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    Oc Unit2

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    Sanjana Pulapa

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    oni nthe ‘The variation of the original shape of the input signal due to unwanted disturbances in an optical fiber is kno ‘Dueto the change in the transmitted signal and thé received signal, it causes errors and thus limits the per n optical communication system. : n . 4 ia “The various signal distortions that take place in an fiber opties are attenuation, dispersion, pulse broadening ete, What is attenuation of a signal? ‘Attenuation can be defined as the decrease in the power of light signals during their propagation along the optical fiber. Iris o knowns signal loss or fiber loss and determines the maximum distance between transmitter and receiver ofa communication Mathematically, the attenuation loss can be expressed in decibels as, B Attenuation (a) = 10 log jr dB Where, P.— Input (Transmitted) power P, — Output (Received) power. ‘Alternatively, attenuation per unit length of the fiber is expressed as, =10l0g Define absorption loss, scattering loss and bending loss. ‘Scanned with CamScanner jcation systems. Ans: Macroscopic Bending Losses cae ‘The losses that occur when the fiber is subjected to excessive bending, red as macroscopic bending, eee ony epee sale Asuatons nea of crs fhe er i pecoevncue 6. What group ay? pen. Mode! Papert ty Ans: Group delay, also known as time delay per unt length can be defined as the reciprocal of group velocity y,. Is 7 by x, andis given by, 4£ —Distance travelled by the light pulse > Group velocity. Q7. Define dispersion and classify its different types. Ans: Dispersion Dispersion i defined as an optical phenomenon in which light pulses get broadene phen ptical ph hich light pulses get broadened (or) spreaded as they travel atramodal dispersion is futher divided into material di anne aterial dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Higure illustrates the classification of dispersion in optical hers Scanned with CamScanner Tatermoda that occurs It occurs pi consumed | optical fibe This type of fibers, Iteauses mo optical fibers Trtramodal dispersion 5 that occurs in di peer troccurs primarily due tothe different times {occurs die to the plopigaio lee sumed by different propagating modes of Meee gon ted spas optical fiber: signal, ‘ = sis type of dispersion occurs only in multi-mode This type of dspersi i . of dispersion occurs both in single-mode! fibers multi-mode fibers. 7 be It causes less spreading of light when compared 10 tr causes more broadening of light pulses in . optical fibers. intermodal dispersion. also known as modal delay. Its also known as ise broadening? (ode! Papert) | NovJDes- 46, (I3 He band of frequencies. As te pulse propagation progreses ime side is Bi Parperween transmission mode, the effective width ofthe puke Merases which is known, wn increases linearly with the length of fiber. al fiber connectors. if. What is meant by pul ‘An optical source emits light pulse with a bibs to the propagation delay diff pulse broadening. This phenomency What are the requirements of optic rector design are as follows, The principal requirements of @ good conn Low coupling loss Interchangeability Ease of assembling Low environment sensitivity Low cost and reliable construction Ease of connection 3. List different types of connectors. Straight sleeve connectors Tapered sleeve connectors. Scanned with CamScanner of ‘The Various signal distortions that take place in an fiber optics are attenuation, dispersion, pulse broadening ee AS the signal travels along a fiber, it gets affected by attenuation mechanisms and distortion effects sate) ‘cakens the signal strength while distortion broadens the transmitted signals. This inturn results in the one and negate sina. Evenly the input signa pulses gets completely mixed withthe adjacent pulses at thereat y ‘nd hence gets inseparable as shown in figure below. Input pes (0) Sepnnte