Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Introduction To Elasticity Elasticity studies mechanics variables (displacements, strains, stresses, intemal forces, and moments) variation with location of point on an elastic bod ‘+ Inmechanics of materials the variables are approximated across the cross section or thickness (plates and shells) and integrated cross the cross section or thickness. ‘The leaming objectives in this chapter are: + Become familiar with equations of elasticity and the Airy stress function © Understand the appli rion of equations of elasticity to rotating disks and torsion of non-circular bars Basic equations of elasticity Strain-displacement relationship. ive equation: Generalized Hooke’s Law. Compatibility equations on strains to ensure single-valued displacements Boundary ConditionsMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Strain-Displacement Cartesian Coordinates ‘The strain displacement relationship are given by 2, bye ~ By oe ze Polar coordinates ty and vpare the displacements inthe rand 0 direction, respectively ae Compatibility equations + Thor aresx compatibility equation which nse that the displacement fed obtained om stn iss are single valued fo Far, Fy _ Oty yo aMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi or, 26.1 Starting with $= deriv : c Starting with == derive the expression belo 2 e LaF, Mee 2 xMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Constitutive Model: Generalized Hooke’s Law Fyn = [uy My ONE yy Mas Fux dVE M+ 6 IVE plane stress plane strain Gg Oy Sy Ry Oy Vue Oy ic 3a : [ese ~ eal Meet Mel Sy ~ Teg My MEd tay ~ Ft vow Plane Stain 77" Plane Siress Altemative: 8G = (C+ 044-8 -WIGyy BG ey = (8 10,3 KI where, Go Plane Stress e-fasy Manes 3-4v Plane StrainMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Equilibrium equations Plane Stress Cartesian Coordinates: cand F,ate the body forces acting atthe point and have the dimensions of force per unt! volume. Sand ot Bas) dye a) ° ret = 9 reel yy 5 ony a, ow, (o,f) eae et ay a a i —t ‘> —— fie, le 9 — me tet eta th 4 Fo= ss] Three Dimension Pe, ye, Ban lea eT 9|Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Plane Stress Polar Coordinates ere +andndes A BafanaMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Boundary conditions ny rx tay My (l= Jur Oy n, Tee by tS} = [o]t} ‘ng. and 1, ~= direction cosines of the unit normal to the surface in the x,y, and z direction, SiS and S,-- specified traction in the x, y, and z direction. 11,No» and Wy» specified displacement in the xy, and z directionMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi C6.2 Starting from the equilibrium equations of elasticity obtain the equilibrium equations of mechanics of ‘materials for axial members and symmetric bending of beams, Assume area of cross-section is a constant,Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Axisymmetric problems + Axisymmetrc problems ar thos in which he lading, gsomety, nd material properties ae al indspendent of angular location © + the displacements, strains an stresses should ls be independent of 0 wee 4 1dr, Oy we fe tree 8 a a Polar Coordinates: ¢,, Bp, 10 , Sn Sag wre +F,-0 Axisymmetti: 5, Plane Stress Axisymmettie problems General Solution: py OppM. Vale Advanced Mectanes of Matera; Intodution to Elasticity 6.3 A thick eylinder (plane strain) is subjected to internal and extemal pressure as shown, (a) Show that the stresses and radial displacements are given by the equations below. (b) Plot the stresses as a funetion of r for Case I Po= 0 and Case II pj =0 ‘, opty Ae Pd oe (rat py + BBP) A [He 2mt nar tb) : 2608) iMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Internal pressure only: pa, os S00 PR, 19 + oy is compressive at all points with a maximum compressive vale of p atthe inner surface, + ogg is always tensile and its maximum value is also atthe inner surface. Br mama] + a circle of radius r will enlarge to a radius of (Fm) due tothe internal pressureMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi External pressure only p;=0 oo 05 -10 “15 -20 + Gy is compressive a all points with a maximum compressive value ofp atthe outer surface. + yy is always compressive and its maximum value isa the inner surface, + a circle of radius will shrink fo a radius of (¢-,) du to the extemal pressure Vaan ® lace mil &Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi 6.4 A small steel cylinder with no axial forces has an inside diameter of 100 mm and an outside diameter of 300 mm, The steel has a modulus of elasticity of E = 200 GPa, Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, and a yield stress of Syigid = 200 MPa, Determine the maximum internal pressure if Von Mises stress is not to exceed yield stress,Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Rota g disk + Agrinding wheel or a disk brake ean be modeled as a rotating disk. AA thin (plane stress) disk i rotating ata constant angular speed 0. F, Displacement Stresses: Boundary Conditions 1. A solid rotating disk: The outer boundary is stress free, thus 6,,(0~ Ra) 0. For solution tobe finite at the center (F 0) of a solid disk requires C, = 0 2, A rotating disk with hole: The inner boundary (¢~ R,) and outer boundary (¢ ~ R,) are stress free. Thus the boundary conditions RY 29) = 0. 