Readers' forum
REFERENCES
1. Lindstrom M, Nevas M, Kurki J, Sauna-aho R, Latvala-Kiesila A,
Polonen I, et al. Type C botulism due to toxic feed affecting
52,000 farmed foxes and minks in Finland. J Clin Microbiol
2004;42:4718–25.
2. Liu ZJ, Rafferty KL, Ye W, Herring SW. Differential response of pig
masseter to botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B. Muscle
Nerve 2015;52:88–93.
3. Matic DB, Yazdani A, Wells RG, Lee TY, Gan BS. The effects of
masseter muscle paralysis on facial bone growth. J Surg Res
2007;139:243–52.
4. Korfage JA, Wang J, Lie SH, Langenbach GE. Influence of botuli-
num toxin on rabbit jaw muscle activity and anatomy. Muscle
Nerve 2012;45:684–91.
5. Park SY, Park YW, Ji YJ, Park SW, Kim SG. Effects of a bot-
ulinum toxin type A injection on the masseter muscle: an
animal model study. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;
37:1–5.
6. Kim JH, Shin JH, Kim ST, Kim CY. Effects of two different units of
botulinum toxin type A evaluated by computed tomography and
electromyographic measurements of human masseter muscle.
Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:711–7.
7. Rafferty KL, Liu ZJ, Ye W, Navarrete AL, Nguyen TT, Salamati A,
et al. Botulinum toxin in masticatory muscles: short- and long-
term effects on muscle, bone, and craniofacial function in adult
rabbits. Bone 2012;50:651–62.
8. Lee CJ, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Han JY, Choi SH, Lee SI. Electrophysiologic
change and facial contour following botulinum toxin A injection in
square faces. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;120:769–78.
9. Shim YJ, Lee MK, Kato T, Park HU, Heo K, Kim ST. Effects of bot-
ulinum toxin on jaw motor events during sleep in sleep bruxism
patients: a polysomnographic evaluation. J Clin Sleep Med
2014;10:291–8.
10. K€un-Darbois JD, Libouban H, Chappard D. Botulinum toxin in
masticatory muscles of the adult rat induces bone loss at the
condyle and alveolar regions of the mandible associated with
a bone proliferation at a muscle enthesis. Bone 2015;77:
75–82.
11. Raphael KG, Tadinada A, Bradshaw JM, Janal MN, Sirois DA,
Chan KC, et al. Osteopenic consequences of botulinum toxin injec-
tions in the masticatory muscles: a pilot study. J Oral Rehabil 2014;
41:555–63.
12. Xu H, Shan XF, Cong X, Yang NY, Wu LL, Yu GY, et al. Pre- and
post-synaptic effects of botulinum toxin A on submandibular
glands. J Dent Res 2015;94:1454–62.
One hundred years of orthodontic
history
T he special section, “100 years of orthodontic his-
tory,” published in the December 2015 issue of the
AJO-DO, delineates the important events in the past
100 years of orthodontics and provides a rich perspective
to young orthodontists on how the field has developed.
The timeline shows how far the practice of orthodontics
has evolved; moreover, these major events could serve as
building blocks to push the boundaries in the future.
Two clinician-scientists, Kaare Reitan and Per
Rygh, who fundamentally contributed to the biology
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
445
of tooth movement, are missing in the history time-
line.
1951 Kaare Reitan
Histological analyses of periodontal tissue reac-
tion in response to orthodontic tooth movement
1973 Per Rygh
Ultrastructure changes in periodontium as a func-
tion of orthodontic tooth movement
Reitan (1903-2000) and Rygh (1930-2008) exten-
sively studied the histology of tooth movement in hu-
mans and rodents.1,2 Their findings partly defined the
principles of tooth movement biology: the core of our
daily orthodontic practice. In my opinion, we should
add these 2 people to the list.
Roozbeh Khosravi
Seattle, Wash
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;149:445
0889-5406/$36.00
Copyright Ó 2016 by the American Association of Orthodontists.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.01.005
REFERENCES
1. Reitan K. The initial tissue reaction incident to orthodontic tooth
movement as related to the influence of function: an experimental
histologic study on animal and human material. Acta Odontol Scand
Suppl 1951;6:1–240.
