18

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

There are many parameters available in performance, combustion

process and emissions of a diesel engine. The first is to determine the values
of the process parameters which yield the desired combustion quality (meet
Euro standards) and the second is to give maximum power output. There has
been much development in diesel engine technology in the last ten years.
The introduction of turbocharged direct injection engines with high pressure
common rail injection has produced improvements in specific power,
economy and refinement which have increased consumer demand.
Development is generally a trade-off between improving desired factors and
reducing unwanted side-effects. In this case, diesel engine technology
development in recent years has been driven primarily by consumer demand
for higher performance and drive ability combined with legislative
requirements for lower emissions of HC, CO and soot. The investigation
reported in this thesis focuses on combustion phenomena such as ignition
delay and Heat release rate associated with overall engine performance.

A broad literature review of the development which has led to the

diesel fuel combustion with optimized oxygen enrichment is presented in this
chapter. Key technological innovations related to oxygen enrichment are
briefly introduced. Thesis aims are highlighted in this chapter.
 19

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Wartinbee, Jr. (1971) conducted the emission study to determine

the effects of oxygen enriched air on exhaust emissions. Compared to
operation with lean air-fuel mixtures, the results indicated that hydrocarbon
emissions were reduced substantially, carbon monoxide emissions were
similar, and oxides of nitrogen emissions increased significantly. Octane
requirements and fuel consumption were higher with oxygen enrichment.
These emission and performance characteristics are due to the higher peak
combustion temperatures associated with oxygen concentrations of greater
than the 21% normally found in air.

Gerry and Martin (1973) filed an application for the pattern right
for pure oxygen supply to an internal combustion engine. Considerable
decreases in hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen from the exhaust system of
an internal combustion engine were obtained. The pure oxygen may be
created by storing a chemical compound in a chamber and heating the
chamber so that the compound may release the oxygen, or oxygen can be
created by electrolytically decomposing water, passing oxygen generated by
such decomposition into a storage tank coupled to the air intake means of the
engine.

Jamil Ghojel et al (1983) has undergone a study on Effect of

Oxygen Enrichment on the Performance and Emissions of I.D.I. Diesel
Engines and investigated effect of the partial pressure of O 2 in the intake
charge of an I.D.I. Diesel engine on the various operating parameters and the
exhaust emissions. The oxygen content in the intake was varied between 21%
and 40% by volume. Engine performance and emissions were evaluated at a
constant engine speed and injection timing while fueling was varied. The
research revealed that enriching the intake air with oxygen led to a large
decrease in ignition delay and reduced combustion noise. The fuel economy,
 20

the power output and the exhaust temperature remained almost constant. HC
and CO emissions decreased and smoke levels dropped substantially, while
NOx emissions increased pro-rata with the O2 added.

Norimasa Iida et al (1986) has done the experimental effects of

Intake Oxygen Concentration on the Characteristics of Particulate Emissions
from a D.I. Diesel Engine. It was found that OEC reduces particulate
emissions from a DI diesel engine for all operating conditions tested.
Insoluble particulate is especially suppressed by OEC at high load conditions.
Oxygen enriched charging has little effect on the particulate size distribution
at high loads when the mass fraction of extractable is low. Fuel consumption,
at constant injection timing, is improved a little by OEC. Emissions of NO x
increase exponentially with increasing oxygen concentration. Ignition delay is
decreased by OEC and this allows injection timing to be retarded to reduce
NOx emissions without increasing the specific fuel consumption.

Watson et al (1990) introduced a method of operating a diesel or

spark ignition engine which includes enriching the combustion air supply with
oxygen while simultaneously adjusting the fuel injection or ignition timing of
the engine to compensate for advanced combustion caused by increased
oxygen content in the combustion air. Oxygen producing means such as an
oxygen generating membrane was used. Oxygen enrichment of the
combustion air permits combustion of difficult to combust fuels such as
residual or heavy fuel oils, alcohol and alcohol blends, seed oil and blends of
light gas oils and residual or heavy fuel oils. A better result in exhaust
emissions was obtained from the invention.

Poola et al(1992) introduced a Variable oxygen/nitrogen enriched

intake air system for internal combustion engine applications in which as an
air supply control system for selectively supplying ambient air, oxygen
enriched air and nitrogen enriched air to an intake of an internal combustion
 21

engine includes an air mixing chamber that is in fluid communication with the
air intake. The oxygen enriched air or the nitrogen enriched air becomes
mixed with the ambient air in the mixing chamber and then the mixed air is
supplied to the intake of the engine. As a result, the air being supplied to the
intake of the engine can be regulated with respect to the concentration of
oxygen and/or nitrogen. A decrease in the undesirable emissions that are
present in the exhaust of the internal combustion engine was resulted from the
above invention.

