’ GO5.01 ert J.BAH MEK Teoperuueckoe MW IpubKJaTHOoe MaTeplaJIoBeqeHHue Nepesog c anrauiickoro OLA. Anenceeea 103 894 P3 a MOCKBA ATOMMSANT 1975YOLK 539.2 Materials Science for Engineers Lawrence H. Van Viack The University of Michigan ‘Addlson-Westey Puplishing Company, ering, Massechusetts-Menlo Park, Callfornis-London-Dom Mitts, ‘Ontarlo, ai Daex JT, Teopernveckoe npHRraaKoe MaTepMagoneneHNe. Thep. canna M,, Arommaaar,, 1975, ¢ 472 Hacrommaa xara oxpataeaer WmpoKii KOMTeKC TpUKAANE WT caer honpocos MaTepHafionellenNa’ ¢ MpMBTeNemseM pesyAEARTOR He: re ender GHARKE THEPROTO TeAd, DHAHHECKOTO MeTaATOBEREHNA SMOLIMANGIRM, OCHGD SACKTDOPERAAKN, MORAMAKM, Ris UOTE PGE Th Tiaioxenne neex Rompacos BeleTen Ha TocTa Touro pucoKoM HayyHoM ypontie, mpuiem ocoGoc siniManve yaeamercs BuInCHEHIUO PNSMHECKOM CyuLHO- crn paccMaTpHnaeMx Mpoweccon We annexni, MatemaTavecknit annapaT ao annem. ranemiay OOpas0M. LAT MPOBEMCHHH KOWSPETHMN WREIEDEL pacteTos, cmpcoGeTEyIONNX yCROGHO M TIpERTHTECKOMY BPHMEHEANAD CR ingen Coenen Nx cneneiaraet npoMeRyTOuoe TOTONCENE MORAY! TPRARLAOPANME vicina no watepsatoneaeimio i pyxonoacTBant NO @kaHKe THEPAGEG TATE (eTINRAN To MMeKOMENTONANA —D KaveCTUC LONOTNHTENEHOT MOCO aR came im rexwaccicnx BYOB; MOROINX CIicuNAMICTOS, MAaMMMaIOUNES Soe pudory n o6aacTn MaTepHAAOREKCHG, Mm WmKeHePOB, ZKEAAIONIE PACAEPINY 0 Teopermmeckne MOSRAHAG A IkayKE © MaTepHaltax. Fee ee ee eioamun, 447 pucynson. BAOTarpadjis —55, Hannenonay i 30107—104 = Sanne © Mepesoa wa pyccrit ans, AronwonapAPERHOIOBHE HEPEBONWUKA KHATH Tocueanne tecatiaetHa XapakrepusyioTca HeObBatO BbICOKHM TeM- NOM pa3spaOOTkKH HM BHeApPeHNA HOBLIX MaTepHanos, NMpHsRaHbIx o6ectie- WHTb pellieHHe caomelMINX Haysto-rexnnueckix npoGrem. Hmenno NaTepHaah CTaNN KaOUERLIM aBeHOM, ONpewensioMM yerlex woKeHEpHELX see B KOCNHYECKOM TEXHHKE, S1eKTPOHNKe, aTOMHOM TeXHMKe MoT. a 0 OGCTOATENDCTAO NPIBEAO K HNTCHCHBHOMY PasniTHO KAK OTREALILIN HaNnpabacwuil, TAK U BCeTO MATEpHATOBERCHIA B LEAOM, noAKpermientomy pesyabraramit (bylAaMentaADHbIX UCcCHeAOBaHHA B oGAacTH tpHsuKN TRep- Z0re Tela MW AOCTHARKCHHAMM HOBLIX MeTOTOB ananuga. Venexu Matepuaao- BeAeHHA MO3BOAHA Mepelitit or HcnOADacRatina napecrubIX maTepuasoB K Ne1eHaNpaBACHHOMY CO3LaliMO MaTeplaios ¢ sananNbiMit cBoficraamn OaHaxo croab GbicTpoe BHEAPeHHE B TEXHNKY HOBBIX MaTepHasaoB H Meronos ux o6padorkn tpeGyer oT KoHeTpyKTOpOR 1 HWKEHEpOA NAB HOM SHUNKNONEAHUHOCTH aNaHHi, OBAAReNHA aaKoHOMepHOCTANL, onperte- JHOMUMN CBOHCTHA HM NOBETeHMe MaTepHanob B YCHOBMAN >> aTanun, 4TOGM MaTepHaa He OCTaBaJICA «epHEIM AULIKOM. B caaan ¢ aTHM mpeacTananerca Menecoo6pasHbim naaauie mepenona MONOrpapHn BHANOTO aMepHKaHCKOrO ChemManHcra B OGAacTH (bHaHKH vaepacro teaa JI. X. Ban @aeka «Teopetmyeckoe i mpuKaaanoe mate- pHaaonezenes. (B 6yxBaapnom nepesoxe ¢ aurauitcKoro »Matepiacio- BeAeHHe M18 HPKeHepoBy.) SaayManian KaK yaeOHNK, 9Ta KHHTa OXBaTHIBAeT WNpoKHil Kpyr HOMpocos, COCTABAMIONLNX HayKy O MaTepHataX, MH OAHOBpeMeuHG noAuep- KNBACT CBA3b Mey OOMETEOPeTHNCCKUMA HpHHUAHaMN 1 KoNKpeTHUiMH ipKenepHEIMH NpoOTeMaMM MaTepHaaonereHns. Kunra yaauno coueraer mpocroty HanoxKennA BarxkHeiuny oGmereo- peTHVeCKHX NpHNUOS c¢ paccMoTpeuHeM 4NcTO MMKeHEpHDIx uposacM AnTop, He npuGeraq Kk CAOKHBIM MaTeMaTHYeCKHM BMIKIaaKaM, lacT LOCTATONHO TloyIHOc NpexcTaBseHNe 06 OCHOBHEIX 3aKoloMepioctax dx- SHIECKOFO MCTAANOBE EHNA, © MeXANMHCCKNX, aaekTpHYecKHX HW MafinuT- NBIX CROACTBAX PaaHOoGpasHUx MaTepHaToR HO caKTopaX, onpererR- 1ouux CTpYKTYpY M NOBeMeHNe MaTepHanon B Mpouecce, sKxcHaAyaTauim. Xopomo nogo6panittie MHorouNCAeHHIte MpaKTuveckue aafaun u HY pewie-Hus npeaetasasor cobol npuMep KONKpPeTHEIX HHIKEHEPHLIX PpacteTor peuleHia He ToaBKO OGaerNaioT ycBoeltie HInaraeMEy BONpOCOB, Hi chaabinaror Teopmlo € TPaKTiHKOT. i Hernan He OTMETHTb 1 past HeMOCTATKOB KUMTH, ONERIAHO, HeHa6eI- iy Tipit MONBTKE OXBATHTS Cronk ObwWupHyIO TeMy. Tlomesno Gbino Gut TpHBecTH TIPHMepE pelle MaTepHaTOBeAVeCKHX Tpo6nem B KOCMINe kom TEXHHKG, ATOMMOM SHEPTETHKE HW SHCKTPOHHKe, MOKAIATS HanpaBaenne: i nepenextion atbHenuel paspaGoTKH HOBBIX MaTepita0B. Henoeta- UHO OCBeLIeHt NpOGJeMbl HaAneceHitT MOKPbITHI M NOAyYCHAR nopolko- ebiX H KONMOSHIMONHELY MaTepHatos. CaitukoM KpaTKO 1 exeMaTHUHO paccmoTpeNst BONpPOCh cuubpysun 1 Bo3geitcraua oGaysenna Ha Mare: praai. Coneptenio otcyTcTayioT cpeneHiA 0 MpHHuunax yerpolictsa Ht CBOMCTSAX MHOTNX COBPeMEHHBIX NOAYMPOBOLHHKOBELX npHéopon: AwoASx [Horrks, 7aBMuNo-npozeTHBIX AHOAAN, TOAYMPOBOARMKOBBIX Tasepax HT. A: OUNTEAbALUL PAIACM KUNTH, MOCBRULEHHBIA MaTepHataMm CO COME EIM erpoeniem —tpyitam, ApeBecHHe, GUOTOPMYECKMM TKANAM, B cytmoctit aenuercn AML NOBEPXHOCTHO wamOCTpALiel CRAIN MOLY erpyxtypoit yu caojicizaMl MaTepita.a. Astop coscem He ylomunaeT O paoTax COBETCKUX YSEHBIX, oGute- ipHaiatitiine TPYAR KOTOPMX CbIFpaaH BbiaioUlyioce Pout B PAasBUTuin cTANOBACHKH HAVRE O MaTepHadan. Tipu nepesone coKpatiieno mpeaucaosne astopa H OMyueHb MHOTO- jeitipe LONOAHHTeAbMbe Bahay, CodepKaBUluecH B KOHUE Kamaoit Abb, B NpHBOANMBe MpHMepBI BELEN! HTOTOBME pacueTHHe ebuanuec- xite thopMyab H MeANepRHyTa WorseckaR NOceAOBaTeMbHOCTh paccymAc- wii, B page caywaen an NeoOXOTHMbe MpHMedanHs, @ OTAEABHIE ‘bopMyaupoaKH cormacoBannl ¢ PekOMeHnyeMBIMIt TOCTom. [Ipaxruyecxir jaiosa COCTABMeH CHHCOK auTepaTypbl, PeXOMeHAyeMOM AH Aaabueitmero HAYYCHHA OTACABHEIX BOIEPOCOB. B Hero AOWAM OCHOBHEe TPYAM COBeETCRHN LBTOPOR H ONVOANKOBANHBIe MepenoAR KHHT aapyOexublx yuenbix. Co- NepRalascA B ITHX H3AaHNAX -LONOTHHTeTBHAR Ou6anorpadua nossornT uudateso floatice QJHAKOMUTHCR C KOUKpeTHBIME pobaeMa Me, Paceuuran' la CTYAeNTOB Crapmny KypcOB BBICIIHX H cpeaunx yueOupn Sapedenwil, 97a KHHFa, Oesycnonito, okamereH nomesnol scent HIDKeHe| juTepecyrouuinca BONpOCaMH (UBHKMH MeTaT10B MH coppeMmet- Horo MaTepitatouereits. rT 0. AaekceesHPENQUICHIOBUR ABTOPA AMEPHKAHCKOTO U3QAHAA RAMP Muorne yurareau oTHeTANBO —CCO3HaIOT eylilecTBeHHbIe HaMCHCHIs, npoucuieaute p MaTepuaaoBereHit NB HayKe © conpaTHBazeHnn matepHa- OB B TeveHHe Nocieanero pAecATHAETHA. QOanospemesito c aapormeniem W pasBHTHeM STHX HOBLIX MICHMTAMI B CIUA n aa pyGexon npoucxomno hopamponaise Kypca MATEpHAnoBerentA KaK OANOFO ts pasaedop Tex: HHMeCKHX Hayk. B caast ¢ STnM fpenctapaseTcn NeoOXOAMMbIM, aTo6et o6cyxaAeNHe BOTpPOCOB MaTepHaNOReTeHHA OCHOBLIBANOCD B BOIMORHO Gorbwieh crenewa Ha obittereopeTHeCKoH MOATOTOBKe wutateme®, 7. e. Ha YMEHH NpOBOANTH BEIGHCAeINA, sNATNH OCHOR XUMII TH MprEEHTOR Te: pit saexrpiuecraa. Hoaoxkenite BBOANBIX MoaOXKeNN SHMUH Ke CHSHKI nenoepeactBenio OTHOCHIMNXcR K MaTeplanaM, cocTaBaner coMepxKaHHe Tepabix TPEN mas B ra. 4—8 paccmatpwpactcn cipystypa TREPANX (pas, npwyem ocoboe EHHNAHNe YAeAeTCA KPHETATTaM, vecoRepmIencTBaN CTPYKTYPM, Woe KYASPHEM (bagam M TBEpABIM pacTBOpaM. Sin raapet oGpasyior ocHoBy IAA PacCMOTPeHHH, BO-MEpBBIX, TEX CBONCTB, KOTOPLIe CBAAHLI C ATOMHLI- Mu Mpoueccamn, HanpuMep, auppyaun um zehopmamnm (ra. §—12), i, BO-BTOPLIX, CBOHCTB, MPONCXOA TENE KOTOPHX o6ycnoBTeHO STeRTpPHYCC- kum tpoueccamn (ra. 13—16), Tlocnenuwe raasbl, HMeOULHe HIDKEHeEpHY!O Hanpasaeniocth, o6pa- ayior emo HedOe ¢ HAMORCHEIMN PaHee TeEOPeTHMectisie Bonpocanit MatepHaaoneaenna. Aptop y6exkaeH, 870 Cbilan TeHLeNunA B pAIBHTHW MeTOAHKN HayNeHNA MaTepHaaoBereHiA cofnacyeTcA ¢ MocTpoeniem Nie TH uM TO Mepexoa X NOACOHHIM PyKoBOACTBAaM Na Mate HagOBere Hit qpaseTea ump Bompocom spemenn. Tlocne TpaauunonHoro pacemoTpenne® pasnopechil B MHoropasHbix cuCTeNax, peakinis of MuKpOCTPYKTYP (ra. 17—19) caenyer wapokoe o6cyxkAeHMe Bonpocos iipaxtiueckoro Henonb3oBaHA Matepuaaos (ra. 20—23). Sxech ocoGoe BHUMaaHE yaene Ho Mpoweccam NOBMINeHNA NpowwoeTH M paspywennn Marepiadon, @ Tak 2Ke H3I0KeH COBPEMERNLe cBczElid © kOppoaiit. Baxaiowreabiad {Ace HOCHALLEHA MHOTOPAIHBIM CHCTEMAM, BKAIOYAR KOMMOSHIOHHE MavepHashl, a TaKKE paccMoTpeNwio ca cllenaeHIN WHTYLNPOBAHR EN xanpmRKennit, cePeuiciie KONKPETHIX $aMa4 He TOABKO ABAReTCA aOrHueCKMM HeHHeN H3YNeHHS MPeAMeTa. HO TAKE ChocoGcTByeT pasBHTHIO HHI Horo NOAXOAa & OfucbIBAeMBIM sBAenHaM. C 3Tof menbIO AaHO oKOAG THTOBHIX HPHMEPOB, KOTOPHLe OANOBPeMeHHO NOMOTyT 4HTaTeMO YCROHTS HOBble MperCTaBAeHita, 3€4¥AaCTYIO HeAOCTATONHO MOAHO H3AOKEHABE B ociopiiom rexcre. ApTop xoTea Gs paccMaTpHBaTs AaHiyi0 KHHTY Kak NpesHasnauenuylo AaN MpHoOperenus TeoperHuecKHX npenctanaeHuil 6 MaTepHadax, W CuHTaeT, YO B AaabHehwem MOKHO PaCCHHTHBAaTL Ha co3- AGHHe PRLA CHEUMATHSNPOBAHHUX HIMAHHH MO KOHKPETHEIM NpiAgaaHbeM TeXHHGecKHM AueWNAnHaM, XOTA aBTOp MbITacA OXBATHTh BCC BONpocst o6llero MaTepatoBeAeHMA, YNTATeEA MOKET TO cBoemy ycMOTpeHHO SulOPaTb OTACALHBIe TEMbI B COOTRETCTBHK ¢ HocrasieHnol sanayeh u NOR FOTOMICHHOCTLIO B OTACADHBIX OO2aCTAX MaTepHaroBenetaA HW KONCTpyH- popannstMacrs I. Brejxenne & TeopeTHveckoe MATepHAaToOBe Lone Taana 1 MATEPHAJBI H CBORCTBA 11, Marepuaant® rexumne f Bee TexHHNeCKHe H3TEANA N3TOTOBAAIOT HE OlpeAeMeHHbix MaTepita~ gop, H wesegoferonnsie aptocrpaibl, i craabiple asromobual MoryT MAY KUT HaraAAubiMn NpHMepaMit TAKHX uatenuf. Menee H3BecTHbiM! Ho He MeHee BAKULIMM, ABAMOTCA MaTepHanbl J1CKTPOHHLIX CXEM H Kap- Gliaune HanaasKH Ha KopouKax Hedredypos. Max Kaywitoro N3 ITix Use Git rpeGyerca caolh Marepitan ¢ onperemeMiibiM, chemmpuuecsuMn 248 AaHoro HadeaNA XapakrepueTnKam. Hivkenep, FoTopomy nopyveno OcywlecTsHTE nonGop maTepHaroB 1 TENEBUSHOUNX YCTAHOBOK, HAW AAA BOYHCANTCALHEIX MALINH, BHCs HMX MOCTOB, HempTeNepepaGaTMBAIOMHX aBOAOB, PakeTHMX ABiraTe, elt, RACPHLIX PEAKTOPOS Ii CREPAIHYKOBLIN TPANCMOPTHBIX CpEArct KOH OGnakath AOCTATOUNLNH 3HAHMAMH ANA ONTHMaabHOTO BRIGOpA Marepulana B KAKLOM KOWKpeTHOM CAydae, MAPHUMAA BO BUNMAle HaniaHe MaTe- pilaaa, tpeGopakua TeXHoOnOrHt o6padorKn, yeroBHA akKCnAyaTanit i He Menee Baxne daxtop cToumoctH, Tpit 3ToM HeO6xoaNMO yHHTHBATH W TpeHoranne BaaNMHOlt cormacopanlocTH eT nei =«KoHeTpyKuM. Xota HPAKTHMeCKM OMT caykuT HKeHepy oTnpasHol touKo pH wEGope MaTepHaaoB, a Aatinble o CBolicTBaN MOFKHO HaiitH B 210GOM CipagouHitKe, Bee #e UCKYeCTBO HUKeHepa He CMOXKET NPOABHTECA B nonnol Mepe, ecru OM fe TORHMaeT tpakTOPOR, ONPenermioMlNx CBolicTRA MaTepHatoD. Bes THX CBENEHHA MaTepHan OCTAeTCA *4ePHBIM AMUTKOM> Hi WinKeHeEp He CMO- *kOT YHeeTh OFpanmyenna, eBAgAHLE c