eel A | Ao) Condinwuim 4 a + Teotropy 1 + Honwogpantoinh t ae + glastel, (s) Elastic To define stud at a pant QwaaD soba, Cowden a body Aubjeked 40 txternal Joreeh, and fw aqpilibrium. Using a plane prdaig. though Genk He seb ido tie to expose Qa Aken, Lek x! denote Pur Rormal divebiow to He blames To ve~establist eqpikibrium rf His biseutedt Aclid , Crd TMernal vearriows ow te exposeal surface. Lb RB denote weuillont four vetoe Idlerndl, veaebions aver a obijpinercbid arta 28volwd 8. Them Std at Q ib olefrnscl a, a = him fe Resultant Fara ANOKA Fiamma, Note tut te Stren clefinitrow ie inhin conneted to He plane chor, to biset He Solid. obvi | there On infilwite numb. of pooribrtcties for cheung tu Solid lato tv0 and hence We clefrition of Stet Vs iwhim ode} assectoted ithy he Hone (rv te nevmol te Hes plone 2!, a this Cale). Aso, gurcvally Rg Boos not cotnetle Wity 2! and hore e need nok be alavg x-axis. The Str dlefenesl. on nn avbitrary plant Com be related to phase normal Ww x-axis| To establish Hur Yelah'owrhip, crwmiler a Atferool turahedrow Qape defined - Q ph Hot ABe ie Nevmal to Pa Ra’ - ab) onc Bec, QCA, amal QAG olenote Planers whose normals ave ology X-» Yo anal Zraxrh+ thas, QB ahd Qeae "yp, LH ' awed et gre ="3-plane’. Cimd, ABC = tad f Now, is Yo Cowvtestom Cornpor eats of Tes be eee crt & Sas daha [Sal Hd predtows figure + Similac 5 corporat ra OS cams es be exprordedl a4, oa Ge, Fy. Sinee Huis notatow “UW arses, lett adepe a Simpler notaiow a | Fe, Ty 5 Ts, ye, Ww a se Ww ” al y and n A = Pacey te Comvperyents oF & bog ote & AM SF oe =| Shear sheses (ys Fe» ye) Nore tak Oye, Tip, Ty are Netter normal hor Shaw Strendes Now, Conder the stetd Components ow the of He elematol tebahedror to estabhs ibium, That iv, ty ats it Lh Zf,=0 leds te, “fort EUUEE * fre iy Ak + By (FAW AK) — tae aby sipeeeeetoayee Thx (an cob (2!,3))=P Hus oS(x!,x) she. ave divetow whnes : Hu plane ABE and clenoted 04 Nay | Naty, Mag C6 y, obbrentated ob nerty MhMso, B,, denotes He bo foc compmnant Per Unik Volume fv Ha > oivertion (ead forces otk ow volume elements mognthie or grow tabinak forces axe good axamples’) Hetdel, Tag AA + be ($F an. ab) - Of A Naty = Te AN Nye — FAR Nye, = 0 Tn the lint Ah —70, Plone ABE will pars Horaghy Q (a'+a): Fe = Gon Macae F Gey, Naty Treg N x's —@) Simaloody , Fy =0 and SF =o lead Ty = Ht Nan + Oi Mey” Fe Med Ons, = gy My + %y Ney + Ty, Nery ® Eqs ©,0 {© ave catlesl Comb SUA zarakowr Se | |on, Ons Par Often, Comlys Strers components ok a por are veprertuceal ow A Aiftermtiol parorlleLop'p 4 Hy ures ak ee ¥ er rae o shor ) A % x ee x Spetol care "plane strecs’ Cowvider o Mtnatiow where a Surface is fre fom Aho; that UW, te normal shrerd and two Akar Shemes ow that plane Yanish, Ton Ast t | = A Siress. Compa (a hermatth (shores ow Ividelen faces are not Ahowr ) verouts normal ztoin eT sak the olirechiow , tivo ruck Aivertions my the plane, tov ny t,S form a Cartesian System. Ow a free Surface Oma ty Peet ns | TP 7 perpendicular rents ,now, if Ha sol lady i, “Hin! Shoot (ov, Wolnahions of Strobes is ony a -free surfa ancl vs fre fom stremes ow He planar faces, thon He Mate of Sted com be Veprersnded Using. Amalie nino of Lunkenowhs: ce tre Surface => Oey = Thy = Gam? (Has olso meow’ , Sie“) 1 " hor, oP in called Hr plane stress assumphiow ,Sayalty, of cvs Shears + Commder a. ltt nbel elemont of o 2 ashe aoe or Adm + y Gat Bid) > (oF Beds) Madey + Meets) bel Fide) (LE thickeners be Typ et x Unity) x oy The Shear ore Hee vectangulan, ehemut Cam be yeprersated os Moun | f i St [ Recatt, {toby} = $0) + telat bedi. x tt) +H de | E OK Commolur 2Me@ =o ( wa) > (ey Py oy) 40 B) Q ~ (Ce + 2 de ~ Fin) Oy (B) + (ty + oe 4x) aby (dx) ~ pe + Bead) Ax) 0soph ot, eee Sirnwiloky, by conddlerrrg a 3D Diferrntld omink (du xdy xe) , you cam show Theos, 4) Irdlepentleat shomey at a pore veda to 6: yn Hy Tey Cl an ey Tye ate (9 af oy Sires | TM Ong Oy. Os Eawilsbrium Equatioua : Usi wilibrium conditions ZF =o, Zfy= (see the cartoon (aw Hae pre section) je get IF, +0 > Tin dy oy let (je + BO cy) ex + (Can + 28a a ey oe x) dy =0 Wie Lie 5 + Me oP fae | 3x3, (symmetric) Sina, Tay =r,Siri Sy so leads to d | ay» PH A» UH cs Oy Zn fhe prsener of badly forces (tee Bx, denote body. fore Comportnts/unit vol ot x- and yo divctiows), Wwe ge Omen Tox OG O05 ae ae toe + Oe 0 + US +8, =o oy By ertcdiig, Here apunttows to 3D (Using. ates pedtdap led and ZF x20) Sy>0, Zly*d) we ge 20x , Wy , My 16, 0 On oy oy Oty |, My, Wey 6, a0 ee Oy ey Wig 5 Wr + PBR 4 BL =o OK aye oy aeNormed_omd sheane Stronien on am arbitra pnt Comey ster velahiows com be used to [ etecrnint Stems Compontrnks ow xv ep Plame these eae wy Say, along x'-axis. Lek yl ard 3 denote trae manta, perpendireaton dive chews rel t and xly's! form a yotaded Cartesian coorslinate bere yelatrve to) xy System » Recall, One — Fee Main + ORY Nagy Mey MI Fray = Tey Male + yy Maly + Gre ay = Oxy, hay | hs, Ney + %y Rytg stele ieee of cvess—thaars har been. RBESISE SE Here Nyy, = oe (xx), Ke ond) Whig + May t Ney =| ave divetiow cone of = oh (x5 9), the, Noein f Naty ) alg ' 2 okivetiow, Sih (Myre Nye Nye) ant (MaMa Ibe) ave Aivetion Cotner amoccatel with yf and 3!|,| | en net Nyy + ry = | Nhe * "oy Nyy = | awd Ney + Mary Nyy + May, My = © Mylan + Nyy May t Mig Marg 2 + Nay Ming = Nai Male ° Wan Nx'n Now, He normal pas Show om Abe cae ort Gated be. found by projecting. Ten, Trip md Ter, ow to = axis anc Daam Hose prejfecho™s |: Cre Oe A Fey Maly A Try, ay, Exproring Tey, Tey , Trey Using. couuclwys ys) Tread = (Tetra Tp May Gige Matar) Moet Bs (Sy Met pny? eee) May id (gy Mae Gg Maly + Ga teg) Mage rie = Gn + oy yt GD) + 2 (iy Mary Maly + TG Maly Mey, + Tx Nhoglne MalySimilarly, Shean Stromen Tyely , Tips Coun be fourd by Petig e, ey, Tg ow Yo anol Fi-diverbiows duc Mumming, drs Values + Try = Te Mary Myra By ey yy t Gi Meg! ys + Fy (May Myet Rave Nyy) + (muamyy + May My) T Tey ( Paty Mgt Mata nya) © Fa Mata Maye + Oy Pay Naty Gy Mngt a + Gig (Mya May # Mata are) + Gig (May Mats > May, May) th Sg, (More Mala + Wty, Main) ' ee oe! fg eo, fore he fee