origina pases 7 es os | i opt © Piste rs (Stake Ona np pss (Onteaaepay : Pit the ee It an be observed from od indistiz figure that, as the input si indistinguishable from adj signal lint the information te" Ps. These results in the inte ee HOME the by, the information carry introduction of errors j rit gets aa Carrying capacity of an optical fiber. "5 in the received o Figure: Signal Distortion in Scanned with CamScanner eption loss is that portion of optical attenuation avich is caused due to the conversion of optical owertoheat nother words whenever aphoton from Fight beam (Having energy equal to energy band gap rapsorbed by the material) optical fiber suffers an ion loss. This absorption loss is primarily caused fhe tothe following three mechanisms, {) Atomic defects in the composition of glass material. i Presence of impure atoms in glass material (i.e, extrinsic absorption). Presence of basit constituent atoms in fiber material (i.e. intrinsic absorption). 2, Seattering Loss Scattering can be defined as the optical process, Wherein a part or all ofthe optical power propagating, jna particular mode is transferred into another mode. nother words, a light beam propagating through the fiber whenever hits by an obstacle, changes its direetion and also achieve total internal reflection, This in tur results in the scattering of light beam, thereby eausing, scattering losses in the fiber. Figure (1) illustrates the diagrammatic representation of scattering loss in an optical fier. co) ei Figure (1): Scattering Loss Ft ge 2 S*USES for scattering losses in a glass @ Q16, What is material absorption? Explain about intrinsic and extrinsic absorption. Ans: Material absorption is a loss mechanism related (0 the fabrication process of fiber and the material composition that results in the dissipation ofthe transmitted signal powers heat in the waveguide. The absorption of light is caused by three different mechanisms. They’ 1. Atomic Defect Absorption Loss ‘Absorption by atomic defect in the glass composition, This absorption is caused due fo the imperfections: in the atomic structure of fiber material. ‘The major imperfections in structure include, (i) High-density clusters of atom groups (ii) Missing molecules (iii) Oxygen defects in glass structure The loss caused due to these imperfections is comparatively low. This can become severe when fiber ‘material is subjected to ionizing radiation. ‘The major applications areas where absorption due to atomic defects is popular are medical radiation remedies, space missions, nuclear reactor environment, Extrinsic Absorption Losses Extrinsic absorption is primarily caused due to the unintentional injection of impurities into the optical fiber. Microscopic variations in the material density Compositional fluctuations. Aisa in bomogencites. ‘These impurities may combine with the fiber materials during their fabrication process. Metal ions are the most ‘common sources of impurities that significantly the transmission characteristics of optical fibers. I an optical fiber is subjected ng loss. In other words, thereby causing attenuation in the fiber. ions that contribute significantly in ab Scanned with CamScanner analysis TS Wavelength ‘sm | “The atten ti | mportant proper Figure): Absorption Effects (Hons in Sin glass Fiber [ior Em in giesa fe | e of att In order to minimize absorption los, the amount of water mus be maintained below 0.01 ppm in glas fibe Tees 3 Intrinsic Absorption Losses one repeaters ; Intrinsic absorption occurs when the fiber material has zero impurities i.., in pure state. Itis the natural property of gas, fees fare reat ‘Which occurs when the material has no density variations inhomogeneities and other impurities. Salen 1k provides fundamental lower limit on absorption fora specific fiber material, The two major causes that contbut fe Thesignal a intisic absorption are, | earitinie unit of ‘wo power levels @)_ftared adsorption power) into a fiber | fom the fiber, is gi fi) Ultraviolet Absorption g Ultraviolet absorption