Œ¨­¨áâ¥àá⢮ ®¡à 

§®¢ ­¨ï ®áᨩ᪮© ”¥¤¥à æ¨¨

Œ®áª®¢áª¨© 䨧¨ª®-â¥å­¨ç¥áª¨© ¨­áâ¨âãâ
(£®á㤠àá⢥­­ë© ã­¨¢¥àá¨â¥â)

‘.‚. ˆ¢ ­®¢ 

”ŽŒ“‹€ ’…‰‹Ž€
ˆ …… ˆ‹Ž†…ˆŸ
Š ‚›—ˆ‘‹…ˆž …„…‹Ž‚
”“Š–ˆ‰
“祡­®-¬¥â®¤¨ç¥áª®¥ ¯®á®¡¨¥

Œ®áª¢ , 2011
 ‘®¤¥à¦ ­¨¥
‘.‚. ˆ¢ ­®¢ . ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨ ¥¥ ¯à¨«®¦¥­¨ï ª ¢ë- 1. ‘€‚Ž—›… ‘‚…„…ˆŸ 5
ç¨á«¥­¨î ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ ä㭪権. 1.1. ‘à ¢­¥­¨¥ ä㭪権 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
“祡­®-¬¥â®¤¨ç¥áª®¥ ¯®á®¡¨¥. Œ.: Œ”’ˆ, 2011. 66 á. 1.2. ¥ª®â®àë¥ ä®à¬ã«ë ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï
¢ëà ¦¥­¨©, ᮤ¥à¦ é¨å ®-¬ «®¥ . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬
¢ ä®à¬¥ ¥ ­® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬
¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.3. ’¥®à¥¬  ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®áâ¨
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  . . . . 8
‚ ¬¥â®¤¨ç¥áª®¬ ¯®á®¡¨¨ ¨§«®¦¥­ë ¯à ªâ¨ç¥áª¨¥ ¯à¨¥¬ë ¯à¥¤- 1.3.4. ”®à¬ã«  Œ ª«®à¥­  . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä㭪権 ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à ,   â ª¦¥ ¯à¨¥¬ë ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨ï 1.4. Ž¯¥à æ¨¨ ­ ¤ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï¬¨
¯à¥¤¥«®¢ ä㭪権 á ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ ­¨¥¬ ä®à¬ã«ë ’¥©«®à .  áᬮâ- ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
७® ¡®«ì讥 ª®«¨ç¥á⢮ ¯à¨¬¥à®¢. Šà âª® ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­ë ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬ë¥ 1.5. ‚ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢
⥮à¥â¨ç¥áª¨¥ ᢥ¤¥­¨ï, ¢ ⮬ ç¨á«¥ ¢ ª®¬¯ ªâ­®© ä®à¬¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢- á ¯®¬®éìî ä®à¬ã«ë ’¥©«®à  . . . . . . . . . . . 13
«¥­ë â ¡«¨æë ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ®á­®¢­ëå í«¥-
¬¥­â à­ëå ä㭪権 ¤«ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä㭪権 ¨ ¤«ï ¨á¯®«ì§®- 2. ˆŒ…› ‘ …˜…ˆŸŒˆ 14
¢ ­¨ï ¯à¨ ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨¨ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ (¯¥à¢ë¥ 3-4 ç«¥­  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï). 2.1. à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨©,
à¥¤«®¦¥­® ¡®«ì讥 ª®«¨ç¥á⢮ § ¤ ç à §­®© á⥯¥­¨ á«®¦­®á⨠á ᮤ¥à¦ é¨å ®-¬ «®¥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
®â¢¥â ¬¨. ®á®¡¨¥ ¯à¥¤­ §­ ç¥­® ¤«ï áâ㤥­â®¢ ¨ ¯à¥¯®¤ ¢ â¥«¥© 2.2. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä㭪権
ã­¨¢¥àá¨â¥â®¢ ¨ â¥å­¨ç¥áª¨å ¢ã§®¢. ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä㭪権
  ä®à¬ã«®©
Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o xk , £¤¥ k |
䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¥ ç¨á«® . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2. ®ª § â¥«ì­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3. ƒ¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª¨¥ ä㭪樨 . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.4. ’ਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¥ ä㭪樨 . . . . . . . 23
2.2.5. ‘⥯¥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.6. „஡­®-à æ¨®­ «ì­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï . . . . . . 26
2.2.7. ‹®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª ï äã­ªæ¨ï . . . . . . . . 27
c
 Œ®áª®¢áª¨© 䨧¨ª®-â¥å­¨ç¥áª¨© ¨­áâ¨âãâ 2.3. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à .
(£®á㤠àá⢥­­ë© ã­¨¢¥àá¨â¥â), 2011 ‡ ¬¥­  ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
c ‘.‚. ˆ¢ ­®¢ , á®áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ 2011
3
 2.4. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¯à¨ x → ∞ . 29 1. ‘€‚Ž—›… ‘‚…„…ˆŸ
2.5. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à 
¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï ¬­®£®ç«¥­ 
­  âà ­á業¤¥­â­ãî ¨«¨ 1.1. ‘à ¢­¥­¨¥ ä㭪権
¨àà æ¨®­ «ì­ãî äã­ªæ¨î . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ãáâì äã­ªæ¨ï g (x) ­¥ ®¡à é ¥âáï ¢ ­®«ì ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®©
¯à®ª®«®â®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 . ’®£¤ :
3. ‚›—ˆ‘‹…ˆ… …„…‹Ž‚  ) ¥á«¨ lim fg(x)
(x)
= 1, â® £®¢®àïâ, çâ® äã­ªæ¨ï f (x)
”“Š–ˆ‰ 37 x→x0
3.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­  ä㭪樨 g (x) ¯à¨ x → x0 , ¨ ¯¨èãâ
â ¡«¨ç­ëå ä㭪権 ¯à¨ x → 0 . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2. à¥¤¥« ä㭪樨 ¢¨¤  fg(x)
(x)
. . . . . . . . . . . . 38 f (x) ∼ g (x) ¯à¨ x → x0 .
1 f (x)
3.3. à¥¤¥« ä㭪樨 ¢¨¤  f (x) g(x) . . . . . . . . . . 52 ¡) ¥á«¨ lim = 0, â® £®¢®àïâ, çâ® äã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ¥áâì ®-¬ «®¥
x→x0 g(x)
®â ä㭪樨 g (x) ¯à¨ x → x0 , ¨ ¯¨èãâ
4. ‡€„€—ˆ 58
4.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  . . . . . . . . 58 f (x) = o(g (x)) ¯à¨ x → x0 . (1)
4.2. ‚ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 1. ”®à¬ã«ã ¢¨¤  (1) á«¥¤ã¥â ç¨â âì ⮫쪮
5. Ž’‚…’› 63 á«¥¢  ­ ¯à ¢®, â ª ª ª ¯à ¢ ï ç áâì ®¡®§­ ç ¥â ª« áá
5.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  . . . . . . . . 63 ä㭪権, ¡¥áª®­¥ç­® ¬ «ëå ¯® áà ¢­¥­¨î á g (x) ¯à¨
5.2. ‚ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 x → x0 .  ¢¥­á⢮ (1) ¬®¦­® ¯®­¨¬ âì ª ª ®¡®§­ ç¥­¨¥
¯à¨­ ¤«¥¦­®á⨠ä㭪樨 f (x) ª ª« ááã o(g (x)).
‡ ¯¨áì f (x) = o(1) ®§­ ç ¥â, çâ® äã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ï¥âáï
¡¥áª®­¥ç­® ¬ «®© ¯à¨ x → x0 , â® ¥áâì lim f (x) = 0.
x→x0
…᫨ f (x) = o(g (x)), £¤¥ g (x) | ¡¥áª®­¥ç­® ¬ « ï
äã­ªæ¨ï ¯à¨ x → x0 , â® äã­ªæ¨î f (x) ­ §ë¢ îâ ¡¥áª®­¥ç­®
¬ «®© ¡®«¥¥ ¢ë᮪®£® ¯®à浪  ¯® áà ¢­¥­¨î á ä㭪樥© g (x)
¯à¨ x → x0 .
„«ï ⮣® ç⮡ë äã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ¡ë«  íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­  ä㭪樨
g (x) ¯à¨ x → x0 , ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­®, çâ®¡ë ¨¬¥«  ¬¥áâ®
ä®à¬ã« 
f (x) − g (x) = o(g (x)) ¯à¨ x → x0 .
¢) ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ ¢¨¤  f (x) = a (x − x0 )n + o((x − x0 )n ) ¯à¨
x → x0 , £¤¥ a = 0, á« £ ¥¬®¥ a (x − x0 )n ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï £« ¢­®©
ç áâìî ä㭪樨 f (x) ¯à¨ x → x0 .

