y rec A on Roof top ‘ / LCT Ca Lao LE y AAcknowledgement Author Me. Arumugham Kalimuthu, 8, MSc London), MBA. WASH Instiate New Dai Edited by Dr. Mariappan, 8, Po, WASH Speciast, Ding Me, S. Ramesh, Se. (Eavronmental Sioned, WASH lst, Koeaianal Book Review and Feedback Me. L Peter, Erocutie Secretary Ral Eeueation and Action for Uberation, Od gu Me, Balai Soundarrajan, Technical expet, WASH Book Design acto Graphics, Dindigul wtactoprapiescoin Pictures drawn by Me, Sunderrajan ts, Madura First Edition September, 2015 No part ofthis book may be reproduced n any form without the written permission from WASH instituteForeword — StSseteccee ees Content Introduction 1.1 Hydrological cycle 1.2. Need for Rainwater harvesting Rain Water Harvesting- Basics anc Concepts 2.1 Rain Water Harvesting 2.2 Parameters to be considered in Fain water harvesting 2.2.1 Mean Annual Rainfall and Rainfall Pattern 2.2.2 Run-off coefficient or Collection Coefficient 2.3 How to calculate Quantity of rain water harvested? Components of Rain Water Harvesting 3.1 Catchment 3.2 Coarse mesh 2.3 Gutters 3.4 Drain pipe 3.5 First Mush 3.6 Filtration unit 3.7. Storage tank/sump Root top Rain Water Harvesting Methods Step by step procedure 4.1 Rain water harvesting for direct use 4c11 Catchment of rain water 441.2 Fixing of drain pipes 4.14 First flush arrangementContent 4.15 Filtration unit 4.16 Storage of rain water 4.2 Rain water harvesting. for Ground water recharge 4.2.1 Ground water recharge through open wells 4.2.2 Ground water recharge through bore wells 4.2.3 Ground water recharge through recharge pits (for roof and ‘open area) 5. Maintenance. 5.1 Maintenance tips for Rain Water Harvesting Structures ‘Annexure 1 Annexure 2 L.Introduction L.tHydrologicaleycle Earth planet stands as the Iving one inthe soar system in leu of its environment components viz, water, air and land. Gravitational force of mother earth, binds both the ‘water and ai, which are essential for sustaining the biotic ‘and abiotic components. Of allthe water avaiable on earth ‘975 9% is salt water (sea water) and only 25 % Is fresh ‘water Of this, only 1 is in usable form and the rest are in the form ofcebergs/olaciers et, Water ispresent in three phases vi: soli, liquid and vapour, andthe never-ending ‘exchange of water fom the atmosphere tothe oceans and back is known as the hydrologic cycle, This cycle isthe source of al forms of precipitation (hil rain, sleet, and snow). “The water evaporates from wet ground, from the leaves of. ‘te growing plants and from the sea, lakes and reservoirs. Its cared inthe air as water vapour a gas. When water ‘vapour condenses, itchanges from gas to liquid form and falls as rain, The ran feeds the rivers and lakes. Rivers 3camry water to the ocean. Evaporation from land and ‘oceans puts water back Into the atmosphere and this ‘exchange goes on continuously, Water goes from earth to _atmaspnere and backt the earth n'a hydrological cyte Natureisgreat 1.2Need for Rainwater harvesting Demane for fresh water fs ever increasing wiile the potential sources remains the same. Rainwater is the brimary source of wate as the rain isthe fist form of water Inthe nydrologieal eyle. Rivers lakes and ground water areall secondary sources of water and currently they meet 70 to 80 % of our water needs, It's forgotten, that ln is the ukimate source tat feeds allthese secondary sources ‘and remains ignorant of ts value, The potential of ran to meet water demand is tremendous. Unless people are Invalved. in conserving rain water from individual household to big industies/institutions, it would be very dificult te meet the looming wate: crs 2. Rain Water Harvesting - Basics and Concepts 2.1 RainWaterHarvesting Rainwater harvesting in is simple term is just collecting the rain water where it falls. 12 may mainiy be, rooftop harvesting and. open space harvesting. Further after harvest, may ether be directly used performing fitration ‘orused for croundwaterrecharge. Anaverage of 8% ofthe total alata charges the ground ‘water aquifers and most of the rainfall goes waste through surface run-of ito streams and vers and finally into se, ‘The technique of rainwater harvesting involves catching the rain fromlocalzed catchment surfaces such as root ofa house, plain and sloping ground surface etc. The rainwater RAIN Pomc VESTING that fais on these catchment Is diverted into dugout nds, vessels or underground tanks to store for long periods. Construction of small barriers