ocoGeHHOcTAMH HoBeacHnA pas- AUUHX MATEpHATOB, i WeMeHaNpaBAeHH HeMeNNT) Kay caolicTBa Mare: pitatoB, TAK H CaMy KONCTpYKINO, 1.2. Buyrpennee erpoenne MaTepnaaon Kaabii matepvaa o6nanact onperenenimim puytpenuua cTpoenneM i cocTOHT H3 aTOMOB, CBOfCTRAa KOTOPbIX oOnpedeaHTcH eTpyKTYpol 3ACKTpOHHBIX oGosoveK uM Anep (puc. 1.1, 4). Buytpentee crpocwme Ma jeplana Xapakrepwayerea BaaHMibiM PacHOomOmeHeN aTOMaD || OGPa30 Raiinem ormeapubty ta, OGbiuHO (HO dateKo He scerfad) 3TO BxauMHOe pacnonowewe OKASHIBAETeH AOCTATONHG NPAaBHTbAbiM — (cHMMeTpHMithiMt)Pwe. 11. Buyrpel isi Spoaedlae Aron pall a Henpepeiuya amtacres amextpom, pe vareneno}. pyrve neck ypoutue | wh Ma ONeHb Oc ff COON MOMOXDNCEN. suikpoc MeNtul taioKe conepiat: (00 000). Kamasa cherane {ROME MEA 3 Rote ke; #— YpONCHy SnIKDO= Mosreneune paswe- SpawoaMT ® MSMeHERI neTaaqop (cM. pue. 11, 6). Haxoney, MuKpoompynty- BOSHHKACT Kak P3YabTaT OGbeEAHECHHA OTACTBHEIX KpH- 3.5 euitloe Were (cM pe. 11, 6) KLUM U3 STH ypoRuelt pacemorpenits BLYTpennero ser HOT ceveHHT macite paspeet: = {Sp— Salle Taepaocte: H Conpotimrenme nannaimanwo Hex Top! HAH uapananne @ Bpineaain HB Otno vente noctossHof — naepyaxn | Oraocutede= 3000 ker K BeaMUMHe OTTeWaTKa cTanE- hie cAMMMUEE Horo uiapika quawerpom 10 ane noose HarpyaRcHHa B TeteRME 10 cox. B ApyrHn “Ayiaay oGosiavente HB aonoanmerca YcAOGMAME sKcHepHMeEHTa B NOpHaKe: qNA- | METP. uarpy3ka, Bpema, 7. e crasaapr- Heil cayuail Mowso " aanncars TAK HB10/3000/10-—. , . (aHavenme — Teep. nocTHt) to Poxeaay HR yéiltia enananeAKN” HaKoneMMMKa| To >Ke al) pil Hoctownno karpyane. Cyusecrayior uixan A, B,C aaa narpyakn 50, 90, 140 Kaw choTBeTeTREHHO, CTBY I= hte ofosuaeumta; HRA ARB. sy HRC.Mpodoawenue tabs. 11 601m | HY, H | Onpeaeanerem no aanve amaromaay o7- Hewarka wWigertTopa 8 WHE aAMAIHOR i ripantiast, Jlonoairrezuao yxastnawren Youbwnt HarpyaKeRNN: HarpysK, wpenst Hanpnaep: HV1030—500 (roepiocrs 500 ea. npy Harpyane 10 nec ao Tevet 30. cee) Baakocts (yaspuan sa] dy Oroweiie pafora paspyuieini nypit) Keema KocTé) YAapnos narpyaxe K nzouay nonepe Horo ceueuna oGpaaita 8 wecte tiagpe Ay s Gg Buskoct, urpaet Baxuyio pon Np u3noMe Hm paspyuleau Mare- pasos (cm. ra, 21). B cyiioctH BasKOCTh NapaKtepuayercn Bes MHOT MOPAOMCHHOR aHepriun v1 paorol paspyuenux. Caenosarernno, saa- KOCTE PaBHa HHTerpary OT NPOHSBeACHNA HalpaxXeHHA ua Lepopmantuto, OTHeEceHHOMY K eMiiHue OObenma, H Roma Guina 6bl HaMepaATECA B KutorpamN-Metpax Ha 1 es (Kec-a/cx). Oguako paspymenue npea- ctapanet coGoh CAOMHbIT Mponecc, mph KOTOpOM Aetbopmauna pacripere- aetca HepaswomepHo, ocoGemo B OGaact tpeummuu. Tostomy, Kak ysasano B taGq, 1.1, BaakKocTh onpedeanetca Kak padora paapyuenna ApH Henbirannax cratiazapraix o6pasuos. Tattinte o Baskoctit MatepHara NPeIBLMAINO NEHA AIA MH RKeHEpA-KOHETpYKTOPA. Hpumep 1.1. Tlonepeaioe ceaeune (cx. ta6A. 11) amowmienora crepaeir ysreit tumioce na 62% np paspyinaomed warpysKe 19.7 xec/aad. Canta, ¥to ucxoduan na MAA MOTEPENHOTO CesiesHA CoCTaBAKET So, BUIMHICAMTe: a) RCTAMMOE HaNpHAKETNE Ou G) uctimmyio aetbopmaumo xo paspyntenan exer Pewerine. a) F/So=19,7 owecin?s F=197-So, Tax ak Spary=So—0,62$)=0,3850, 10 =19,7Si/0,28- So=52,0 wec/sea Faer= Shasp 6) Tak xax srnonemran nethopmarin de paws Mpniumax o6vem nocromumm, moryaaem: Spa sp ty, Orewa 10" act = In. (Sa/Spasp) So 0,38-Sy yer = In =0,97(=97%). 47 ay MiTenaogue ceofcraa (raGa. 1.2). Mp aaa asaomeniit ocoboe miimanne Gyner yaeneno telmosbim caoiictaam> 1) TensoBoMyY pacwnpennia, 2) remioemKoctH # 3) TenmonpoBoAHoctH. STH cBof- cika WMeIOT Han6ombulee Npakritveckoe 3HayeHue Ho NpUBOAATeH A cHpaBoURNKAX. B MocaexyiouwHx raBax GyazeT pacemarpena Npipoma aTHx CBOMCTR MH MX CBAgh © BEVTpeuvel CTPYKTYpPOH MaTepHanoB. Saextpuseckne cBoiicrea (1a61. 1.3). OGmeHasee ren vot chakt, “TO anexTpHyeckoe conpotusaenne ‘R 12BRUCHT OT FeOMeTpHH w CocTaBa MaTepuana. B faab- HeiMem OcHOBHOe BHUMAHHe GyneT obpameno ta Jeibioe conpoTHasenue p Matepwasos. Conporits- ii€ H_ YACAbHOE FACKTPOCOMPOTUBTEHHe CBAIAHE Meacty coool: Onpeaeaeiine pas B MeTo- p= S|— ene cm —om-en|, (12) daiwa O6pasua 1 TOMAR’ MonepeyHoro cesenHA, cOoTHET- % | Empire et see Oupeaereuive | | pet enarypa 7: Tepmoniinaniieckam seanuia, Xapan- ae | repmayioman cocronime tex np tepmo-| (°K, °C} aitanibeckom pastoneci. AGcomoriad TeMiieparypa. npotopiioHactiia cpeaell KiteTHYECKOM SHeprnik vacTIML TEAS Tenanta DheprHa TenAoporo apinxeans oOpasy-| kag | ouix reo actin Kobypaunen a Oniockremuae wasietiente paswepos| 2pad—? Y pit HsMeltemut TesmepaTyper a | 6 Ormoutesie Koamsiecraa Tenaoris, ©0-| dxe/epad, oGueMiore ‘Teay, K cooTseTcTayioMeMy | xa.tj(Mat» > oauuienno Testeparyped % énad) renaonpe: R Xapaxtepicruxa —‘Tes-xonposOARUUEX jamt/(4e-epud), epoficTn MaTepitana; aMemeHnO pages KO- ease (CM+ceR x awecrsy Tenaa, nipomeauemy 4epes| u F : ; "." | Pie. 14. Saekrpiveckne autnoant: = a = . + d—upwnep Gaamuore awnonn € AL a @-; @) 2 Oa, 6 Sioa wonenyau HES Tate RS 5 c = nce oaexrponn caunamatored oknae arawe ) ee soe dropa, to arom nonopoaa ‘werner u=08 Upeactantaer “coGom Npatow. Taxis o6pe- Jom, etapa“ womomNEeAMNOFS M OTpMa: 2) Teetimore Tapngos we comanaior, @ pesyate: OHO eye Seanacr tent pavetee ae hte a a Nouwep 1.3. K Mexitoi npouoaoxe anawerpow 0.56 sue (d) npeaoaeno nanpamenie Ow (L) wa name 6 # (1) CxoasKo aextponon npoiiaer 4epes mpanaaony aa 1 cen () ypu °C? Sapmx oxtoro: saewspona e pane 16:10", <1 ke 10-* ow cx we M13 ypannens (1.3) noayuaen U 1 =. ns, Ep ame Q=N-e, i len (dt/4 jr REN 165-10 ggnep oe cn Te Coortomelite Mex2Y SAeKtponponoAHOcrsIO. M MENON WocHTerell, HX 3apatom H to AMMRNOCTHI OGeyKAaeTcH Bra, 14 M IS Hapa. co chianio STeKTPONpOBORHOCTA Cc TeM- HepaTypoll, Lehopwattiel, cocraaon # renaonpopoawacrino, Hoaspusanus, mpenctapneine 0 Kotopoi HIpaeT RAMHYIO poab B HOWMAaHMH CTPYKTYphl H CBOiCTB MatTepHanoB, OObINHO omnpenetnetca Kak AICKTPHMECKHH LUNOABHM MOMeHT, OTHeCeHMBA « eaHHUe OGbeMa. slinoaviibiii Moment so3ntkaer 8 MaTepHaae B TOM cayuae, Korma He coB- NQlaOT KCHTPL NOAOKUTEALHONO HM OTPHLaTeMbiOrO aapamon. Paccmar- PHM AutOAD JanHon I st ¢ sapaqomM Ha KOHUaX +Q u —Q, papuiim IK (pic. 14,a). 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Stor xospmurert HPOTOPUNOHAALHOCTH OGHNHO MpeACTAaBAROT Kak NpousBenenne sNsaeKT- PuueCKOH NpOUMaeMOCTH BakyYMa €9 H OTHOCHTe.1BHOI AHITeKTpHYECKOR npowunaemocra K: D=s,KE, (1.4)rae e9=8,804-10-'* K/(a-cat) =8,854-10- p/m (1 @=1 w/e), Ornocurens- Has AUMIEKTPHYECKAA NPOHHUaeMocTH ABARETCA MonesHOH XapaKTeEpHCTH- KOA Jia CpaBHenia H301ATOpoB. Hanpunep, KoH_eHCaTOp Cc HI0AaHpyioun- Mit MpokaaaKkany, umeiounmn K=10, cnocoGen sanactu 6 10 pas Goanumit 3apHRA, YEM TAKOH Xe KOHZeHCATOp Ge3 NpOKrazOK, Te K—CIC,, (1.5) rae Cu Cy—emxkocth KOHMeHCAaTOpa € ANINeKTPHKOM H Ges Hero. Nipumep 14. Koiiaeicatop ¢ npoxaaakoh ws socxonol Gywarn (Ki=—1,75) n snckrpo- JaMn H3 datoMMHNeROH omRrE HMEET eMKocTs C:=O01F and, Ecat somennte Gymam. ‘iyi npoxaaaxy maactukonol naemkon (Ka=2.10) toh we Toaumiits, Kanon Byer ew AOCtH Honore KONAEHCATOPA MPH nportx pantiuix ycaomHy? Pewenue. Wa ypasnennn (1.5) ommyaa C, = 0,0156 se. Pacemorpenie Apyrux 31eKTPUYeCKHX cBOlcTR GyxeT AaHo B cAeAytO- HUNx raa Bax. 14. Ouepemn natepwason Baxknoli oco6ennocrsio oKpyxatoutero gusieckoro Mupa aBaserea TO OGCTONTEALCTBO, YTO YcTOHHBOCTL BCeX Ten BOapAcTaeT NPH yMelbure- ini anepriit, Bo Muorix caysaix MM npimimaem 910 antomariiecnit HanpuMep, KapaHaam O6aanaer Gonbmeh norenunarnnom siepraen MeHbIeH YCTORMMBOCTHIO, ECM OH CTONT BepTHKaAbHo, a He aeaUT ropH- sontaabHo Na ctone. B Apyrux caywaax 310 crailosutea ovesuannin m3 SKCHEPHMEHTOR: NPHPOANMH Ta3, cropan Ha BOSLYXe, OCROGOAAET sHeprito (renao), nostomy oGpasyiommecs npoayxtit (COs t HyO) umewr menumyio XHMHUCCKYIO SHEPrHWO, EM HCNOAUBE YrAeBOROPORN H KHCAOPOA Dieprermeckie Cootwemenns sabucst or BHYTpenUel crpyKTypa Ma- Tepvanos. Yem npowiee cassu MexAy aTOMaMM, TeM Gonbulyio siepritio HEOGNOANMO 3aTpaTuTh Maa pasmerenua STHX atomMos (cM. ra. 3). Han, PYTHMH croBaNi, HaHOoree craGtabiE Te CRASH, pH OGpazonannn «o- TOPIX BLIDeARETCA HaHGoaLad suepris. Caeacranem 9tofo spaserca 1 tor thakt, 470 JaeKTponM Gore CKTONNM sanMaTS opourE C MenDuTIM SHePruAMM, 3a MCKTMOEHHEM TOFO cayYaN, KOrAa ON NOAyYawr LONOANK- TeAb SNeprH BOIGYKACHHA OT BHEMINHX HeTOUNMKOB (cM. ri. 2) Ounako c TeveHnem BpemeHn ake BOs6yAAEHIbe SaeKTpOHL crpemstcs REPHYTLCH Ha HeaANATMe Gonee ycTONUMBLIe Op6uTH c¢ HusKOH aHeprHell Norenunanonaa 4 KuneTH4ecKkan aneprua. Torenunansuoll sueprie! HaabIBAeTCH YaCTR aNePrHn MEXANMMECKON cUCTeMb WAN Tera, daBicaaK OT MOMOKEHMA VACTHE ClCTeML iM Tea BO BHEIINEM CHNOBOM Moze. O6ienspectia noTetunatbHan aveprus, cuasannan c aekcranem rpapi- 1516 quumowiers cmt, JIpyram neTowKON qoTeHuHaTLiO 31 ores KYAOHOACKHE CHABL, BOSHNKAIGUINE B STeKTPHMECKHR [Od SDIBAIOMNE NPUTWKENNE PasHOHMeHHLIX sapATOB WH ortaakHeaiite AMenHBI Kimermucckaa 3uepris, ian JHepria ASIGKEHHS, UMeeT BAMHOe 3) neuie Kak Ltt MATCPHAMOB, TAK M Las MeX@HH3MOB. Hanpumep, e rasa oGyeaoneio KHHeTHUeeCKOH oHeprHell aToMos Hall moaekya. Bo TREPABIN TeAAN ATOMM TAKE HE OCTAIOTCH HEMOABIDKHEIMIS, & Henmpepnieno romepmiaiot KoaeGanna B pesyAbTaTe TeMtoBoro pos6ymaAenns. Takoe Agi eye OkasbiBaeT CyMlecTBeHHOe BIMAHHe Ha csolieTBa MaTepuata 1 ey PACCMOTPCHG B CHEAVIOWNN P1aBaX, Hexoropsie TepMOANHAMHYecKMe cooTHoWwenna, Tepmoaniammueckat ibynwutin, Hagepaeman sHtaapnuel HM (iim HHOraa Teniocomepmanhem), ipaktepuayer COCTOAHHE CHCTEMBL HAM MaTepHana it BOspacTaer NO MepEe yeesmenust TEMNepaTy pL: dT. (1.6) rhe Hy—sHTaabnda mph Havaabiok TeMMeDaTYPE; C, — TemaoemKocr> np HOCTOMMHOM LaBieHM, GUTaTEHMA Kak TepMOAINAMiNeckar bywKunis Moet GbITh ONpeteteHa AByMA cnocoGamn. Tleppuili ocuopal Ha HenOmb- jOBaHHH BOANYEH BHYTPeHHeH IHeprnn MaTepHata Un paéota pV, cosep- i2eMoil MaTepHadom Mo OTHOMEHINO K OKPy*alonlen cpere: =U ip (17a) anaemite 1 V—oOvem starepnaaa). Bropof crocoG geiopan Wa TLIOBAMI NPEACTABAeUNN oO CBOOOANOH sHepTit FeapmrOabua Hal 1 F wan G matepnara* u TS—suepriu, caasaniol ¢ BHyTpeHHiM SLILKON? 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MLik THepAuy it SAIKIKIN METAIAON Np aTwocieploM AaBseMm neamemta pV. KAK 1, wamnoro Meimule Aw TS, Tlostomy yeaoRua paByopecin cHCTeMm! MOM OWE n no wiuenyay F.