4 5
1.2. ¥ª®â®àë¥ ä®à¬ã«ë ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï 1.3. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à 
¢ëà ¦¥­¨©, ᮤ¥à¦ é¨å ®-¬ «®¥ 1.3.1. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬
ãáâì ¢ «¥¢®© ç á⨠ࠢ¥­á⢠ § ¯¨áì ¢¨¤  o(f ) ®¡®§­ ç ¥â ¢ ä®à¬¥ ¥ ­®
ª®­ªà¥â­®£® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨â¥«ï ª« áá  o(f ), x → x0, C = 0 | ãáâì áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â f (n) (x0). ’®£¤  ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥áâ® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥
¯®áâ®ï­­ ï. ’®£¤  ¨¬¥îâ ¬¥áâ® ä®à¬ã«ë:
o(Cf ) = o(f ) ; (2) f  (x0 ) f  (x0 )
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x − x0 ) + (x − x0 )2 + . . . +
C · o(f ) = o(f ) ; (3) 1! 2!
f (n) (x0 )
o(f ) + o(f ) = o(f ) ; (4) +
n!
(x − x0 )n + o((x − x0 )n ) ¯à¨ x → x0
o(o(f )) = o(f ) ; (5) ¨«¨, ¢ ᮪à é¥­­®© ä®à¬¥,
o(f + o(f )) = o(f ) ; (6) n
 f (k) (x0 )
o(f ) · o(g) = o(f g) ; (7) f (x) =
k!
(x − x0 )k + o((x − x0 )n ) ¯à¨ x → x0. (11)
f n−1 o(f ) = o(f n ) ; (8) k=0

