DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN UNDERGROUND CABLE USING ARDUINOFlow of Presentation * Introduction to Project * Underground cable v/s Overhead cables * Faults in underground cables * Methods for the Detection of faults * Introduction to the Circuit * Working of the Circuit + Different circuit componentsIntroduction *The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers using an Arduino board. * Many time faults occur due to construction works and other reasons. * Cables have some resistance. We are mainly focusing that resistance. Resistance can vary with respect to the length of the cable.+ If the length of the cable is increase, the value of the resistance will also increase. * If any deviation occurs in the resistance value, we will call that is fault point and finding that place through Arduino technology. * That fault point represents the standard of distance (kilometre) from the base station.This value displayed by display unit. * Before attempting to locate underground cable faults on cable, it is necessary to know where the cable is located and what route it takes. If the fault is on secondary cable, knowing the exact route is even more critical.* Since it is extremely difficult to find a cable fault without knowing where the cable is, it makes sense to master cable locating and tracing and to do a cable trace before beginning the fault locating process. * Success in locating or tracing the route of electrical cable and metal pipe depends upon knowledge, skill, and perhaps, most of all, experience. * Although locating can be a complex job, it will very likely become even more complex as more and more underground plant is installed. It is just as important to understand how the equipment works as it is to be thoroughly familiar with the exact equipment being used.Suitable for congested urban areas where overhead lines may __ Itismore Expensive be difficult or impossible to install A —|> . Can not be easily Repaired a % It can work only upto \ 66 kv due to insulation difficulties S Not susceptible to shaking and shorting due to vibrations, wind, accidents, etc. Erection cost of high voltage cable is very highFaults in Underground cables | Open circuit Fault [ short circuit Fautt | | earth Faut | J When there is a break in the conductor of a cable, it is called open circuit fault. The open-circuit fault can check by a megger. The megger will indicate zero resistance in the circuit of the conductor that is not broken. However if a conductor is broken the megger will indicate an infinite resistance | When two conductors of a multi core cable come in critical contact with each other due to insulation failure, it is so called as short circuit fault. The two terminals of a megger are connected to any two conductors. if the megger gives a zero reading it indicates short- circuit fault between these conductors | When the conductor of a cable comes in contact with earth To identify this fault, one terminal of the megger is connected to the conductor and the other terminal connected to the earth. The megger indicates zero reading; it means the conductor is earthed.Methods for the Detection of Faults Online Method | * Online method uses and * This method uses a special instrument to test process the sampled out service of cable in the field. Offline method current and voltages to is classified into two methods such as tracer determine the fault points. Terminal Methods | + Terminal method is used to detect the location of the fault in a cable from one end or both the ends without tracking. This method is used to find general areas of the fault to accelerate tracking on buried cable. method and terminal method. J ‘Tracer Method In this method fault of the cable can be detected by walking on the cable lines Fault location is denoted from electromagnetic signal or audible signal. This method is used to find the fault location very accurately.Time domain reflectometry (TDR): + The TOR sends a low-energy signal through the cable, causing no insulation degradation. A theoretically perfect cable returns that signal in a known time and in a known profile. + Impedance variations in a “real-world” cable alter both the time and profile, which the TDR screen or printout graphically represents. * One weakness of TDR is that it does not pinpoint faults. TDR is accurate to within about 1% of testing range.1. Electrical pulse sent down coaxial cable 2. Pulse reflected a at crimps and breaksSpark-induced Electromagnetic Signals * During a voltage break-down in a conductor of length |, a spark-induced electromagnetic signal is generated exactly where the break-down takes place. * Two waves will propagate in both directions with a constant signal propagation velocity, denoted v, towards the direction of the extremities of the conductor (denoted A and B). * The time difference At measured between the two signals arriving at the extremities of the conductor allows calculating the distance If of the fault from the extremity A by the simple relation, 6 L + conductor B nductor or groundTerminal Methods 1) Blavier Test (For a Single Cable Faults) + When a ground fault occurs in a single cable and there is no other cables (without faulty one), then blavier test can be performed to locate the fault in a single cable. * Suppose- + Fault to ground resistance = r Ro + Resistance from the Farendtothe — Sending - ee cable fault = r2 | tt rn * Resistance from the testing end of eon 1 =Resirance the cable to the fault = r1 i to Ground Blavier Test to Find the Cable's Fault Location* First of all, We will insulate the far end of the cable to determine the resistance between line to ground, which is ; R,=nt+r * Now, we will ground or earth the far end of the cable to find the resistance between line to ground again. TX r+n * But the total resistance (before occurring the fault) was R=n+ 1% * Solving the above equations for r2 (fault location or distance), we get x = Ry— (Ri — R2)(R- Re) R2=7+2) Murray Loop Tes: * Wheatstone bridge’s principle is used in murray loop test to find the cable faults. + The Wheatstone bridge is kept in balance by adjusting resistance of the ratio arms Ra and Rb until the galvanometer deflection is zero. b$— Ground or Earth Faut Low Resistance Wire to Shot the Fauty Cable ‘wih Sound Conductor Murray Loop Test For Ground Fault ancsetneaechnlgy ae Rb Rat Rb Forsingle Coble For Double CableTracer Method * In this method fault of the cable can be detected by walking on the cable lines. Fault location is denoted from electromagnetic signal or audible signal. This method is used to find the fault location very accurately. + Transmitter create electromagnetic signals on metallic conductors by producing output current. * This electromagnetic field radiates from the line is sense by receiver and we can find exact location of fault as well as depth of the cable.