31

3. J00 Q26
In the diagram below, A, B, C, D lie on the line segment OE, and AC and CE are diameters of
the circles centred at B and D respectively. The line OF is tangent to the circle centred at D
with the point of contact F. If OA = 10, AC = 26 and CE = 20, find the length of the chord
GH.

F
H
G
C E
O A B D

4.8 Loci

Use the following loci and method of intersecting loci

sets of points in two dimensions which are equidistant from two given
intersecting straight lines

1. J97 Q16
Line l2 intersects l1 and line l3 is parallel to l1. The three lines are distinct and lie in a plane.
Determine the number of points that are equidistant from all three lines.

4.9 Triangles

Use properties of congruency

Know and use appropriate tests to verify if 2 triangles (figures) are congruent
Use properties of similar figures (including non-triangles)
Know and use appropriate tests to verify if 2 triangles (figures) are similar
Use the relationship between volumes of similar solids
Use the theorem – ratio of area of triangles with common height = ratio of bases
 32

Congruent Triangles

Two triangles are congruent if they are identical, i.e. they are of the same shape and size.

ABC is congruent to XYZ (written as ABC XYZ) if AB = XY, BC = YZ,

CA = ZX and A = X, B = Y, C = Z

A X

B C Y Z

Test for congruency

SSS: 3 sides on one triangle are equal to 3 sides on the other triangle
SAS: 2 pairs of sides and the included angles are equal
AAS (or ASA): 2 pairs of angles and a pair of corresponding sides are equal
RHS: Right-angled triangle with the hypotenuse equal and one other pair of
sides equal

Similar Triangles

Two triangles are similar if they have the same shape, i.e. the corresponding angles are equal
and the corresponding sides are proportional.

AB BC CA
ABC is similar to XYZ (written as ABC XYZ) if and A=
XY YZ ZX
X, B= Y, C= Z
A
X

Y Z
B C

Tests for similarity

The corresponding angles are equal (AA)

The corresponding sides are proportional
Two corresponding sides are proportional with included angles equal
 33

Properties of Similar Figures

If X and Y are two similar solids/figures, then

l x hx
l y hy
2 2
Ax lx hx
Ay ly hy
3 3
Vx lx hx
Vy ly hy
3 3
mx lx hx
(if they have the same density)
my ly hy

Triangles sharing the same height

Consider two triangles, with areas A1 and A2 sharing the same height, h.
1
b1 h
A1 2 b1
A2 1 b2
b2 h
2 h
A2 A1

b2 b1

1. J95 Q14
In the diagram, ABC and CDE are right angles. Given that CD = 6 cm, AD = 7 cm and AB
= 5 cm, what is the area of quadrilateral ABED?
A

B E C

2. J96 Q2
In the following triangle ABC, M and N are points on AB and AC respectively such that AM :
MB = 1 : 3 and AN : NC = 3 : 5.
 34

1 3
M N

3 5

B C
Find the ratio of the area of triangle MNC : area of triangle ABC.

3. J96 Q13
A quadrilateral has sides of length 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm and 9 cm respectively. Another similar
quadrilateral has a side of length 12 cm. What is the largest possible perimeter of this similar
quadrilateral?

4. J97 Q6
In the diagram, the radii of the sectors OPQ and ORS are 5 cm and 2 cm respectively. Find
the ratio of the area of the shaded region to the area of the sector OPQ.

Q P

S R
O
5. J98 Q17
185
In the figure below BAC = 90 and DEFG is a square. If the length of BC is and the
6
area of ABC is 1369, find the area of the square DEFG.
A

D G

B E F C

6. J98 Q23
In the figure below, AP is the bisector of BAC, and BP is perpendicular to AP. Also, K is the
midpoint of BC. Suppose that AB = 8 cm and AC = 26 cm. Find the length of PK in cm.
 35

B K C

7. J98 Q25
In the diagram below, ABC is a right-angled triangle with B = 90 . Suppose that
BP AQ
2 and AC is parallel to RP. If the area of triangle BSP is 4 square units, find the
CP CQ
area of triangle ABC in square units.
A