Œ­®£®ç«¥­ n

o(f n )   f (k) (x0 )
f
= o f n−1 , ¥á«¨ (9)
f (x) = 0 ∀x ∈ U̇δ (x0 ) ; Pn (x) =
k!
(x − x0 )k
k=0
(o(f ))α = o(f α ) , α > 0. (10) ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ¬­®£®ç«¥­®¬ ’¥©«®à  ä㭪樨 f (x) ¢ â®çª¥ x0.
 ¯à¨¬¥à, ä®à¬ã«  (7) ®§­ ç ¥â, çâ® ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ”ã­ªæ¨ï rn (x) = f (x)−Pn (x), £¤¥ rn (x) = o((x − x0)n) ¯à¨
α (x) · β (x) «î¡®£® í«¥¬¥­â  α (x) ¨§ ª« áá  ä㭪権 o(f ) x → x0 , ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ n-£® ¯®à浪  ä®à¬ã«ë
¨ β (x) ¨§ ª« áá  ä㭪権 o(g) ï¥âáï í«¥¬¥­â®¬ ª« áá  ’¥©«®à .
ä㭪権 o(f g). ”®à¬ã«  (11) ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  n-£® ¯®à浪 
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 2. à¨¢¥¤¥­­ë¥ ä®à¬ã«ë á«¥¤ã¥â ç¨â âì ¤«ï ä㭪樨 f (x) ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬
⮫쪮 á«¥¢  ­ ¯à ¢®, ãç¨â뢠ï, çâ® ¢ «¥¢ëå ç áâïå 㪠§ ­ ç«¥­®¬ ¢ ä®à¬¥ ¥ ­®.
ª®­ªà¥â­ë© ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨â¥«ì ª« áá ,   ¢ ¯à ¢ëå | ª« áá
ä㭪権. ¥ª®â®àë¥ ¨§ 㪠§ ­­ëå ä®à¬ã« ­¥¢¥à­ë ¯à¨ 1.3.2. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬
¨á¯®«ì§®¢ ­¨¨ ¨å á¯à ¢  ­ «¥¢®. ¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦ 
…᫨ äã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ¨¬¥¥â ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨
x0 ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¥ ¤® (n + 1)-£® ¯®à浪  ¢ª«îç¨â¥«ì­®, â® ¤«ï
«î¡®© â®çª¨ x ¨§ í⮩ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠­ ©¤¥âáï â®çª  ξ, «¥¦ é ï
¬¥¦¤ã x ¨ x0 (x < ξ < x0 ¨«¨ x0 < ξ < x), ¨ â ª ï, çâ®

6 7
 n
  
f k (x0 ) f (n+1) (ξ) x2 x4 x2n
f (x) = (x − x0 )k + (x − x0 )n+1 . (12) ch x = 1 + + + ... + + o x2n+1 ¨«¨
k! (n + 1) ! 2! 4! (2n)!
k=0
n
 x2k  
”®à¬ã«  (12) ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ch x = + o x2n+1 ¯à¨ x → 0. (16)
(2k)!
f (n+1) (ξ) k=0
ç«¥­®¬ rn (x) = (n+1)! (x − x0 )n+1 ¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦ .
x3 x5 x2n+1  
sh x = x + + + ... + + o x2n+2 ¨«¨
1.3.3. ’¥®à¥¬  ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®á⨠3! 5! (2n + 1)!
n
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à   x 2k+1  
sh x = + o x2n+2 ¯à¨ x → 0. (17)
ãáâì áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â f n (x0 ). ’®£¤  äã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ¥¤¨­á⢥­­ë¬
(2k + 1)!
k=0
®¡à §®¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬  ¢ ¢¨¤¥
x2 x4 x2n  
cos x = 1 − + − . . . + (−1)n + o x2n+1 ¨«¨
n
 2! 4! (2n)!
f (x) = ak (x − x0 )k + o((x − x0 )n ) ¯à¨ x → x0 , (13) n 2k  
x
k=0 cos x = (−1)k + o x2n+1 ¯à¨ x → 0. (18)
(2k)!
k=0
¯à¨ç¥¬ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï (13) ®¯à¥¤¥«ïîâáï
f (k) (x0 ) x3 x5 x2n+1  
ä®à¬ã« ¬¨ ak = k! , k = 0, 1, . . . , n. sin x = x − + − . . . + (−1)n + o x2n+2 ¨«¨
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
 n
1.3.4. ”®à¬ã«  Œ ª«®à¥­  x 2k+1  
sin x = (−1)k + o x2n+2 ¯à¨ x → 0. (19)
(2k + 1)!
…᫨ x0 = 0, â® ä®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¯à¨­¨¬ ¥â ¢¨¤ k=0

α (α − 1) 2 α (α − 1) (α − 2) 3
n
 f (k) (0) (1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x + x + ...+
f (x) = k
x + o(x ) n
¯à¨ x→0 (14) 2! 3!
k! α (α − 1) . . . (α − (n − 1)) n
k=0 + x + o(xn ) ¨«¨
n!
¨ ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ . n

à¨¢¥¤¥¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ®á­®¢­ëå (1 + x)α = Cαk xk + o(xn ) , ¯à¨ x → 0, α ∈ / N, α = 0, (20)
ä㭪権: k=0
x2 xn α(α−1)...(α−(k−1))
ex = 1 + x + + ... + + o(xn ) ¨«¨ £¤¥ Cα0 = 1, Cαk = k! , k = 1, 2, . . . ; ¢ ç áâ­®áâ¨,
2! n!
n
 xk n

ex = + o(xn ) ¯à¨ x → 0. (15) 1
k! = (−1)k xk + o(xn ) ¯à¨ x → 0; (21)
k=0 1+x
k=0

8 9
 1.4. Ž¯¥à æ¨¨ ­ ¤ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï¬¨
n
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
1 
= xk + o(xn ) ¯à¨ x → 0. (22) ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 4. €à¨ä¬¥â¨ç¥áª¨¥ ®¯¥à æ¨¨ ­ ¤
1−x
k=0 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï¬¨ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨
x0 ¢ë¯®«­ïîâ  ­ «®£¨ç­® ä®à¬ã«¥ Œ ª«®à¥­ . ‚ ¦­®,
x2 x3 xn
ln (1 + x) = x − + − . . . + (−1)n−1 + o(xn ) ¨«¨ çâ®  à¨ä¬¥â¨ç¥áª¨¥ ®¯¥à æ¨¨ ¯à¨¬¥­¨¬ë ⮫쪮 ª
2 3 n ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï¬ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠®¤­®©
n
xk ¨ ⮩ ¦¥ â®çª¨ x0 .
ln (1 + x) = (−1)k−1 + o(xn ) ¯à¨ x → 0; (23)
k
k=1
‘«®¦¥­¨¥ ¨ ¢ëç¨â ­¨¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© ä㭪権
n
xk ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ®áãé¥á⢫ï¥âáï ¯ã⥬ ¢ë¯®«­¥­¨ï
ln (1 − x) = − + o(xn ) ¯à¨ x → 0. (24) ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãîé¨å ®¯¥à æ¨© ­ ¤ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨ ¯à¨
k
k=1
®¤¨­ ª®¢ëå á⥯¥­ïå. …᫨
n
 n

