
-
" A&   

122

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

;)   :=
" ; 
 )
" > 
 ')
K
+ !  > %:=
-
" 

. 9 !)' 

* # )
 ) =  'C  ;) 
>? ♦
'
; * F: ))2 H : $ 
=> $1 
B  2 A)#
"  )
 )
 & +  " ' =>
 !
 '
> =  *   " 
'
N ;  
. )

;C
+  1
+ 
:"  AP & 
+  - #" (+ 
- ) @#  ; 
=>
&

*
.  @%   ' + M # > M=> ' A
  )  . ;;
" ( 
 =
)
 9 ♦
L >  
; / 5 & *  :=
 ;
 '
+ !  :=
N -
))2 !9
>
;)  =
 ) 4 => ;    $
  9 
&
 2 =" 4 (3) 'C 
S
9 "  2 B
 '
'
* 4)'  * C 'C * K
 ;  ' / 
'

.'S - #"2 )
H )  G 

 $ @;' >  '
 9&   @;    ' 9 2  9
A)#
"  ')

)
 *
^ =
> N #; +
. 
M '  Q*  '
3=  "  $
A)#
* 4+ 
 =
5 &
" '
'
L ) +  $
 9
A)#
 K 9   .# )  K '
:" ?#) " 3=  K9

$ A
 '
)  ;;
> %
* A# )
5'
' :  )   ' A  )  P =
;S 
.(4) 'C   !> 3C " M$6 M:  M'
M+
& )% K 4" 
? K $ @; 20+
.  =   * >  )
 N
: " > O#
" H
 . . #' @ ;
  5) =  B )  * 
 4 H
#   .N &
I )%
#
 * " M  
  '
L )
+ ;
)
  2
. 4!'

)
 +   )
   )
 Q:   ') O#   ) "  ')
L )
+ B$1
. =
  
  '
A&
 =  A: & 1
H - O#
 
N41O 
! * 
 ) >  )
" B=   ))* % !' @;
A  ) ! 
9
+   )
&
" '  )  ,
  ' '
N &9 * " 
? " ' !=
 * +  " ' ;
N ' '
=
A  ) N @;
>  9 ' . 
  J

+
. ":. > 
  S  2 " @;
A  ) )   $
 . 9
N&
3C 

.F)
  )
!%  " ' 
 A 
 $ ?H   ' '

123
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

* &
 ) +
. # A$   $
 
2 A& " @;
>"  $
A)#

*
NC
I " @;
!
! > 0
 N )
 #
$   ;
 ,
N * # !
J

 
  S "  
 +  9  9' > ' 4
"  ')
N&
  "'
 & $
.(5) 'C 
 
2 ;
!> 
K&9
A  ) +
. ": &
N;#
: "
, 1
* =     !
>   9 
 &
 
  =
 

 >
.L* NC " !9 &
' )   3C " > -
 )  >   % ?%>   2 A)#
" 
&
&

9 "
* !&
! 9  
?
 1
!. +  4;=
! 9 " ' $ 
!&
H *  )'

  )   * 4 )

 S  
I 
 * +  " ' O#
'C 1
 

.(6) 'C ?-2   +  " ' &
CC
H
;;
 ) 9 " 2  9
A)#


 ')
K 
&
&

)
 *
> +
. ":. -;  '  : ;C' @ ;
:* + '1
  ) S O#
 ;)
# )

?9
A  ) N '
$ 
&   -  * .
9  * #"2  '
+  -;  &
.(7) 'C   ;- ' 
 ')

  $* " ' :
F;)
N -;

& 
& / !9   =  > A"   $
 +   ')

K
)
  
 &]  "   !9 
*.&)
&

I  S ! 3 N 0C
 "  # F;)'
# ) !&  = >  )
 