Shuichi Kajitani et al (1992) experimented a Spark Ignition Engine

Operated by Oxygen Enriched Air. In that the impact of minutely oxygen-
enriched air on spark-ignition (SI) engine combustion was studied by
obtaining engine performance measurements and investigating in-cylinder
reactions. This study was initiated to determine if the development of a new
air-cleaner method, which may employ molecular sieve or membrane
technology to slightly increase the oxygen concentration in the inducted air, is
beneficial for engine operations.

Kashmir Virk and Craig Bartels (1993) have conducted Effects of

Oxygen-Enriched Air on Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions and Engine
Performance .The results obtained indicate that oxygen-enrichment of engine
intake air will reduce most diesel emissions and help meet stricter emission
standards. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this
method of emission control. To overcome the disadvantage of increasing NO x
emissions with increasing oxygen, low levels of enrichment (21.5 and 22.5% 02)
were used, as well as retardation of injection timing. By using these optimized
conditions, NOx levels were kept at the same value as the unenriched-air, while
particulates and smoke emissions were reduced by 15 to 30%.
 22

Poola et al (1995 ) invented a method to reduce diesel engine

exhaust emissions In which a combustion air management and emission
control system injects supplemental air directly into combustion chambers of
a diesel engine in order to reduce total particulates in exhaust gases being
emitted from the engine. Additionally, an exhaust gas recirculation system
can be provided to re circulate a portion of the exhaust gases into the intake of
the engine, fuel injection timing can be retarded to delay the beginning of
combustion in the combustion chambers or rate shaping of the fuel delivery
can be used.

Cullen et al (1996) filed a patent and introduced a system for

providing the engine with oxygen enriched air and fuel. The system includes
an oxygen enriched air supply system connected with the combustion air
intake of the engine, with the air supply system comprising a polymeric
oxygen enrichment device having a membrane exposed to engine vacuum on
one side and atmospheric air on the other side and considerable results was
obtained in increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine.

Nitta et al (1996)invented that an oxygen enriched air producing

apparatus includes a casing, at least one rotor rotatably disposed in the casing
to thereby define a space between the casing and the rotor, and a magnetic
field generating device for generating a magnetic flux extending axially
within the space between the casing and the rotor. An oxygen enriched air
outlet and a nitrogen enriched air outlet are formed in the casing so as to be
spaced from each other in an axial direction of the space.

Yi and Alex C(1996) invented a pollution control system for an

internal combustion engine comprises a mechanism for separating air from
the environment into nitrogen enriched air and oxygen enriched air. The
nitrogen enriched air is introduced to an internal combustion engine, thereby
reducing engine combustion temperature and concomitantly reducing oxides
 23

of nitrogen (NOx). A mechanism is also provided for introducing oxygen

enriched air to the exhaust products of the internal combustion engine, the
mixing of the exhaust products with oxygen enriched air minimizes pollution.

Ramesh poola and Rajsekar (1997) conducted several tests on

diesel engine with oxygen enriched atmosphere and arrived the following
effects, Negligible effects on specific heat capacity, the ratio of specific heats,
and dynamic and kinematic viscosity, Marginal increase in thermal
conductivity with an increase in oxygen enrichment, higher maximum
adiabatic flame temperature with higher concentrations in the air, an increase
in enthalpy transfer number and reduction in ignition delay.

Noboru Miyamoto et al (1998) have given that the low NO x, High

Thermal Efficiency, and Low Noise Diesel Combustion with Oxygenated
Agents as Main fuel. Diesel combustion and emissions with four kinds of
oxygenated agents as main fuels were investigated. Significant improvements
in smoke, particulate matter, NO x, THC, and thermal efficiency were
simultaneously realized with the oxygenates, and engine noise was also
remarkably reduced for the oxygenates with higher ignitability. The
improvements in the exhaust emissions and the thermal efficiency depended
almost entirely on the oxygen content in the fuels regardless of the oxygenate
to diesel fuel blend ratios and type of oxygenate. The unburned THC emission
and odor intensity under starting conditions with an oxygenate were also
much lower than with conventional diesel fuel.