loss is caused due to the transition of electn absorption occurs at different wavelengths extending upto visible ‘Mavelenath, decreases the absorption loss which becomes almost rons and molecules in the energy band, This type of Number of di region of electromagnetic spectrum. Increase in tht negligible at the wavelength 1.2 to 1.3 jm as shownit As light = ight prop = ‘tPotentially with a tthe origin ¢ e je tiin (at = — Scanned with CamScanner cplain in detail the transmission losses due to yn mechanism in an optical fiber with jecessary equations and prove that this loss js a function of wavelength using graphical analysis. ° heaton oarsmen fs is one ofthe mos tes of optical fiber because it determines the he degree of attenuation has large influence on the system dat because the fabrication, installation and maintenance Sake repeaters and amplifiers are expensive, Optical fiber fommuneation became popular when the transmission losses Gers were reduced below that of metalic conductor ie, less than $ dick, ‘Thesgnal attenuation within optical fiber is expressed in Heeriic nit of decibel. ‘The decibel is used for comparing two power levels and may be defined for a particular optical ‘wavelength as the ratio of the input power P (transmission Diver into a fiber to the output power (received power) P. fiom the fiber, is given as aeroeeeh 1010p, « As light propagates along a fiber, its power decreases Shorey with distance. IP, is the optical power ina fiber Bie onizin (at = 0). Optical power at a distance “z" is given @ @) is given in the unit of ‘sdenoted by cand is given in the units Amenuation (484m) Too) 2014007 Wavelength (om) Figure: Optical Fiber Attenuation as Function of Wavelength Number of mechanisms are responsible for signal attenuation within the optical fiber. These mechanisms are influenced by the following.factors, 1. Material composition 2. Preparation and purification technique 3._Wavelenath structure Q18. Write notes on “scattering losses In fiber”, Ans: Model Papers, Scattering Loss For answer refer Unitll, Q15, Topic: Seattering Loss, Classification of Seattering Losses Scattering losses can be elassified into two eategories namely, Linear scattering losses Non-linear scattering losses. scattering Losses Linear scattering loss oceuts due to the linear transformation of optical power from one prop energy is directly proportional to the inpiit the fiber. This overflow of optical energy Intersymbol Interference (ISD) which in Bit Error Rate (BER), thereby performnance of the communication Lincar scattering loss is further namely, (i) Mie scattering Gi) Rayleigh ses ‘Scanned with CamScanner baa fe Ja the apical et exceed Tf the dante of the operating Wavelength. The iho, Irregularities in core-cladding interface Difference between the refractive ind and cladding along the lensth ofthe ny (©) Fluctuations in fiber diameter (@ Strains and bubbles, ‘These imperfections are caused due to the inappropeite ombination of materials during the manufacturing of fbe ‘The inhomogeneities can be minimized to a considerable * extent by employing following techniques, Eliminating imperfections during the manufac turing of glass, ° Precise control of coating and extrusion of fiber. Improved guidance of fiber by inereasing the difference between the refractive indices of core and cladding ‘These techniques can be successfull ‘completly eliminating Mie seatering losses in an optical fib (i) Rayleigh Scattering | the physical Rayleigh scattering is caused wh ‘variations in the optical fiber is equal to or less than i of the operating wavelength Ff, of the diameter of the op This the dominant loss mechanisms which result from inhomogencites such as densi onal variations and refiactive index fluctuations. The scattering loss caused due 10 density fluctuation 4s spilled in all direction, thereby result, The Rayleigh for simple component glass is ziven Aten whic ropetonlt seating frm by, I= Sen! pa, Where, tp Seatt 2— Wavelength £— Boltzamann constant n= Reftactive index of