K " > 

#    $ #; & 
 
K9
3=    ?%#)
+
. ":. &
 )2  ! )
L ) + _#
 

 
$ "
1 P
@; !& &&9 @ ' > 
C C
$ L*  = +
. ":. ' & !1 


.
"
&
;2   &
 &
!= * = 

' () *' + ,#- .  (2)   ,

      (1)
 ! "&/ 01  2 #3  ( 4 '   ! "! # $% &#

124

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

2Q,D R 
!# G# + ST#)D R'Q = ,K R1> (4) 
!# , #= K 8, U
(5 
% 6, 3 (3)
!#! 89: ; , 73

FL#= , E FGH 6,I# 6,JK *' (6)  2 + <#  = , 01> (5)
M! ,) NO P N= 6 , ?# @!3 A ,B 8CD

 !H  'C  '  >  .  =

B 0 C  ) 
 ')
K
  AP
+
" )' 
&
A  !$1  '  M
P !
  ! !   '  * #; 

125
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

>"* ''=
 ')'
$ '
I
!C
K
!' A# 
A
* 4&
&


.9  ') K +
. &


 

M * $ 
 
 

  #
 =
+ $1
"  
 $'

>   2  9
A)#
   M ) $ 
) 
'2 $1
> / '2 "#$
5 &

. A   $
A)#
* " $ 
 


 
A=
$1
'C2 A  ) *        =  I= C
 ;;
 
" '  $
$6
*
"#$
) !> 9  
@" 
 9
 A
-  $ /
$
5 &
  .O#
$ !
$ 5& + $*   
  #
 " M 5  - 
&  A
@
 
.K

1= +&   D1&
  ) > / 4' ! # ) ' A


2 K
 @)

  >
H
 = &
  * M:* & 
" )' '  * 
;;
L ) + :  ! $ 

!  = +      :  '  AP
+ M:* # ) )
   4
!
 
."* 
 "
 =  .  ) 
/
 ')
K
" > 
 !& # ) 'C1' >   P
IH 
&
B"  
6
 '   &
!>
0 . + +  A
&

A&
&9  :=
 '
3=  &9 !2 
 
#
K
+  * ;
%
 >

# " P
 $1
5) & #" 
& A-  + +  A

BC  )
 *.M  M% &
P
>  )
H 
:  ' 0
 !&
!
!
$ ! 
 H
'C2     #

.!& K
    #   & 9B
#! K  K ♦
M"#$ M &  M  ;
%
N =
  
$ 
#; H

 
C
  
 %
= 
#

K )  +
. !
 M'" 
&

B 5P* &"
.A
'
 & 
&
 "  "  '
" 
K
'    "  ) ! + #

!
 =
 
B &
"   'C

 *       A
  ) !
 'C
!' 

 '  * J
   
 +  " ' &
 +
.    =  + ! 
&&

 "  $
 9
A)#
   * 4
%
&
 =
N;
"
;#
&)
'C

.- 
%
 #
K 
'=
A=
)  + ;
N A -

126

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

8=> , ♦
4 ) + #
%:=
-
N   )  O' 
%:=
-
 >
> (N
 ; )
) ;;
#
'C2   '
$ 
=>
A)#
+ 2 L )
 
 H )   
 +  " ' & 
"     ' + 
 :=
" K
  )'

" '  
+ F = 
` A
+ 
 .  
  =
> ! " '"  $
L )
* .:

" '  
 :=
! S ;)  " A  ) ; 
 $ 
;;    
  =
;;
> 
 :=
  & & +   %:=
-
" 4 )
&
 
 * + 
. 
 =
+ Q = " L2 * K
+ +
2 &
; " 4;)    ;
  $* " '  )
   )
 2 A)#


 ')
K
"  =
> '
Y)
N A>   
 =>  =
#" = 
')
  '
  ;- &&
"
 ')


 
 ;  #" M   $
  $
A)#

 ')
K
"  =
> * .' 
 ')

  * #
N !C ; 0
 &
:=
  ) $ NC
* " " =
1

.!)' 
&
B @-9
'C 1  * =  - ^= 5'' >"  
9 
 :"
 A
9 + %:=
-
     # +
. 
   =
=  >  )
 N
.(8,9,10) 'C 9  & =  :=
  & +
. 9 
 / G

