‘This leis censed to John Muay la igmail.com). Publication Date: 611201 Fenestration ‘The U-fctor is 3.51 Wies?-K) (D page of Table). Fit, determine the estimated U-factr ofthe bare aul Tne “a ssurace arealough opeing for he updo ag ‘sl al 351x212 = 744 Wie K) 17, 128 column onthe second 33 REPRESENTATIVE U-FACTORS FOR DOORS, Doors are often an overlooked component inthe thermal integ- rity of the building envelope. Although entry doors (swinging, revolving, ec, representa smal potion ofthe building envelope of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, thet U-Factoris, ‘usually many times higher than that ofthe walls or ceilings. In some. commercial and industrial buildings, vehicular access doors {apward-acting doors) represent a significant area of heat loss. ‘Table 6 contains representative U-factors for swinging doors deter- ‘mined through computer simulation (Carpenter and Hogan 1996), ‘These are generic values, and product-specific values determined in accordance with standards should be used whenever available NFRC Technical Document 100 (NFRC 2014a) gives procedures for evaluating the performance of entry and vehicular access doors ‘Tables 7 to 9 contain representative U-Factors for revolving, emer- ‘gency exit, gamage, and aireaft hangar doors determined through testing (MeGowan etal. 2006) ‘Swinging doors can be divided into two categories: slab and stile-and-rail. A stileand-ail door isa swinging door with a full- ‘lass insert supported by horizontal rails and vertical stiles. The Table 6 Design U-Factors of Swinging Doors in Wi(ta?-K) Double Double Glazing Glazing with Door Type with €~0.10, (Rough Opening 970 No Single 12.7 mm 12.7 mm 2080 ma. Gazing Glazing Alr Space Argon ‘Stab Doors ‘Wood sl in wood frame? 261 Greplaring 360% 20016) 22H 280, aving (S60 x910ite) == «329 Del 238 35% placing (560 x 16201te)— 3.92261 231 ‘More than 80% glaring Use Tabled (operable) Insulted tcl slab with wood edge 0.91 in wood fame! eglaring S60 x200He) = 19.08.02 25%opiaing S60" 910) — 22k 4s%oplazing (560 « 16001) 3.28199 La ‘Mare than 50% glazing Use Table 4 (erable) Foam-inslted tel slab with 2.10 ‘metal edge in soo! frame (Ye gazing ($60 ~200 te) 250233221 2sioplaing (560x910) 312278280, 45% paring (560 1601s) — 4033182 ‘More than 50% gazing Use Table 4 (operable) Cardboard honeycomb sab with 3.46 meal edge in see! frame Sule and Rail Doors Sliding las doors Freach doors Use Table 4 (operable) ‘SiesAscombed Stie-and-Ral Doors Aluminum inaluminum fame — «749 S28 a8 AAluninumin shuminum frame wit — 642 4203.58 heal re ‘heal tn si (0.17 Wi?) fr noha ok sil) ‘Nominal Ufo re ough eter fad pe before onside ht tl bes rand ees fdr Seton nd beers fase stiles and rails are typically either solid wood » ‘lumninum or vinyl, as shown in Figure 5. Most residential doors are slab type wit solid wood, steel, ora fiberglass skin over foam insu- Jation in a wood frame with aluminum sil, The edges ofthe stl skin door are normally wood to provide a thermal break, In com- mercial constriction, doors ae either steel skin over foam insula- tion ina steel frame (ie. utlity doors) ora full glass door made up of aluminum stiles, rails and frame (Le, entrance doors). The most important factors affecting door U-factor are material construction, las size, and glass type. Frame depth, sab width, and numer of Panels have a minor effect on door performance, Side lites and dou- ble doors have U-factrs similar toa single doar of the same con- struction. For wood slab doors in a wood frame, the glazing azea Tite effect om the U-factor. Foran insulated stel slab in a wood frame, however, glazing area strongly affects U-facto. Typicalcom- eral insulated slab doors have a U-factor approximately twice that of residential insulated doors, the prime reason being thermal bridging ofthe slab edge and the steel frame. Stile-and-ail doors, even if thermally broken, have U-factors 50% higher than a full lass commercial steel slab door, ‘There are tree genetic types of upward-acting doors Rolling (also called roll-up) doors consist of small metal slats of | approximately 65 mm in height that travel in vertical guides and roll up around a metal barrel fo ope. Sectional also called garage) doors consist ofa series of approx- mately 460 to $15 mm high sections that travel in vertical tracks open. Folding (also called biparting) doors, commonly used in airerat hangars, have two large sections that also travel in vertical tracks to open, but fold rogether when the doar is fully open, ‘There isa wide range in the design of insulated upward-acting doors Factors affecting heat transfer include insulation thickness, section/slat design, and section/slat interface design (which may ‘Table 7 Design U-factors for Revolving Doors in Wi(m?-K) ine (Width x Helgh) tor 244x213 m was 328e244m 453 213K 198m 3356 2134229 363 205x213 139 “Liar of ee door dersiad wg NFR Tell Dace 1097. anak eon apo caren rig meboloy st NFRC Tec! Docent 100(20155, Fig. 5. Details of Stile-and-Rail Door‘This leis censed to John Muay la igmail.com). Publication Date: 611201 18.14 ‘Table 8 Design U-factors for Double-Skin Steel Emergency Exit Doors in Wi(m?