* Cable locating test sets, often referred to as cable tracers, may be _ grouped as follows: Low frequency — usually less than 20 kHz sometimes referred to as audio frequency (AF). High frequency — usually higher than 20 kHz and in the radio frequency (RF) range to about 80 kHz. 60 Hz — most tracers provide this mode to allowtracing of energized cables. Low frequency (AF) is considered the general-purpose selection because it is more effective in tracing the route of cables located in congested areas due to less capacitive coupling to everything else in the ground. Low frequency can be more effective over greater distances due to less capacitive leakage and because higher signal power is allowedReceiver Antenna AC Cumreat Flow Electromagnetic Field ¥ Produced by Current Flow ro re L ‘Nearby Cables and/or Pipes ~ c * Te Nk’ < E Current Return Paths ———> ~ -Introduction to circuit Diagram + While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault. This project uses Ohms Law concept, when a low voltage DC is applied to the feeder end through a series resistor, then the current would differ based on the location of fault occurred in the cable. In case is there any short circuit occurred from line to ground, then the voltage across series resistor alters accordingly, then it is fed to an analog to digital converter to develop exact data, which the pre programmed Arduino module will display in kilometres. The proposed system is designed with a set of resistors to signifying the length of a cable in kilometers, and the fault creation is designed with a set of switches at every known kilometer (KM) to cross check the exactness of the same. The fault happening at a specific distance and the particular phase is displayed on an LCD interfaced to the 8051 microcontroller.Block Diagram of CircuitCircuit Diagram = 1 hy = eeeWorking of Circuit * The project uses a set of resistances in series i.e. R10,R11,R12,R13 and R14,R15,R16,R17, & R18,R19,R20,R21, as shown in the circuit diagram, one set for each phase. * Each series resistors represents the resistance of the underground cable for a specific distance thus 4 such resistances in series represent 1-4kms. + 3 relays are used to common point of their contacts are grounded while the NO points are connected to the input of the R10, R14 & R18 being the 3 phase cable input. + Fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. * The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the Arduino board.Circuit Components 1) RELAY * A relay is an electrically operated switch. * Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. * The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.* Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. * For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. * There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical. * To drive relay through MC ULN2003 relay driver IC is used2) Relay driver ULN2003A * The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. * It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that features high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. * The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 5|00mA. * The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability.* The ULN2003A functions as an inverter. * If the logic at input 1B is high then the output at its corresponding pin 1C will be low. LOGIC DIAGRAM 18 2 38 2G 8G 8 ESTART Initialize the LCD display pins 2,3,4,5,11,12 I Define variable Distance=input voltage Ifinput voltage >=890 and <820Display “Distance=6” Output Distance=8 Display "Distance=8” Distance=4 Display “Distance=4”Output Output Distance=2 Distance=0 Display Display “Distance=2” “Distance="Arduino Code Wrochude the library code: include {isialze the brary with the numbers ofthe interface pins LquidCrystallea12, 1, 5,4, 3,2) 1/ define phase con pins int phase[3] = (2, 8 9h pcsostorseersqntnnannenasopesgevagnaageaggengorsatten ine dstanclin nputvotage ( IW (inputveltage >= 890 8 inputvolage <920) { retum 8; ) se if (inputVoltage > 850 Bf inputvotage < £90) rerun 6: ) se if (inputVoltage >= 750 8B inputvtage < 850) recur 4; ) se If (inputVoltage > 600 inputvetage < 750) retum 2; 1tee retuen 0; ' old setup { 1st up the LCD's number ofcolumns and rows: lea begin 26 2); 1s pin made for phase relays for ne) =0;)< 3:4 ( pinMode(phasell, OUTPUT: 1 ' oid lop) [ Aligatric|phaselo}, 1H); elay(2000), Ine ist = dstance(analogkead(Ao): in{aiea == 0) ( ledsetcursor(0, 0} ledte'R:") led setCursor(3, 0) leditetNF ) else { led.setCursor(0, 0); ledwrite("R:"); led.setCursor(3, 0); led.print{dist1); led.setCursor(4, 0); led.write(" KM"); I digitalWrite(phase|0), LOW); digitalWrite(phase[1), HIGH); delay(1000), int dist2 = distance(analogRead(A0)); if (dist2 == 0) { Ied.setCursor(8, 0); led.write("Y: led.setCursor(11, 0}; led.write("NF "); }else led setCursor(8, 0}; Iedowitet'¥") else { led. setCursor(11, 0); Icd.setCursor(0, 1); Ied.print(dist2); Ied.write("B: "); Icd.setCursor(12, 0); Ied.setCursor({3, 1); icdawrite(" KM"); Icd.print(dist3); , Icd.setCursor(4, 1); digital Write(phase[1], LOW); led.write(" KM"); Me I digitalWrite(phase[2], HIGH); digitalWrite(phase[2], LOW); delay{2000}; } istance(analogRead(A0)); Ht IedsetCurson0, 1) ledowritet'8:") ledsetCursor(3, 1); ledowritet'NE ,References * http://www.edgefxkits.com * https://www.elprocus.com + http://electrical-engineering-portal.com * http://ieeexplore.ieee.or; ¢ http://www.electrical4u.comThani a