‚ ¦­ë¬¨ ­  ¯à ªâ¨ª¥ ïîâáï ᢮©á⢠ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© f (x) = k
ak x + o(x ) , n
g (x) = bk xk + o(xn ) , x → 0, â®
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ç¥â­ëå ¨ ­¥ç¥â­ëå ä㭪権. k=0 k=0
ãáâì f (x) | ç¥â­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¨ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â f (2n+1) (0), n

⮣¤  ¥¥ ä®à¬ã«  Œ ª«®à¥­  ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤ 1) f (x) ± g (x) = (ak ± bk )xk + o(xn ) , x → 0;
k=0
n
 f (2k) (0)   n
 k

f (x) = x2k + o x2n+1 ¯à¨ x → 0. (25) 2) f (x) g (x) = ck xk + o(xn ) , x → 0, £¤¥ ck = ai bk−i .
(2k) !
k=0 k=0 i=0

ãáâì f (x) | ­¥ç¥â­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¨ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â f (2n+2) (0), ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 5. “¬­®¦¥­¨¥ ¨ ¢®§¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ¢ á⥯¥­ì
⮣¤  ¥¥ ä®à¬ã«  Œ ª«®à¥­  ¯à¨¬¥â ¢¨¤ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ®áãé¥á⢫ï¥âáï ¯®
áâ ­¤ àâ­ë¬ ä®à¬ã« ¬ 㬭®¦¥­¨ï ¨ ¢®§¢¥¤¥­¨ï ¢ á⥯¥­ì
n
 f (2k+1) (0)   ¬­®£®ç«¥­®¢, ­® á ãç¥â®¬ ¯à ¢¨« ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï ¢ëà ¦¥­¨©,
f (x) = x2k+1 + o x2n+2 ¯à¨ x → 0. (26)
(2k + 1) ! ᮤ¥à¦ é¨å ®-¬ «®¥ ((2) | (10), á. 6).
k=0

‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 3. ®à冷ª ®-¬ «®£® ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ïå (25) ¨ à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨
(26) ­  ¥¤¨­¨æã ¢ëè¥ á⥯¥­¨ ¯®á«¥¤­¥£® ç«¥­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­ , F (x) = f (ϕ (x)) ¤® o(xn ), £¤¥ ϕ (x) = o(1) ¯à¨ x → 0, ¯®«ãç ¥¬
â ª ª ª ¢ ®¡®¨å ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ïå á« £ ¥¬®¥, á«¥¤ãî饥 §  á«¥¤ãî騬 ®¡à §®¬:
áâ à襩 á⥯¥­ìî ¬­®£®ç«¥­  ’¥©«®à , à ¢­® ­ã«î. 1) ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ äã­ªæ¨î ϕ (x) ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o(xn );
2) ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ äã­ªæ¨î f (y) ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o(y n );
3) § ¬¥­ï¥¬ y ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨
ϕ (x);

10 11
4) à áªà뢠¥¬ ᪮¡ª¨, á®åà ­ïï ç«¥­ë á⥯¥­¨ ­¥ ¢ëè¥ n.

n
‚ ç áâ­®áâ¨, ¥á«¨ ϕ (x) = Axm , m ∈ N, f (y) = ak y k + n

k=0
f  (x) = ak xk + o(xn ) , ⮣¤ 
+ o(y n ), â®
k=0
n
 n
 ak k+1  
F (x) = f (Axm ) = Ak ak xmk + o(xmn ) , x → 0. f (x) = f (0) + x + o xn+1 , (27)
k=0
k+1
k=0

â® ¥áâì á« £ ¥¬ë¥ ¬­®£®ç«¥­  ’¥©«®à  ä㭪樨 f (x)

à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ç áâ­®£® ¤¢ãå ¯®«ãç îâáï ¯®ç«¥­­ë¬ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨¥¬ ¬­®£®ç«¥­  ’¥©«®à 
ä㭪権 ¯®«ãç î⠨ᯮ«ì§ãï ¯à ¢¨«®
α(x)
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© f  (x). ‚ ¦­® ¯à¨ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨¨ ­¥ ¯®â¥àïâì
1
á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨. ãáâì f (x) = 1+β(x) = α (x) · 1+β(x) , ç«¥­ ­ã«¥¢®£® ¯®à浪  f (0).
£¤¥ β (x) → 0. ‚â®à®© ¬­®¦¨â¥«ì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®©
Œ ª«®à¥­  ¯® ¯à ¢¨«ã ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨 ¤«ï 1.5. ‚ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢
1
¢­¥è­¥© ä㭪樨 1+y . ‡ â¥¬ ¯¥à¥¬­®¦ ¥¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï á ¯®¬®éìî ä®à¬ã«ë ’¥©«®à 
ᮬ­®¦¨â¥«¥©.
à¥¤¥« ä㭪樨 ¢¨¤  f (x)
g(x) .
„«ï ¯®«ã祭¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ç áâ­®£® ¤¢ãå ä㭪権
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥âáï â ª¦¥ ¬¥â®¤ ãáâì f (x) = axn + o(xn ) ¨ g (x) = bxn + o(xn ) , x → 0, b = 0.
­¥®¯à¥¤¥«¥­­ëå ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â®¢
g(x)
.
ãáâì f (x) = h(x) ¨ ¨§¢¥áâ­ë ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä㭪権 g (x) f (x) axn + o(xn ) a
¨ h (x) ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ , â® ®â à ¢¥­á⢠ f (x) h (x) = g (x) ’®£¤  lim = lim n = .
x→0 g (x) x→0 bx + o(xn ) b
¯¥à¥å®¤¨¬ ª à ¢¥­áâ¢ã ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãîé¨å ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨©
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ , ¯à¨ç¥¬ ¤«ï ä㭪樨 f (x) ¡¥à¥¬
à¥¤¥« ä㭪樨 ¢¨¤  (f (x)) .
1
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ á ­¥®¯à¥¤¥«¥­­ë¬¨ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨. ‚ g(x)

«¥¢®© ç á⨠à áªà뢠¥¬ ᪮¡ª¨ ¯® ¯à ¢¨«ã 㬭®¦¥­¨ï

¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© ¨ ¯®«ãç ¥¬ á¨á⥬ã ãà ¢­¥­¨©. à¨à ¢­¨¢ ¥¬ ãáâì f (x) = 1 + axn + o(xn ) , x → 0, a = 0 ¨
ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ¯à¨ á®®â¢¥âáâ¢ãîé¨å á⥯¥­ïå ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© g (x) = bxn + o(xn ) , x → 0, b = 0.
¢ «¥¢®© ¨ ¯à ¢®© ç áâïå. ¥è¥­¨ï á¨á⥬ë ïîâáï
ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨ ¨áª®¬®£® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä㭪樨 f (x).
1 1 a
’®£¤  lim f (x) g(x) = lim (1 + axn + o(xn )) (bxn +o(xn )) = e b .
‘¢ï§ì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨 ¨ ¥¥ x→0 x→0
¯à®¨§¢®¤­®©.
ãáâì áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â f (n+1) (0) ¨ ¨§¢¥áâ­®, çâ®

12 13
2. ˆŒ…› ‘ …˜…ˆŸŒˆ  ‚ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¨ á ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨¥¬ â®ç­®áâì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï
ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 ­¥ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì
2.1. à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨©, ¢ëè¥, 祬 ­ ¨¡®«ì訩 ¯®à冷ª ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®©, áãé¥áâ¢ãî饩
ᮤ¥à¦ é¨å ®-¬ «®¥ ¢ í⮩ â®çª¥.
à¨¬¥à 2.1. “¯à®áâ¨âì ãáâì g (x) = x2 |x|, ⮣¤  g (0) = g (0) = g (0) = 0, g (0)
   ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥
  ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â. ®í⮬㠯।áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
2x + 3x2 + o x3 − 2 3 ¯à¨ x → 0. 
 x + 3x +2 o x  3 
2
 2x + 3x + o x 3 − x + 3x + o x = x + o x3 .  ä㭪樨 g(x) ¤® o(xn ) ¨¬¥îâ ¢¨¤: g (x) = o(x) ¯à¨ n = 1;
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 6. ‚§ ¨¬­®¥ ã­¨ç⮦¥­¨¥ ª¢ ¤à â¨ç­ëå g (x) = o x2 ¯à¨ n = 2; ¯à¨ n ≥ 3 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ­¥
ç«¥­®¢ ¯®à浪  ®-¬ «®£®.  §­®áâì áãé¥áâ¢ãîâ.
 3  ­¥ 3¢«¥ç¥â
  ¯®­¨¦¥­¨ï
 ˆá¯®«ì§ãï â ¡«¨ç­®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ¯®ª § â¥«ì­®©
o x − o x = o x . ¥¢¥à­® áç¨â âì ¥¥ à ¢­®© ­ã«î, â ª
3

ª ª ¬ë ­ å®¤¨¬ à §­®áâì ¤¢ãå, ¢®®¡é¥ £®¢®àï, à §«¨ç­ëå ä㭪樨 (15) ¨ ¯à ¢¨«® á«®¦¥­¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨©, ¨¬¥¥¬  
f (x) = 1 + x + o(x) ¯à¨ n = 1 ; f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + o x2 ¯à¨
2
ä㭪権 ®¤­®£® ª« áá .
n = 2; ¯à¨ n ≥ 3 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â. 
 à¨¬¥à 2.2. “¯à®áâ¨âì
   ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ 
3x + 5x2 + x4 − o x4 1 + 5x − x3 + o x3 ¯à¨ x → 0.
 ®ç«¥­­® 㬭®¦¨¬ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨ï ¢ ᪮¡ª å (á¬. § ¬¥ç ­¨¥ à¨ ¢®§¢¥¤¥­¨¨ ¢ á⥯¥­ì ¨ ¯¥à¥¬­®¦¥­¨¨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨©
5, á. 11). ˆá¯®«ì§ã¥¬ â ¡«¨ç­ãî § ¯¨áì ¤«ï ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  â®ç­®áâì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï
¯®¤®¡­ëå á« £ ¥¬ëå: ­ ¨¬¥­ì訬 ¯®à浪®¬ ®-¬ «®£® ¢ १ã«ìâ¨àãî饬
3x + 5x2 + x4 + ox4  +
  ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¨. —«¥­ë ¡®«¥¥ ¢ë᮪®£® ¯®à浪  ¬®¦­® ­¥
2
+ 15x + 25x + 3 ox4  − ¢ë¯¨á뢠âì ¨ ­¥ ãç¨â뢠âì ¢ ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨ïå, â ª ª ª ®­¨
− 3x + o x4 =
4 ïîâáï ®-¬ «ë¬.
= 3x + 20x + 25x − 2x4 + o x4 .
2 3 à¨¬¥à√2.4. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
f (x) = ex · 1 + x ¤® o x2 .
—«¥­ë ¢ëè¥ ç¥â¢¥à⮩ á⥯¥­¨ ïîâáï o x4 ¯à¨ x → 0.   ”ã­ªæ¨ï
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 7. ’ ¡«¨ç­ ï ä®à¬  § ¯¨á¨ ¯à¥¤¯®« £ ¥â, çâ® √ ï¥âáï ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨¥¬ ¤¢ãå ä㭪権. ’ ª ª ª
ex ∼ 1 ¨ 1 + x ∼ 1 ¯à¨ x → 0, â® ­ å®¤¨¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï
¯®¤®¡­ë¥ á« £ ¥¬ë¥ ¢ë¯¨á뢠îâáï ¯® ¬¥à¥ ¨å ¯®«ã祭¨ï ¯à¨ ®¡¥¨å ä㭪権 ¤® ¨áª®¬®£® ¯®à浪 :
à áªàë⨨ ᪮¡®ª ¯® áâப ¬ ¨«¨ ¯® á⮫¡æ ¬.   
x2   x x2  
f (x) = 1+x+ + o x2 1+ − + o x2
2.2. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä㭪権 2 2 8
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
 áªà뢠¥¬ ¯¥à¢ãî ᪮¡ªã, ¢ ª ¦¤®¬ á« £ ¥¬®¬ ãç¨â뢠¥¬
2.2.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥
  ä㭪権 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ⮫쪮 ⥠童­ë ¢â®à®£® ¬­®¦¨â¥«ï, á⥯¥­ì ª®â®àëå ¯®á«¥
¤® o xk , £¤¥ k | 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¥ ç¨á«® à áªàëâ¨ï ¢á¥å ᪮¡®ª ­¥ ¯à¥¢®á室¨â 2, â® ¥áâì â®ç­®áâ¨
à¨¬¥à 2.3. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï, ⮣¤ 
f (x) = ex + x2 |x| ¤® o(xn ). Š ª¨¥ §­ ç¥­¨ï ¬®¦¥â ¯à¨­¨¬ âì
n?