2. Rygh P. Hyalinization of the periodontal ligament incident to ortho-
dontic tooth movement. Den Norske Tannlaegeforenings Tidende
1951;84:352–7.
Editor's note: Both Kaare Reitan and Per Rygh are
included in another Centennial Special Section,
“100 years of publishing, 100 people of influence,”
in the May 2015 issue of the Journal (Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147 (Suppl 2):S147-54).
Corticotomy-assisted rapid maxillary
expansion
W e want to thank the authors for reporting a novel
approach for rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in
skeletally mature patients (Echchadi ME, Benchikh B,
Bellamine M, Kim SH. Corticotomy-assisted rapid maxil-
lary expansion: a novel approach with a 3-year follow-
up. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;148:
138-53). However, a few questions arose regarding the
methodology described. The authors did not comment
on the interdigitation pattern of the midpalatal suture
in spite of taking a pretreatment computed tomography
scan of the patient. Considering the patient's age,
April 2016  Vol 149  Issue 4
446
mentioning the status of the midpalatal suture would
have been beneficial in justifying the treatment plan
chosen. It is not clear in the methodology whether any
orthopedic separation at the midpalatal suture was
desired. Since this approach is being advocated as an
alternative to surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion,
which aims to achieve expansion by separating the 2
halves of the maxilla at the midpalatal suture, the nature
of the expansion expected with a corticotomy-assisted
RME should also be commented upon. Was the cortico-
tomy on the buccal cortical plate done only to induce an
inflammatory response, or was it desired to help in the
expansion of the maxillary arch? Was the corticotomy
done only in the single (buccal) cortical plate sufficient
to circumvent the resistance from the midpalatal suture?
No justification has been mentioned.
In this case report, the expansion was said to be RME;
however, the expansion schedule followed was 1 mm per
week for 8 weeks after the corticotomy. The schedule
advocated for RME is typically 0.5 to 1 mm of expansion
per day in routine practice. So how did the authors
justify calling their approach RME? Also, it is docu-
mented in the literature that the maximum inflamma-
tory response to the regional accelerated phenomenon
is within the first few weeks after the procedure.1 What
was the rationale behind not following the routine
RME protocol of 0.5 to 1 mm per day that would have
further reduced the duration of treatment?
Changes in the inclination of the maxillary posterior
teeth (Table IV of the article) indicate dental expansion
with palatal inclination of the maxillary posterior teeth.
Another question that arose was whether only dental
expansion was sufficient to resolve an arch length
discrepancy of 17 mm in the maxillary arch or whether
some skeletal expansion was achieved. We would like
April 2016  Vol 149  Issue 4 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Readers' forum
the authors to share the changes in transverse skeletal
dimensions, if any. Although the authors reported taking
a posttreatment computed tomography scan for evalu-
ating buccal bone thickness, they did not comment on
the transverse skeletal changes in the maxilla and the
status of the midpalatal suture.
Raising a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap leads to
bone loss2,3; hence, in most procedures involving a
full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap, bone grafting is
done. How did the authors justify an increase in bone
mass without an adjunctive bone graft in the region?
Since the results of this case report are very prom-
ising, we would appreciate it if the authors could share
their views.
Priyank Rai
Tulika Tripathi
Shilpa Kalra
Anup Kanase
Neha Khanna
Navneet Singh
New Delhi, India
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;149:445-6
0889-5406/$36.00
Copyright Ó 2016 by the American Association of Orthodontists.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.01.006
REFERENCES
1. Wilcko MT, Wilcko WM, Bissada NF. An evidence-based analysis of
periodontally accelerated orthodontic and osteogenic techniques: a
synthesis of scientific perspectives. Semin Orthod 2014;14:305–16.
2. Wood DZ, Hoag PM, Donnenfield OW, Rosenfield LD. Alveolar crest
reduction following full and partial thickness flaps. J Periodontol
1972;43:141–4.
3. Fickl S, Kebschull M, Schupbach P, Zuhr O, Schlagenhauf U,
Hurzeler MB. Bone loss after full-thickness and partial-thickness
flap elevation. J Clin Periodontol 2011;38:157–62.