 9 ♦
, 1
H
K : M 
#
) !
 =
 
    ) 
C
:

 =
  * ' 
 (
* *) +
2
M+

" 9

 =  5
)1 > #" 
K  O#
  )  N; ) 
!=    ^ " &] 2 $$   )
O -2 > ' . NC =" .2  9
A)#

%  ? &&
"   O -2 >   .(11) 'C "'
? * =
N& -* " ' L*
&
-;
 &
" ?& % + *  
 " '  &
 !9  ' '  '' * !&
+ 
##
3=  * = ##
 =
O'     '  * O#
> J
 +  " '
 
&&
K " >   M> $'* = O#
?> ' + 
 ; & -* 'C + *
. )

' "   N&   =
& 4)%
C   $* " >" "
;-   O#
*
  AC   O -2   .' '
! "  ;  
O' 

O -2  ) C

B " 0 C + 
 !2 @ ;
" 
O -2 'C 1
!&
$ 
 )'
N;   1

  9 $   $
 != 
 S NC
" O#
!= > . )
 
&


. 
 #
! 9 A


127
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

O#
G2  )
 M  $
A)#

 ')
K
" O#
> ) '
 A" 4W " =  3C " > / )%
 
? + B>  -  5
)

3C   $
" 2   $ 
 2 I   2  9
A)#
   ' ))* !='
#" 
K
)
 * .)
O#

"  ) 
 )#
)
 )
 N "'
&
.&) #; =>   ! '
  $
  )
 ')
K
" O#
!=  )
D 2  >

L. J
 +  " ' 2  9
A)#
 NC I " ! )  "  ' >
'C
 N ' 
?-2  ' +  " 4& -;  ;)1' > / &&
" 
.0C
 " !2     N:
+
. K Z
% 

" $#    >

 )
 > 
CC
;  '   !  & +
. &. N; ) 
:
))6 4 )
&
+  " ' &
% )
A= +
. 5-* ' / $ 
% &
'
.&&
"

! 9 #)   AC
 &
919  >

+  $ &

I   2 A)#
 : )  ! C C
!= > A


)' O -2  'C   ' '  '
' C C
>  * 4A>  )
&
 =

. 
 +  " ' C C
& '
&" (13) 'C )#
) M  $
A)#
 * " > C C
Q: 
 ) 
&
 &
 =   +
. 
 A$   $
"  ')
K
I " C
'C   5)
5 # =  A&* 'C1  ) 
$
 ')
K
" !$' 9 
K : !& =   
.& 
" !9 &&9 @   '  &
7 # &   D1&
    H  0   . 4#)  !
&

  
I   ) >  AP
+
' ; A
 =
> " ;;
L ) +" 4
9 ; C
C6' ;
  ) C6  
 
)
 0
' 4&   =
 != )
$ 
;; ;  . 2 
 ) "  '

 ) $  9 ; +
.  A
  *  * 4:  ! =  5
) > 
&
&


. $
' A
 . 
-   "   AP
+" 42 
 ) " ' ! !  'C
 A  C  
":. 
K & " 'C
)
 " ?  > #)
'C

+ M 
  ) > 2 A)#

)
" 4 

!) : A)= * 
  ?  +
.
$   

O=
 

&
   
 

!
K
: 

. )

128

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 


:=  

.    ?  C1 '  $
A)#
 K " > 
+
. # B F
& " &
& A   'C
)
" ?   $ .M$ B  K '
.
" 9 ; C
C6' 
F  C6  N; )  0
 
#
 
$
A 

,
,2O Z ['# ,\] *' (8) 
(, W)2 ,   V = ,2 (7) 
& NL- ! Q ,) NO
NO P &5! 89' ;D X Y

,M^ 623 ,
,2O Z = ,2 (9) 

!) 8:   V _ S\- ,B M (11) 

   = ,,2 (13) 
WG'G 62: FL#= ,

U W` 8: , "K F/ = ,  (10) 

129
:!)  
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

= ,
,) ,a (12) 
"K F/
(#&)  , 9B :M $
 ( 
N -
!#"  . .!
" 9 ;
  "   "2  -
O) +  & A
+ 

)
" .
 