medium P—Average photoelastic coefficient Isothermal compressibility tive temperature (i.e, the temperature at which glass reaches state of thermal equilibrium). book for the SIA. GROUP Loco Transmission los factor L- Length of fiber. Non-linear Seattering Losses ‘te ventering Hosses that ae cased due gg Tibor elects of Biber i refered toy etter losses. Due (o this nooner peal Sisal powcr propagating in partly avert in ei oar or bck aed dp “The non-linear scattering losses are further, 2 aig diagramimatc ep (i) Stimulated Brillouin seatering (i) Stimulated Raman seatering (0) Stimulated Brillouin Seatering (SBS) Stinufaed Brillouin scattering is eased gy moinatono ig ou he thea Imoecules within the optical fiber. The Hg a scalfrd is viewed and two sideband aimee and lower sideband. These to sidebands are from the incident light by modulation frequmy pe of seatcring becomes significant abmey anticular power density known as threshold pg lensity. The mathematical expression foe tg Power (P,)is given Minimum bendia (avr wats bending radius of occur are termed Wher ber core diameter (in um) " perating wavelength (in jm) oy iber attenuation in dB/km) And R= — Source bandwidth (in Gite -" ) Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Where imulated Raman Scattering (SRS) producs aN frequency optical phonon in the optical fib is Operatin ‘ype of catering occurs in both forward anda 2 Cutoftw .. for curved fiber + |2n,KR Scanned with CamScanner Wave propagation constant (2) 2B — Radio of curva. Macrobending tosses may be reduced by. (Operating a shorter wavelengths Gi) Designing fibers wire relative index differences eee Microbending Losses ature ofthe fiber axis jg ficld install Bret snl scale Mictationsin the ac of curvature oF the Abe a gy | as {Tec bending which represen ihe epeiive sal eal auton in he rat i as microbending. These type of losses are caused duc (0 4 vin (© Nonsunitormities tht cecur during the manufacturing ofthe fiber. i) Non-uniforin ae ibe Macro bendi pressures generated during fiber cabling be i trates the diagrammatic representation of mierobending losses turers ee 5 zing Macro bend @ Operating Gi) Using fibe | itterence 21. Discuss the transmissior Ans: Figure (2: Mizrobending Losses These losses are very dificult o avo internal reflectic Bo bead tos cosideabe extent by forcing out «comp tions. 1 et the fice as shown in gue (3) TEM MY eons bor a vel free 1. Micro ben Ae Sy Te 2 | cro ben ene Figur (3: Compress eS, eVeN though the jacket 8 loss (of Die to the external for, : = Whieh the miccobendin, fiber tends to is reduced e Tacketed fie an be mi | Stay relatively straight The iit) femiatically expressed as, Fe) |; i ore radius 9- Outer radius (excluding jacker) A Difference of refractive indices b tween core and cladding £,- Young's moduli of fiver Young's moduti of jacket Scanned with CamScanner FI saco bending losses genera te fib. If hese losses are large and ily Occur atthe bends of an be seen by human eye Biel sc ey iy 0 securing axis is known, Geld installation, tcansportation and pack. | Maltimode fibers are more suse ing loses. Soe fabrication and instalation proces, acrobend. Single mode fibers Doering losses are specitiod by the manu resin he data shects. "a sing ateuen mana Broce ae mininice rae na nett esc I Operating at shor wave lengt Ihe fe ne ses ae minimizes by encompasing (i) Using fibers havi nig relat “Da compressible seer siren. Discuss the effect of micro a transmission sas: Pose atenuation in optical fb Sealethetins Iehappens when opvical signal fails to ac MIRON but majority due to 1.0 refers tothe decreas in ight power of optical signal due to rssos ote aa al pressble jacket ‘eve total intemal reflections. The power loss happens because of reasons. They a Miro bending 2 Micro bending Bees ofan optical signal duc to deformities present al a Sialstrikes or mect the def Present along the optical fier, its angle of propagation and direction both change, Dati Bebe und some part of itescapes out of tie ber core. Arar te ipa