14 15
     2  3
x x2  2 x  2
 x − x2 x − x2  
f (x) = 1+ − +o x + x 1 + + o(x) + f (x) = 1 + x − x + + + o x3 .
2 8 2 2 6

+
x 2
(1 + o(1)) = 1 +
3x 7x2
+
 
+ o x2 , x → 0. ®«ã祭­®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ­¥ ï¥âáï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥¬
2 2 8 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ , ¤«ï ¯®«ã祭¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï
à¨¬¥à 2.5. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  à áªà뢠¥¬ ᪮¡ª¨ ¨ ¯®«ãç ¥¬
f (x) = sin x · ln (1 + x) ¤® o x5 . x2 5x3  
 ’ ª ª ª sin x ∼ x, ln (1 + x) ∼ x ¯à¨ x → 0, â®  sin x ¨
f (x) = 1 + x −
2
−
6
+ o x3 , x → 0.
ln (1 + x) ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x4 : à¨¬¥à 2.7. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
 

x3  

x2 x3 x4  
 f (x) = esin ln(1+2x) ¤® o x3 .
f (x) = x −
3!
+ o x4 x−
2
+
3
−
4
+ o x4 =  ”ã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ï¥âáï á«®¦­®© ä㭪樥© á

x2 x3 x4  4

x3

x2  2
 ­¥áª®«ìª¨¬¨ ¢«®¦¥­­­ë¬¨ äã­ªæ¨ï¬¨. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥
=x x− + − +o x − x− +o x = ­ ç¨­ ¥¬ á ¢­ãâ७­¥©

ä㭪樨. ’ ª ª ª ln (1 + t) =
2 3 4 3! 2
t − 2 + 3 + o t , £¤¥ t = 2x → 0 ¯à¨ x → 0, â®
2
t t3
3
x3 x4 x5  
= x2 − + − + o x5 , x → 0. (2x)2 (2x)3   8x3  
2 6 6 ln (1 + 2x) = 2x− + +o x3 = 2x−2x2 + +o x3 .
2 3 3
Žáâ «ì­ë¥ ç«¥­ë ®¯ãé¥­ë ¯® ¯à ¢¨« ¬ ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï   
¢ëà ¦¥­¨©, ᮤ¥à¦ é¨å ®-¬ «®¥. Ž¡®§­ ç ï u = 2x − 2x2 + 8x33 + o x3 , ¨¬¥¥¬ u → 0 ¯à¨
 
x → 0, sin u = u − u6 + o u3 , ⮣¤ 
3

à¨ ¢®§¢¥¤¥­¨¨ ¢ á⥯¥­ì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®©

’¥©«®à  ¢ ¦­® ­¥ ¯®â¥àïâì ç«¥­ë, ïî騥áï ¯®¯ à­ë¬¨ 
8x3  

1
¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï¬¨ á« £ ¥¬ëå, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à: sin ln (1 + 2x) = 2x − 2x2 +
3
+ o x3 − (2x + o(x))3 =
6
  2  2  2 4x3  
x + 2x2 + 3x3 + o x3 = x2 + 2x2 + 3x3 + = 2x − 2x2 + + o x3 .
      3
+ 2 x · 2x2 + x · 3x3 + 2x2 · 3x3 +o x3 x + 2x2 + 3x3 + o x3 . 
 
à¨¬¥à 2.6. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î „«ï y = 2x − 2x2 + 4x33 + o x3 ¨¬¥¥¬ y → 0 ¯à¨ x → 0,
 3  
¤® o x . ey = 1 + y + y2 + y6 + o y 3 , ⮣¤ 
2 2 3
f (x) = ex−x

 f (x) ï¥âáï á«®¦­®© ä㭪樥© (á¬. á. 11|12).  