  0 A$  "2  -
 ?  
 -
  ;

  ?  N '
)  #

!
 0 C
N&
A  & A  -
C6
'C2 A  ) +   
 
 -
 '   .(;
N -
!#" N& )   ' N&

.-
B =  C1  '  A 9
  9 N 
 "
  'C 
 $1
L * ($1
) A=    "2  -
" 
K
)
 *
.%C
:
" 
$1
5# B$1  M -6 '  
  < 
 -
? " 
?  & A + B O'   & A
C1  '. A 
=
  & #
 
)
 -  M '     
 
 A$ 

?   ' ]" 
)
 2 O=  )
 
 
!
B&  !
9= 
 !

Q #

 0 C 
'C2 &       "Z
)
 C2 * A#
)  'C
 ? * C6      
 A#
) A 'C
&

" H
" 0

& >=
.

 
; 

M "#$
5 &
? 
'

5P G
> 
C
!
 / " A'  C 
 -  >    
-  !
"#$
  &
.&

+
.   #
A= +
. $'* 
" #  E9 , 9B :I
#*1
8=> , ♦
 . 9   ;
 ' 4
$  + > 
  %:" -
 '     
;
> 
$ 
\   
;;
 ?  & %:=
-
&

   .  
?-
. 
 =
* 
;;
  * ;)

+  
* F =
:=
 )
;; N B  9 
  =
=> 
%:=
-
" ?  >"  ')
 Z
)
 *
.9
 ,;
:" + '1
N ;)

+ ! 


130

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

+  
K
C   
 Z
 ; > C6      ;;
B ?  
+ 
  2 +  " ' &
&

?   AP
+    
;)  " N '
 '

A'
C
O&
+  )&
 @;
))6 +  A
 
  9 +  

 S
.% 
#
   ;)
 =
H ) 
 

841  9 F

  " !2 K
 
K
2 K
 C
 5;  %
'C

R  
B&  ; A
    ')
* 
 Z
 #

K  ?   . 49 ;' 9 ;

.
9 ;' 
K
 C
&* "#$ ? ' 
$   2  9
A)#
 A 9
> -
O=

 
# 
N-
 
  +  ;  A

!2  +
2 K
  



.'    AC &&
" * M 

 =
O=  ' N-   )
"  ')
K
 %
'C

R 9 ' '
+   A
 . .(&
 )2 A   O#
: 4= 
# )  :" !2 4& ?H )
> / 4
 9 ;
% 'C 
a'   '  0

4%
  &  "#$
?

.9 ; +
.  =
; &
$ A# ;  A
  
  #  ='
" #  5
 " ' &  * '  * " ' !C
* ! ) 5)* + &
$
 
AC  " ' $ 
=>
 #
$
  ) *   ;- * "
;- &&
"
. )
  
> )#
) * " ' #

'C2 ! ) ":]"  $
A)#

)
 *
B * " ')'
$1
> /  
A) NC   $* " &
 =
  '
" 


5
& ) !%;
 "  
' )  ! )' & 
"   
> L2 " NC

.(12) 'C M;  


 ) ?-   # A- '    =
! ) +   
K
&
$
0


H'  '

5)*  ?    
-  C  . " 5   A#
! ) *
.= 

 )  O
 
 ' ;
%
Y  + 
' / 9 ;
" $ 

" #  ?1

 " ))
L#
 
52  - L#
 
$1

K
!;)
>
5 ) '* =' -   " 2 
' !9&  ') &  
 -  % 
  #

A>
 ?  0
 N &
" 

 #;
M  ;    =
  !  ' 0

.% 

" 'C
 "2 ;)  =)2  " !;)
' 
9 ;
"