a oy, Bs JadvapeMakex _Notahiow ¢ / Ir] om Wa Trig Te, oxy a nh Tuy — Try Ty Fy ss Cy WwW GE Xe xy ¥ vl] ; vy Mag Tie Tat ve Mee ae | > Nara Nyy Nyy Ty. Trey ¥ GEE Wajber cigte Tey amd i Og, ree re ee are) ry U8 Say 44 Tey ya TaeExonple the Camtbug state of stro ata es fF =(> i 4) kyst iw aan shasta oO 1 2 Seid: Debermintdia nerinal and Metsw shored TW o laws Comtorning, Pre point asl parables} to He plane ctfrind by xt2y-25 <4. Direction tobines of Hu plore ave obtarned using Fhe Unit novmal to the plane : ox + 2hy—2ky Wee cE [ear sie pe) fo Nyt sh tit #3 © RAS ay ac Heart ob epee sees ee crs Nyt, = Pet Tacs cae Normal sor mv -He plane ws, Trine = Tia ae + Oy Many + Fi ni + 2(ry thal Macy + % Maly ny igh Ox ae "unl) sys ay cay + 2( 0+ 2(3)(-3)+ C4)-2)] = -0sS kpsttents, |e] = Pre 5 fe = eal From Canchdh -ynahions, ag Tire = Tex Moire + Tay Meg * Seg, Maulgy = 3a(4)+ 0+ G2) (-B) = 2.33 kepar Ty = Fag Maly > Th Pay + Og Matge FLO ABYSS)! LF Ore 7 kee Trig = Gey Mex + Tye Maly eM aly, = 2G) 28) C0CB) = t48 Hg “Bl > Saar em = 27 i Ga WED - Gea) = fairy (ossh= 27/| bt| | Novmot ound Shear SHA or a plone 2-D case ; Recall, Org — Tea Nntgt Oy Ney + By Mig. F 2 (Oy ma Mary + Hy May Mast Pay nda) For Sirap lity Lee Maa Macy Meaty = yes Ma'g a Oy Tig = Fann t Toy nyt Oe Me +2 (oy met + Oy MyNy + Tee ha"y) Lit ty, by, ty, clenote olivertioy ot) oe corny of yi direction « tig = Ob (Ye) = Myre ty BOB) = Nyy ty = ca (3) une From He ty. Ny etO, My =Sihe 5 ny = 0 ty = -Sine, tye se, t=0 Now vecalt expretow for Shear Stes Trly! inv terms Of ReyRy, Mz Ono tej ty, te Orgs = Tr ate + Op Nyy + Gy Naty + Frag (Mg ty + Nybx) + OF (nyt, Hngty) ch Tg (Mats, + Naty)oo OR = Tyco + Gy sine + 20 Sineote Ty Fm TinsInv abo + jy sind cose + Oy (cose - sir?) Using. ore (det hes — caste tsinto= $ i Cos" —Sin7O = C0h26 Tyry = eet Ge , Fe cote g + 0% Te ES 2 ¢ Try = — Tin SG sine + Tay Ode Zz Panehedy stata Copies) Recognizing Hak Ferg Owrel Tey denote Normal and Shear Semen ow aun are! brave Plone (oriented at 6 velahve te Hs raves) one Com find mary Volue of Tyg (0) hoe Frign Tex OF oR cee =f (ess Binse 1 Lory esto OF Ty BH) max Vale of Trig Com be found by eqyrakionn TrIy, fo Zero OR, MAK: Tags MeHg ow plows of Vanishing Aceon Shem Tpiyilseany fe 8 > shan, # EB) -0 Dsdck ee Hy, This beieg a Adpeclel » WS olemote | | u ae The she max normal | Sud VA, Note Hat eq.@ yids two volun, Oparl Ops Hak ave 40 ofort- Acenrelcngly two extrem Voluss L Taigy Hak ave Quting om tue perbuudieuter planes tise ak a potnt, Thue ove Called “principal Sines” OT ond oF (0 >): one cam elimina O vv yi @ Using yO to expres OP an mies = (LR) 2 (ESS op (0Example, A mecbanccal Comporesut Ww Aubjected to a Unifoers Mate of strers, ar Alam. Dehernre the principal Streomen unol Phein olivectona, Assume oe Stud Comolthiors {ante © Commoler Hue teee Be of ta eloment: — > ale 3omea 14 mPa 4 a 2A aah aii . mea rete = Thea] (ose, OF = ory ) & Corin fare CD: c ye a{ a i fh & i 7 last ar 2D -3¢ Ste Tex! Tegs eg Sey WR! = 30 eb(-3d) be ee = 26 mea xy 9a ney Ne (oy