R Q
S

B C
P

8 J99 Q12
In the diagram below, ABCD is a square and
AE BF CG DH m
.
EB FC GD HA n
H
A

9. J99 Q17
In triangle ABC, D, E and F are points on the sides BC, AC an AB respectively such that BC =
4CD, AC = 5AE and AB = 6BF. Suppose the area of ABC is 120 cm2, what is the area of DEF
in cm2?
 36

4.10 Coordinate Geometry

Calculate the gradient of a straight line from the coordinates of two points on it
 37

Unit 5: Trigonometry

5.1 Triangles

Use triangle inequality

Use Pythagoras’ theorem
Apply the sine, cosine and tangent ratios to the calculation of a side or of an angle of a
right-angled triangle
Recall and use the exact values of trigonometrical functions of special angles
1
Solve problems using the sine and cosine rules and the formula ab sin c for the area
2
of a triangle
Know the range of values of for which cos is positive or negative

Triangle inequality

In any triangles ABC, the sum of the lengths of two sides is greater than the length of the
third side. This is known as the triangle inequality i.e. A

AB < BC + AC c
BC < AB + AC b
AC < AB + BC

B a C

Simple trigonometrical ratios of an acute angle C

opposite a c
sin a
hypothenus c
adjacent b
cos
hypothenus c
opposite a A b B
tan
adjacent b

The signs of the trigonometrical ratios

y
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant

sin positive ALL positive

x
3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

tan positive cos positive

The trigonometric ratio of special angles
 38

0 30 45 60 90
sin 0 1 1 2 3 4
0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos 4 3 2 1 1 0
1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan 1
0 1 3
3

Pythagoras’ theorem C

In a right-angled triangle, the square of c a

the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides i.e.

AC 2 AB 2 BC 2 A b B
c2 b2 a2

Sine rule
c
b
a b c
In any triangle ABC, 2R ,
sin A sin B sin C
where R is the circumradius of the triangle.
B a C

Cosine rule

In any triangle ABC,

a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C

Area of a triangle

1
Area = base height
2
1 1 1
Area = ab sin C = bc sin A = ac sin B
2 2 2
a b c
Area = s(s a)(s b)(s c) , s (Heron’s formula)
2
 39

Triangle Inequality

1. J97 Q23
The lengths of the sides of a quadrilateral are given by 1996 cm, 1997 cm, 1998 cm and z
cm. If z is an integer, what is the largest possible value of z?

2. J98 Q11
Find the total number of triangles such that the lengths (in cm) of all three sides of each
triangle are positive integers and the length of the longest side of each triangle is 15 cm.

3. J00 Q29
Determine the number of acute-angled triangles (i.e. all angles are less than 90 ) having
consecutive integer sides (say n – 1, n, n + 1) and perimeter not more than 2000.

Miscellaneous

1. J95 Q10
In the diagram, M is the midpoint of the semi-circular arc drawn on one side of a 6 cm by 7
cm rectangle. What is the perimeter of isosceles triangle MBC?
B C

7 cm

A 6 cm D

2. J95 Q18
Four congruent circles, each of which is tangent externally to two of the other three circles,
are circumcised by a square of area 144 cm2. If a small circle is then placed in the center so
that it is tangent to each of the circles, what is the diameter of this small circle?
 40

3. J95 Q19
ABCD is an isosceles trapezium with AB parallel to DC, AC = DC and AD = BC. If the
height of the trapezium is equal to AB, find the ratio of AB: DC.
A B

D C

4. J95 Q27
In a right angled triangle, the lengths of the adjacent sides are 550 and 1320. What is the
length of the hypotenuse (correct to the nearest whole number)?

5. J95 Q29
An isosceles right-angled triangle is removed from each corner of a square piece of paper so
that a rectangle remains. What is the length of a diagonal of the rectangle if the sum of the
areas of the cut-off pieces is 200 cm2?

6. J96 Q3
A rectangle whose length is twice that of its breadth has a diagonal equal to that of a given
square. What is the ratio of the area of the rectangle to the area of the square?