Nemser et al (1998) introduced a new method of operating an

internal combustion engine employs a selectively gas permeable membrane to
provide either oxygen or nitrogen enriched air feed to beneficially affect
engine performance. By supplying enriched air from a membrane unit such
performance parameters as reduced NO x emissions, lean burn limit, engine
 24

power, and reduced cold start emissions can be enhanced relative to feeding
atmospheric air.

Poola et al (1998) introduced a combustion air management and

emission control system which injects supplemental air directly into
combustion chambers of a diesel engine in order to reduce total particulates in
exhaust gases being emitted from the engine. Additionally, an exhaust gas
recirculation system was provided to re circulate a portion of the exhaust
gases into the intake of the engine, fuel injection timing was retarded to delay
the beginning of combustion in the combustion chambers. A better result in
decreasing the Nox emission was obtained from the above inventions.

Abdel aal et al (1999) studied the Effect of Oxygen enrichment and

EGR on Diesel engine pressure and Ignition delay. From the experiments it
was recognized that the employment of oxygen enriched air (OEA)
improves diesel engine performance and reduces carbon monoxide
emissions. However, this approach yields higher NOx emissions. The
exhaust gas recirculation technique (EGR) was used for the reduction of
thermal NOx emitted from the diesel engine. The effects of employing
EGR on a diesel engine ignition delay, cylinder pressure and rate of
pressure rise in case of operating the engine with oxygen enriched air was
studied. In the experiments the addition of oxygen exceeds the air
oxygen percentage up to 30% O2, the EGR percentage varied from 0 to
38% of inlet air volume. It was found that the peak cylinder pressure
increases and ignition delay period decreases with the increase of oxygen
percentage. The EGR% up to 10% increases the peak cylinder pressure,
but with more EGR% the phenomena are reversed.

Kevin Callaghan et al (1999) have done Oxygen Enriching

Membranes for Reduced Cold Start Emissions . Nearly 80% of all emissions
from an automobile during the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) occur within the
 25

first two minutes of the test because the engine is running rich and the catalyst
has not reached peak operating temperature. Research at Compact Membrane
Systems, Inc. have proven the benefit of using the engine's natural vacuum to
drive a membrane module to supply Oxygen Enriched Air (OEA) during
initial start up. The benefit of the OEA has shown to decrease emissions of
carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC). In addition, OEA helps to
maintain the combustion flame stability when the engine is operated in a lean
mode or at a low engine speed. There is evidence that OEA may also account
for to a shorter warm up time for the catalyst.

Yiannis Levendis and Christopher Larsen (1999) have described

laboratory tests and calculations that explore the effectiveness of a stream of
ionized air to oxidize the soot and, thus, regenerate diesel particulate filters.
Soot was oxidized inside a muffle furnace in two different configurations,
either as a layer of soot spread in a porcelain boat, or as a quantity of soot
evenly loaded in a ceramic wall-flow monolith. Oxidation took place in air,
ozone-enriched air or air ionized by an electric arc (thermal plasma), at
furnace temperatures in the range of 200-450° C. It was found that when
ozone was generated in the inlet air (1060 ppm) the consumption rate of soot
increased by up to ten percent. However at the presence of the thermal plasma
(generating O, NO2 , NO, and O3 ) the carbon consumption was accelerated
by factors varying from a few percent to often exceeding one hundred percent.
The effectiveness of this technique depended on the characteristics of the arc.
Moreover, the oxidation rate increased with increasing furnace temperature.
Results also showed that the oxidation of diesel soot was much faster than
that of pure carbon black and that the effect of the generated oxidizing species
(O, O3 NO2, etc.) was more pronounced in the case of diesel soot. The present
ozone generator consumed 10 W of electric power and the electric arc
transformer was rated at 220 W. So far the results of this work suggest that
the effect of ozone in oxidizing soot is minor, in this temperature range, while
 26

the effect of other oxidizing species (O, NO 2 ) could be significant. In vehicle

applications the effluent of a particulate trap regenerated with this technique
must be scrutinized, as it may contain toxic pollutants such as NO 2. If the
regeneration is performed off-line, the effluent of the trap may be channeled
back to the engine, where further reactions may minimize the pollutants.