across. small ‘streams to check and store the running water Is also an ‘example ofsmall catchment water harvesting, Decentralized rain water harvesting is an environmental friendly vale option in areas where good fresh quality fresh water or groundwater Is lacking or available in Insufficlent quantities 2.2 Parameterstobe considered nrain water harvesting ‘One who wish to do ran water harvesting must take into ‘consideration the following critical parameters, 2.2:1Mean Annual Rainfall and Rainfall Pattern ‘The Quantity of rainfall received curing a year (mm/year) ‘and its cistibuton over te year (rainfall pattern) must be ‘considered while devising a rain water harvesting system. GGeneraly the mean annual rainfall (generally itis @ ‘atistical average of rainfall over 30 year's period) is used forrain water harvesting calculations.2.2.2 Run-off coeffcientor Collection Coefficient Run-of is the water that flows away from 2 catchment ‘afer fling on its surface in the form of rain. Runot? depends upon the area and type of the catchment over ‘which i falls-as well as surface features. For example, normal concrete roof has highest run off value than the ‘area with heavy vegetation. The amount of rainfall Contributing to the runetf of a given area must be known {for runoff estimation. The runoff coefficient (C) is the value that represents the ratio of runoff to rainfall Runoff Coefficients for ferent types of catchments are presented intable3, ‘Tablet, Runoff coefficient for various types of catchments exechnent cootitonts (6) Roof Catchments Titer ua09 Corrugated metal sheets a7-09 Organle (Thatehed roof a ‘Ground surface coverings Concrete we 08 Brick pavement a5 -06 Univeated ground catchments Soll on slopes less thon 10 percent 09-03 Rocky natural catchments 02-05 Source: Pecey, Arnold and Cullis, Adrian 1989, Rainwater Harvesting: The collection of rainfall and uneff in rural areas, Intermediate Technology Publications, Londen. 2.3How tocalculate Quantity ofrain water harvested? ‘The quantity of rain water harvested can be calculated Using the Following formula Q= A* C™ P* 1000 Where, Qisthe quantity af rainwater harvested in itres, A Areainsq meter and © = Is the run off coefficient (decide the run off coefficient according tothe type of roof from the table) P Meanannualrainall 1000 - Conversion actortoconvertm3intolites Example: For a bulding with a flat roof of size 10 m x 12 m (220 ‘9.meter in a city withthe average annual rainfall of 800 mmm (0.80 i) with a concrete roof having a run off coefficient 0.6, the quantity of rainwater that can be harvestedina yearis = 122 sqmeter (A) x 0.80 m (°) © x06 (C) x1000 Quantity of water avalable per day Foreasy reference of estimating rin water harvested refer tablesinAnnexure 1. 57600 litres / ‘= 57600/365 = 157-8 litres/day3. Components of Rain Water Harvesting [A most common rain water harvesting system usually consists ofthe fllowing components. 3.1Catcnment ‘The catchment ofa water harves which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the system. Tt-can be a pavee area like a roof top or ‘courtyard of a bullding, or an unpaved area Ikea lawn or ‘pen ground, 3.2Coarsemesh Course mesh is made ofa network of wire used to prevent the entry of such debris into the drain pipe from the catchment. 3.3Gutters {Gutters are shallow troughsfixed on the edges of sloped roofs allaround to collect and transportthe rain water from therooftothestoragetank 3.40rainpipe Drain pps thatwhich carry rainwater from the catchment ‘or rooftop area tothe harvesting system. Tt can be of any material tke polyvny! chloride (PVC) 0° galvanized iron (G1). Commonly, PVC pipeisused nliuetitscastand aon- Corrosiveness. Size pipe tobe provides proportional to ‘tearea of thecatchmentand the intensity of ralval 3.5Fiestlush A frst fush device is a valve/by pass arrangement that ensures that runoff from the frst spel of rain, which ‘contains relatively arge amount of pollutants from air and ‘debris from catchment is Fished out and does not enter ‘thecollection system. 