—MpaM. wep.qyloitem o6cyxaennit Matepita- OcTH, To WenecooGpasno eae- KOSBKO BBIBOTOR U3 3TOTO pHcyiKa: ) npu T=0°K H=G; 2) cnoCoanan sueprus F “KOTOPas AOAKHA PaccMaTpHBaTees Tp H3MeHe- “HAM CTPYRTYPL MaTepHadon, yMenbinaetca 110 ‘Mepe mopuilmenua temnepatypni; 3) cKxopocts YMEHbUIeEHNA CBOOOAHOH sHeprin ¢ poctom TeM- nepatypbl caa3ana c sHTponHel: dGidT =—5. (1.8) Kpome toro, tak Kak suTponsisa Bcerga noao%KH- Teibia H Beeraa BO3pacTaeT c NoBLMEHMEM TeM- Suopeirs Mepatypbl, Ta HakKtON Kpusoit caoGomHO sHeprHn Temnepamgpa, HeTIPePbIBHO yBeWunBaeTCH. SHauenun cBobo- HOH SHeprun MpHobperaior BawHyio poss nesaBH- Pac, fo. Saveesiue wn cooSan- CHMO OT HaqHuHA a30BHIX HameneHtil, TaK KAK iran sneprun ['u66ca, Tenaoconep: wem Hie CROGOANaR sieprun, Tem ycrofiunpee ‘xarine (sitaavnua) —soapactaer pasa (cot. pasn. 3.8, 4.6 w 17.5), HPu nosMINeHHH TemnepatypL. Ho Mipumep 15. Tenaoewwocrs mpi noctosiwow ofteve {le Guterpee | ¢ nrontsutemmen Or ssapia (mpewigienora necks) witepeare texnepary- TEMTEPRTYPM yoeagewoaerct i. But or 298 no 848"K onucumpaetea ypannerten NeM YMensiaetes cgoGoauan sitep- Ce 12248,20:10-% T—2.70- 10/7? eat)(uaay ened) [EM ypannenne (1.76)] Tsk Kak MaMcHeHHA OGuema taeproro tera oOwNNO Manu, TO npaKTiuecne C)—Cy Kaxoso asmenenme sitranonu A, eco yesnepatypa 4540 2 xeapie yMeusuaetes ot 143 20 75°C (or 418 no 348° K)? Pewee. 1 240A» SiO,~60,1 2, Tr 348 oh Ayyex Agi = | (11,22 + 8,20.10-*T — 2,70-105/72) aT = mh rae eg [ , ( 1 ) rns =/11,227 = ( +-)8,20.10-s72 (1) 270.109 un)| = et) > is ) (17) a Se eee wom ~~ 60,1 2 Flas 4540 ¢ AH=—145.4540 ~—66 000 xaa——60 read, Upyrnuia caopami, 3a apena OXMRMAeINA YaaameTER skepris, pasion 66 K crabwnpnoro papnonechs. Pacemorpim, Hanpumep, Gpycok pecom 5 Kec B ABYX BOSMOKHBIX MOAOACHHAX paBHonecia (puc. 1.6). TlonoKeue 6 Gonee TaGHAbHO, NEM NOAOAEHHE a, TAK Kaw WeHTP THACCTH Gpyeka B MOAOKE- Hu @ Ha 2 cw wwKe, YeM B nOTOKeunH a. Tipu nepexoae n3 MoroxKcHIA a fb TotoKeHNe @ HOTeHIatbuad SHepria Gpycka NowWKHAa yMeHbUNITECH na 10 Kec+ca (5 Kee-2 ca). Oanako o4eBHAHO, 4TO pH OTeyTCTBAH Biteti- Hero BOSACHCTRNA NOAOKEHHE @ MOKET COXpalisTBCA CKOAb YrOUHO TOMO, Tr. & NOMOKEHHE @ ABAReTCH MeTAcTadHALHLIM pasnoBecHem. UroGpl epene- eri Gpycok U3 NOAOKEHUA a B NOAOAKEHHE @, OF LOMKEN GET MONHAT H Ha- KAOHEH, T. €. HEOOXGAUMO COBepmNTb paGboTy (eM. pic, 1.6,6). B xoveyton Wore aaTpaverian sHeprita GyaeT Bbiqenena. Sra AOWOTHMTeAbHAA sHep- THA Hasuipaerca aneprueh akTHBanun E* Ww nenoapsyeren mp paceMor- peri avoMHpx Mponeccos, B exesyroutell raane Gyner TloKasaHo, 410 37a SHEPriia AKTHBANNH MATEpHata OGMMNO cosqaeTeH aa cueT TemnOBOM a1leprii Nipumep 1.6. 1) Boiuteatte saniisaabnyio sneprito axtmnaunn E*, 1ieoGxoneuyo aaa mepemeneunn Gpycka 5 Rec Wa NoAOKeMIL am nonoReNNE a (cm. pie. 1-6). 6) Burinc- Tite SUUUORATIVIO HePMNO akTHBAILHH, HeaGXOAMMyo Jax oSpaTHoTo WIMeKeiNH NOAC- weit Oyen uicire a) Flepexoa n noaomeNKe 8 MoxeT npowsolim sepes monomerte 6 Henry THRECT B NOFOKEHI a HaxomtTcH Ha paccronum” 5 cH Ham ocKonanuem. Hentp TAKE em n noxoRemM 6 Haxoauten na paccromunn V 34 cx nox ocnosanve. Tan o6pasom, Ae P = (5,83 cm —5 cat) 5 mer = 4,15 necrcue. HiOKHCTY B HOAOKEINIH @ MaxoaNTeR HA pacctonHNN 3 cM aR ocuoRANHEN. fpasom, Ah. P = (5,83 cm —3 ca)-5 nar = 14,15 eect. Npusexanie. Vameyemie aneprim np nepexome ar oaHord neao RCH & apyromy coctanit NE gop =10 wee-cw wt AE, oy i —10 eee, 1. €. 8 NepAOM cAyNae npowsofiner neIAeneue sHeprHl, a no -—BTOpoM — HeOGxoAuMa 3a- Tpara steprii,Taana 2 CTPYRTYPA M 9HEPruA ATOMOB 24, Caotoauee wrosns Paccmorpenue cBOGOAHEIX aTOMOB 110 cyuecTBY cBOATeH K nepeuncs eke Pia USBECTHBIX CpiiaitiecKHX HW XUMHMeCKNX cBOfcTR. OznaKo TAKOe pacCMOTpeHe BechMa UeAecooOGpasHo, MOCKOABRY HeKotopiie xa- PAKTEPUCTHRK H3OMUPORAHHOrO aTOMAa nMpHoGperator ocoGoe suaueune, TaK Kak @TOMbl ABAMIOTCA CTPYKTYPHLIMH COCTAaBANIOMUME wO6oro TexiK4ec- Koro MaTepuasia (B 1 cM? conep>KuTes Gonee 10 atomon). Atomuble Homepa iH aTOMHBIe Macctt. Lapa 3.1emenToR cocroat ua HelTpOHOB H NPOTOHOB, YHCTO KOTOPLIX HaMeHAeTeR OF | B cayHae BoTO- poaa 20 100 m Gomee B cayNae rpaticypanonpx anementos (pic. 2.1) ATOMHDIL HoMep PaBen NMcay NpOTOHOB 4, B CBO ONepeRs, paren uuCAy OKPYKAOUNX AAPO SACKTPONOB B STeKTPHYecKH HelitTpansuom atoMe. OTH SAEKTPOHL OKasbIBaIOT cyULeCTBeEHHOe BaANANHe Ha 91 piteckne xuMuYecKHe cBOCTBAa, (cM. ra. 13—16, 22). Tak Kak Macca 3a¢Ktpona coctapaner neero aNmp "/js9 Maccta nporowa (vu nefirpowa), To Macca aToma upHMepHo nponopynonaniia o6ureny 4HCAY MpOTOHOB HM HefiTponos. Atomtag Macca yracpona ¢ urectHIo Well TPOHAMH H WeeTeio nporonamH, paBiras 12,0000 atomuntx exuuui wacce (a. e. 4), NpennoxKena B kavectBe STAAOHA UIKAAM ATOMHLNX Macc. Tax Kak 1 e-moab “C secur 12,0000 e n coneprkur 0,602:10% atomosx (uncaro Axoraapo), 10 1 a... skempareHtia 1,66-10-% 2, Aromuaa Macca 37eMeHta, coctenilero Goaee vem Ha oOALOrO Ha0TONA, MpOMopUOHaAbHa OTHOCHTEABNON MOAe KAKAOFO N30TOTA Fpumep 2.1. Mpapoanni yraepoa caressa 98,89 ar. % PC LL ar % LC Macc a1Hx aByx waorondn -cocraninior 12,0000 1 13,0033 a. 2, © cootnercrmenio, Ka- Roba atoMiai Macca npHpontioro. yraepona? Pewidnae. Mpmitn, aro ofmee weno atoMoa pawito 10000, noayune 9889-12,0000= 118668 @ ©. m, 11-13,0033 = 1443 a. e. se, Mroro: 120111 a. ¢, #. Ha 10.000 atoms. Tanna oGpasom, atomnan acca mpnpoauoro yraepoxa pasua 12,0111 a. 2. «. Ormerin sec, wro C, useioumi cemy wefirponon a meets mpoto- Hop, OGaanaer aToMHom Maccoll, HecKobKO Gombmed 13 a. ¢ 4. Bro Ka wylleech HecooTBeTcTBHe oGbaciineTcH 3Hepruei saepueix cesaef a PaccmarpHBaetca B AnepHol danke. Smech 3t0 OGeTORTeABCTHO Yilontit- Haercs AUD C TeALIO NOMMEPKHYTL, 470 HeabsH aBTOMATHYECKH BULMHC- JATb ATOMMYIO Maccy SreMeHTAa, HEXOAH HS: THCAa HETpoHOB H NpPoTOHOB B ero aape. ATOMHaa Macca onpeseaner maoTHOCTh M TenAGeMKOCTH TREPALIX Ten, NO OTHOCHTEABHO cra60 BANHeT Ha TEXHHYeCKHe XapakTepncTHKH maTe- pianos. or _ Hpumep 2.2. Aprow nates riotuocry 178 e/a npn xanaewmn 1 arm we rewneparype OFC. Ckoabxo atomon concpacites a 1 cx? aeMemes \ ‘ ‘| \\ uA tea ‘alee 4 H esa | een bo van ave |e we V8 We vite 7 rhs | ht becens aah ae ee) 2 an, a) wo ca 7 fr | he be | wt | cu. | Ze a | 54,98 | $5.05 | 50,98) Sarr | 86! B57 wae 45 | 36 7 | @ | 48 | 30 fap ah} Pe | ag. |r | ta | so. |S 31 | ts4 lina a7 i, 12 AD ta, 79) BHF fae | ate fot it | Bb | Bp S97 2S OS204 37202 1 | cite a ff \e ff Ue a . sPetPalat eb a6 poe or kaa et FOE he | ie a | e |) 9 Tor 77 1 n le | 2 | eet | P49 | 252 | 256 | 257 2.1, Mepnoamueckas raGaima anementon, liowea (naepxy) Kamora saeMesta paren Wicay npoToRD (My SAeMoTa Anes HO YrsepoAKHON wane (°C —19,0000), Petenwe, Macca 1 moan aprona panus 39,95 2, Tlosromy 1,78 aja 0,602 -102* amomaa/aaan f 109 c43)/2 ( 39,95 e/maae ) 2.7.10! amomos/cut. 22. daewrpounan erpywtypa atoMas Paccmorpenue cTpykTYpst aTOMOB B OcHOBHOM GyneT cBagaHo ¢ BbIAC- HelieM pom saextponos (ra6z. 2.1). Macca saextponos (9,107- 10-2) TaGanua 21 Xapaxtepncriwt sacktpona Xapantepwerana Geettae Uccennoe snavernte Macca (noKos) HAH Mm, 9,107 10-38 2 Sapaa, 2 1602-10-19 en 4,8-10-1 eg. CPC Mannie moment (marnerow its 9,27-10-98 g..mt wan 9,27-1078 apefec Bopa)* —19 10734 asec © ag= nik Ui 6021019 eb (5.626104 ae: en) a pea “ 4914-9,107 19-282 10M dae coe —6 62-1027 apa-cens 1 dae ceatcemt: Veal acer. a aa cdc comicsCTREHHOFO SHAYeHHA ATA MaTepHaroBEAYECKHX HeAeH, B TO pan anexTpoHa 1,6-10° x urpuer namuyiO poab, TAK KaK TPONPOBOANOCTh i IMeKTpOHHaR NOAAPHsaNNA fanueAT oT “Nera ‘SACKTPOHOR M UX Bapaqa (ca. pep 1.3). 3apaa nonon sBaReTcA- Kpat- WBIM JapHLY ZAeKTPOHOB, MOCKOABKY aapsta Noa OMpeReaeTCsH BaGLiTKo: ‘HAN HEAOCTATKOM 34CKTPOHOB. ITO, n CBOKW ONEpeAL, OMpemenner por foctp HOHHEX cBszel (em. ra. 3) M pat samMcHUNX oF WX cHolters. Kpome Toro, pachpeaeacnte saekTpolos OTBETCTBENHO 32 Bose Bee MarHHTHOrO MOMeHTa HM woapoGHee GyaeT paccmarpigatbes B pasiere MOCBALEHHOM MarHeTHSMY. 3AeCh AMIE OTMeTHM, "TO 3AeKTpOHN Bpa MAIOTCA: ROKPYF OcH, B PeayabTare 3Ore Bpalllelttia cosaaercH MatuurTH Ltt MOMeHT, Ha3bBaemBill xaeneroxom Bopa i pasuutii 9.27-10° apelec. Be- AWIHHa 3TOFO: MOMeHTa MoOMKer Gtith paccuttala mo aapsty, 2H nocrosnnon TaanKa. Saekrponn xoTA M CBAIANL C ATOMOM, HO He ABATIOTCR HenOABEA HEMI, a COBepMawr HENpepHiBHoe BoMHOOGpastioe ABIUKEHIIC. Tipu mare- MaTHHeCKOM PACCMOTPeHHN 9TO ABIKeHHe MONO cpaBilNTh co CromuinM BOTHAMH, HMCIOULMMH XapakTCpHCTHYeCKMe YaACTOT (rapMOHMKi) Mar MATHHeCKHE OCHOBLI BOAHOBOM MeXAHHKH CAMUIKOM CIOAHBE Nan paccmor- PeWHA B AAHHOH KHHFe, MOSTOMY OTMeTUM gaecD, TO: 1) OKpyAalomHE ATOM 3eKTPOHB! MOFyT MET) ANID cTporo onpenerennpie sHaueHE aHeprin 1 2) MOIKHO FOBOPHTh AMLIL O BePOMTHOCTH HAXOKAeHHA IAeKT- po#a B TO aH HNO KUOpANNatTe NOAA HPHTAMeHHA paceMaTpuBaemoro aTOMa M ero coceaei. Kaanrosne sHcna, Drekrponu, oKpyKawuue Aapo aToMa, oGnagaior HeOmHNaKOBOM 9HEpruel; MOsTOMy # JaBHCHMOCTH OT SHENTHE HX Noapa ReAAOT Ha OOOMOYKH WAH HA TPYNNMPOBKH € PasTNVHBIMN SuEPreTecke- Mu yposnamn. Teppaa wisiias Kaaitopan oSomoNKAa COMP KAT He Gomee 2 3aeKTpOHOB, BO BTOPCH OGONOMKe MOKeT HaXONiTeen Me Goce 8 snextporos, B tperbeii — 18 w n veTBepTol — 32. Takum o6pasou, » eCHMasbH0e YHCAO 34cKTpOHOR B OGOTONKE ONCLIBaeTCA CooTHOMIeHHEM 2 2, rae n—edaetoe KeaHTOsoe 4ucAO (MOpAnKOBUl HoMep OGoAOYRH, HauMHas CuerT OT sitpa). Xora npeactasnenve o cyutectaoRaNH KAANTOBLIX OGonOVeK y206 W 6ygeT wacToO HenomBIOBaTheA B HOCTeMyIONINX Paswenax, TEM He Me ONO OKASHIBACTCA CAHUIKOM YNPOILeHiIM, Tak Ka cOsnaeT BHeieTAe NTO BCC aTEKTPOHD B OSOTONKE BrojUe pannonennyl. Jan noaKoro nous MaMa CBOICTR MaTEpHATOB HeOGxoANMa Gonee AeTAMbHGE pacenoTpeHtt nopenenna saeKTpoHos. He npwOeraa K cauuKOM cTporomy OOBUCHEH MIO, MOXKHO YNOMAKyTD o Mpaumune sanpeta HayaH, Ho KoTOpOMy Ha | nO opOure ¢ HaHHEIM KBAHTORLIM WICAOM 1 MOIKET HaXOAMTRCA HC Soree abyx aaextponos. Ho nave 9TH ABa SmeKTPONA He HACHTHYNY, NocKoAD! OHH O6fanaWT PasHEING MarHMTHEIMH CBOTICTBAMH, Te MpoTHBOTOTOK- HUIMH «cnuHaMN>, Tak Kak aNeKTpOHN B KBaHTOBOM OCOQToNKe mMoryy UMeTb HeOMHHaKOBYIO SHEprMO, O 4M YHOMHNANOch Bale, TO BHYTPH OOONOUKH BLIReAHIOT PHL SHepreruyeckny Momrpynt. Tloarpynmst c Han- MenbieH aHepriuel 3aNOAHAloTcH palbwie, Gem Nonrpynne C Gorpureh gHeprvea, npHuem