3. A rotating disk bonded on a rigid shaft The outer boundary is stress free and the point on in the inner boundary cannot displace. “Thus the boundary conditions are u,(F = R,) = 0 and @,,(7 = R,) = 0. are G(r and 6,7Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi C6.5 ‘The maximum rotational speed at which a grinding wheel can operate is called the “bursting speed,” since if this speed is exceeded, maximum tensile stress will cause the wheel to burst. Consider a grinding wheel with inner radius a, outer radius 2a, Poisson ratio v = 1/3, and modulus of elasticity £. Obtain a relationship between the burst speed 0 ax snd the maximum allowable tensile stress o, yyy in terms, and E. Assume that the grinding wheel is mounted on a rigid shaftMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Airy Stress Function + Airy stress function is chosen such that the equilibrium equations in absence of body forces are implicitly satisfied by the stresses in two-dimension Bae Oye Equilibium equations: 2+ Pv 2e¥ 2¥-9 vty=9 ara ay + Harmonie operator: V? = © Bicharmonie operator V4 + Applicable to plane stress an pane strn Solution by polynomials Airy sree function y is epresented by a polynomial + For tresses o he non-zero the lowes ord of polyno * Quadratic and cubic polynomials implicitly satisfy the bi-harmonic operator, + Relationship between constants must be Found for polynomials of 4th and higher order forthe polynomial to satisfy the bi-harmonie operator. is quadratic.M Vibe Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Quadratic polynomial y = a5 + byxy +05 Stresses Gig = Cp yyy = Oy + Constant stress stat irrespective of the shape of the bods: Tractions: — S, = eym,—bgn, —S, = bam aan ® bi bp °: o #Ifby=ay-0, and eo, then we have wn + Ib; = sand ay thon we have state of pure shear, + Ifhy=0, and ay = e)a. then we have the hydeostatie state of stress, i, normal stress in all directions isthe same 6. + Ib; =0, and a, =-c,=c, then we have state of pure shear in a coordinate system that is 45° tothe x and y coordinate system. al tension, 7Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Displacement from Strains ‘The strain displacement relationship in two-dimension are given by _ 2 fw ‘The procedure is as follows: 1 Integrate the strain, with respect fo x and add funetion f(y) to obtain displacement u(x,» 2. Integrate the strain, with respect to yand ad funtion (x) to obtain displacement v(x, 3). 3. Substitute u(x, 3) and v(s ») into the stain expression 7. Write all erms that ar unetions of on one side of the equal sign and all terms that are functions of y on the other side of the equal sign. This implies that each side must equal othe same constant. Inte= arate to find f(y) and g(x). 4. The ordinary derivatives of f(y) and g(x) inthe above step can be integrated. The constants of integration correspond to rigid body ‘mode and are determined from the boundary conditions.Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi C6.6 Obtain the displacement field for the constant stress state given below. Gx= 6 y= My = “byMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Rigid body motion Displacements wie) = [eBoy SMa a ty ween) ~ [EBay Cae Mee © a, and c,, represents translation in the x and y direction, respectively * the constant fi represents rigid body rotation. + Toetmin igi hoy muon we med othe by est 3 pois, wh one in this coir withthe er woM Vibe Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi 6.7 Consider the uniaxial tension o,, = o in plane stress and obtain the displacements for the four cases shown. The rectangle is 2a units long in the x direction and 2b units longs in the y direction. Cast aM Vibe Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi 2398 bayty BagP £ x + ty Bay? +d Stresses: ye = (CE +dy) — y= (GXTHY) ty = yet EW) (ex HdyIn—(yx+e9I, Sy = (bax Hew In, Hes dN, 4 sires components ae linear in. and y irrespective ofthe shape of the body. Ifa; =b; ) and ds = « then it represents pure bending of a rectangular cross-section as shown in Cubic polynomial = w. = Fourth order polynomial y = 28:'+54y +4? By? +f ayt2eyte,= 0 = eg + deay (ay Bey? = ag? they rey”M Vibe Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi 6.8 Figure below shows a cantilever beam with a rectangular