3.6Fitration unt ‘The filtration unit/chamber is used to remove suspended particles from rainwater collected and different type of Fitering mecia can be used in the fitering unit. Generally Sendand Charcoal ites areused, 3.7 Storage tank/sump ‘Storage tank or sump Is intended to_ store the collected ‘andfitered rain water fr drinking and domestic use. Ttcan bee masonry structure or readymace tanks 4, Roof top Rain Water Harvesting Methods- Step by step procedure Rain water harvesting can be done for direct use like drinking and éomestic purposes or for the ground water recharge. The step by step procedure for rain water harvesting is described below.4.1 Ralnwaterharvesting for direct use Rain water harvesting methods for direct used differs depending upon the type of catchment available (fat/slope(thatched roofs). The most commonly needec materalsfor Roof top Rain water harvesting are Polythene sheets (For thatched roof) Gutters (PvCortin sheets) Coarsemesh :110mm PVCpipe (down pipe), andbends la mmPVCTEES 10mm vCballvalve 200 itr Sandor Charcoal filtration chamber/unit Send, 20 mm and 40 mm hard broken stone / well burtbrickbats Sedde nipple Storage tank (Sintex tank $00 Iitres to 1000 tires ‘e2pacty) 4.1.1, Catchmentof rainwater + For thatched roof- Polythene sheet should be spread over the entire roof area and fixed properly to prevent rain water geting added with the dirt and debris from the roof. Gutters can be Fixed all around the reef colecttherain water, ‘For sloped roofs made of tiles/corrugated sheets- covering with polythene sheet snotrecessaty, but gutters shouldbe placed all around the root (with @ gentle siope) to Channel the rain water to drain pipes Size of gutters depends for both thatched and tiled/corrugated roots depend upon the area of the catchment and the Intensity of rainfall. If Size provided is lesser than the required it leads to splage. Refer Annexure 2 for selecting appropriate gutter different roof catchment and intensity of rainfall, Locally available material such as plain Galvanized Iron sheets can be folded to required shapes to prepare semi-circular andrectangular gutters. Semi-circular gutters of PYC material can be prepared by cutting the PVC pipes into two equal semi-circular channels. Bamboo poles can also be used for making guttersif they are locally available in suicient quantity. Covering the gutter with leaf catcher mesh is essential ‘toprevent entry of leaves andother debris into guter For flat RCC roof - Gutters are not necessary for RCC roof end instexa the outlet hole can be directly connected to the Grain pipe. A coarse mesh should be. placed at the outlet hole/pipe to prevent entry of debris Into drain pipes.4.1.3 Fixing of drain pipes + Whatever may be the type of roof the ¢rain pipes ee preferably PVC pipes Sea Should be connected to l the gutter in case of WH sloped roofs or to the [Ms ‘outlet pipe in case of fat RCC roofs. A fine mesh can be used as 2 filer the connection point of 4.14 Firstflusharrangement drain. pipe and. the A simple diversion pipe auterfoutetpipe witha vaeatthe dean Deusedasfistfushinthe + Choose dan pipes of appropriate camer depending common. down pipe. at onthe az ofthe catchment area andthe intensy of appropriate height ranflefer the table below for choosng. the depending on the local poorer Stuaton « Aterativey 2 PVC TEE s|¢ fvcage rt of fan Fal with ball valve wo) pf thin er hoa) Srrangement can. be igtaon 5 “zen the common coun as So 7 to 25150200 pipe so as to drain the first e Roof Area (Sq.m.) fash. 44.5Fitraton uit z| » [ua ss 66 sa 44 38 + connectthe ain pipe tothe firaton unt atthe top of a] os [2s so a 96 80 60 thetiteaten nt. 4.| 100 Jess sx0 «27 142 295 213 con oSSSHER s. | 2s ss 43 95 00 conten 4 seen 6 | 150 a6 27 ae al+ 80-200 Ite drum/tank can be used as a fitration unit depending upon the quantity of rain water harvested. It ispreferableto have the tration unit erectly above the storagetank + Theoutletofthefitrationunit should beatthe bottom 4.1.6toragectrain water + Connect the outlet of the fitration unit tothe storage tank at the top. The shape ofthe storage tank may be creulay, rectangular or square based on the space and need! The size and shape of the storage tank/sump depends either upon the quantity of rain water harvested or the need ofthe amily/communty ‘The size/capacity of the storage tank can hence be caleulatee based on number users, non-rany days and catchment area. The volume tank may be determined {fromthe following equation Vs trata ©) Where V ~ Volumeof tank ites, 1 = Length of dry season (days), 1h Number ofpeople using thetank, 4 ~ Consumption tres per day. For example ifthe length of cry season is 200 days, no of persons in the house is 6 and the average consumption Tres) day/personis 10 tres, the volume tank must be Ve 200 x 6 x 10= 12000 litres. To store 12000 litres of Water (12 cubie meter a tank sie of 3x 2x 2 (Length