4x3  3 1  2
‚­ãâ७­ïï äã­ªæ¨ï x − x2 ∼ x ¯à¨ x → 0, ¯®í⮬㠢­¥è­îî f (x) = 1+ 2x − 2x + 2
+o x + 2x − 2x2 + o x2 +
äã­ªæ¨î ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
 ¤® ¨áª®¬®£®

3 2
¯®à浪 : et = 1 + t + t2 + t6 + o t3 , £¤¥ t = x − x2 → 0
2 3
1  
+ (2x + o(x))3 + o x3 = 1 + 2x −
4x3  
+ o x3 .
¯à¨ x → 0. ’®£¤  6 3

16 17
  ¥è¥­¨¥ ¯à¨¬¥à  ¬®¦­® § ¯¨á âì ¢ ¤à㣮© ä®à¬¥. á®áâ ¢«ïîâ ç áâ­ë¥ á«ãç ¨, ⨯  ϕ (x) = Axm, m ∈ N. ‚
à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ­ ç¨­ ¥¬ á ¢­ãâ७­¨å ä㭪権, ¢ë¯¨áë¢ ï ¤à㣨å á«ãç ïå 楫¥á®®¡à §­® ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ âì äã­ªæ¨î â ª¨¬
"á奬ã" ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饩 ä㭪樨 ¨ ®¡à §®¬, çâ®¡ë ¨§¡¥¦ âì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨
¯®¤áâ ¢«ïï ¢ ­¥¥ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騩  à£ã¬¥­â: ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à .

  à¨¬¥à 2.9. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
 
f (x) = exp sin 2x − 2x2 +
8x3
+ o x3 = f (x) = tg x ¤® o x . 6


3
   ‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ¬¥â®¤®¬ ­¥®¯à¥¤¥«¥­­ëå ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â®¢.
x , ⮣¤  cos x · tg x = sin x. ’ ª ª ª äã­ªæ¨ï
2 8x3  3 1 3  3 tg x = cossin x
= exp 2x − 2x + +o x − (2x + o(x)) + o x =
3 6 y = tg x ­¥ç¥â­ ï, â® ¥¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®©

4x3  
 Œ ª«®à¥­  á ­¥®¯à¥¤¥«¥­­ë¬¨ ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨
= exp 2x − 2x2 +
3
+ o x3 = ¡¥à¥¬ ⮫쪮 ¯® ­¥ç¥â­ë¬ á⥯¥­ï¬. à¨à ¢­¨¢ ¥¬
 
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï
 6  ä®à¬ã« ¬¨ Œ ª«®à¥­  á â®ç­®áâìî
 5    6 
¤®
o x :
2
x 4 x
4x3   1  2 1 − 2 + 24 + o x 3 5
ax + bx + cx + o x =
= 1 + 2x − 2x2 + + o x3 + 2x − 2x2 + + o x2 +   6 
= x − 6 + 120 + o x .
3 2 x3 5 x
  4x3  
1
+ (2x + o(x))3 + o x3 = 1 + 2x − + o x3 , x → 0.  áªà뢠ï ᪮¡ª¨ ¨ ¯à¨à ¢­¨¢ ï ª®íää¨æ¨¥­âë ¯à¨
6 3 ®¤¨­ ª®¢ëå á⥯¥­ïå, ¯®«ãç ¥¬ á¨á⥬ã ãà ¢­¥­¨©:
à¨¬¥à 2.8. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
 5 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î x: a = 1;
2 ) ¤® o x .
arcsin x3
f (x) = ln(1+x x3 : − a2 + b = − 16 ;
 
 ’ ª ª ª arcsin x3 ∼ x3 , ln 1 + x2 ∼ x2 ¯à¨ x → 0, x5 : a b
24 − 2 + c = 120 .
1

â® arcsin x3 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x7 ,  

 6
ln 1 + x | ¤® o x ¨ ᮪à é ¥¬ ¤à®¡ì:
2 ¥è ï á¨á⥬ã, ¯®«ãç ¥¬ a = 1, b = 13 , c = 152 . ˆâ ª,
1 2  
    tg x = x + x3 + x5 + o x6 , x → 0.
x3 + o x7 x + o x5 3 15
f (x) = = =
4 6
x2 − x2 + x3 + o(x6 )
2 4
1 − x2 + x3 + o(x4 ) ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 9. €­ «®£¨ç­® ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饬㠯ਬ¥àã ¬®¦­®
  5 
  2
x x4  4
  2
x

 2 2
¯®«ãç¨âì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨
= x+o x 1− − + +o x + − +o x = y = th x ¤® o x6 . € ¨¬¥­­®,
2 3 2
1 2  
  th x = x − x3 + x5 + o x6 , x → 0.
   x2 x4   x3 x5   3 15
= x + o x5 1+ − + o x4 = x+ − +o x5 .
2 12 2 12
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 8. à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ § ¤ ç ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© à¨¬¥à 2.10. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
’¥©«®à  á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨 ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥âáï ¤«ï ­¥¡®«ìè¨å f (x) = arcsin x ¤® o x6 .
䨪á¨à®¢ ­­ëå n, â ª ª ª íâ ¯ à áªàëâ¨ï ᪮¡®ª ¢ ®¡é¥¬   ©¤¥¬  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥
 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
á«ãç ¥ âà㤭® ¢ë¯®«­¨¬ ¤«ï ¯à®¨§¢®«ì­®£® n. ˆáª«î祭¨¥ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ¤® o x : 6

18 19
 1 x2 3x4  
f  (x) = √ =1+ + + o x5 .   n−1
 (2k − 1)!!
1−x2 2 8  
ln x + 1 + x2 = x + x2k+1 + o x2n , x → 0.
ˆ­â¥£à¨àãï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ¨ ãç¨â뢠ï, çâ® k
2 k! (2k + 1)
k=1
arcsin 0 = 0, ¨¬¥¥¬ (á¬. ä®à¬ã«ã (27), á. 13):  
arcsin x = x +
x3 3x5
+
 
+ o x6 .
’®£¤  f (x) = x2 ln x + 1 + x2 =
6 40  n−1

 (2k − 1)!!  
 1 à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
à¨¬¥à 2.11.   2  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î = x2 x + x2k+1 + o x2n =
f (x) = arccos 2 + x ¤® o x . 2k · k! (2k + 1)
k=1
 €à£ã¬¥­â ä㭪樨 ­¥ áâ६¨âìáï ª ­ã«î ¯à¨ x → 0. n−2
  