iu knew) News, Using Stirs tromforrnahow 4451 pCa: + (car Wb 26 + They Sin28 2 os ett (@ pie ' +t (Ge bee \eas2va8) +7 sin-2¥38)sobe for Tin 7 Tae = BRT MM. New, principal Steves => TE (sta) + |e (ay, a + pa i. Sees meee Gat ie eee JOE MPA « Principal ape sana Ve yo cA Fon 28p 2 20H |= UFO) it a Gy 887-121 To find which principal Stes aching. abil Aivetion | eee (He) + (=) exh 5p) + Ory Sin( 2p) = (38t+l2u} Ba-7- 126) a = z (ete lana ) + 7 Sin (2x8-9°) = how MPa 8, Oj oeks olemy 13-97 velabive to %) —a5, Ory| | Max: Shea shes (2D core) fs it Reeabt, p Nowy’ “b Sine" (225) + Pia) etre 4 \ Fe + iy Sinz TR = Tey cay strag-+ oye 2P oy To find may. volar eb Ty 2 Commdie Wuyi of [Gy f Ves SF «0 wl) ae essa si hae ~ (SESE) Be Ble LX toye! oF Le tae PY) oy 7 Let Be iclemote ese speutal amylen ve prone (y)oean TH) ir ESS og eyes“ AX Recall frm Hu arbi aunalyih ov principal So oem! (2%) ~0Note that yr @) youd two voluin of bs tak os 8 apet. FurHue , by Comapo ne exprudiows fer O, ond Op, et SNE Ee E laa, Thok %, 26, and 20, one 440° apart ov Op ond Os ave tHS? 1 Thek id, Max, Shear stubs aut ow plomer oriented of dys? vulabive fo He principal divertrows, fy carn be ebiminated tn sy by Subshitubl ng, for SiN 26, Owol cob 28y Using 4H. ®@. that leads tot Ein) reuetael beet net ()mue> [CLS + Q* -@ Remember tre tye fer principal Shee 7% = (PS) (By eae tees megane ) + 85 Ths s - W-& (Cay), = Tmax = EE , eo| Prinecpal Strerser fw SD Taint = Trine Moe + Ry iy Pye + Tig My —O Where hy = Nduat fala nas y= Ay! = Cob (x) y) {eid Ng = Ady eek ( x), 3) lal 2 To fend 2xtremmm Valued (Sie “i 4 Ox: _ Vex! p= x Bred P| FA rs Aeporakeleg « Note Hat QE not needed A Ng Na can be viewed od a oleprrdleant vorrable (dependent ow May My) and (nw, ny) Inde prudent ene (ng F lnne-ny) ") (Se cage ty) ae Ch He) Now, Wael 2 Oy + Ory (ot a) OWNe ox oy, Tul 2 Whe nzae Siroilary aus =o leads to —@ Consbingey, @and@, we ge THe TY Tata ( Rae ly =) eee 4k ‘i i Say @ trepleus that o will be olevg. 2! Re tow for the extremum met, Tht 1, ht Abeer strrres Tey 5 Ory 5 Prlgt all Vawish, Wher Hts sit ps pele dance -24/8 become; Trt, = TP Now whe op —@© te Unknown principal stress Tea, = Op Ne oe eee Retall, Comsbaph wap foe & Germans. plane + Cree = TRENT Omg My + Tray Ty = Fey Ma + Typ My tp My @ = Tag Mae + ely + G5 Ng Ty, OB hy =st Oxy£4® -& © > 0 = (Tex- op) Ne + Ty ny + ae My Seer Gy -F)y* Fae 0 = GeNe + Gp ry + Ce F) My oF, (ie) Ry Hy \( Ne Teg (Hy) Fe | \ ny Ory Ope | Pav Pr (Ma For a how tivial Sobatiow of He oloove ak of Vann eqprotiowd =7 pels Ried This lend to om algebraic ey. ba of out, op” — Tp +o sO —@ what I, = (Tint Gy + Be) = 1011 =O) Tis | Seal % Tax Sy Fay Sy | \ oe Gel Ry Fe coe ace Fig Og Tey hy | Try Wa BP owe Ih, Tp pTq ave called stats Inverianés af} Pati if comrckinaken vw they. clo not var a ep ae hey de ek ryFy ® bar tevee vols, 7, 6, 03 (ree 705) calleh HL Principal strumes at a points The State of stem in terns of principal eoordinales o> PL Gri LOL | 0 Fy ol |e 00 & ond, T= org +g Le Gn +Ggt 76 Rr 736 feraspall cape Prince} dtvebovrs velakive to x,4) « axe Com be cetermanedl by substituting 0% 7) %, Incleidarally tnto 4 @. Lek oy (rg demote direction cotents of TF (Ca -A)109, + LOD, + th - aes Os, Peete ¢ A 2), 2 a Md, + OD), - 7) (ng) = 0 note Tek olivechow cotinds a oy) Be ave velotel or thy ave three rk rally perpen culo clivedbiows.