BepxHHe ypOBHN B Rannoi moArpyne moryT cooTBet- 2422 cTBOBATS OOAbWe 9HeprHv, YeM HUSUNI ypoBeHB cnenyioutert ¢ Gosee AbICOKIM KBANTOBLIM YHCIOM 1. ‘OGosnadenne pacnpexenenua anexrponos. AxcnepumentaaLaan ‘Apo- BEPKA CYILECTROBAMIIA ZACKTPONUBX oGOMOKeK MH MORrpynn nepsonauamy- Ho Gbita ocyIecTRAeHa MyTeM CHeKTpOCKONMMeCKHX HeeneRORaHMit, Ha OCHOBaHHM KOTOPHIX GbiI CiewaH BIBOR, YTO Ah repesoma aaeKTpOHa © HiKHErO SHEpreTHYeCKOrO YpPOBHA Ha CreaylomMh, Goree BEICOKM, sHep- FeTuuecki#it ypoBeH HeOOXoMMO aa7paruTy KBaHT 3Heprau, H HaoGopat, Mp BOSBPAMeHHH SAeKTpOHa Ha HKHT ypoBeltb atdeaserea KBaHT sxeprnn (oton). Sueprux £, xotopoh o6anaer cpotow, moxetT 6biTh BLIVHCTeHA HEMOCpeRCTBEHNO NO AAMHe BOAT (hoToHa: EB =helh = hy, (2.1) mae h—nocronunaa TMnranka (6,62-10-% dae -cex nin 6,62-10-? ape-cex), a ¢—ckopocrs cnera, 2,998-10! cyu/cex. Uactora paaua ¢/d nan v. HanOonee pesxue cneKtpanbHbe AnMiN cosnaroren aneKTpoNaMH, KO- Topble TepexoAAT Ha HawnUsuMl snepreriueckui ypopeHb B npenenax AakHO KBanToBoh o6or04KH, CneKTpockonucTal yacro’ HenonD3yioT HN- AKC 5 Asi O6OsHANeHHA I1eKTPONOB, KOTOPHIe HaXOARTCN Ha HaMuHaMeM sHepreTH¥eCKOM YPOBNe B KaXKAOH OGooNKe, Tlostomy oGosHayeHne 15? NOKASMBACT, NTO ABA HICKTpOHa (C NPOTHBONOAORKHLIMA MarHHTHBIMy CHHHaMH) pasMelaorca Ha HiaMeM 3tepreTuyeckom ypoBHe mépsoil KBanToRol O6omoNKH (tT. e Ha K-o6oa04Ke). Ananormano oGosHayenne 25° NokasbBaet, YTO ABA ¥MeKTPOHAa pacnoaarawores B nONOKeHHN Cc HaH- Melibilch aHepriei Ha Op6uTaqbHot HAH BTOpo KBAaTOBGH oGor04Ke (L-oGoaouKxe). Takum o6pa3om, @ Ss-nozrpynie MoxeT HaxaguTBea te doce wByX sneirpouon Kakaaa Nocaecayioitaa oGonowKa Meer ,onOAHNTeABHBE noOarpynnst, KoTopble OGoanauaiotca p, d u f. MakeuManLnoe uncao ameKTpoHon B STHS NoArpynnax coctapanet 6, 10 n 14 coorsetcrsenio. Heo, y Koroporo L-oGonouxa (i104 Bropaa KRaHTORAR OGoAOWKA) MOAROCTMIO JanonHena, HMceT pacnpetesente sneKrponos | 8? 257 2p*, ato yxasnBaeT Ha Hag BHe ABYX Q1€KTPOHOB BH NepBo OGOAGUKE H BOCbMH a1eKTPOHOB BO BTO- Pol, Tipw4ea ABA Ha MEX NaXOAsteA B s-NOArpynne u wectb—B p-or- rpynne. [Lonoamireapnpre cwenerua o npHEAtomM o6osHaueRHH pacnpene- ACHHA S7eKTPOHOR AHL B TAG, 2.9. Hpumep 23. B veftpasnuom stone Fe ana saektpoua nepexoaat » 4 s-Homrpynny. npexre Ney sanomimerca Zd-noarpymma Oawaxo ApH wonNaaMIN ciaiana yaaamoTeR {s-snckrponm. SamMunite paenpererenie saextpoiion & & 5S 2 Fe 26 2 2 6 2 & 6 2 Co ar : 2 6 2 6 7 2 Ni 28 2 2 6 6 8 2 Cu 29 2 2 6 6 10. 1 Zn 40 2 6 6 10 2 Ga 31 2 2 6 & 10 et Ge 32 2 2 7 iG 6 10 oe, As a 2 aa 5 10 a3) Se 34 9 ee 6 6 10 2 4 Br 35 2 2 6 Pea 2 6 Kr 36 = 2-06 6 10 2. 16 Xora Kaacauiii Ha Hnx comepaHT No 23 s1eKTpoHA, HO B Mowe wenera 26 Nporouos, TOPAa Kak B aTOMe BaxaaHs — ToADKO 23. [losTOMY Fett — 1s? 2s? 2p8as'3pt3d®; V8 — 1s? 2s*2p*3staptGd"4s*. (2.5) Bepoatuoct, waxomaecnns, Towoe nosozKenne saeKTpOHa B Mpoct- paverBe He MoneT OhiTh YeravoBaeHo, Tak KAK Np moGoil TaKoi NomTKE NYTEM ONTHYECKHX, PeITreHOBCKHX MI MArHHTHEIx WaMfépenui, a Tae24 ut & : | f § al é -| Pade * (eora Pwe. 22 Atom sonopoaa. = Haudoaee ueporniuim paawye opéura omer: poms cocTaRAser 0,53 AL : 5 Puc. 23. Atom ataa. Ynpoutewan exewa a a SBanTORyI0. OGaADNRY, THR ERR OGanowe woryr Carry MaNcMMyD and Filige ee ee fe POSTHOCHT MasomAEHNN SaeKEpOKOR 3} OOD Beposnna Puc, 24. Atom HeoHa, Toakocruin aanogMsia a wrap Kaan ebonorKa. TMoxesana mepoammocrs dst 3ackrpnon so. wropon edaao"Ke, Pac Bpenercisie OkASUMASTEM CEDINECRI ToaNe XO cUIn. Teun” AMV saeenponD Oe Hoiech "spn nape Saekrpanoe AKO NIeK Bi tiianronuny oaypooumc Korgpde © aucoKOR SepoNtiiocrmo pactosaranyee no Ties geaa Tanioe odpavel, -bosiiaer, “Speiseuannas eBlauson pucapeseceute’ sacri yoma HocpeACTBOM Kawit\-ANGO Apyritx cnocoGos. GyayT naMenaTEce BOJHOBBIE X@PakTEPUCTHKN SA€KTPOHA. Dro oaNataeT, 4To MOHKHO TOBOPHTS NHB © SCPONTHOCTH HAXOKACHHA SeKIpolia B AanHO Toke B enyuae aToMa oopona HauGomee BeponTHO npeGLiBanne exuneTBeHHOrO SHeKTpOHa Ha paanyce O.53A0r apa, Tp apyray anayenuay paauyca BeposTHacTh N@NOMACHHA Ha HIX S1eKTPOHA YMeHBMaeTCH, HO STO He O3Ha4¥aeT, 4TO IBIUKYILNTCA SeKTPOM B KAKOM-TO MOMEHT BpeMeHH HE MOKET HAXOANTLCH Ha Godlee OaNsKoi Han Gonee yaanennok opoute (pe. 2.2). pa aviexTpo- Ha B aTOMe TeIHA XapaKTepHsylorca NPUMePHO opuiaKOBol BeEpORTHOCTHIO. XOKACHHS B ONPEREMEHHOM TONKE NPOCTPAHCTBA, NOCKOJbKY OHM OTAH- H@OTCH THUD OPHEHTHpOBKON cnuHoR. Avomuurt Homep Li paren 3, Ero tpernit 3.ICKTPOH TepexoauT Bo BTOPYIO KBANTOBYIO OGOTONKY, BepORTHOCTL ero HAXOKAeHHA npeactasaze-3. Caeayiomuni no nopaaky uayt CN, O, Ft Ne, xaxcnei 3 Ko- MpHCORARHACT OAH AONOAAHTeAbIELH H KO BTOPOH KBANTOROH OGonOUKe. Orna- 0, KAK OTMETaMOCh pale, TOALKO Aba aTeKTpO- ‘Ha MOFYT WMeTb OLHHaKOBbIe sHeprermuccKite CO- TORE H, CeMORATeADHO, OAMHAKOBEIe ReponT- HOCTH WaxowAeHUA. Orcioxa BosHUKaeT BOsMOM- HOCTh AONOAHUTCALHLIX BapHaHTOR pacnpereae- ‘Hii IACKTPQHOB, KOTOPBIM COOTRETCTBYIOT HoBLIC opOuraau. Ha puc. 24 nokasanbi BepoatHoctit HANOMACHNA BOCLMI BAACHTHHIX 34eKTPOHOB BO Bropolt obonouKe Heowa. (Jlpa saeKtpotia B mep- Boll KBaxTOBOH OGON0NKe AANAIOTCA CyORAACHT- wtimu.) Taxoe pactiperenenne BockMH s7eKTpo- HOB BOXPYF TOMA OKASBAeTCA YpeasDI'iaitio cTaGHabHnia. 3d-anexTponbl. StH s/leKTpOHD! B epexXoANblr aaemenrax (cM. Ta6a. 2.2) mrpaior BaxHyw Ponb, TAK Kak OHM BAUAIOT Ha MarHUTHHe cHoll crsa. B AaMHOM pastene paccmaTpuBaloten anulE CBOGOLHHE aTOME!, HO B rai. 16 9TH paceyKaenuA Gyayt Pachpoctpavettt Ha THepAble Tela, B Puc. 2.5. Pacnoaomenne ciitios. 1 ca KoTOpLIX comepautca Goaee 10° aromos. Bepositioem pacnperereuna s- n p-snextpo- HOB MOTYT GBT H30GpaxKeHBI MocTaTONHO Ha- PATANO, KAK STO CACTAHO Ha MpembAyMUxX pH- cynkax. Takoe usopaakenme onastinaetes ropas- Ao Gosee TpyaHEIM pH paccmotpenun 3d-snekTpoHos, OAHaKO BaxHbIC CHCACTHHA Ha PACKpereaenuA ITHX SHeKTPOHOR MOryT ObITh BIpAKeHLt Nps- saom Xyuaa, coraacho xoTopomy 3d-saexrponst oOnanaior reuxenuuet pachonaraTeen COOTRETCTHEHHO HX MACHHTHLIM cuunam. Ha pic. 2.5 cxe- MATHVECKM NHOKagaia OpHeHTHpOBKa CHMHON B MepBoM NepHOAe mepexoAHLIX Metanaos. Tipefenpioe weno 3d-3neKTpOHos paso AeciTu, NoaToMy 10 HATH 9EKTPOHOR MOryT HMETh OAHHAKOBYIO OPHENTHPOBKY ETHOS, Npexze NOM HAUHeTCH BaTOANEHHe YPOBHS S1EKTPOHaMM C TiporHBONOAOAHO Opti EHTHPOBKOM. jarHHTuMe MoMeHTH. Tak Kak Ha6mioaemble MarHuTHtle crofictsa * ATOMA CBASAN Mpes1e BCerO CO CNMHAMH 97EKTPOHOB, 10 HeCKOMMEeHCH- POKAHHAR OpHeHTUpoBKa craoB (cm. pue. 2.5) NOsROTReT QUEHMTh bem ‘my MaruHTHore MoMenta atoma, Hrax, cao6oanuit atom THTana o6- Jazaer MarHiTHHM MoMeHTOM: (2+—0{)) -(9,27-10-* a-s*/aaexrpor) nai 18,.54-10-"a-s/arom, alanorH4Ho CHHHBI S7eKTpOHOB B CBOGORHOM KOGAALTA BHISUIBAIOT MarHUTHE Moment: (5f—2}) -(9,27-10-% a-s rpow) wan 27,8- 10 a:s@/arom. KIDOMM N aTOME O¥ayT >: MUOHTADOMKM coos, ATeDOA ateKTDr * Bausine-snewrpounsix opGur AAepiBix cHivioR Ha TloBereMMe seppoxarnii ix Marepnaaon esuagitrezbao.He npunoim AocTaTONHO CAHOARNBIX apryMcHTOB, aaMeTHM NOANOCTLIO COBMALAIOMAT OPHEHTHPORKA CHMHOB MATH 9.1 RerTcTByeT YMCHbINeHHOH SHepram {T, ©. Gomee craGuABNOMy ¢ Takum oGpa3oM, B Cay4ae XpoMa BOaNNKAeT SueKTPOHHan KOMI 3d°4s!, a He 3d4s? (em, TaGA. 2.2). Anasorn4no atom MeaM HMeeT KOH rypauitia asaextporos 3d!%4s!, a ne 3d’4s*, Kak mox&iO Gbiio Gb npeAno- AOANTE IPH CAywanHoM pacnpeserennn. 2.3, Homer Bee gaapielimee naao%Kenne MaTepHada nocTpoeHo TaKim oGpaazom, “TO CHadana aHaqHSHpyloTCA UAeaMHaHpoBanALie crpyKTYpH, a 3aTeM orkaorenin (aedextat) oT 3THX MAcaanaNponamtmx crpyktyp. Xora WlealuSHpOBAaHHaN CTPYKTYpa MOXET paccMatTpHBaThCA Kak OGManaloman Menbwel anepruei (Tr. €. Gone craGitnHad), Tem He MeHee Yale BeTpe- 4awTCH MECOREPMeHHbIe CTPYKTYPbl, HaNpHMep HoOlbL, OGpasoBaBtneca Tp yLanenHH onoro WH Gomee 31eKTpoHOR H3 aToMa, TlosmHee (B rt. 6) OyaeT NOKASaHO, YTO CTPYKTYpa KPHCTaANOB MOKCT coneprKaTh HEcoBEp- MHeHCTRA, BOSHHKINHe B peaybTAaTe CMeMICHHA HAM YAaacHIa aTOMOB CoO COHN MecT B pelmeTKe. OTH HecOnEpMeHCTRa cyulecTBeEHHO BANHIOT Ha caolicraa maTepHastos. MeraanmueckHe Hon (KaTHOHE), HanGoaninain “acth saeMeHTon, npexeranacnitx Ha pic. 2.1, sgasetca meranaamy. AToMBt MeTanios i€PKO MONMYIOTCR, Te. OTAAIOT S4eKTPONE HO Peak Me + Me™ ++ me-, (2.6) TRe mM —ANCIO YAaAcHHbIx Stexrpohos. Duepraa, HeobxonnMan Aan yna- JCHHS QIEKTPOHOB, HASbEBACTCA NOTCHUHATOM HOHH3alNH. SHaveHaa noTeH- TaGxuua 2.3 Horenuams wommaun aaemenros There motte Ygasevne nepaoro aaeeTpona Yaaaeinie evapora aneRrpanta H 13,6 He 4S 54.4 Li a4 75,6 i Be | f 9,3 18.2 Na al 47.3 Mg 7.8 15,0 K 43 a8 a 61 \ 18 Rb 4,2 | 27,5 Sr 7 1,0 cs | 3.9 | 23,1 Bi 5,2 10,0 = Lanne 602 «10-28 5p2 — 1,601 ne,B c N ° F . 30 2.5 3.1 a5 44 AL Si P Ss ci 1,5 17 21 24 2.8 Ga Ge As Br 18 2,0 2,2 2.7 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te 1 0,89 1,0 1,5 1,72 1,82 2,0 2,2 cs Ba Bet Pb Bi Po At 0,86 0,97 14 16 nie 1.8 ue uiana NOHMaalNH HeKOTOpbIX 9AcMeHTOB Npexcrapaeus 8 taGn. 23. Ilesounnie Meranan HonuayioTcn HanGoace 7erkKo, ONAaKO yaasrenHe HTO poro saeKTPOHa HeHaMeHHO TpebyeT satparH Gombe, aHeprun, TaK Kak B pe3yAbTaTe BOSHHKAET HOH C ABOAHBIM 3apAroOM. Jlan NpOCTOTE! MOKHO CIHTATL, UTO F.1KTPONPOBOAHOCTh KHAKHX H TREPIMX MeTadIOB oGyceTOBTeHa serKocThiN = OTAeNeHNA BateHTHEN $ekTponoR OT aToMoB, O_HaKO B TOM Cay4uae, KOPAa Kama ATOM OKpy- 2KEH MHOAECTBOM cocelen, 3TO OGEACHCHME HYKLaeTeA B LOMOAHHTeAbHOM yrounennu (em. ra. 14) AnHoHE!, QnemenTh, pacnonaraioulmecn B BepxXHeM MpaRoM yruly nepuonmeckon Tabann (cm. pac. 2.1), cuabio NpHTATHBAIOT sneKTPOHL! ANG c OGpasouanuen OTpHUaTeAbUDIX HONOR, AKO c HosKUKHOBEINEM KonatenTix eBaselt, Konmuecracnnbim nokagaTeneM. sToro MpilDkKeHNa sBasetca 31ekTpoorpumaterb- uocth, avavenia KoTOpot Tadanua 25 mpeactaprennt Bp TaGa. 24. Honnnie panuycn (10-1 x) merowu meraaaos 1 Takum o6pasom, peakuun FasouLon. | K+ me-—+ X= (2.7) Gonee aerko ocytiecrauna a0 ratouios H OAWaKHX K | HUM S7eMeHTOB, eM AA Me- ie gee E Ae. ramon. Nav 0.95 ( 1,81 Tlockoasky ausion np1os- Ke 1,33 ar 1,95 peraer AonovHirenbubie 94eK-D ' 2 & io = ; 1 -45 2h Pa ee | = ae 26. Yposim — 5o3- Puc Gyaaeune (ata nogopoaa). Krpanen A 28 HEXOIUAT 6aaanth ORiare ypobier wa TpouLl, ero paanyc yeennynpaerca | aulye KaTuoHa yMenbuaerca fo cpa COM teiirpaabioro -atoma). Beaegcn Goree TIPKENME KATHOHM MOrYT GBITE (rab. 2:5). 