eae aun oa ae Be eilienee power ios occur Mey tines white se Etinte ting wpa network, engineers have to completely bend optical fibers to connect diffrent communiation ork, When optical signal meets such bends, some parts of it escape out ofthe fiber core AS a result, BP renecion and tence nove toon Such power attenuation in optical fibers caused by acute jz ee P met. Y Curvature of entire fiber axis) is called macro bending loss ing loss causes lar power attenuation in optical fibers compared to miero-bending loss. There i 00.5 4B 1%) power huation in optical fibers at every tun of 32-mm diameter cladding losses in the optical fiber and also derive the expression for those a, anda, are Mente ofan opial ber nas diferent refractive indices. Due to this attention coon, ad Bet the loss for mode of order (s,m) is given by, Scanned with CamScanner OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS [JN ofcore soton coerce A jon etc oF caddie wt vet 9 sing in core owe fo jg retin n cai roe 1 power in optical fiber tou wer of core and cladding is ative pow he re ea Fora graded-index fh #0) On @ a()-«,+ (4-4) Where Distance fom core axis «4, —Atemation ccticient of core (2, Attenuation coefficient of cladding The loss encountered by a pariular mode i given by feorore frre Wher PO) Power densi ¥ of mode at distance It can be observed from equat om (4) thas, with the fnetease in mode number, the loss in the 923. Explain the difference types of methods to minimize signal distortion in optical fibers, Ans: The distortions in optical fiber dispersions. If dispersions are reduce, bbe reduced and can even be then doris to wil eliminated. The own "10 minimize seal disorions nop thor, are the | | i ‘took for the SIA GROUP Loco he TF digital bit-rate (8) i les than the nes the broadened pulse, then overappine of light (distortions) on the optiest ‘ean Thus, by doing so distortions en, material dispersion can be Distortions due {0m by eine LED eth Taser witha nae! tml 1. by eg + pb distortions de 10 ines minimize jening ean be reduced by decreas 4, ube bondeing ean Do rediecs > See eal relative refractive inde rode optial-ink, the intermodel dig by mode coupling oF m +, Material dispersion can be reduced by transmiting wavelength of 1.27 um signal at 8 ssing singlemode fiber, intermodal dispersion any totally avoided, 9, Intermodal dispersion is minimized by using gi inde fibes ‘An optical signal at a specific wavelength a lost 55% ofits power traversing 7.0 km of iba What is the attenuation in dB/km of this ibe? Now JOee-46, (89) 00) | Ans: For an optical signal propagation tama Length ofthe fiber, 2= 7.0 km Percentage loss in power = 55% in dB/km (i.e, fiber attenuation, he expression for fiber atte a) igen a =10, 1 tog [2 a |< Where Since, the power lost is | 45 06 | 100% ~ 55% =4596= ia al | n substi fh On substituting the corresponding values nea we get, | © =10.5F tog (0.45) | 4D on the TITLE COVER before you Buy = 1.4285 (0.3467) 0.4954 =~05 aBskm SABHA ptcal source With an ines modal dispersion can yp smWs 201W The expressio dBm =1 Where, P,-R PRE ep -11 aBm= 10 (For P,=5 mw 6.989 dB ©) ForP, =20 uw The optical si 1otog,, { { 16.989 Bonin, "t Opti todBy by aa Biven options ® 03 mw © sony Me eapesson Scanned with CamScanner 7, Received optical signal power P_— Reference power level 1gp,— 1 mW, then Fe aBm~ 10108, | Fw mw Fe 6.989 dim Fork,-20n The optical signal power in dBm ia [= 10*W} Be x10 Ww | =~ 16.989 dBm {) Convert Optical Signal Power of 0.3 mW and #0 nWW to dBy. The given optical si ‘By are, @ 03mw (b) 80nW. The expression of optical si jgnal powers to be converted into jenal power in terms of dBp is, By = 10l0g,, (3 IEP, = 1 mW, then, coed Ans: Given that, Power coupled, Pragus 7 5MW Power emitted, Pog, = 3.8 mW Propagation distance, = 10 km ‘Attenuation constant? Attenuation constant (g/km) i given BY gg = 10a Ogg 75g ON reas 0 Substituting all the corresponding values in above expression we get y = 10109 & = Tokm ss ) @ = 0.119 dB4km = 0.119 dB/km, 100 hW tion