| | te Sxowmple + Givew Hu Stake of Stress ak a ef fle 16-4 ‘ pamela or 3), fond te reine Shee, den rnecpol Uveckions , pe cP Stes invarvonke OWL, Da vee = Iatlot ly = 36 MFA Toe V+ Hy | 4 PH tr Tuy ay Ge Tay [nt 16! ie A 10 2 + = 302(Mi e of | finltls el ren J pize 4 FSi hee sx (mia Ai od 3 shess cubic eq! Tp - TE +I -B=0 3 2 ~sez= Tp3- 36a, 7+ 3020p - S82 =0 soe => op = 2H-TS MPa @) = B48 MPA (a5) ; 795 7R = 2-77 Mpa (43) Principal divekiows (for, Say % ) (Gx- 7) My + Ty hy + Tay =o Tey My + (Ty -T) My + Gy N=? Tag My + Oy Ny + Gy %) aH O(in- 275) Ny + hy + 1g = 0 bin +(Io “aqnebny + 3nyF0 Soke, 7 Mag = (bo My Ia, = te Ae Recall, Mee Np rng =| (13ny) + ne +lony =! Ny. = Orth and Ny = 6% , iat = 06S Na, Ob Sirmilay tov clivection cosines fee $5), 03Max: shtas cherA anal Hin divertor ty 2d Recall, (a7 , 9, 05) ave He prinedpal Stroy ok a pelt mm BD Recate fom 2p amalyin, (Tmax}ag = 2 CNH) Srterding Yucs tdea by ad, MAX: Sheow Strur will be 4(7 - 33) nw GF HBr Bl “te fw Hee 2d case, max: Shea Stress Grog, hee! ak allen t4s? velottve +0 He prinerpal clivechous . Peat [Spa deer tins eee — : a al t Tmax makes £ES with oF and % a te bn the 7 1B) plage Sivmilory., mor. Shean mT, G) awd (5, Plomeh (Lia) od £06 -§)) make +45° Hh. oF , rresperk've n rane he, eT dscles aha ha ueiw polo _coerole \ Commilen epbinclvicat cordcnaker Ys, 5 co Phown velative bo #4) o- | | . Onde Have, (8) Lense polar eoordsnabes Ter OF Fy wa Hae Atecte ee Si 83 ef sted bn Ny By Tey a rrokinadiaS. | Tee > Yodal stor oe = tangential (hoop stress) Tye = Shean Stres ow YO plone Whew the Adres vouratiowt ahawg. the & -axis ov ow he, 3~plane ave negligible, 2 oer Oo. — ( Ft FEO boinc voncelsnertes a TO Cig som Si Te ore OG = 6. ceebitin égyraktows 4 ge ee ge Made low coordi nater cae t OY | Ace eh on ae Beintwt KAD e pe ee Os Alea: te ‘i A - polos eonveivadten : * oD = vdeo cB = DA de AB =(r+dy ole Using fre pyutibreiwm of the eke, aoe Conn phww thed , - - | Ab tum eas Ya polar coordinates Speier fyi im cubindrieal eovrdlrnador £ Ge errs Dy 9D sani) . A oper AS) org + A990) o8yShrette, ow He postrrve cube dye element le ow HL Planes Strobdu ave, (Ga, ORY. FH) mw elec , 1S Wao (net dae, Ger ag te Ge ay) of aw oe D Or He O-Planes stresses awe — y ‘ea'p (0%, Siz, Tr) ov MOB 5 + OAs caer at) 9, By, mm pole’c Using Akerlde opp lbritrn of faa ahr wren p= Zt SF, =o ) “ , a a , oqnabions arr be obtainedBy | 1 Wy , Oe 4 Fe 24 ar ¥ 3o- ae civentar olieks il Dow Hos af problus, — not ory fee Vawsohiow Why verbal to & is alo Atut , Vorradivwes wulattve to the Vorb & also Vour'sle. % one cam we Pele) =o and oy =O Shonee eypioyrinn 2478 yeduce to, | | . | | | | | | | vdstcet protuve Ves sel, rotating | | | | | | | | | | . |