131
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

    ! , 9B    , > $#

 2 4? 9B :I 
E*
&. +      " > 
L#
 *   : # 
-  &
   
$1  #   . ;#" !
# C  L#
B $1   N &
 &  "#$
#
 9 

2  9
A)#
   
K
)  -  . 0
  4"#$
5 &
- +
. '=
! )
-  '   ) @%" 4A)  &  '  &  =
M "#$
5 &
- " /  N
N: 
  L ) + +  =  5
)  @; 
N- 
)  / 
N & 9
+ A'"*  
& ' B  ' 
  & !:' / 
A= C +  
# ' >   * .$ 

.!
* =
L ) +  ) $ 
A= N & 
   9 


E >
4  " $ "#$
&
 &  
#
   > 
C
" #


'    $   1 G ) #
B Q)
 4@  4) 
# 
) 
;  ' 4  ' 5)1 9

 
@;  =  N H 
9='
.M:*  
 #" 
 
> * 4'2 #
: !) 
 G 5)1 
&S A#
'1  &
= +     C6  N; )  0

)
 
 9&   
!
 / 
4
$  # ? * 'C
? +  -
.M:* !> 
 + @;    ))*
 ?1  9B
+  
 M !
 2  

 &
!  
.     AP
+
5)  ) ! + & C  > +
. &
  9   . . & !:' / 
*
4&&
A

 !'" $ :  '"*  '
 >
   '  
  '
C
&


=>
N = 
  : 

*  
 ) S 
+ '1
* 4"
A   !'"
.'
#" )#
)
)
" 4$ 
!
'C1 ;  *  A)= *  #"  $
A)#

*
; )  0
 =
 ;
  
!  
" : 1 !
" 9 ;
? O)* + B'"* + 
"   #"  
A)
)
 * "#; )  
" OH  'C
  ;S ;
 "#$
%

N ;  -  &  "#$
%

 
 & + & )  1 9 ;
? O) + B'"*
.@)
 X 

 Q:  !$' '2 5 &
:  &
 " ;
 . '"2 B C A AP
 AP
+ 
" 0 C ! C > & A    M &
?
>
&2

132

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

>
'=
; Q:  
!
 / 
 M:*   = : M & A
&
!
.#
@;
 

 ! (  9B :I1
> - '
B : 
 N&
=  & +   '
     
N & )  & _   # &&
"  '
  +
. ? 
  
'2 F;
" > ? 
B 5 & +
. .!C

)
+ @;  &
  B  
 
.     .? 
  9 0
 
;
A N  
 &  B ; = 
  # 
C
> 
5P  
.    +
. ":. 
 K
'C
)
) 
O= : =  '
R  + $1 > A
 C 5
)2  ( 
) &
B  Y )
.

+   ! " 9B :I 

5P* B  
 !

" / 
!: +  
&
* + @=  
. -6 #  '  
K 9 :
-
+
. 
; "    ) +
. ":.  

91 , 9B :I 
# : 
&
5P1"   '  = C " S 5 &
M:  M$1 
C A

.I
!> ) +
. ":.   P  "#$  
) B$1  . )
 '2 B   
F;
!$' AP '2 A
$1
)
 *
 
R >
M'" Q: =
6 5 ' > A
' 4 !C
N &
 !'
C
+
.  MC  
.
 #
 99  0
 + 5   
, ,1&
C  '
 W +
. ! )  '
 
A* 2005  ) +
.   )
% *  - 
!
  E1
" 
'
 9;
 '  $1 " @ 
" 
A
#;  '" " ! 
! &. ? !:' /  

 0 C '  . )% )- +
. 
A)#  AP
+
.
W ?  N '
  
- 
 
9 ;
& 
'=
" $  )
   )
" 
A
& " A2 9&
* E2

'=
> & L ) + 9 ;
'
M&  'C .L* &  #   
 &
."