distance, = 85 kam By rearranging equation (1), expressian for Pragay 1 f z Peapca Substituting all the corresponding values, #8 ab—Ys he expression, Scanned with CamScanner 8 is, The epi cbin ial etention Selman o a x10 25x10" Sgn teasing) 06 ' Goa1)= 10be,s [eagl=ooras] (0) Te signa tention pr km offi is bt by Aiding overall sil stenstonrlss inde. by the total length of the fiber, that 1s Oa i=602 602 Z 602 son, 35 ¢Bkm [Eig = 02408 ak) Therefore, signal attenuation per kilometer of fiber is iy ~ 0.2408 kn! (i) Anesustion per unit length c,, ~ 0.2408 km ‘The loss produced slong 27 km ofthe fiber is. Gig L=0.2408 * 27 (km » dB) The number of splices are 3, each having attenuat 0948 * Total loss duc to spices is, 0.9 « 3 = 2 © Tolal signal attenuation = 6.5016 dB + 2. The overall signal attenuation produced by the ion of aB 7B Ans: - [rag ore : power is coupled inka 30 am of optical Br attenuation at 859 a8. it 3 stop index iba runt of power I watts a aie im wets oni HO? Given that % a step index fiber, a 0 dBr woefficient, a = 3 dB/km nath ofthe fiber, Wavelength, 2 = 850:nm in pW, P, Then, the € Output powe Attenuation «power indy ca be converte nto walla, nae (2) Where, L—1 Power (in dBm) = "21°84 Tw) The transmis 30 = 10106 24) ae c Where ) L C | io | 10 | $. Aenwaton (in dBm) fo step index fiber ig a= Sctolone| 2] f a And the corres m equation (1), the output power (.) eam i ba ned ra Exp 3, There ‘ ; fore, atten, Atenua tion ~ 19 Scanned with CamScanner afenuation due to fundamental Rayleigh Seatering =? = attenuation due to fundamental Rayleigh seattering =? ression for attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering is given by. 0108.7 “The transmission loss factor is given by, T= exp 4p) Where, 1--Lenath of the fiber Rayleigh scattering coefficient scattering coefficient at k, = 0.85 um can be obtained as, gantp°B.AT; ee Ben! x(1.46)$ x (0.286)? «7 «10. 1.38110 Bees G, 3x(0asx109* “5669102. 011%10™ 1.566310 620 «10 "And the corresponding transmission loss factor at km is , T= exs{- 3.620 * 10**10') = 0.696 ‘i attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering in dBkm ‘can be given as, Wi) = 1.574 dB km” x "i af ross ae ‘Scanned with CamScanner BOA KO-SIO, glass core optical ‘esduation resulting from ray miN-' and a photo elastic coeffici Determine the refractive index of glass core. Given hat, Fora K,0-Si0, glass core optical fiber, =0.46 dBkm" 2 =1 um 1,=758K B, =84x 10" ‘y—Rayleigh scattering coeficient Boltzmann's constant = 138102 9K 46 dBkm" = 100g, [-" }- ee Jes Where, Attenuation, cc Foqq ~ Transmission loss factorkm, Wy, =1.112 4, = 0.899 We have, 4, =exp(-y, L) 9899 =exp(_y, « 10°) My = 0.106 = 10-5 ibe igh scattering ‘of 0.46 dB km-* at a wavelength of 1 um. The glass has an estimated fictive temperature of 758 K, isothermal compressibility of 8.4 * 10’ jent of 0.245. o 15, the ben Ans: Giver But n= 24.27 Ener) Therefor, the refactive index ofthe lass corey index Q31. Amultimode fiber with a core refractive i Critical radius of curvature, R, Sa (0245)? XB.4X10N X1,38%10 1810 130 n= TART = 1.4898 arolatveretracve index dferenee gi ‘operating at a wavelength of 0.82 1m. Estimay_ trial radius of curvature at whit Baer Now-13 ay | ta Relative refative index dente Ail 0.03 -— | Wavelength, 2 = 0.82 pm In in MHz ky : radius of curvature isghag] profile of anda | Dueto this fi) Fig te coaxial fbr. 1~ 0.03) | =1.5(097) | n= 1455 he value of 1, in equation (1), We = 380.5) x0.82<10% ~ aasy—a.as5?F = S530 _ 553500 sexoiny: =9.08 x 19-6 Scanned with CamScanner (©) Pues at tine >t, barely lsinguishabe (8 Peers G34 Result t ouput mre N dicot o dating _ ee Distance along fiber ——» Figure (1k Broadening and Overlapping of Two Neighbouring Pulses as they Travel along the Fibre Information capacity ofan optical fibre can be measured by the term called bandwidth-distance product It expressed HeMiizkm. Typical value of bandwidth-distance product fora step index fibre is 20 MHz km, Since the radial refasive index ofl of graded index fibre can be selected