-K) Gore Tnveation Rough Opening Sze ‘Thickness, mm Te W9x2m Laem 35" Honeycomb ka paper «23 297 Mineral wool stele 280 205 Polyurethane fm 192 1.80 44° Honeycomb aR paper 3.25 3.06 Mineral wool seelnbs 2.30, 190 Polyurethane foam Lor 130 38 Meneycombkra paper 3.38 a Mineral wool steleibs 2.67 221 Polyurethane foam 210 iw M——Hloseycomb kat paper 3.38 an Mineral wool, seelnbs 247 208 Polyurethane Foam Los 169 Table 9 Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Sectional, Up, and Aireraft Hangar Doors in Wi(m?-K) Sectonalor Insulation THIGUp* Aircraft Hangar Thick ‘est, 2x eae “5 Polywrehane, thenmlly broken 1.59 35. Exhdedpolyasrene, setnbs 221 Expanded polytyrens sel ibs 2.04 S50. Extruded poysyrene, sels 1.87 Expanded polystyrene see ibs 1.75. 15. Exted polystyrene steel be 159 Expanded polystyrene steel bs 1.83 00 Extruded polystyrene tel ibs) 12 Expanded polystyrene steel bs 1.36 50 Extruded polystyrene sels 1.19, Expanded polystyrene seelnbs 119 00 Expanded poljstrene 42 os) Mineral wo, ste be 12 091 Extruded poiystyrene 31 oss 50. Expanded polystyrene 19 ona Mineral wool, ste nbs roa Extruded polystyrene ris 04s Uninsulated os 625598 ype ss ora malate alae glee anne) include a thermal break). For noninsulated upwaré-acting doors, there is very ltle difference between the center value and the to tal value: the value is essentially equal to that of single glazing, ‘The center ofan insulated door as a relatively low U-factor, but ‘thermal bridging atthe door frame and section interfaces ean af- fet the door assembly U-factor. Center-of-door U-factors for vehicwlar access doors may be used in thermal calculations for buildings only ifthe door design or door size indicates litle if ference with tespect tothe total door assembly U-factor, Many commercial buildings use revolving enizance doors. Most ‘of these doors are of similar design: single glazing in an elsminam frame without thermal break. The door, however, canbe in twa posi- tions: closed (X-shapedas viewed from above) or apen (+-shaped as Viewed from above). At nighttime, these doors are locked in the X position, effectively creating a double-glazed system, During the ‘daytime, the door revolves and is often let positioned so that there 2017 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SD) 6 Optical Properties of s Single Glazing Layer is only one plazing between the indoors and outdoors (+ position). U-factrs are given in Table 7 for both positions 4. SOLAR HEAT GAIN AND VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE Fenestration solar heat gain has two components. First is irectly transmitted solar radiation. The quantity of radiation entering the fenestration directly is governed by the solar transmit- tance ofthe glazing system, ad is determined by multiplying the incident irradiance by the glazing area and its solar transmittance ‘The second component is the inward flowing fraction of absorbed solar radiation, radiation that is absorbed in the glazing and fram- ing materials of the fenestration, some of which is subsequently conducted, convected, or radiated tothe interior of the building Visible transmittance is the solar radiation transatted through fenestration weighted with respect to the photopic response of the hhuman eye, It physically represents the perceived cleamess of the fenestration, and is likely different fom the solar transmittance of the same fenestration, The underlying physics behind solar heat gain and visible trans- mittance ean be very complex, but a rudimentary understanding is required if technologies such as lowe coatings aze tobe discussed. ‘Accurately calculating the solar heat gin and visible transmittance of a fenestration system, inluding the effects of angular and spec- tral dependenee, in the presence of multiple glazing and shade layers, is very complex. Refer to ISO Standard 15099 or the ASHRAE Handbook Online supplemental features for this chapter for complete details of how to do this calculation. Software such as LBNL WINDOW 7 (LBNL 2016) incorporate these advanced cal culations and can be used for more detailed fenestration analysis 4a LAR-OPTICAL PROPERTI S OF GLAZING Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers Radiation passing from one medium into another i partly trans- mitted and parly reflected atthe interface between the two media, Further, as this radiation passes through either medium, an addi- tional fraction is absorbed because of the absorptivity of the mate- Fal, Materials that donot absorb radiation completely, such as ar oF las, are classified as being transparent or translucent, Translucent tslazings exhibit sufficient light-difusing properties that images of ‘objects viewed through it are blurred, Opaque glazings transmit no pereeptible ight.