x Breathx Height in meters) isneeded, Readymade PVC storage tanks available in diferent capacities or RCCtanks can beused ‘© For larger buildings Ihe schools/apartments, Underground storage tanks with higher capacity can be constructed with reinforced concrete with appropriate provisions for pumping out water “Take carethat the storage tankisnot close toa sourceof contamination, such as aseptic tank and that itis at 2 lower level than thereof to ensue itis completely, ‘Also ensure that storage tanks are accessible for cleaning, Surplus spl over water from the sump/storage tank must be connected toa recharge pi exstng open wel/borewellortothe recharge well 4.2 Rainwater harvesting for Ground water recharge Rain water harvesting for ground water recharge can be ‘done through existing open walls, Bore wells or recharge pits 4.2.1 Ground water recharge through open wells ‘© Unusedjabandoned open wells can be used for recharaing‘Suitable for rain water harvested in rooftops of higher ‘pact vizsmorethan 100 squaremeter Rain water collected from roof through coarse mesh, and drain pipe ater Fst flush may be sent through Fler asshowninfigure, Fiterbeesize minimum 2'x2'x3!, Fillup the fiter nthe order of 40/mm stone = ',20 mm stone-1'sand at top 1" ( when Seek bat is used, it must bewellburnt, * Close thefiterwitn precast concrete slab, + Connectthefiterand open well + Thismetnod can alsobe used for existing open wells 4.2.2Ground water recharge through bore wells ‘Rain water collected from roof through coarse mesh, ‘and drain pipe ater Fst flush may be sent through iter asshowninfigure, 1 Fiter bed size minimum 223), « Fillup the fiter inthe order of 40 mm stone—1', 20mm stone: 1' sand at tp 1" (when Brick bat is used, it must bewellburn), ‘Close thefiter with precast concreteslab. + Connectthe iter and bore wel 4.2.3 Ground water recharge through recharge pits (for roof and open area) In the absence of sump, open well and bore wel the rain ‘water may be recharged through percolation pits and the bottom of pit should be in the sandy formation. This is suitable where permeable strata Is avalable at shallow ‘depth and the Suldings having rooftop area up to 100 squaremeter ‘Ground water recharge through Simple recharge pits ‘= PutRechargepits at constant spacing as shown in igure (Gize:3°x3'x4.5' deep),Fillup the recharge pts with iter mat sand Number of recharge pits can be decide based on the catchment area @ One pit for 300 square fe catchment, Instead of recharge pits, recharge trenches (recharge pits constructed lengthwise) of size- 3-15" length, 1':3' breadth- 3°4.5' deep can also be constructed if ‘more open space isavalable als, stones and Maintenance | Maintenance tips for Rain Water Harvesting Structures ‘Always keep the surroundings of the tank clean anc hyotenic Remove Algae from the roof tles and asbestos sheets beforethe monsoon, Drain the tank completely and clean from inside ‘thoroughly before the monsoon, Clean the water channels (guters) often during rainy seasonand definitely before thefirst mansoon rain. Avoid fist 15 of 20 minutes of rainfall depending onthe intensity of ain, Use the fist flush arrangementto rain ofthis frstrain water. CChangethe iter media every rary season, Cover allnietand outlet pipes with closely kritayion net or fine cloth or cap during nor-rainy season to avoid entry afinsects, wormsand moscutoes. Leakage of cracks In the storage tank shall be immediately attended to by cement plastering. This wll avoid majorrepaisdue tothe propagation of crack. Heavy ads should notbe applied onthe id, particularly ‘many people shouldnet standn thet. Water should not be allowed to stagnate in the callection pit The tap should have lock system so that pilferage or waste of waterisavolced. ‘The fiter materials shall be washed thoroughly before replacingin thefter bucket For disinfection of water use 4 grams of bleaching Powder fr 1000 tres of water.s0o-16es1 St ms TO aS oe EOE OO te oi oo St se Se Seen eee oe Cs a ou oS (Gipor padoys 105 ) Ue! fenuue pue eave doy oor uaN @ 10) RINGRHENE Jee (@ 1 aunxeuuy © a oa & o S62 25) WRTURT UGE pue BOVE doy JoOH WBA & 16) AYIGRIEAE IMC] 1 aunxeuuyAnnexure II Sze of guiter for various ref area and intensity of rfl sam [bist fear () a i (WTSuppete by ‘World vision it 4 Water Sanitation and Hygiene Institute 745 E, Srivasapuram, Shenbapacr (Post) Kocacanal $24 fos) Torin Pr: p91 a542 24881, Faw 491 4542240682 femal! offceBashinstite ora ‘www washinstitute.org