hence the pulse broadening init canbe reduced ata specific operating wavelength Deeto this the value of bandwidth-distance product is as high as 2.5 GHz km, Figure 2) shows the comparison of various information capacities, the cables used for UHF and VHF transmission here ieeemial cables. The important factor used for the calculation of information capacity is short light pulse propagating along the fre 4) "IFT Multimode graded index at 1300 nm SSnglemode ot 1300 nm Single mode st 1550 am ‘Scanned with CamScanner 8 Propagation constant 2 onstanty © ~ Velocity of ight. ‘Thus, equation (2) becomes, (a) Itean be observed from equation (3 depends on the operating wavelength of to this, each spectral component of a spe different amount of time to reach a pa ts in the spreading of optical signal pulses while ig the fiber length. Therefore. it can be Spreng the variation inthe group velocity result, the Spreading of light pulses in optical fibers For optical sources with narrow spectral width, delay @ that the uroup delay ‘0 optical fiber, Due cific mode consumes ticular distance. This difference per unit wavelength is equal to dk, Ga The total delay Aifference (5:) in the optical fiber is given by, Z— Distance travelled along the fiber. Equation (5) can also can be written interms of angular frequency () as, ‘9, RMS pulse width 6, RMS value of spectral width (62) ‘The term group velocity can also be used in, the dispersion and is given by, INTERMODAL DISPERSION: Write short note on dispersion and its pq 234, An: Model Pape as Dispersion Dispersion isa type of distortion caused ina and analog transmission in an optical fiber. Consider data is transmiting, as shown in figure (1) and the {Rechanism involves the pulse broadening or spread a Havelatong the length of the fiber resulting in overppagl Peizhbouring pulses, which cannot be distinguishablesal in figure (2) ‘Scanned with CamScanner ‘he description i a follows, ntra Modal Dispersion ~ Pulse spreading occurs within a single mode fiber. = Itis also termed as chromatic and group velocity dispersion. =) “Sitios it depends on wavelength which is being a function of group velocities, ‘Material Dispersion - Material dispersion occurs as the refractive index of the core material changes. Waveguide Dispersion —- Occurs due to some part of the light propagates into cladding from core and moves faster than the light travels in core. Inter Modal Dispersion - It occurs when an individual mode at a single frequency has different values of group velocities. A ‘he above mentioned material, waveguide and inter modal dispersions, waveguide dispersion can be ignored in multimode ftes. Mogitudes of Dispersions in Various Fibers. 2 Magnitude ofa dispersion denotes the measurement or the comparison between the types of dispersions. We mainly ‘ony the material and wave guide dispersion with respect to the magnitudes as a function of optical wave length far single ide fibers, waveguide dispersion is of some order of magnitude as material dispersion. For this consider an example of fused Siic-cor single mode fiber. The magnitides of material and waveguide dispersion is shown in figure (3). 20 [som km) Dispersion ( 3 Fused Silica Core Fiber Smee dna Ti thd ati copesion we can observe rom fg) tht fr sundardnondiapersion shied Sipetion and also ne Ou 1320 nm. At this point, the two dispersion factors cancel each other to give a the: {niterial dispersion dominates waveguide dispersion at shorter and longer wavelengths and for i ar. : ‘s generally very small when compared with material dispersion and can be ignored. Btn ef meee ertng Wavelengths forthe fiber is possible because mostly ll yes wavelength Ot, above statement with respect to all the dispersion is stated as follows when can be reduced either by choosing sources spectral output widths or by the dispersion will be high. » : equation (1), the expression for dispersion is given by, i L~ Length of fiber. at ‘On differentiating equation (2) with respect tg: late dpa é9| Moreover, equation (1) can be expressed se broadening (duc to material dispersion) @ 1 0,* 6, Se 45, ae * Za Onsen hee rca om ll r dh Where, ©, ~ RMS spectral width & ~ Mean The depending 0 the causes of delay differences, iapericn ca be Moreover, the pulse spread (o,,) over a specific vey CO = a. 7 Sravecagth eur beret uy 1Dy.Q|9, Vas o 04, = 5] Sat ~ Bacon) OW ae \% where, D, 0) ~ Waveguide dispersion V — V-number (normalized frequency) 6 — Waveguide parameter. For single mode fiber, waveguide dispersion is given preference over material dispersion, though material dispersion is of same-order of magnitude, By comparing the dispersion values ofboth (Magnitude and waveguide), above ste -ments ean be proved, The pulse spread (c,) over a given wavelength (6) can be provided from derivation of groupdelay withrespect to wavelength. Otay a 1% = Dylon, Scanned with CamScanner “Approximation for above can be written es war 4" Tet “The normalised propagation constant is pai (4) = ae mode Pe ccs nie eee Te 1+ fy! } 86)= OE: Ans: Tyg, ~ Travel time of longest ray (or highest order mode) T,, ~ Travel time of shortest ray (or fundamental mode) 0,—Ciitical angle L —Length of the fiber in, ~Refractive index of core in, = Reftactive index of cladding A- Relative refractive index of difference, (i) Polarization Mode Dispersion | Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) is caused due to the vs ‘ing velocities of | tion modes tf ength of the fiber. I is primarily caused due to the vatiati tiehiageece Gee. rae property of teftactive index depends on polarization and Propagation light direction). This difference in the propagal ‘orthogonal polarization modes result in the spreading of light pulses ‘Mathematically, the polarization mode dispersion can be expressed in terms of di L L Mo fe . 4 Where, ¥,, and v, ~ Group velocities of two orthogonal polarization modes Z-Length of the fiber. ‘Moreover the average polarization mode dispersion (D yg) parameter is given by, D,, = Ateup nw Se psh kn _ The typical values of D,,,, ranges from 0.05 to 1.0 ps/vikm . ‘for the SIA GROUP LOGO {J on the 0 ference in propagation time Scanned with Cam$canner {teauses more broadening of light pulses in . | Tecauses less spreading of light when compared to optical fibers. intermodal dispersion, a | It is also known as chromatic dispersion, Astop index multimode ber has a core reformative index of 1.5 and a cladding reactive Index oF 0, Determine, (i) The intermodel dispersion factor for the fiber (i) Total dispersion in a 20 km length fiber. Given that, Fora step index multimode fiber, Core refractive index, n, = 1.5 Cladding refractive index, n, = (Intermodal dispersion, 6... 54 (ii) Tal dispersion, 6... = for length - 20 km Intermodal Dispersion 6... The length ofthe fiber, Z be 1 km, Than the expression forthe intermodal dispersion factor ofa step index multimode fibers given by, mal Beers ) 1h, —Core reftactive index 4 —Length of fiber ; € Velocity of light (3 * 10° m/s) ‘A— Index difference Wwe know that the index difference A is mathematically expressed as, ee ae 215-149 a5 joa ia the ot af aperio t the wave | teas 1aadnm i depicted Sauna = 3.333 % 10 sy 0F 33.33 nsim 0633.3 pen @) Total Dispersion (6) for 39 km Length Fiber Gives, (Chats * Canon)? 1280, 1250 1300 1310 13301330 1349) % 8 oath fan Sint Sep-indexed muted fiber the iam dispersion is neglected, Equation (3) is modified to, Figure Pn): (Claes)! G4, Fore ipernatealdepersionparametrggg | p02) sinmiin The relative spectral width aig ByAL Calculate tho R.M.S pulse broadening er in Not, oy Ans: = LSxbe00nI0 20.00) [tom equation (2) = 6.6667 = 10°) Given data, Material dispersion parameter, M-=5 °8.8 psn eR Spectral width, {6667 «10° nseeimeter =25 6 Ze « 8, = 0.0012 » 850 x 10 ve 652 nomdispersion ee al fiber that has a Bi 7 (B) is ce th at 1310 nm ate RMS pulse broadening per km. for ‘material dispersion fi Pot he ae 2 oS, = 0.0670 pay 0,-8.4 = tength TE faronn tePersion inthe wavelenga ne eres te70.nm

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