24, Boadyinjene azerrponan SaekTponbt ¥ aTOMe MOryT OBITS BOsGyxKAeHEt. Sto oguauaeT, UTO ON MOryT MepeXOAMTh H3 OcHOBHOrO COCTONIHA ¢ HatMeHbIIel sHeprueh Ha Gomes BHCOKHE ailepreriuecKue ypoBun. DTH Npenctapnenus, BepOAT- HO, Jere Beero TipaciewwTh no TonyeTHwbiM sHepre- THYECKUM COCTOAHIMIM eRHHCTBeHHOTO 3eKTPOHa B aTOMe BOTOpPOA2, Peakitita OObemHeHHA MpoTOHa H 3aeKTpOHa B aTOM RoNOpORa pt -+e-—+H (2.8) MpMBORUT K BbITenesmo sHeprHn a 13,6 9 9) nt rae #@— raapioe KBaHtosoe yHcao, Ha pue, 2.6 noKa- 3aHbI SHEPPeTHNCCKHE YPOBHH JIA pasaHditblx 3Haye- unit n. Otmerim tpu oGcrosteancraa. Bo-nepanix, MpUCOCAMHeHHe SNeKTPONA K NPOTOHY CONpOBOMAaeTeR: aputcmennem sHeprim, Bo-BTopbix, MakCHMambHaa BbI- AcAtBIARCA SNeprist coctasaner 13,6 96, T. &, pana aneprun Honw3aunn (cM. Taba. 2.3). H, s-Tpersux, pasnulka Meniay stcpreraeckumy yposuamy AE erporo onpexemena. Takum oGpasom, Kak Moxagaiio 8 ypasuennn (2.1), nepexox SNeKTPOHA Ha HEDKene~ KELL YPOBEH ConpoBoOmMaeTeN HeNycKanHem YeKBauTa ¢ XapakrepHolt AUHHOH BOARD. STO ABAeHE Ae KHT B OCHORE chexTpocKOMMecKIX uceneq0- Bann Mpunep 24. B chekrpe vonopoxta oOHapyxuBaeTcH amimM, coorererayoman namie Beau 6562 A. O6yexosneno a sto nepexomom ¢ sueprerieueckcro ypomua n—3 (cw. pre. 2.6)? Pewenue. Vis yparené (21), (29) Taxi o6pasoxe, (6,62-10— 5pe-ceX) (2,998.1018 Alcon) 65624 1.6 3 Fath SES = (15,6 4) (1,6-10—12 spei94)- ( 1 1 3 ye = Os ta8: n= 2,caycKanne F © namtod noma 6562 A momer nponaoiimi npn mepexore © sHep- ‘ or y n=3 ua yponenb n=2. _ Hpusew (diue, Eenk Ow wa npeanovoiai, ro Hepexod oeywectnanaen ¢ yponun <3, TO nonyueMMuil oTaeT oKasaica Gu orpuuateaPHEM, aro HenosMoaue B. Taxom Gyeke npminaoes. 6H Hepecwotpers exnoe npernoromcente, Mowe 6x10 Gx raKKe poxentraTe sHeprige wsaytaewora y-xvaira (E=he/}.~1,89 3a) m sa pue. 26 onpexerute BOSMOKEMM Nepexor. 25, Pasm Tasosui saxon. Hxepriiie rasu, Taxue, kax He, Ne, At, a take apy- fie TagEr Mp AOcTATONHO BHICOKON TeMMepatype HAN HH3KOM qanszeHHt NOANHHHOTCH COOTHOMUEHHIO PV=ART, (2.10) rae P—fasnenie, V—o6nem; n—uneno Mozei, T—vemnepatypa, nas R—fasoaag focrosuuas, KoTopan Mower BHITh BLIPAKeta B PaaTHaNee enuumiax (Ta62, 2.6). TaGauua 2.6 Fasonae noctomman Rn nocrommias Bomusama k* @ pasawemnx AMMAN wsMepeR! eneiomcreserns sO R k ——— 1,987 a /(suo2e °K) 1,38 « 10-18 ape/?K 8,314 - 107 apa/(moay » °K) 0,33. 10—*9 naa/°K 82,06 cx « amu/( moro + °K) 8,65 - 10-8 aa/K 0,082 ts amse/(soa - °K) @ Tlocromnmus Bonbamana & fiphmensercl » cayrse pageworpedtiea oral nn isk aTowon Hatt aAeetpaHon Tipamep 2.5. B xaxnom atone aprowia, nomemietition » snexrpraectoe mone 100 s/c™, osiaiaer s2ektpivecxR qunombutith somens 149-10 k-cw, Kak wamemmres noanpi3aa~ tak (een/eae), cal aprox ® atom atekrpiticexom noxe Gyner cmar xo 100 or pu 0° C? Pewexue. Ha ypasrienna (2.10) onpenennst siieno stozeil 8 1 cat ae oP Vv RT n 100 ame moat 2 Vo 82,06 (cae- amu) moan Ky 273K eee ‘Tax xax a | woae N (aiteao Avoranpo) aroMon, a svexTpHeckMa ximonuituit moment xamaoro arowa 1,43-10-™ x- cx, 70 nlomApHsauus coctaniT cat” amos Moa! 0.00457 “22 0,602. 10% 1ag-t0—1e 2 9, greg 18 xecu/ea?. one amioe lM 1 Pacnpeneaenue no sHeprasm, Terinonaa SHEPTHs! ATOMOB B MOHOaTOMHOM raze aBaa= erca uilero KuneTHuecKoi sHeprHel Ey m mpo- HopuHolanbHa Temnepatype, Sto yraepame- He MOKeT Obit nuiparkeno cootHomennem, coMepARALLUM FazoBy10 nocrosmHUyr Ry : Ee (211) 2 “Tipu 970M sneprin oOnraH: BbIpamaetca B. KaJl0pusix Ha Moab, C xpyroi cropoupr, mo2x- HO OMpeaCuiTh KuNeTHYeCKYIO sHeprHio aToMa Pacopenesewsie m0 Sep: 15 ypanuenia (womexya) rasa, : Puc. 2 Fuss aToM ibaltae shape “Shae tienen Bey (2.12) ‘ern E, wospactaey fo Mepe ioRLneNMe 2 rae k=1,38-10-% ape/(arom-* KK) —noctosuiaa Boabinana, 310 ypabienne nonce He OsHauaeT, uTO Bee ATOM Taaa o6aanawr cauHakOBOl sHeprHel. Boabuman oKa3aq, “To akrieckn meet Mecto cTAaTHETHNECKOE pacnpemeaeHHe ckopocTei, a cAeLoBaTeIbHO, H SHeprat (Ey mu"), Kak BHAHO W3 pHe. 2:7. B Kaxaplii KOHKpeTHplit MomeHT Bpe- MeHH OMeHb He6oabmoe NUCAO aTOMOB HMeeT TONTH HydeByio eKapocTh H fipeHeOpeauMO Maayio sneprHio; y Gozpmmactsa atoMon aHeprug Onu3Ka K epeanei E, a wekoropnie atop o6aanaior SHepruel, HaMHOre Goabmeit cpeauell, Tax Kak ux exopocra BeauKu, Lo Mepe TOBbINeH Ms TemmepatypEt, HO-TePBLX, YECTHNHBAIOTeH CpeAHAA CKOPOCTH H cCpeAHA KHHETiTNECKAR *HeprHs, @ HO-BTOPHIX, BoapacTaer OGULee HCRO ATOMOD, MMeIOULIX sHep~ rHio BBe cpeaHei, PasyMeetca, noanag NAOMaAb, OXBATHIBAeMAR Kaw LOA Kpuboii na pie. 2.7, ocraetcn Heusmennol, Tak KaK ona xapakTepHayeT obec UHCI NpHeYTCTBYIOULMX atomos *. Mutepecio pacemorpetn ATOMBI, OO1ATAIONNe OUOHb BEICOKOIT siieprneli, HOCKOIBKY SHEPrHA HEKOTOPMX TaKHX aTOMOB MOAMET OKa3aTACH pasuolt SHEPrHH AXTHBANHH (HeOOXOHMOH Last BOsHHKHOReHIS, peakitun), xoTa Cpeliat sueprin atoma GyzeT anaunTeapHo nuke, Boabiman NOKaza1, YO AOAA ATOMOB (A ATOMOB H3 O}mero YHCNA Nofm), 9HepTus KOTOPEIX upespi- waet £ (pic. 2.8), mower Out, puuneaena ta CooTHOMeHH AT a ee = = Mee Bae (2.13) Neti, rac M— koapuunenr NPONOPUOHAAbHOCTH, KOTOPLI MOIKET GEITh Haien "3 sKenepiMentos, a &—noctoannag Boabumana, yre BCTpeNaBaica B ; B fase, me ee atoMad vesapncHie, soswomno. wenpepubtioe pacnpeaencitite sa- Nenui suepran, 1 miato Re RPEMATCTBYET NECKOABKHM: aTOMAM U3 oGulero Hera (~ LO 8 | cal) “uvers oxmicaKonyio Siepriio, Cunica store npaMevaiiin crater heck mpx 06- SyASHeHN BIaUMONEACTHHA aTOMOB i saéxTpoHOE.Yucaa amano Ral Maa) gina, Hanan -E Pe js e Suepeus Puc. 28. Suepran monexya rasa. Omomenne icaa saateya c wweprned. ito He L1G) -nprteMEKO aa MHOC OpO~ uconiiek E (aamapixonaamag OGAACTE), 1 AHUETHKA KoropHx ONpOXeN METER SAAT OGticMy sity. MOBERYA omCROMENLAMAIN 9a SHUROA SieTTHM aMKTTURARINTL M puCKIOMEHAMaTBND mucir oF neawanin EIT, ccan E> yanincer oF TeeriepaxypH. |. Tpadnx Apperyea ypanienmn (2.12). Ecan ££, to ypasnenne (2.13) mover Gprre npudan- Wewilo NPeACTaBscHO COOTHOMEH MEM M Fe e (2.14) Ha ociosaifith 31oro MoxKNO cpapHuTh suatenma ny mpu Ty ¢ ma npu 7: mm —_ohIATs 3ro cootHomenne npupeseno Ha pic. 2.9 B BAe rpaduKa Appexnyca- Tmarpanaet, cxogune ¢ 3rum rpapuKxom, 6yayT vacro BeTpelathes B MO- CHEAVIOUMIN TalaBaX. Tipunep 26. Cpeauna aueprua E atowon reama pw 1007 C cocrananer 7,7:10 08 spe Cpasunte aero atoMon reaus, umerourNe stepritio Gonee 10-™ ape, mpa.70 H 100°C Peuenae. Byzem cunrary, 80 10-! ape 7¢-10-" ape, Tora ws ypansennn (210) 1048 spe, 1 1 aarR BeR Daexl= “= otkyaa SOE ag No ee St42 Yasue & ATOMUBLIE CRASH 1 KOOPIMHATMOMNBIE UHCIA 1. Mewatommme npmraasexna Bo scex MatepHaaax cyilecTayeT MexKaTOMHoe npHTaKenne, baile MPHBOAHT K OGpasapaniio aTOMHBIX cBasef. Ecau 6p TaKoe Nputaxenne OTCYTCTBOBATO, TO Kak ATOM Ost OL HesaBHCHMEIM OT BCeX Apyrlx. Kpome Toro, MarepHasimt He o6nanaan 6b MenocTHOCTHO H-He Moran oka SbIBATS CONPOTHBACHHE NPHAOKEHHLIM BUCIINAM CHAM, si _YAOOcTBAa HenecooGpasho BHACHHTh “eTbipe Tuna wexaTOWHEIX esse. Hepabie tpn Tuna can3ef—nonnan (reTepononapiag), KopaaeuT- naa (roMeonomapHaa) M MeTamniieckas —HaabinatoTcn TePBHYHBIMH CBst- SMH, NOCKOMBRY OHH OTHOCHTEAbHO Nponn. Kaxaaa 13 STH cRAIEM BO3- HHKaCT BCeEACTBHe OGMEHA Ha OObeRMHeHHA BaTenTHEK SIERTPOHOB, Ha- XOAMLINXCH HA S- t p-opGiTax (CM. Ta6a. 2.2 u paar. 2.2). Yerpepteiit tat CRASH — BaHAepBaaTCOBCKAN — BOSHHKaeT B PeasyNbTATe BoOsselleTAHA He- CkoaKNX Gosee CaaGHX, HO NTPRONNX BAKIYIO pons, cia NpHTAKeHIA. 2. Homme enasn How ¢ pasroumenminn sapanani NPATATHUBAIOTCs pyr K Apyry nox Achcravem KysonopcKHx ca, HaMenenie sveprin 8 pesy-IbTate cOnmACenHa ABYX HOHOR OMUchiRaeTcs BbIparkennem ee ees ‘ (3.1) fae a— paccToanne mMexkay Holamn; e—3apag aneKrpona, paste 1.6% <1078 «onan 4,8-10-' eg. CPCS; "Z, w 2:—3apan B3alMoneiteTayrouLAx Hoton, KOTOpHi Moker GbITh H MONOMUTecdbHLIM, H OTpHUlaTenbuuM. Kak sto cHelyeT HS ypaBiienus (3.1), npw o”HOHMeHTELy sapanax Heobxonuma SaTpaTa SHEprHK Aa COnMKeHHA HOHOB, Exyx>0, a NpH pasHouMeHititx Sapsilax COAWKEHHE HOHOB NPHBOAHT K BEReTeTITIO oHeprun. Ha skcnepumentos uapectno, yro PAaccTOAHHe MeXAy HOHAMM B HOHHEIX THEPABIX Telax peAKO Obibaet menbue 2A, Kpome Toro, 43 ypasuenua (3.1) HO, Ito NpH yMeHbMenHH a (Te, NpH cOrMReHIH HOHOB) BbIeaRe- Mas SHeprin yaerm4Mpaerca. BosHHkaet sonpoc, noveMy Ke WeHTPE HOHOB He Mory? COAH3HTBEA ele GombMe, YTOGH TOAOKeUnE UX Gptao eme Hosce YeTolwHBoa H CooTBeTcTBOBATO HaHHHamelt attepran? TlockonpKy 13 akcnepy- jpctiton NSBeCTHO, ITO AHaMeTp Anep coctasaser ~ 10-9 ew (1. e. 10-SA) H NTO SaekTpolbl CaMH To Cebe He 3aHHMAIOT MpocTpakcrBa, To MpHunia, BCPOATHO, SakmONAeTCH He B OTCyTCTBHM cBOGOHOTO OOBEMA. Cyte geaa CBOANTCH K OTTAAKHBAaHHIO SACKTPOHOB COCeELHHX ATOMOB: nip Manx Mex- ATOMHBIX PacctomHusx. [[pyroe OObACHEHHE MoxeT 6nITh cBA3aHO © NpHH- imnow sanpera [ayan, cormacno Koropomy ua onuot u toi xe op6ute MOOKeT HAXOAHTHCA He Gonee LByX SqeKTPOHOR (c MpoTHBONOTORKHBIMM CIM Ham), a TIpH AanpHefimem ymennuenn MexXaTOMHOFO paccToattita op6ure S7eKTPOHOR HEMHYeMO MepekpbIBaaHeL GE, Tipu o6onx papnantax oGnsc- Hea MorKHO NOKa3aTb, YTO B caysae cOnmKeHnHa aTOMOB sHeprad oTtaa-KiBaHHA SMEKTPOHOS MpHoGperaer Ccy- mecTBeHHoe S3Havente. Sra sHeprut Eorr OOPaTHo MponopuNOKAabHNa MexK- aTOMHOMY pacCTOMHMIO, ¢ MoKasaTe- gem crenenn n(6 ¢ 6 nonamm *ropa? Pewenue. Bynem paccmarpupatb puc. 3.6 wax mpereapinit eryyail pac, 35, Koraa O.HIKIeT «kaCAMMer aHNOHOR, Toraa 2(r+R)?=(2R)% oreyaa r=0414 R, a tan kak Ry—=1,334, to 1=0.55,A, +e sto Momer Guirt won ant Li* © paanycow 0.59 A, vo Fle Coorsercrayiomne paciers, Moryr O6}IT mpoBemeHhy ¢ NOMOLLWO ra6a. 3. a 35ie & (om. mpsimep 3.2 i 36 rnomeune r/R meni AuMaNNONNEIe HC aa. Y Cs€1_woopammaga- Ohmoe ca x. X= 8, ay NaCl—e wat Ta6anna 3.1 Koopximauyouioe wnero mpi pastos orHouese paanycon ioHon Minsnaannoe orrawenne pa- Koopmimantoitise tent oe ee 3 0,155 4 0,295, 6 O44 8 0,732 12 10 7 x09 one CADE a Th Gute Teomerpw4eckHe pacieTbl, CBHSLIBaIOUIMe KOOPANNalHOHHOe GHCIO ¢ OTHOWeHHeN Paguycon HoHoB, OOoOmens B Ta6n. 3.1, TIpHBesens manu. MadbHbIe OTHOWEHHA, T.e. Up oTHomeHut r/R=0,40 xoopaunatinoHios WHCAO He MOKeT OsITs papHo 6, a KOOPAMHaNHOHHOe dHeAO 4 MOKeT uMeTb Mecto dake mp r/R>O,414, ocoSenHo ecAM cBASH He 4HCTO HOHHBIe, a WaCTHYHO KoBaJleHTuBle. 