cross-section. An Airy stress function that ‘could be used is given by equation below: In terms of Py, P2, 6, h, x, and Z, determine (a) the stress eomponents gp Spy Aid ty (b) the displacement components 1.1, Assume plane stress. w= a[st-(Q) Jono) jn tay Cannot be function of x This requites no distributed torque on the shaf. Prandil defines a stress fumetion ay Equilibrium Equations: 2° +Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Boundary conditions: +S, ~ 0,5, ~ 0 omthe surface of the shaft are met by the sires state ‘The stress function y must be constant on the boundary of the eross-section of the non-circular shaft f Jue Option 1: From stresses, obiain strains, and integrate Wo gee Gsplacements Option 2: We equate Prandtl’ stresses to St, Venant stresses Tr Procedure for solving problems of torsion of non-circular shafts 1. Forgiven cross-section shape obtain stress fianction «that is constant on the boundary ofthe erass-section 2. Determine any constant inthe stress function in terms ofthe internal torque T by integrating over the eross-section, 3. Determine the Prandi!s shear stresses. a6 ae and obtain AG = $34) 4. Dakin ne fiMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi C69 A shaft has an elliptical eross-section shown below: Determine the equations for maximum shear stress Tmax at a cross-section and relative rotation (> - $1) of cross-sections at two points (x1 and x2) along the length of the shaft in terms of intemal torque 7, shear modulus G, a, b,x, and x>. Ky ALMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi 6.10 Analuminum (G = 4000 ksi) elliptical shaft of is loaded as shown. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft and rotation of section D with respect to rotation of section at A. © ainMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi ircular shafts Torsion membrane analogy for torsion of non- + Prandtl realized that the deflection of membrane under pressure has the same differential equation as torsion of non-cireular bars, * important in experimentally determining the torsional rigidity of complex cross seotional shapes such as eross seotion of a wing of an aircra, iy “membrane deflection @ uniform tension per unit length acts inthe tangent direotion of deflected membrane @ Differential Equation: 2 ey eS Boundary Condition: 1, = 0 on boundaryMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Membrane Analogy Prantdl’s Torsion problem formulation, ‘Membrane deflection problem 2G) 1 = af fyae ‘Volume beneath the membrane [frm te ‘The intemal torque capacity ofa cross-section can be found by doubling the volume under the deflected membrane, in other words torsional rig + Analogy can also be used to 18 the maximum torsional shear stress.M Vibe Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Membrane analogy for cross section with holes * No deformation inthe hole and zero shear stress on hole boundary. Model the hole with rigid plate such that slope at the hole boundary is zero, 3Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi formulas of torsion of circular shafts shown using membrane analogy.Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi Torsion of thit -walled open section * Obtaining analytical formulas for torsion of thin-walled open section is difficult + To develop the approximate formulas we will ist consider a thin rectangular cross section. 6> 107 + The membrane deflection willbe dominated by z and does not change significantly with», Le. 1,2) fot 8 xd) where R= BF Gxt where = 01/3) 3Mt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi * Gis the orsional rigidity. isnot the polar moment of inertia + The shear stress is elated tothe slope of the deflected membrane curve. Bly (2 &) feo ty ~ 20 + Inthin-alled closed sections we assumed thatthe torsional shear stress in the thickness direction was uniform, + Inthin- valle open setion, the torsional shear tess varies linearly in the thickness direction. The maximum shear stress will beat cdge ofthe thickness, ie. at 2 = 21/2. ‘+ ys in the direction ofthe center lin, roe mniog Hae, part Maximum torsional shear stress:[r = 2 Ez End effects in rectangular eross sections * There i a transition region near towards the edge of y= +b/2 where the torsional shear stress ¢,., which we neglected is nonMt Vable Advanced Mectanss of Matra: Intodusion to Basi 6.12 (@) Obtain the torsional rigidity and maximum shear stress for the thin open cross section of uniform thickness ¢ shown below, Assume ¢ «a and gap at D is of negligible thickness. Report the answer in terms of intemal torque 7; shear modulus G thickness f, and parameter a. (b) Determine the torsional rigidity and maximum shear stress of thin elosed seetion where the gap at D is elosed. [See Eqs (6.32) and (6.34) of the book] » e i 3s