Ronald Donahue (2000) has done an experimented Effects of

Oxygen Enhancement on the Emissions from a DI Diesel via Manipulation of
Fuels and Combustion Chamber Gas Composition .In the experiment Oxygen
enhancement in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine was studied to investigate
the potential for particulate matter and NOx emissions control. The local
oxygen concentration within the fuel plume was modified by oxygen
enrichment of the intake air and by oxygenating the base fuel with 20%
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). The study collected overall engine performance
and engine-out emissions data as well as in-cylinder two-color measurements
at 25% and 75% load over a range of injection timings. The study found
oxygen enhancement, whether it be from intake air enrichment or via
oxygenated fuels, reduces particulate matter, the effectiveness depending on
the local concentration of oxygen in the fuel plume. Since NO x emissions
depend strongly on the temperature and oxygen concentration throughout the
bulk cylinder gas, the global thermal and dilution effects from oxygen
enrichment were greater than that from an operation on oxygenated fuel.

Klomp and Edward Daniel (2000) introduced a fuel system for an

internal combustion engine has an air-assist fuel injection system. In which
an oxygen generator is employed to supply oxygen-enriched air to the fuel
injector to create a more readily ignitable mixture in the engine combustion
chamber.

Mather (2002) has done the modeling the Effects of Late Cycle
Oxygen Enrichment on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions. In the
 27

study a multidimensional simulation of Auxiliary Gas Injection (AGI) for late

cycle oxygen enrichment was exercised to assess the merits of AGI for
reducing the emissions of soot from heavy duty diesel engines while not
adversely affecting the NOx emissions of the engine. This is the range of
oxygen(20% and 30%) enrichment that is practical to produce from an air
separation membrane. Simulations showed that this level of oxygen
enrichment is insufficient to provide an additional benefit by either increasing
the level of soot oxidation or prolonging the window of opportunity for
increasing soot oxidation through enhanced mixing.

Yasufumi Yoshimoto et al (2002) has conducted a test on the

Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled by Rapeseed oil Blended with
Oxygenated Organic Compounds. This investigation reports engine
performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions with
alternative diesel fuels of blends of vegetable oil and various fuel additives
(fuel improving agents). The result shows that the smoke emissions with the
ether oxygenates blended in the rapeseed oil decreased linearly with increases
in the oxygen content of the fuel. Performance tests also showed that with up
to 33% (vol.) of oxygenate addition, the blended fuels with 2-ethoxyethanol,
2-butoxyethanol, or deputy ether realize stable combustion similar to the gas
oil operation.

Cheng (2002) experimented the results obtained from a Cummins

B5.9 175 hp, direct-injected diesel engine fueled with oxygenated diesel
blends. The oxygenates tested were dimethoxy methane (DMM), diethyl
ether, a blend of monoglyme and diglyme, and ethanol. The experimental
results show that particulate matter (PM) reduction is controlled largely by the
oxygen content of the blend fuel. For the fuels tested, the effect of chemical
structure was observed to be smaller. Isotopic tracer tests with ethanol blends
reveal that carbon from ethanol does contribute to soot formation, but is about
 28

50% less likely to form soot when compared to carbon from the diesel portion
of the fuel.

Charles Mueller and Glen Martin (2002) has detailed the

mechanisms by which oxygenated diesel fuels reduce engine-out soot
emissions are not well understood. The literature contains conflicting results
as to whether a fuel's overall oxygen content is the only important parameter
in determining its soot-reduction potential, or if oxygenate molecular structure
or other variables also play significant roles.

Charles Mueller et al (2003) has studied the Effects of Oxygenates

on Soot Processes in DI Diesel Engines. This paper explores soot and soot-
precursor formation characteristics of oxygenated fuels using experiments and
numerical simulations under direct-injection diesel engine conditions. The
paper strives to achieve four goals: 1)to introduce the “oxygen ratio” for
accurate quantification of reactant-mixture stoichiometry for both oxygenated
and non-oxygenated fuels; 2) to provide experimental results demonstrating
that some oxygenates are more effective at reducing diesel soot than others; 3)
to present results of numerical simulations showing that detailed chemical-
kinetic models without complex fluid mechanics can capture some of the
observed trends in the sooting tendencies of different oxygenated fuels; and 4)
to provide further insight into the underlying mechanisms by which oxygenate
structure and in-cylinder processes can affect soot formation in DI diesel
engines.

Takayuki Ito et al (2003) studied Effects of Ambient Gas

Conditions on Ignition and Combustion Process of Oxygenated Fuel Sprays.
The study mainly deals with the ignition delay time characteristics of
oxygenated fuel sprays under simulated diesel engine conditions. The results
show that the ignition delay of each oxygenated fuel tested in these
 29

experiments exhibits shorter than that of gas oil fuel for the wide range of
ambient gas conditions.