3.3. Konaseuraue ensan (romeonoaspune) Tepmun koe@aenTHoul obosHataeT ChapHBanne BaneHTHEIX 34eKTPOHOB y cocetuux atomos. HanGojee HaraiqHM MpHMepoM MOXKeT CIyYXHTh MO- sekyaa woaopena (pic. 3.7). Hs pue, 3.7,6 suguo, yt0 HanGonee BepoaTio pachonoKeNHe SeKTpOHOR MexKAy NpoToHamH. Sto coorsercTayer npHH- iuiny ganpera Tayan (em. pasa. 2.2), 13 KoToporo eaenyer, uTO ABA omer POHa C NPOTHBONOAOANBIMH CNHHAMH MOryT OGAaLaTb OAMHAKOBOH SHEprHeit HM OAUHAKOBLIMH BOTMOBLIMM XapakrepucTHKaMi, TIpHMepoM KOBaTeHTHOH CBA MOFYT TakKe caywuTb MOoweKyYan Merana CHy 4 ammuaka NHs (pic. 3.8). C Goabumm ynpouleHem MoxHO paccMaTpuBaTS KoBameHTHYIO CBH3b B MONEKY le BOAOPOA KAK BOINUKAIOMYIO B pesyabTATe NpUTAKeHHA TOACAKHTEADHBIX HOHOB K HaXoARULelicA M@KLY HHMH Mape aneKTpoHoB c OPOTHRONOTMKHELMM CHHHAMH,Bessey t E sg ea 2 ' @ é : P.nc. 3.7, Monexyaa Boxopona. ‘Zina snextpona (¢ mpyrmsoncaomgisnn CHNHAMM ORMOEENMeHHO Np eHaLICKAT LNYM THCe Ga)" Fipnuezen.raixe Yapomewiay cxema monesyam moRopons (6) RepormiocTHve Genenwe s2exrponon (8) Puc, 89 Konaacutmme casau p Moaexyaax wetana CH, (a, 6) m aMmaaka NH; (8). Yncao cnasell, MpHXOASUAUXCH Ha OfHH ATOM, paccMaTpuBactcn B ra6a. 3.2. Ipumep nso6paxenin ABOMMLIX CBAIEH MoKasaH Ha pie 3.9, Ho ApH 3TOM HEOGXOMMMO YYRTHBAT, UTO OMNCAHUe BepoATHOCTH HAXOAAeHHA SieKTpOHa B CAyYae ABOMHOT cBAIN ABAKeTeH ropaszo Gonee cnomHOM S5a- Aayeil (B YaACTHOCTH, XHMHKM pa3s1H4ai0T o-CBASH W 71-CBH3H). Hanpasaenuoctb cpazeli. KopanentHaa cBasb mpermoraraer Hadiine CNapeHHBIX 31€KTPOHOB Mew AY AaHHbIMM ATOMaMH. Takum oOpagom, ecau KYACHOBCKOe MIPHTAKEHHE B 21eKTPUYECKOM MOAe BOSHHKAeT BO BCeX Ha- NpaBreHsx, TO KOBaseNTHaA CBASb UMeeT OPHeHTMpOBKy, T.e. Hanpanzeia onpesereniiim o6pazom B npoctpanctse. Beaemctsie aToro KoopaHHalHon- Hoe WCAG aTOMA Yraepoga paBHo Bcero ANU 4 (cm. PHC. 3.8, 6), HecmoTpa Ha TO, UTO B OKpyAalomleM NpocTpakeTHe Mordo Obl pasMectHTbcA ropaso Goaplie HeGOADIUAK HO BeTHUNHE ATOMOB BOLOpoma (ipoTOHOB). Taxum o6pasom, KOOpAMHALBOHHOe 4HC10 y aTOMOB C KOBaTeHTHBIME CBS3sINH 3ABHCHT He TOADKO OT OTHOMTEHHA paguycos, Taganua 3.2 Censb KOOpANHAUMONHOrG UiCAA ¢ MOMEPOM FPyNME! NpH KovATeHTMOA CERI 2 Koopawnamnon- Kocparaanion arewent Meet eper” | Howe roynnal| Sewer we ene” | Hosep rpyrm a oe) H 1 = O, S, Se, Te 2 6 He 0 - F, Cl, Br, / 1 7 C, Si, Ge 4 4 Ne, Ar, Kr 0 = N, P. As, Sb 8 5 BePuc. 3.9. Pasaumnoe H06paxKenne ABOR- WAX cBagel B sTHaeHe. Apotnan conse memay atamaun yracpoan 60- See oporxas in MeWee i6kaa no epaRrenio. Soammonnoh consi, Puc 310. Yrau ceaseil, Meran GHy meer casmerpaunoe erpoeiae, pat ‘en cpeatud. yron cnaae pases 1085" (a), a Saomcruil emma CHC! Neer wexaxcento® Erpoenne (8). Puc. 3.11. Yram cunaeh y anmuaca NH; (a) m soqs (6) moryt coerasaare or 1095" (cw. pwc. 3.10,a) 0 90° (om. pure. 2.4). ‘Cuba KOBATEHTHAR CBASb OOpasyeTca TOABKO MeKLy CJDKaiUMM coceluuMm atomMamu. Tak, Hanpumep, aTOM yraeposa B MOseKyae MeTana HCHMTEIBACT JHU HE3HA4KTENbitOe TIPATAKEHHE CO CTOPOHE aTOMOB ApyrHx Moaenya. HokasateapeTsom Tomy CAyRUT HUBKag TeMilepatypa nanenun HM KHNCHHA MeTaHa (—183 1 —151°C cootsercrseltno). Yraui caasei, Tak Kak KORaneHTHBIe cBAaH HMelOT onpeaereniyro OPHEHTHPOBKY B MpoctpancrBe, TO UX PacnomOReHHe Xapakrepuaywr cped- kus yetom casa (ta6z1. 3.3). B merane, vanpumep, cpeauui yroa cust H—C—H cocrasaser 109,5° (pue. 3.10, a), 3necb ropoputes o «cpentem> yrae, Tak Kak aTOMbl B MOeKyne HaxonHTCH B HenpepbiBHOM JBM KeHHit, copepian Npumepno 10! KoneGaimih B cekyHy; cHeEAOBATeABHO, B KARAM MOMEHT BPeMeHH HCTHHMEIT YCO MOKET GbiTh pasayHbIM. Yroa csnsu 109,5° xapaktepen aa wcex Texnuyeckux MaTepHagios, B KOTopbIx YeTbipe OAMHAKOBRIX ATOMA CBAZAHEL C LeHTPATLHM aTOMOM (1a- ‘pustep, CHy, CCl, SiF, aamaa, metaaauvecknh xpemuni, SiC u T.2.). Osnako 4yacto MoaeKyan oKastiBaloTca HeCHMMeTPHYHBIMH. Tak, MoseKyaa Xaopuctoro MetHaa (CH3Cl) cnerka uckakena (puc. 3.10, 6), nocKoabKyXmmveexast opscyna cienibe Yeon ex, cH, Cate CH;Cl Boat H-O-H Tlepexnct nonopoaa 0_0-Hi Cepuiteruit noxopoa H-S—H Aqsa Tponuaen c=c—C Kapéovatsath non O-c-9O OAH aTOM BOROPOMa JaMeMleH ATOMOM X1Opa C GOAbWHM 4HCIOM 31eKT poros. Yron CBAsit H—C—Cl feckoapko yMenbulaetca, a yr-tbl cBA3e H—C—H sospacraior ao 110°. AmMuak H BOAa MpeactasamoT coGon Goree APKHe CayHaHt nckawKeHHA yeaop (pHc. 3.11), Tak Kak aTOMbl a3o0Ta i{ KHCTOpoxa UMeIOT KpoMe Ba- FenTHEX H3GLITOUNIe SIEKTPOHL MH TpeGyior HaaHdHA Beero THI TPeX H JIBYS KOBAHTHBIX CBA3eil COOTBETCTBEHHO. Fipnmep 33. Taps O—H wnteer aumossutai: one 152 dedax (1 deGat=—9.33% 10-7 eeu), Kaxos anmonbiniit monet monexyitt Soaé, y koropofl yroa cag H—O-H coctasawer 104,5°? H t ha Pou Pewenue. DLinoasmiii moment Monenyat aBReTcH neKropHoll cyMMoll ABYN KOM noHeHT: Py0 = 2Fon- 605 (104, 57/2) — 2-1 ,52-3,33-107 270,61 kocae 62-10-87 e-cat. Sueprua ceasn. Kak a 8 cAydae HOHHBIX cBaell, Ana Pasxeneniin ato” MOB, OGBEAMHEHHEX KOBATeHTHO!M CBA3bIO, HeOOXOANMA saTpAaTa sHeEpriiit B ta6q. 3.4 npeactapieHil AanHble Aaa OGuMIO BCTpeYaIOuUXcH wap ato- Mos. 3aech Heaecoo6pasHo cAedaTh Apa OGULUX 3aMeugipIA: 1) miowect- BENNLe CBABH HMEIOT MEHBITyLO AaHHy 1 2) ABOlLBe CBAIH MpouNee CAITa6anna 3.4 Sueprua cesscll » monexyaax [aan on eee) eee 88 "oe c—Cl 81 18 162 3 O—-H 119 1,0 213 2 0-0 52 18 104 oe O-Si 90 148 73 5 N-H 103 1,0 86 “4 N—O 60 1.2. 128 2 H—H 104 0,74 108 4 suis stavenit MEF) Heche KMCTICN oR wnaramew corey conte, Tak, Aanpmep 1 ‘nerria chao CHT cocrasnter 104 exas/ain48 x Mesnae HC—H, ywennanch ae 96 weaa/aoss 9 ara u H ct I } Ne H-CCH, 1110 90 miad/Mo.is 9 xnepodiopne ane H i Houbix (HO He BaBoe). Tlocueanee 3ameuanie HMeeT BaxkHOe 3HayeRHe TipH oGpasoRainn NoauMepoB, paceMaTpHaaeMEX B ra. 7. 202 # stuaex CH, acrynaor 8 peaxnmo ¢ o6pa- a HOH I -¢-H0-t-con (3.5) i 1 HH HOH Kaw CHT CH SUCPIAR CBABH? Pewenue, Heobxoaamo nomuectn 3 conan C=C a Kamal. wore A cava C—C paineantes sHepT esauo.) TIponenest pace Ta. Ha 163. 3.4 Haxoans: primo AAR paspyimeita eanoi caxszn O—O w Onuako np o6pasonamin yx coaseh C—O n (Coxsn OH W C—H wawenares onenb Hesita- aan Twosx, Han 20% 0,602-10 orexya ameaoro pearen- 12 — 162) — (2-86 + 88) = —46 kas, Mpasenanue, Tlockoapky u3Mevenie sitepriii oxpmudrensuo, mpolterc wet e wuyene- seston att. Saverio, omNaKO, Yt9 AAR oGpasoBaA Cone: CTaGiIbHuX npoRyRTON Sanu leoOxeANNo CHataaa noABeCTHE HekOTOpyIO SHepIHW JUAN BKTUBAMIIN MpoMlecca (eat. a, 14), sTOOt HaMeHNTE eymecTEyoMNe emRal 34. Mevaaamueckne emai ._Tpetbim tHnom mepaHunol epaan aBanetes MEeTaTIMYecKan CBA3b. Xora HHOIa CYHTAIOT, YTO 57a CBA3b SaniMaer TIPOMEXKYTOUHOR NOTOReHHE MEX AY HOHHOM MW KOBateHTHOM, HO BCe m%Ke yAo6uee paccmotpeth ee oT 40.ee. ‘QeabHO, TAK Kak MeTatan obpasyioT Baxi KAace MaTepiason, Atom ‘MeTanI0B, Te. ATOMBI, CORepxalIne CAaGo CBAsAHHIE BaseHTHBIE 31eKT- porn (cM, past. 2.3), MoryT GuiTh coeAHHeHEI B OUeHE Npounyio crpyKtypy- B MeTanae MHOMKeCTBO BaNeHTHLIX J1¢KTPOHOB CNOCO6HLI BHZE TAKHE CBASH BCTPeyaloTes OTHOCHTeABHO peaKo. B Kpemnitit, KaK H B YIACpOMHDIX ATOMAX aNMa3a, BOSHUKAIOT CNapeHitble s1eKTPOHLt, XapaktTepiie Aug Kopatentuoi crssn (pre. 3.12). Onnako atome Kpem- HUA HeGCADIMOe IHCAO SaeKTPCHOB «cHOCObHO YXOAHTS Ha KoOBaNeNTHOIt CBSaH» Me%KTY COCELHHMH aTOMAMI, BbISDIBAN NoBNeHHe Hesta WHTeAbHOT nposozumocra. B GoALmei crene#H sro caoiicTBeHHO repManiio H O0By, CAyRaMAM OCHOBOH Mai NoayseHHs NonynpoBoAHMKO (cM. ri. 15) H o6.2a- ASIOUNM GO1ee 3aMeTHLIMH MeTaTHYeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH. Brophim npHMepoOM KOMOMHAaMH CBASCH MOUKEeT CAYAMTE MOAeKyAa bO- fopona (em. pue. 3.7). B TeveHHe HeKOTOpbIX HHTEpBatOB BpeMeltit (~10-" cex), Koraa 06a snexTpona pacnonaratotes OKO.10 OmNOrO H TOTO 2Ke spa, MOMeKYAa CTanOBHTcA HOHHOH, T.€. cyulectByioT HonEt H* EE, HCNLITHBAaIOWHe BIaHMHOe MputAxKeHHe. Tak Kak TAKOc HeKNOMHTeAbHDE NOAGKEHHE COXPAHACTCA AHIMh OTHOCHTEALHO MaqOe BPENA, TO OOLINHO MO- nexyay Hz pacemarpupawor Kak npaMep KoBaneHTHO! CBAgH. B monexyae HCl no cpasnenmo c monexyaoit H.O » Goapuel cre- Tent MpOABAGTCA HONABE CBAIH MB MeHDIeH,—KoBarenTHLIE (PHC. 3.13) Bo3HukHOBeHHe Toro HAH HHOTO COCTOAHHA YacTO 3aBHCuT OT OKpy2Katoutelt cpeau, Tak, Hanpimep, B BOAHOM pacTBope mpeoGzafaeT Noun THN CBA- * To oGeronTemLerso, 70 MeROWDE HM MepeXOAHe MeTaAaM MMeOT KOOpAHKAUHON- woe uncao 8 (gMecto Maxcumampioro 12), OObAcHNeTCR MpHCYTORWHEM KORAAteHTHEX cased, 4P we, 3.12. Crpyxtypa amwasa . Ravcaat aroy asin aTOMAN ann nMteKn xTpONDD, Ht 2Cle ¢ . Puc, 3.13. Moaexyaa HCl. Mi konancutwan (6) Timm conan, Kodanenmna M_ynacpona Year cua F awaaoray Hoy WAX GET ReKOTOpOe Me: H: cls a lonnaa (a) Hanias Memanniqecgart Pure. 3.14 Mponexyrowne Bhie) Hepprinee cost, 42 (cmewan- sm (cm. pue. 3.13,a), a B raae—Kosa- aentaptit TH caasn (cn, puc, 3.13, 6), Coueranne nono H Merananueckoll cpasel HaGaioAaerca B pane coeaHHenHit B wacriocra, oxuch tHTanta TiO umeer AGCTATOUHO METANAHNECKHX cBAgel, ofpe- AcasiomIx ee Henpoapawiocts H mpoBosu- MocTb, HO pH pacemorpenmH xXHMiMMeckHx Peakuui 370 coemHHeHHe MoxeT TpakTO- Batben Kak Ti##O?-, Coueranua nogo6HEtx MPOMEHYTOVNEIX CBAC CXEMATHYeECKH H30- Gpaxenbt wa pue. 3.14 3.6, Bropmanue (naugepnaaxvconerme) eis Cush, orsereraeuubie 3a nomprenne CaaObIX BTOPHTHEIX CBA3eH, ob6yerOBreHEE UpHcyTéTBiiem BAYTpeHNUX aANMOAeR. STH AMMOIH MoryT O6pasoBaTbca B pesyrbTaTe Auenepcnonabix abpexros, 7. €. B pesyab- TaTe CTaTHeTHYecKOH HeOAHOpOAHOCTH pac- MpeLerenua saekTporos B aTOMaX H MoO.te- kKylax, Ha MoryT MpenerapaaTe co6oit NOCTOAHHBE HNO B aCHMMETPHUIEIX MO- aeKyaax Tlepasri eayyai (puc, 3.15) mpusoaur K BOSHHKHOBEHHIO OYeH CAaGBIX CH, Mpo- ABAMIOULHXCH KAK CHAM NDHTSKEHHA H BEI SLIBAIOWLHX fp HusKOH TeMnepatype Kon- Rencaumio uneptaix ra3os (He, Ne, Ar 4 Ap.) HAM CHMM@TpPHAHBIX Moaekya, Taki: kak CHy, Fp, Ho, COs u No. Tucnepcuon- ube sth(eKTH, HHOrMa cCKpbiTwe Gone MPOYLIMIt CBAIAMH, HAGTOMAIOTCH BO BCeX MaTepHa.iax. Mocrommubie unoan o6pasyiorcr & ACHMMeTPHUHEIX MOTeKYaX, Kora ue ¢o- Biaqawor WeHTPH MoMORUTEABHOFO HM OTpPH- watetbHore 3apaqos (pune. 3.16). Ha-3a TaKOrO HECOBNaNeHHA NOTOKIUTEALMLIL KO- Heu eAHOro AunoaN GyaeT npHTArMBaTDCa K OTPHUATeIbHOMY KONLY AMMOAR Apyroit MOACKYILL, 1TO MpOABARETCA Kak MexKMOse- kKyaipitoe NpuTsUKeHHe. O seanunne sHeprun -caageit 6 ANNOT- HbIX aTOMaX HM MOZeKY1ax MOXxKHO cYRUTD No 3HayeHMio Temmepatypm kunenHe (a6a. 3.5). Sra suepria BecbMa ManaPacnpedenenue ey : Pe. 315, Licnepcnoiune: apperts @ —_Hewmpa sapsaro oe 904 eneameni noe, Seron Daetpa Howatarict mepainiomepHd, Hl vosmmNats wetomMmD® TSiHOAeHDIA MOMENT ATOR Puc. 3.16. Moctonunsi aunoay HF. Leutps noao- ykITeAMHOTO M OTPpHUaTeAbHOrO aaprace fe coBTa- aaior. 