A> 5H
9 ;
; * 9 ;   )' =  '  '   '
5&
B   '  E3
.$ 
'
 -* Q; : = ' " 9 ;
 C6
& +
.  !9  5& > 2 A)#
" ' 9 ;
; - B& " 5&
I ) E4
" =
L )
+ ^ =
  '
 -
 %:=
-
H
" A&  " A> ' 9 ;
'"
. $
A)#

133
 " & )'         ! " #  
‫"را! ا زاق‬   
  
 
 

5H

'" #  $6 * N; ) ! -   ' ' A
 . 5&
B * AP E5
.&
= ;  '=
&
$

5)2) 5&
9 " = 
9 ;
&
?> " 
  & + 
  E6
.> ; +
. A& 
P A
'=
    ; 


)
P (;#" C

6,K9 d#P e` f  R Q g 6h- i , - P/ j!k (l m#: g 6I:

\LG b!=cK F : R 6I: ( 7
.! ! 62n o 0# 6K RK 6h- W!/ + p#


 *$
 ' @ ? =#$

 
&

= B&  & A2  +
2 
 E
)  &  #

9 ;
 =
&
'=
 
# $ ! - 
.!    @# B&  
- 

C 5)' 
A

.
 >   > 
   
C 
 
 $1
- = E1
:$ #  $&  $+! 

 
!> =   &   
   6
# ;)  A)= * 
 "#$
!#
N)
.&  
N" &S - 
 & & N : ! !
;
E:  5;  
.'
& C   
&
 .E*
.
 N& * I 
I
-.E5
"#$
O  = ' A !  &  
C %C  A# '* Y   .E&
.


  
1996 r2u  rE# =, "  4 +' 
  5678 9
 " (, W P rsl
.1981 r3 r3 ( r"  
 
  :$ ;<*"" rZ, r
,2O
2000 UKc ' rNKE rGK N=,!  =j- r" 
" =>" ) r7!
rGK N=,!  =j- r,  ?v, + r"?8 ?$ @ +, 
  1. :  
 
 ;<8" ) r7!
2000 rUKc ' rNKE
2002 r2u  rE# =, "
 < 
" wh , 3 r,3
"< 
 A 
B  ! +C D.* 
 E F *$ ,$1 1. G< 
  F *$ +)" b '3 ( rYJ '3
2000 r2u  r6,G Ex e,#P2 =,
1990 r2u  r6,G Ex E# =, "< 
 
H
,B8
HI6JB 1. G6+' +K
" 
" s ( r
!
134

‫ א‬ 2007 
 13  1 

1987 r2u  r6,G Ex E# =, ".+LK  MN

)O 
" 2= r
!3

1 
Althusser, Louis “Reading capital” Monthly review press, New York, 1971
Baumgart, Fritz, "A History of Architectural Style", Pall Mall Press, London,1969.
Colquhoun, Alan “Gombrich and Cultural History” in AD, 51, 1981
Colquhoun, Alan “Three kinds of Historicism” in theorizing a new agenda for architecture, , by Kate
Nesbit, Princeton architectural press, New York, 1996
Colquhoun, Alan “Typology and Design Method” in theorizing a new agenda for architecture,, by
Kate Nesbit, Princeton architectural press, New York, 1996
Gelernter, Mark “Sources of Architectural Form, a Critical History of Western Design Theory”
Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1995
Gombrich, Ernst “In Search of Cultural History” in Reading architecture history, Rout ledge,
London, 2002
Grombrich, Ernst “Hegel and Art History” in on the methodology of architectural history in AD, 51,
1981
Hale, Jonathan “Building Ideas an Introduction to Architectural Theory” John Wiley and sons,
Ltd., New York, 2000
Jencks, Charles “Architecture 2000 and Beyond, Success in The Art of Prediction” John Wiley
and Sons Ltd., great Britain, 2000 first published
Leathart, Julian “Style in Architecture”, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., London, First Published,
1940, Reprinted 1944.
Niesbitt, Kate “Theorizing a New agenda for Architecture” Princeton architectural press, New
York, 1996
Tansey, Richard and Patric, Dlanekirk “Art Through the Ages” University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Teyssot, George “Neoclassicism and Autonomous Architecture: The Formalism of Emil
Kanfmann” in AD, 51, 1981

135