Rakopoulos et al (2004) has conducted the review which

describes a method to curtail emissions of smoke and other pollutants from
diesel engines is to enhance the oxygen supply to their combustion chamber.
This can be accomplished by enriching either the intake air stream or the fuel
stream with oxygen. Experimental studies concerning the oxygen-enrichment
of intake air, have revealed a large decrease of ignition delay, drastic decrease
of soot emissions as well as reduction of CO and HC emissions while, brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC) remained unaffected and increasing of
power output is feasible.

Rakopoulos et al (2004) has done the theoretical Study

Concerning the Effect of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Engine Performance
and Emissions. In this study a multi-zone combustion model is used after
modifications to examine the effect of oxygenated additive percentage and
type of combustion and pollutant formation processes of DI Diesel engines.
Higher peak combustion pressures are experienced for the oxygenated fuels
compared to conventional one. An earlier combustion commencement is
observed for the oxygenated fuels as compared to the conventional one due to
increase of cetane number and earlier shift of dynamic injection timing. The
results reveal for the in-cylinder soot history that the fuel-bound oxygen
enhances soot oxidation during the expansion stroke. High fuel equivalence
ratio and soot concentration areas within the fuel jet are confined with
increasing oxygen content. It is shown also that the oxygen enrichment of the
conventional fuel is not accompanied by a sharp increase of the in-cylinder
NO concentration as expected due to decrease of the local temperature as a
result of the lower fuel heating value.
 30

Tamil Porai et al (2004) has done a recent trend of increasing need

for transportation and industrial growth, the use of diesel engine has increased
exponentially in the last decade. Ever since its inception, the diesel engine has
found its application in the heavy-duty field like industrial power plants,
marine propulsion, rail locomotives, trucks, tractors, buses and farm
equipments. Since the diesel engines are operated with high thermal
efficiency and better fuel economy now-a-days diesel engines are gaining
much importance. At the same time the diesel engines emit some of harmful
emissions such as NOx, smoke and particulate matters. In the recent scenario
of environmental protection worldwide environmental and health
organizations are enforcing stringent regulations to reduce the harmful
pollutant emissions. The chief pollutants from diesel engine are NO x, smoke
and particulate matters.

Subramanian and Ramesh (2005) have done a experimental

Investigation on the Use of Water Diesel Emulsion with Oxygen Enriched Air
in a DI Diesel Engine. In the experiment A single cylinder, direct injection
diesel engine was run on water diesel emulsion at a constant speed of 1500
rpm under variable load conditions. Tests indicated a considerable reduction
in smoke and NO levels. This was accompanied by an increase in brake
thermal efficiency at high outputs. HC & CO levels, ignition delay and rate of
pressure rise went up. The heat release rate in the premixed burn period was
higher. When the oxygen concentration in the intake air was enhanced in
steps up to 25% along with the use of water diesel emulsion, the brake
thermal efficiency was improved and there was a further reduction in the
smoke level. HC and CO levels also dropped. NO emission went up due to
increased temperature and oxygen availability. An oxygen concentration of
24% by volume was optimal as the NO levels were near about base diesel
values. With this percentage of oxygen and water diesel emulsion as fuel, the
smoke level reduced from 5.3 BSU to 1.3 BSU at the maximum output tested.
 31

HC level was lower than diesel values and CO emission showed a similar
trend at high outputs.

Heider and James (2005) introduced a method and apparatus to

provide oxygen enriched air to the intake manifold of an internal combustion
engine. This invention describes a method which can be used to improve the
output torque and resulting horsepower of internal combustion engines while
lowering the overall pollution experienced with these engines. This invention
describes an on board system that separates nitrogen (N 2) from the air leaving
an oxygen (O2) enriched air that is used in combination with fuel to improve
the operation of the engine during its various modes of operation (start-up,
acceleration, cruise, deceleration and idle).This invention plays a role in
increasing higher horsepower rating, along with the higher displacement
needed to satisfy the consumer demand.