3B cay4ae Gnaropoanbix ra30p UM Bpospactaer no 10 KkaA/Modb B cayNae ZacCayKNBACT CHEUMAAbHOTO paccMoTpeltits. B Moaexyae BOMOpOMa ATOM MO2XKET paccmaTpHBaTECH KaK TMpOTOH, Haxo- AMMMICA Ha OAHOM KOHUe KOBaTeNTHOR cBRa (cM. puc. 3.16). B otanaie TaGanua 35 Tevneparypa naanaenia m1 Kumenien Bemectso, Texneparypa maanaeimn, °C Tescieparypa soimeiara, °C Hueprane ras He —268,9 ‘Ne 245.9 Ar —189,7 kr —152,9 Cummerpusnne moaexyau H, 259 —252 Ns —209 —195 Oy —218 —183 Cly 34 CH —161 , 138 CCl, CF 43Tesneperyps siamese, °C Acummerpuunne moaexyan — 83 20 ib — 8 0 100 —160. —14 — 8 65 — 9 nz rence ust 26 ara, Tp gana 1 a eu craeren man np TeanEpS? OT APYTHX ATOMOB, COCAHHEHHSIX KOBATeHTHON CBASKIO, NPOTOH He SKpaHH- pyeTes OKPYKAOMUMN SsreKTpoHamn, Tlostomy MomeT BOsHHKHYTb Oozee TeCHa# I NpoOwak CBAs MeCMAY TaKHM NpOTOHOM H 3TeKTPOHaMH aTOMOB. TUX MOeKY.. STO NputsKenHe COLAcHReT ToT dakT, YTo Boma w HF uMelor Goaee BEICOKyIO TeMtepatypy KHNeHHA, Hem ApyrHe *KHAKOCTH Cc 3KOH MOJeKYAAPHOH Maccol, Sro we OGcrOATeNLCTBO OGLACHAET BEICO- IbHYTO TeMAGEMKOCTS BONE H XOPOMy1 ¢nocoGHocTh OpraHH4yeckHX ACOPOUPOBATECH Ha HOBEPXHOCTAX. Npwmep 3.5. OGranawuan xomaneutuuMe censaMe Momekyna HCl umeer noctoamumit STENTPHUECKHi JuMOALHEM MoMenT 0,35-10-2* e-cw. Bee anoan HCI opmenrmpossnu 5 nanpapasemm non. Kaxoe neo6xoamso cozaar napaeuite HCI, gro6u_noapraanna Oaa TaKoll Me Kak M aproue mpm aanmenmt 100 arx u teMnepatype OC B saexrputeckon rote 100 6/cMa? Pewenwe. Bocuombayesca orserom mpaMepa 25: AowKHA ONTS conga _NORApHsanuA, eTCTBYOULAR OASPHSAUI B aproue B YKasaNux yenosusx, T ¢. 3,87- 10-1 x-cw, MICKTPHYECIANT RUMOALMML MoMeHT 1 Moaexyas HCI pazex 0,35: 10-" x-ex. Tax ken @ | ci! n monel, a 1 moze conepanr 602-10 maxexya (wien Anoranpo), To PF = pan, coor THYaa 3,87-10—18 3,87-10 = 1,8:10-21 wosn/ead, woaeit 8 1 cw? npe OC cosnaayt aaameme PVi=RT, rae Vo—oGxext 1 wea, pasnut Vin, oTKyna RT 82,06 (cred OK Se K-1 8-10 j- p RE_ 82,06 (ewt-arn/moae'® K)278 KAS 1078 HOt 4 19 uy Vv Lica ; = 3.104 seat prt, em, Tpumenanue, Mugyunponsukth xunozeth MoMeuy aroMa aproHa H fmocroaniuh aumomaritit Nomexr Mozekyau HCI paaaiuaioten Ma HECKONENO NOpRAKOR meANUAUE. Oanako nosaHee Gyzer nokasaHo (cw. pasa. 13.3), vTO TenatoBoe BosbymnenMe npensTCT- Byer Havanbiol opHeaTmponke Ecex MoaeKV.x No HANpaBaeHWD Noas.Pwec. 317, Maxpostozenyna (oaexyaa noaisrasena CaHoo42). Kaikaat noaeiy uneer TpowMe puytpetiine mM caaGue paumepmaaaicoscKHe CASH Cc ApyTitsML soacKy nasi, 3.7. Muoroaroamae aseina Jian oGaerventia Aaabueimero paccmorpertia tenecoobpaanio BbiaeditiTh TPM THMla KOOPANHAMMONHEIX seeK—MOAEKYAM, MHOTOATOMHLIG HOH if cpoGoAnue panukanu. CMpicA Taxoro pasierciHa CTatteT Hee MOsAHee, MPH PaccMOTpeNHH BHYTpeitiiel CTpyKTYPb! MaTepHtaton. Moaexyau, OnpereauM Monekyay Kak HeliTpaabHo sapsaKeHAyIO Tpyn- Ty aTOMOB, KOTOPLE MpOYHo CBABAHLI Apyr ¢ Apyrom, wo oGaanaior oTHo- CHTCABHO CAaGbIMM CBASANH C APYTHMH alvaTOrNIHBIMH CpyMNaMn ATOMOB. Buyrpumoaexyaapunie cab oOecteumBaior TepBuuiie CBnsit, a Gonee cma- Oule MEKMONEKYARPHBIe CHA NPHBOAAT K MOABACHHIO BTOPHNNBIX caaaei* Taxne coeaunenus, Kax HO, CO», CCl4, Oz n HNO;, Xapaxtepusyiores MaabiM paaMepoM MoneKya. OnHako pasmep He MOMKeT paccmaTpHBaTECA Kak peulaiomlmit (axTop Np ofpemereniit MONEKY AB. Aleicranteavno, Goble MOMEKVAL CAYKAT OCHOBOM AXA NOAUMEPHbIX MaTeprtados, HampHt- Mep noaustuatena CyHoy42, H MOTYT COCTOATE H3 COTeH H THICAY aTOMOB (pue. 3.17). Ho 4 B RoAHSTHTeHe, HB COOTHETCTBYIONINX BUMITOBEX Coe- aunenunx (cm. ta. 7) KawKRaN MoTeKyta npeacrasager cool H30auposan- HYyIO quelKy C MPOYHBIMH BHYTPCHHHMH CBRIAMI caaORIMi MeKMOJeKY- JISPHbIMH CBASHMH. ZJipyrue Mavepuambi, TakHe Kak MeTa.11bI, MgO, SiO; # denoaop- MAALNETHAHMe MAACTHKH HMelOT NPOTMIKCHHbIe CTPYRTYPH NEpBMANEX CBs el, Paaanune THA CBAgei OGyCAOBANBAeT CyuleCTBEHHyIO pasHHty B CBOT- cTBaX MaTepHasion, PaccCMaTpuBaemylo B MoCHeRyIoULX paskemax. Jise Moaexyabt OANHAKOBOrO COCTaBa MOryT MMeTD pasHble CTPyKTYPEr. Hanpuxep, nponiaossti m waonpomAOBBla enHpTs! HMetoT OLMHAKOBBI CO- crap, Ho pasHyio ctpyxtypy (puc. 3,18). Stn Ana papHanta coeqAMHeHns, HaabiBaembe H3ONepaMH, UMeIOT PasHylo PopMy MW PasHBle AMMOABHBIE MO- Meuttt. Caolicraa HX TaIOKe pasqH4Hbt: HallpwMep, TeMmepatypa N1apzenus coctasnaer —127° 1 —89°C coorrercraenio. * Bonopoauath wocrnk ottiecen K BTOpHUHBIN: cBAIAN, MOcKoaDKY ero aHeprie cAnSH, coctasmmoula or 1 no 10 KkaalMoan, uce Ke Mala Mo cpaBlicumoe sneprnel MouHOM, kosaaenriall mat Meraaanueckoh conan (cM. 136.2. 34).( i Pure. 3.48. Haomeps: 2 —MopManinue npookaossia enxpr; 6 —monponxae- oon w HoH Ga" Menexjai iteioe sameaxonait eoeraa, Me Pango Cipantypy. a. oGyeaunanaaet, pase a é coofierna, Moxio cantoctamis © NonKMopduasoM KpM> CTAAAMNCCKIX MaTepMATOR (CM, Pash 416), Muoroatomuume uous. Monexyaa anekrpyueckn HeiitpanbHa. Onnako Apyrve MHoroaToMHbe selikH MoryT O61aqaT» sapafom. HanpHmep, O:8:0. + 2e- + :0:8:07, (3.6) 0 Tak Kak goGapaeHHe ABYX ST¢KTPOHOB K rpynne SO, B aesol yacTu paBeH- cTaa MpHBOAUT K 3aBeplleHIo 3aNOaMeHHA BHeEMHHX OGonONeK (13 8 9meKT- polos) y nCex 5 ATOMOB, TO TAKAA TPN CKAOHHA 3aXBATEIBATh SAeKTPOHBI (oT atomMog Meranaon) c oGpasosaniem annona SOj-. 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YpasHenne (3.8) Moxer GniTb 3anH- caHo Miave: H:0:0:H > H:08+e0:H (3.9) 46H,0, + 2HOe, (3.10) rae GoAbUAaT TOYKA OGOIHauaeT NoAOKeHNe PeakyNonHoN cansu, TlocKorb- KY CBOHOANME panuKanbI Jerko oGpasyloT cocAMHeHis C HoHaMH, MoveKy- AMM H ApYruM CBOGOAHEIMH paduKaaaMH, TO UX BpeMA AUSHH OGLUHO Heseanko (3a HCKAIONEHHeM O4eNb HHBKOi TeMMepatypE). K yicry wpoKo pacnpocrpatienuisix cBoGoAHDx paaMkanon otHocatca HsC+, HsCar, HaNe. Tak Kak cpo6oaHbe paauKaae urpaloT BaKUyio poab MpH aGpaGoTKe HOMIMepos, TO YMECTHO PaccMoTpeTh HeKoToppe peakunit. Ecan 120: AMCCOMMUDYeT B NpucyTcTBHH sTHaeHa CzH,, To panuKkaant HO- scrynaior B peakUMio Mo Cremyioulen ¢xeMe: (3.1]a) Han H-Oe+ (3.116) | H Lennaa peakyug Mpoxommaerca € ApPyruMH MOTeKyaMH STHAcHa HO (C,H)# + C,H, > HO(GH)®,, . (3,12) TakuM NyTeM 3 MAABIX MOJeKya 3THNeHA MoryT OGpa3zoBLinaTEC” Goanmne MONeKYAM HOANSTHReHA, StuneH — 310 1a3, a NoAKeTHAeH —mMpOKO 13- BecTHBI NaacTHK. ItoT npuMep HaNieCtpupyet, Kak NoAHMepusauHA N3Me- HaeT cBOfcTRa BeulecTBa. AHASOrHYHaN PeAKIlMA BOIMOAKAa HM Aaa ApyTitx BHHWAIOBBIX COCMMHCHHM, HANPHMEp Lan BAHHAXAOpHAa C2H;Cl Tipymep 3.8, Kagan suuacanrca sueprus, ecan | 404m stitaena scrynmr B peaicyiiio no ypasuenimo (3,12)? Pewonue. B peayavrare npxcoeimienua oanof Mosexyrm stiuieta o6pusserer Onna anole consp C=C m oGpaayioted Abe Hose ommounee cansn C—C. Tlomnsyncb 2an- ji ta6n, 3.4, noaytaen AE = + 162'nnaa + 2(—B8 xwat)——14 wnaa. Mpuseranue. Zan paspusa avofiunx comieh peoGsoniea sarpata neKotopoi szep- Hut, HO MpH NocAenyIouLeM OGpasonaitHn OAMHOMMEX cHAIeh BUAEARETCA aHeprus, KOTOPAR Goukine sarpaienuolt ua 14 Kxa. 38. Komgenenponamuue chaser Tlogapamiomee GoALMNHeTBO TeXHHYeCKUX MaTepHatoB NpencTabancT co6oh KoHAeHCHpoBanAble casei, T.c. HKHAKOCTH HAH TRepAbte Tena c He- OrpaHiieHHbIM KOTHUYeCTBOM aTOMOB M MOMeKy.. Specb yMectHo NloAYEpK- HYTb OTMHYHE STHX MATEpHAtOB oT rasoB. aaMo.seky.th raga (HH aTOMBI HHepTHoTO raza) o6 amar i on KHNeTHYCCKON SHEPTHeH HW MUHHMAAbHOM NOTEHUHATBHOM SHepriell, onpeme- AmMOMeHCH HX NOTOKEHHEM NO OTHOUIeHING. K COCeRHHM Mom am. Taki o6pas0M, KAKA MOTeKY.ta HesARHICHMa, aa UCKMIONeHHeM erydam coyma- pelina ABHAKYMMXcH Moackya. B pasa. 2.5 6bi10 oTMeveHO, 4To AaBaenHe ra3a MpH Onpexeaenuoil TeMMepatype sBaaeTcCH PyHKUMeH HHeAa moze, npHxOAAMUXcA Ha eAUHMUy O6bema [eM. ypasHenne (2.10): A PaR(G ye: Cpequan KHNeTHYeCKAN JHePrua KawKAOM MOACKYAL! 3aBHCHT TOABKO OT remmeparypn [em. ypannenite (2.12)]: 3 —AkT, 2 tae &—nocrosiuas boabumana, papxan 1,38-10-' 9p2/°K. Ma paenpene- Jenin Boabumana (cM. pic. 2.8) Cieayet, iro sieprun Moaekyapt raza MOKeT NPHHHMATb Cambie pasnooOpaanbie shaven. B TO Ke BpeM” HeKO- TopMe MOweKyabt (a Beero HX ~ 10% B 1 ca) MoryT HMeTD oAHHaKoByi0 sHepriia. B OKIMKOCTH H TRepHOM Tene aTOMEI (HAH MONeKYAEI) MOryT uMeTE Ro 12 Gaukaimux coceaeii. H3-3a cymectsoBatita BIaHMHOrO TIpHTAKeHKa COAMMeHHe ATOMOB CONPOROARAAeTCA BbIeTeHHeM SHeprHH, NOSTOMY pas- AecaenHé aToMon tpe6yer aatpater sHeprun, cormacno pitc. 3.1. Ananornunpie SHEpPreTHYeCcKHe COOTHOMIeHTIA BOSHHKAIOT NPM KOBAAeHTHBIX, BaH_epBaastb- COBCKHX HW MeTAATHYECKIX CBAIAX. QHEPriia, BbIAeAAeMaR NPM KOHAeHCANHA WAH 3aTpauiinacMaa NipH MCMapeNMH, OKASHBaeTcA BbUMe, Wem B eayyae OAMHOUHOM Napbl HOKOS UN ATOMOB, TAK KAK MpOMBAReTcA BAKAHHE Gan- KaMMHX COCAHHX ATOMOB B COOTBETCTBHN C KOOPAHWAMOHEBIM HHCAOM. _, Hpumep 3:7, Rawtar C—C casas 8 anmaze meet yepring (Ecanrn) 85.400 saa/0,602-10"*, Kaxan snepraa xeobxonnwa sina nenapenma 0.01 2 aamasae Pewenue. Kaasauh atom yraepona yuactsyer » 4 canasx, Tlostomy wicao camsem a aqMase BABOe MpesullaeT 4ncao aToMoB yraepona, ([Tpuxevanue. Moko mozonrt & sToMy onpocy. it ¢ xpyrofi cropomt, paceMozpes OaNM atom yrnepoaa Ha pac, 312. Mo JoMIy MekRO; CRIs MOAEO NPHMHcaTs 9TOMY ATOMY, a ApYryio NoTOBHAy — cocexueMy.. Takum o6pasos, no.zyusest 4/2 caagch na 1 atom.) Yc atomon C pabno ( 0,01 2 12,01 ajmo.s, Ne ) (0602-10 omaxinoan), crenonatensio, sueprin, HeobxoAMMAR ank Henapeitia 0.01 2 C, E = 2N¢- Ecsan = 142 rans Tensora ucnapenna. Henapenne auakocru tpedyer moasoaa 3Heprun Aaa paspyltenns cBaseli. Sta noABOANMan sHeprAm HasHBaeTcA TenmoTon Herapenit AAyen, H8MeHeuHe 3HTaapnMn Tpit Mpespallenin BORE B Tap "510 suauenue He cosnanaer ¢ npupeacwmem » ta6i, 24, B ripuesainn x ston TaGaMue OTMeYCHD, 870 SHEPTHA HSMeNMeTeR B COOTRETCTBIH € THOM coceRNHX cBazel B aamase xaanuih atom yraepoaa umeer 4 cansu C—C. B Goauumucre moaekyn BoKpyr avoMa Yrdepoza nOSHRNaLOT H Apyrke canaw (anpuuep, C—H nm C—O),2S 100°C a Puc 219. Sueprint npespamenna (soa): G—SaraAbMiin M TeHsOTA NEAApeNA AH yogi —UPK LOY C caoGomHas oneprny {1 uaxoua; @—ChoGoaMam aueprun cradiaemms dna: npw fasaenna 1 ara mpeactapacio