Jerald Caton (2005) conducted an investigation on the effects

of oxygen enriched combustion air on engine performance was extended to
include the implications of the second law of thermodynamics. A unique
feature of this investigation is the examination of equal power engines. As the
oxygen content of the combustion air increases, the engine size
(displacement) can decrease to achieve the same brake power. The use of
oxygen enriched combustion air will have a direct effect on the combustion
process and on the overall engine thermodynamics. For example, for cases
with higher inlet oxygen concentration (and hence less nitrogen dilution), for
the same operating conditions, the combustion gas temperatures and engine
cylinder heat losses will be higher. In addition, for increasing oxygen content,
the second law losses associated with mixing could be reduced. The major
objective of this study was to quantify these expectations for a range of
operating conditions.
 32

Yuh-Yih Wu and David (2007) experimented to improve the

performance of a small gasoline engine, a part of oxygen is added to the
intake air when the engine is operated at wide open throttle. The combustion
process can be enhanced by using an oxidant that contains a higher proportion
of oxygen than that in normal air. Engine testing is performed on a 50 cc
four-stroke, spark-ignition engine with the oxygen concentration in intake air
ranging from 21% to 25% by volume. The engine torque increases with
increasing oxygen concentration. The HC and CO emissions are decreased
with oxygen enrichment, but the NO x emission is increased.

Hidenori Kosaka et al (2007) has studied the Effect of

Heterogeneity of Oxygen Concentration of Mixture in a Combustion
Chamber on Combustion and Emissions of Diesel Engine. In this study, the
combustion characteristics of diesel flame achieved in a rapid compression
and expansion machine (RCEM) at various patterns of oxygen distribution in
the chamber are investigated in order to clarify the effect of heterogeneity of
oxygen distribution in diesel engines induced by EGR on the soot and NO x
emissions. To make the heterogeneous distribution of oxygen in a combustion
chamber, the mixtures with different oxygen concentrations are injected
through the each different port located on the cylinder wall. Results indicate
that the amount of oxygen entrained into the spray upstream the luminous
flame region affects the NO emission from diesel flame strongly.

Inge Saanum et al (2008) experimented on HCCI Combustion of

Natural Gas and Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas Combustion Control by
Early Direct Injection of Diesel Oil and RME. Natural gas and hydrogen
enriched natural gas has been tested as fuels together with diesel oil and RME
in a single cylinder Scania research engine. The gas was introduced as port
injection while the diesel was introduced as early direct injection. The
experiments revealed that the combustion phasing could successfully be
 33

controlled by the amount of diesel oil injected for loads between 3.5 and 7.5
bar IMEPg at 1200 rpm. For a given combustion phasing, the hydrogen was
not found to influence the required amount of diesel noticeable. However, a
large difference between the RME and diesel oil could be seen by the
necessity to inject more RME to obtain the same combustion phasing. The
smoke emission was low (FSN below 0.1), indicating a low degree of rich
zones.

Michael Boot et al (2007) has carried out an Oxygenated Fuel

Composition Impact on Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions .This paper
reports on a study of a large number of blends of a low-sulfur EN-590 type
diesel fuel respectively of a Swedish Class 1 fuel and of a synthetic diesel
with different types of oxygenates. An Oxygen mass fraction of the blends
varied between 0 and 15 %. For comparison, the fuel matrix was extended
with non-oxygenated blends including a diesel/water emulsion. Tests were
performed on a modern multi-cylinder HD DAF engine equipped with cooled
EGR for enabling NO x -levels between 2.0 and 3.5 g/kWh on EN-590 diesel
fuel. Additional tests were done on a Volvo Euro-2 type HD engine with very
low PM emission. Finally, for some blends, combustion progress and soot
illumination were registered when tested on a single cylinder research engine
with optical access. The results confirm the importance of the oxygen mass
fraction of the fuel blend, but at the same time illustrate the effect of chemical
structure: some oxygenates are twice as effective in reducing PM as other
well-known oxygenates. In combination with conventional CI combustion
with extended ignition delay, such fuel blends will produce extremely low PM
levels without the necessity of very high amounts of EGR, suggesting a
possible alternative pathway towards clean diesel combustion

Philip Yaccarino et al (2008) evaluated the effect of oxygenated

fuels on CO emissions in modern, closed-loop vehicles and characterize the
 34

effects of altitude and temperature on CO emissions. Eight vehicles equipped

with closed-loop emission control systems were tested with two oxygenated
fuel blends and a base fuel (Indolene). All had Reid Yapor pressure adjusted
to 10 psi. The oxygenated blends, at 3.5% (by mass) oxygen, were 10%
ethanol in Indolene and 20% methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in Indolene.
Federal Test Procedure (FTP) exhaust emissions were measured with all eight
vehicles at standard conditions of 74°F and 982 ft. altitude. In addition, one
Throttle Body Injection (TBI) vehicle and one Port Fuel Injection (PFI)
vehicle were tested with 10% ethanol at high (4000 ft.) and low (1200 ft.)
altitudes, at 74°F and 40°F. The use of oxygenated blends in current-
production closed-loop vehicles, decreases CO emissions. The reduction was
less with the Port Fuel Injection system than with the other fuel systems
tested. The effect of temperature on CO emissions was more critical than the
effect of altitude.

Shi et al (2009) introduced a system in which an oxygen separation

system for an engine is disclosed. The oxygen separation system may include
a cathode exposed to inlet air, an anode configured to direct a flow of
substantially pure oxygen to a combustion chamber of the engine, and a thin
film electrolyte located between the anode and the cathode.

Cullen et al (2009) introduced a system, including diagnostics, for

providing oxygen enriched air so as to control emissions of unburned
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The system includes the capability of
determining whether the oxygen enrichment system is providing suitable
mass flow to the engine and whether oxygen enrichment is available
according to the specifications of the enrichment device.

Ha et al (2009) introduced a low-fuel consumption and low-

pollution combustion system supplies an engine with a mixture, in which
oxygen contained in air is separated from nitrogen through a PSA (pressure
 35

swing adsorption) whereby oxygen having a purity above 95% and a fuel
mixture is fed into and burned in the combustion chamber obtaining a desired
engine output with low-fuel consumption. Nitrogen is previously removed so
that nitride oxide can be minimized during combustion procedure and CO and
toxic gas derived from incomplete combustion can be minimized. The system
obtains high engine output and low-fuel consumption by reducing toxic gas
derived from incomplete combustion. The system includes an oxygen
separator for separating oxygen from nitrogen by introducing external air into
adsorption towers with a predetermined pressure while storing the oxygen
separated from the nitrogen in an oxygen storage tank and exhausting the
nitrogen.

Rajesh Shyani and Jerald Caton (2009) have arrived results

from a Thermodynamic Cycle Simulation for a Range of Inlet Oxygen
Concentrations Using Either EGR or Oxygen Enriched Air for a Spark-
Ignition Engine. In the above mentioned study an engine cycle simulation
which included the second law of thermodynamics was used to examine the
engine performance and the thermodynamic characteristics of a spark ignition
engine as functions of the oxygen inlet concentration. A wide range of oxygen
inlet concentrations (12% to 40% by volume) was considered. For oxygen
inlet concentrations less than 21%(v), EGR was used, and for oxygen inlet
concentrations greater than 21%(v), oxygen enriched inlet air was used. Two
EGR configurations were considered: (1) cooled and (2) adiabatic. In general,
engine efficiencies decreased, heat transfer increased, nitric oxide emissions
increased, and the destruction of availability (exergy) decreased as the oxygen
concentration increased.

Loganathan et al (2009) has made an effort was made to simulate

the combustion and performance of a turbocharged diesel engine fuelled with
oxygenate blended diesel. In this simulation a comprehensive analysis of
 36

combustion, heat release, heat transfer and performance of a turbocharged

diesel engine was carried out with Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
(Diglyme) blended diesel.

Andreas Janssen et al (2009) has studied of the Potential of

Oxygen Content in Fuels for Advanced Diesel Combustion Systems .Fuels
derived from biomass will most likely contain oxygen due to the high amount
of hydrogen needed to remove oxygen in the production process. Today,
alcohol fuels (e. g. Ethanol) are well understood for spark ignition engines.
The Institute for Combustion Engines at RWTH Aachen University carried
out a fuel investigation program to explore the potential of alcohol fuels as
candidates for future compression ignition engines to reduce engine-out
emissions while maintaining engine efficiency and an acceptable noise level.