ita pic. 3.19, a, Tlockorpxy ucnapesn YMeHbulaeT KOOPAMHaiUO aTOMOB H MOJeKY.1, sHaYNTeAbHO Boapactaer YHOPHRLOWEHNOCTL, HTH SATPoNiia, cucTeMb. BenerctBue sToro B TepNor HaMHKe cuHTaeTenr Teaecoo6paskbim CBASIBATD HSMeHEMHE SHTAIDNHH C renfepatypoi TM uamenernem SuTpoAAH so BpeMs HenapeHin: Avex (3.13) PasHosecnan temneparypa. [loustue «csoGoquas sHepris> G10 HaeQeho B ypasuenn (1.76) 1 oBcyxAaaocs B pasa. 14. Ip pastonecun CHOOOMHAA JHEDPHs PEArupyiOUlNN HelilecTs KH NPOAYKTOK peaKlinn LomKHA 6iiTh ofHakoKoll. Ato BUAHO, HaNpUMep, Ha Ppacpuxe Mameneuna cBobr HoH SHEPrHH 24a BOAM HM HOXAHOTO Napa pH AaBAennn | ara (em. pc. 3.19, 6)*. HO p05 HaOyay- (3.14) Ornetim, ito ip Temmepatype spe 100°C sonsvof nap umeer MenbuLyyy cnoGoaityio sNepriio, vem nota. IlosTomy peaKkuHa uo ypasHenmo (3. cuMHraetes BNpaRO ¢ yMeHLMeHHeM CBOGOAHO sieprun. Hike 100° JeTONIMBOH OKASbIBACTeH WURKAR (pasa c MeliLMeH cBoGOAHOM sepritel, H YNOMSHyTam peaKiun capuraetca BaeBo. Coraacho 3aKoNamM TepMo. HaMuKn, ase ¢ MHHUMANE.HOA cBoboAHO sHeprHel sBamoTen cTaGn WMH. Hanecruaa peaks mpu 0° C Hypo FLO. @.15) * Banaue nenaenuy paccmatpusaercn = yueSwuxax qusnveexOh xumun x tepao- AURA, i A Sax 1458 M) A nORBL OAK:rakske conpoBoxkAaeres waMeHeHHeM AoBepxHocrns Hagninaenbim renaotoh naanacnun Aan, TAS, 10 ananorun e¢ TASycy B ypaanenun (3.13 Mya = TASna. (3.16) Tipu 0°C caoGoanaa sueprua Abza MH BOAK OANHa- kona. Ha prc. 3.19, @ mpunemennt sapncumocrn cBoGOTHOM SHeprin oF TeMiepatypH Man Tpex opm cocroauua Bost. H3 ypasnenma (1.8) dGidT ——S eneayet, WTO HAaKAOH KpHBo AnH TRepRoi ager OrpacKaeT WaMeHeNKe SHTpOnHH, HAH weyNOpszo- a0. Koopamaus mo- entoct, pil HSMCHEHAAX. TeAIleDATYpSL; ApH ia Ane pRAGE TI OOTMENCTC Hitskoi TeMnepatype raepaan haga (K Tomy Ke hol Horeauiaeuait sNep= COAPAAMLAR KPHETANATM) XAPARTepHyeTCR BEICO- nockotky OH OKPY- KOHL YNOPHAGULHNOCTbIO, Dra YNOPAROYeHHOCTE T1G- Bee NEN Ln aabtnen: CrCHCHHO yaeHbUaeres (a 9HTpoNMA BOapactaeT) nem ATOM BO. ANYTpeAte Scene Hog AelicTBUeM TeHAOBerO ROsGyAAeHHA pM TO- BbILCHNH TeMNepatypbl, HO peso H3MeHAeTeA np HAaBAeHHN HW UCMapeHiH. 3.9, Tosepxnocruas auepria B oTamne OT ATOMOR H MofeKya KoHAeHCHPOBARHO tpasbt, KOOpAH- HHPYiOUUINCH CO CBONMH COCeAIMI, HaXOAMLLMeCA Ha NOBepXHOCTH aTONLt H MONEKYIM XapakrepnsyioTcsd MeHbINMM KOOPAMHAMMOMHEIM UHeTOM, Tak KAR © BHCUIHE CTOPOHb! GU aHUletL cocereh (pic. 3.20), Caeaosateapio, NOBEPXHOCTHDIE ATOMBE H MOAeKYAB GyAyT UMeTb Gonee BLICOKYIO SHeprnio: NO CPanHeniio € HAXOAMILUMICA BO BHYTPeHHUX OOTacTAX KOHAeHCHpoBaH- woh asp. Ira Wa6LTOUTAN SHepria MoAeT ObITb: HasBana NoBepxHocTHo sHeprnefi H UsMepena B sprax Tpamep 3.8, Vaerstian nonepxnoeriax siepria E crexta npn G50" C coctasaner 300 ope/ea#. Kakan sueprug AE muneaurea, ecm crexatimyio mite ammo 10 eM m JuaMerpow 0,02 au npespatsits B mapuK (npoece egepouanaamit? Pewenue, OGrem untit Vanew=272-f, Gem mapa Vwaye=(4/3)"R2; Ta Kae Venupe=Viewrs, (4/3) 28201, 19 R=} Tlonepxnocts unt# Snugu=2art, nowepxiiocts, mapa Saiapa=4aR2 Pasnoctb nopepxioctioh smeprin Gyzer AE = Eyary — Eviapa = E'Swuru — E’Smaps = E% (281 — 403) = 17,3 ape: (d= 28) ~ Tips chepouanaauee wien wauacantes sueprin 17,3 ape, 7. «. AE=—17,8 ape. Mpumenanue, Chepounimauna wuaKocteh u Taepawx Ten npeactasaier coGol ecre ETHCHHOe ABACHHE MPH OAHOPOHEIX rpauMMax pasaeta, TAK KOK YyMeUbUAercR ToBepX- hocTian suepris. Trepane Texa HMelor Matyi cKopocT chepouansanny, Céauparie © ToapaeHReM pasvOpomNux rpalind pacemarpumacrcn ia pac. 18.10 % # pasa, 183, Mpumep 3.9, [pn 25°C noueperocrias sueprin noas 70 2pe/cm®. Fear npexnonoxkitrs, WTO BEM 97 SHEPTHH cOCpeNOTONeHA B MOHOMOACKY.AAPHOM MOBEPXHocTHOM CHOE (3TR‘onpapabibactcn gan crepeouanpapaenmmx cansel Taknx, wax BO- mM p HiO (cm. pasa. 3.3), vem - OHAHHIX = MeTaTanyecKix coaaeh), ‘to wey apHia noRepAHocTHaA sueprita oaHGN MoneKyaM eas Bon 108 toa ya HzO (I Mom) necar 18 2. Oreioma Momio yanate maccy oAnoi moaeKyant: 18 22(0,602- 1084), Tax ax 1 ca? HxO pecur | 2 wzeectua macca oano# Monexyau, moxiio onpeaermT> ‘oGvem 1 moaexyas;. = Tew Be ~ 30-10-86 cs PHO Ts” O 60D. 10H bts Canvas, | -wro__Movienya xox»! eer opmy eyGuwa co cropowon (a= HY Gey 3010 cw) S4-10-* ex, moxie onpereauers-rovepxnoctnyw —sitepritin wo- aexyaui 11,0: Eqyo — E'S — 70 apofcset (3,1-10—* cw)® = 7-10 ape = 0,04 s¢, Apusesaxue. Mockoapmy Temiora ucnapetiin noaw coctasaner 540 nau/z, wan p cpeanem 042 solaoaexyAd, to waxoAAMIMeCR Ha noBepAHOCTH MoneKyau ye oGAaAaIOT nonch suepran, neoGxoarNoA sis Meriapentia. “~*, ec peub uLeT O MaTepHatax, O3Ha4aeT CTpyxTypHO-oAKOpon- HylO “acTb CHCTeEMbI, PagsaHiaioT rasonyio, RMWAKHE H TRepALe (pashli, No- CKONLKY CTPyKTYpPa Ta3OR pe3KO OTAMMAeTCH OT CTpyKTYpbl WRHAKOCTeH, a CIpyKTypa XXHAKOCTeil — OT CTDVKTYPL THEPABIX Test. Matepuanni, sxoxzauive B Aaullyio CHCTeMy, MOFyT HAXOMMTRCA B paa- HLIX (paaax. Hanpiumep, Boa B cocyze H3 NAaCTHKA, apMHPOBAHHOFO CTeK= Jonoaokvom. B stol cucreme Boia, CreKO H MMacTHk (a Take TOMaBMAT Bo3ayX) O6pasyioT camoctontTereame basn. Muorodasime cucrembl conep- AT PPAHitbt, KOTOpble NpescrasamoT co6ol HapyulenHs HenpepLIBHocTH CTpyKTyPh H CocTaBa HAN TOMKO cocTaBa. B cueteme MoweT CyMlecTBORaTb TO.ALKO O4na TagoBaa dasa. YaaKosKa TOMOB H MOMeKY. B TasaX HaCTOIbKo HH3KA, WTO KaxwKaa MomeKyaa npak- THMCCKH HE3AHUCHMA OT PY WM Me eyulecTByeT ONpemeAeHHOTO NopamKa B HX pachoaowmenun. CtpykTypa Ha YPORHAX BbIe MOAeKYAApHOrO OKAaSBI- BaeTCH XAOTHHECKON DKHAKUN (as B CHCTeMG MoWKeT ObITh OAHOBPeMeHHO HecKONBKO, Xa- PakTepHBIM NPHMepoM CuIYIKMT CHeTeMa BOLa— MactO—2KHAKAR PTyTb. Maco COCTOHT Ha AAHHHLIX MoseKya, CBAZAHHMIX MexTy coGoH cma6HMH balllepRAAADcoRckUMN CHaaNit, BOTA UMeeT HEGOTBMNE MoaCKYABL ¢ BORO- POANLIMH MOCTHKAMM, ATOMM pPTYTH yRepAMBaIOTeA BMeCTe MeTAMMHYeCKH- Mil cpsgaMu**, B cayuae pagMewenHA STHX TpeX WHAKHX cas cyMMapHas caoOnHaa SHEprns CHCTeMBI, CGCTORIeh 3 CMeCH KOMMOHeHTOB, CTaHO- BUTCH MHUNEMAABHO MH BOSHNKAIOT asoBhe TpaHHULt, CooTHeTCTBYyIONIHe HapyMlenino KenpepMBHocTH CTPYKTYpM H cocTana. Cpean TexHueckux MaTepHatop ReTpevaloTca pasKooGpasHble TRepABe dash © BbicoKoH cTeneHpio ynopaaoyenua. Halipimep, KaKQbi aTOM B TREPAOM aJIOMMHHN HMeet 12 GaKaimMx cOcexeM Ha pacctoanian 2,862 A, * Gosoft wasunaetcn aaers rereporeniioh cHeTeMU, orpauiiueniian nosepxuoctbia pas- NeAa Hf XAPARTEPNIYROMLARC, NB OTCYTETEHE BHEMHETO MOAR CHA, OANHAKOBMMH pusMge- CRM cRORCTRANT RO BEX CROWN TONKAX.— [Ips nep. Y* Meranunmeckaa CHAah B PTYTIE ropaade cnaGes, Hem B OGUINUX MeTAAMAX, cnenCT~ \MUTCR MHIKAR TEMTEpATypa NAaRAeHKA PTYTH.7 coceneht proporo um tpersero TOpaLKOB, n ‘EHHMIX 110 Crporo gamannniM Wan eHUAM NM Ha onpeae- AenubiN paccronHwAX. TaKoe Trepjzce reo HasBaeren KpucTatauiecKum. B KBaplesOM CTeKNe NonOKenNe cocenelt BTOpora H TpeTbero HopeaKon we AD- ASCTCH CTPOTO 3aNaHHBIM, XOTH KaxK- Abit aTOM KPEMHNR KOOpAMHUpyerca c MTHPLMA COCEAHIMH aTOMaMN — KucAO- pona, HaXomAMUMHCA Wa paccroauint 1,6 A, a Karka arom Kucnopora — ¢ apys atoMaMe Kpemuua. Taxoe raep- foe Te10 HASMBAIOT HeKpHerannune- CKHM, Wan amopqtnin. 42. Kpuerasamueckme Tepxme reaa B rsepanx renax Muorue ipagit aB- AROTCH KpuCcTataaMn, T. €. HMeIOT Haabenuf nopsaox, Tipx wopMaabynix YCHOBUAX BCE TREPALG weTaMaLl, a Tab- ke GOABMMHCTBO HpHpoAHx MilHepa- OB OTHOCATCH K KaTerOpNN KpHCTazTH- yeCKHX MaTepHamoB. Qanaxko MomeKy- mapnas (basa Take Moker OMITE Kps- cTamMyeckoll, KanpuMep noaHarHmelt Alpyrne navacruke mw sce crekaa wBus- WOTCH aMOptPHEIMH, T. e. NeKPUCTAMTINe- CKAMH TREPALIM TeTaMit Bawanui nopafox. Tepyui HRCHTHYCH OCTANLULIM, 1 BCH NACCKOCTL MOmeT ObrTh ga- NomHeHa NYTEM HOBTOpPeHHst TAKNX CANMINDIX KBALpATOB: Saementapnwte ayeiiku. Ayeiika, noxTopsomaaca Bo pcex Tpex H3Mepe- HUAX, HA3BIBACTCH SHEMEHTAPHON sitenKon, Ona nperctasaser Cobol i1an- MeHbIUN OGbeM, NYTEM TpaHCaRIUH KOTOpOrO MOXKHO NoAHOeTHO Bocpo- HaBeCTH CTpyKTYpy kpucrataza * 4.3. Saemewrapmiae Kpueraman Tpocteime KpucTaaant cocTosT m3 atomMOs TOABKO OANOTO 9aeMeura, TAK 410 OTHOMEHHe PaAnycos coceAHMx aTomoB coctapsner 1,0. B orcyt- CTHUG KORATCHTHBIX CBASEH KA ALT ATOM MOET GbITD OKPYKeH MAKCHMYM 12 coceaamn. JIpa sosmoxunix pacnonoxenis atToMoR pH KOOpAWHanHOH- * Kasim yranwof won xaopa iva pic, 4.1 Hxeet gperbero cocena, pacnosoxesucro ® HeliTpe ioGpaeniord KyGa. JIpyrie Take aPeThR COCeRA AOAPIIM TaKIKe ttaxOoMMTHCH HahtttPAx 7 AYN KyGOR, KoTOpME MpIMEKaIOT % KaAAOMY YrAOOMy oHy xAOpA. Pacnoaogeinte wropwx soeHAIUATH Cocke MORKEeT Gkite yeraNicBAchO mytex aNaaorma- Horo anta.tinsa ** HeoOaomamo yuntsaaTe, 910 WNorAa BOIMOKHa Goade piIeOKAR cTeNneHh cHMMeT- pili, Kovopas “MPORBARETCR Aldi m MpeReaax oeTaTONNO, GoxbWorS oGuewa (cm. paaa. 6.2),To ° ee Puc, 44, Sacmentapabe avelixn CIpyRTyp ¢ BACT: koit ynaxonkoni: Ce ze host wiete 12 npeactauaent Ha pute. 4.3, npHyem OHM OraMsairen amity HoAoKeNNeM BTOPbIX H TpeTbux cocemel. (Ha puc. 43,4 Hs06pamkenni Yepenylonliecsd CIO, IpMeM KaMcaMit TpeTHi caol pacnoaaractcn Hem Cpeactserto wan mepstim. Ha puc. 4.3,6 KapTuna pactiozowenun c. HOBTOpAerca VEPES BA NPOMEHKYTOVNDIX cH.) DTa KE KOOpAMHAnHA ATO- MOB B HECKOALKO WHOM Bue Hs0GpaxKena Hw Ha pac. 4.4, atx Tore, wroGDt HMKAasaTh COOTRETETHYIULME IZTCEMENTAPHbIe MelIKH, FeKCAOHAABNyIO H Ky- GusecKyio. Haormoynanosatinnie KpncTananl (reke. my. Wor x.)° B xpiscra. 3 OMMAKOBBIX aTOMOR KaKMUT ATOM Mower MMeT He Gorce 12 cocerel, nogtoMy pactionoxente avoMos Ha pyc. 43 H 44 coorperctayeT maKen- MaqbNO BOSMOFKHOMY HHeay aTOMOB B | C43. STH abe yNaKOBKH Hasvi~ BAlOTCA TEKCAFORAMENO! MAOTHOR ynakoBKoOH (reKe. ny.) Hm KyGudecKoll TAoTHOh YMaKoBKOH, Ha, TONHee, TpaveneHTpHpowannoh KyGu4EcKoit (TeIL.K.)- TIpH uayienHn eTpYKTyp KPHeTatAOB BAAKHOe sHaNeNHe UMeeT OTHOCK- TeAbNdg MAGTHOCTH YNaKOBKU* — AoA OGREMA, JANATAA WapoBbIMH ATO- MaMH— MOREAAMM MO CpaBHeHHO. € HCTHILIM OGbemoOM KpHETAta Tipamep 4:1. Buaneante otiociteabnym naoriocts ymaxonxn Aan Tsepmtoro aprosa, vewoinero TALK. CTpyMTypy. Peuenue. Facwextapian aiviika aprowa, cocrowr ma 4 aknuBagcHTMES arpwon (pme, 45). Obvem, sayamaemmat wapowunn atomamn, paves 4:(4/9)2R?, a oGnem xyGa co/eropono#, paso nocromuuol — peuierkn (a=4R/y/ 2). coctaniser GR 2) Tlaornacth yraxonky spamacter OTHOMEHUEM STRX OFLEMOB, T.C. * fliorta

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