Ansis Upatnieks and Charles J. Mueller (2009) investigated the

Relationship Between DI Diesel Combustion Processes and Engine-Out Soot
Using an Oxygenated Fuel. The relationship between combustion processes
and engine-out soot was investigated in an optically accessible DI diesel
engine using diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGE) fuel, a viable diesel
oxygenate. The high oxygen content of DGE enables operation without soot
emissions at higher loads than with a hydrocarbon fuel. The high cetane
number of DGE enables operation at a charge-gas temperatures below those
required for current diesel fuels, which may be advantageous for reducing
NOx emissions. In-cylinder optical measurements of flame lift-off length and
natural luminosity were obtained simultaneously with engine-out soot
measurements while varying charge-gas density and temperature. The local
mixture stoichiometry at the lift-off length was characterized by a parameter
called the oxygen ratio that was estimated from the measured flame lift-off
length using an entertainment correlation for non-reacting sprays.
 37

Usman Asad and Ming Zheng (2010) conducted tests on

efficiency & Stability Improvements of Diesel Low Temperature Combustion
through Tightened Intake Oxygen control. Diesel engines operating in the
low-temperature combustion (LTC) mode generally tend to produce very low
levels of NOx and soot. However, the implementation of LTC is challenged
by the higher cycle-to-cycle variation with the heavy EGR operation and the
narrower operating corridors. Small variations in the intake charge dilution
can significantly increase the unburnt hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide
emissions as well as escalate the consecutive cyclic fluctuations of the
cylinder charge. This in turn adversely affects the robustness and efficiency of
the LTC operation. However, Improvements in the promptness and accuracy
of combustion control as well as tightened control on the intake oxygen
concentration can enhance the robustness and efficiency of the LTC operation
in diesel engines. In this work, a set of field programmable gate array (FPGA)
modules was coded and interlaced to suffice on-the-fly combustion event
modulations on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The cylinder pressure traces were
analyzed to provide the necessary feedback for the combustion control
algorithms. The combustion phasing was estimated using a computationally-
efficient Pressure Departure Ratio Algorithm that helped to anchor the
combustion within a narrow crank angle window for the best efficiency. The
load variations were minimized by regulating the indicated mean effective
pressure that helped to stabilize the LTC cycles. Engine dynamometer tests
demonstrated that such systematic and prompt control algorithms were
effective to optimize the LTC cycles for better fuel efficiency and exhaust
emissions. The reported techniques were in part to establish a model based
control strategy for robust diesel LTC operations.

Christopher John Polonowski et al (2010) has carried the Effects of

Oxygenated Biofuel on Intake Oxygen Concentration, EGR, and Performance
of a 1.9L Diesel Engine . Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has been employed
 38

in a diesel engine to reduce NO x emissions by diluting the fresh air charge

with gases composed of primarily N2, CO2, H2O, and O2 from the engine
exhaust stream. The addition of EGR reduces the production of NO x by
lowering the peak cylinder gas temperature and reducing the concentration of
O2 molecules, both of which contribute to the NOx formation mechanism. The
amount of EGR has been typically controlled using an open loop control
strategy .When oxygenated bio fuels with lower specific energy are used, the
engine control unit (ECU) will demand a higher fuel rate to maintain power
output, which can alter the volumetric flow rate of EGR. In addition,
oxygenated bio fuels affect the oxygen concentration in the intake manifold
gas stream. The following work utilized an analytical analysis of EGR and
experimental engine data to compare a soy methyl ester biodiesel (B100) to
ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (B0) with respect to EGR rate, intake air dilution
and oxygen concentration, fuel consumption, brake specific NO x and
particulate matter emissions in a 1.9L turbo charged DI diesel engine.

2.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

From the previous paragraphs, it may be noted that a lot of

experimental investigations have been carried out in Diesel engine by using
oxygen enriched combustion system. Many experimental works have been
carried out on the performance and emission characteristic of the oxygen
enriched combustion system. Very few investigations have been carried out
on combustion analysis. Moreover no analysis of Heat Release Curves has
been carried out for different levels of oxygen enrichment.

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to investigate

the performance, emission and combustion (Ignition delay & Heat Release
Curves) analysis of CI engine with oxygen enriched environment. The
experiments were conducted for different levels of oxygen enrichment with
different nozzle pressure under steady state conditions.
 39

2.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Compression ignition diesel engines typically have high exhaust

emissions, such as CO, CO2, HC and oxides of nitrogen (NO x).
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions standards for future
automobiles, trucks and locomotive diesel engines require simultaneous
reduction of CO and total particulate emissions to very low levels. Diesel
exhaust damage the lungs and may lead to premature deaths. Diesel exhaust
contains other toxic chemicals such as benzene and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons that are known or suspected of causing cancer. Moreover fuel
consumption and combustion efficiency is also important challenging factor
in Diesel engine Research.

The present work was carried out by considering the above

mentioned problems. Achieving low exhaust, high performance and
combustion efficiency is possible by using oxygen enriched intake air.