(2k − 1)!!
’¥¬ ­¥ ¬¥­¥¥ ¬®¦­® ¢®á¯®«ì§®¢ âìáï á¢ï§ìî ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© = x3 +
2k · k! (2k + 1)
x2k+3 + o x2n , x → 0.
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨 ¨ ¥¥ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®©: k=1

1
 
1 2 ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 10. ’¨¯¨ç­®© ®è¨¡ª®© ï¥âáï ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥
arccos
2
+x = − 1 2 = − √  2)
= ¯à¨¥¬  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à®¢ ­¨ï ª ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨î âà ­á業¤¥­â­®©
1− 2 +x 3 · 1 − 4(x+x
3 ä㭪樨 ­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ª ä㭪樨 f (x) ¢

2

2 x+x 2

2 4x ¯à¨¬¥à¥ 2.12. ‚ í⮬ á«ãç ¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© á«®¦­¥¥
= −√
3
1+
3
+ o(x) = − √ − √ + o(x) .
3 3 3
¨á室­®£® ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï.
  2   2.2.2. ®ª § â¥«ì­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï
’®£¤  f (x) = arccos 21 + x = π3 − √2 x− 2x√ +o x2 , x → 0.
3 3 3 ®ª § â¥«ì­ãî äã­ªæ¨î ¯à¨¢®¤¨¬ ª ®á­®¢ ­¨î e ¨
à¨¬¥à 2.12.
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î ¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ¯à ¢¨«®¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨
√
f (x) = x ln x + 1 + x ¤® o x .
2 2
 2n  (á¬. á. 12|13).
  ©¤¥¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­   à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
à¨¬¥à 2.13.  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
f (x) = 5x ¤® o x2n+1 .
2
√
¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© ä㭪樨 g (x) = ln x + 1 + x . ® ä®à¬ã«¥
2
n  2 k
   x ln 5  
(4.7.) ¯à¨ α = − 12 , £¤¥ C−k = − (− )...(k!− −(k−1)) = (−1) 2(2k−1)!! ,
1 3 1 k 2
2 2 2  f (x) = exp x ln 5 = + o x2n+1 =
1 k! k
k!
¨ ¯à ¢¨«ã ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  á«®¦­®©
2
k=0
n
ä㭪樨 ¨¬¥¥¬ =
x2k lnk 5  
+ o x2n+1 , x → 0.
n−1
k!
1  (−1)k (2k − 1)!!   k=0

g (x) = √ =1+ x2k + o x2n , x → 0.
1+x2 2 k k! à¨¬¥à 2.14. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
k=1
¤® o x3 .
f (x) = exp {4 cos x}
“ç¨â뢠ï, çâ® f (0) = ln 1 = 0, ¯®«ãç ¥¬
20 21

  1 1
x2  3
 f (x) = exp 4 1 − +o x =  f (x) = sh2 x · ch x = (ch 2x − 1) ch x = (ch 3x − ch x) =
2  n 2 4
      1  (3x)2k n
 x 2k  
= e4 · exp −2x2 + o x3 = e4 · 1 − 2x2 + o x3 = = − + o x2n+1 =
  4 (2k)! (2k)!
= e4 − 2e4 x2 + o x3 , x → 0. k=0 k=0
n
 32k − 1 2k  
à¨¬¥à 2.15. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î =
4 · (2k)!
x + o x2n+1 , x → 0.
¤® o x5 .
f (x) = (ch x)sin x k=0

‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 11. „«ï ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï ¢ëà ¦¥­¨© 㤮¡­®

 f (x) = exp {sin x · ln ch x} =

    ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ä®à¬ã«ë:
x3  4 x2 x4  4 1 1
= exp x− +o x ln 1 + + +o x = ch2 x−sh2 x = 1; ch2 x = (ch 2x + 1) ; sh2 x = (ch 2x − 1) ;
3! 2! 4! 2 2
   ch 2x = ch2 x + sh2 x; sh 2x = 2 sh x ch x;
x3   x2 x4  4
= exp x− + o x4 + +o x − sh (x ± y) = sh x ch y ± ch x sh x;
3! 2! 4!
   ch (x ± y) = ch x ch y ± sh x sh x;
1 x2  2 2  4
− +o x +o x = 2 ch x ch y = ch (x + y) + ch (x − y) ;
2 2!
2 sh x sh y = ch (x + y) − ch (x − y) ;

  2 
x3   x x4  
= exp x− + o x4 − + o x4 = 2 sh x ch y = sh (x + y) + sh (x − y) .
6 2 12

3 
x x5  5 x3 x5   2.2.4. ’ਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¥ ä㭪樨
= exp − +o x =1+ − + o x5 , x → 0.
2 6 2 6
à¨¬¥à 2.17. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì  2n+1ä®à¬ã«®©
 Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
2.2.3. ƒ¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª¨¥ ä㭪樨 f (x) = sin x · cos x ¤® o x
2
.
„«ï ¯®«ã祭¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª¨å  f (x) = sin2 x · cos x =
(1 − cos 2x)
cos x =
cos x − cos 3x
=
ä㭪権 ¯à¥®¡à §ã¥¬ ¨á室­®¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ ¢ á㬬ã  n 2 4
£¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª¨å ä㭪権 ¤àã£¨å  à£ã¬¥­â®¢: =
1 
(−1) k x
2k
−
n
(−1)k
(3x)2k 
+ o x2n+1

=
à¨¬¥à 2.16. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î 4 (2k)! (2k)!
f (x) = sh2 x · ch x ¤® o x2n+1 .
k=0 k=0
n
 1 − 32k 2k  
= (−1)k x + o x2n+1 , x → 0.
4 · (2k)!
k=0

22 23
 à¨¬¥à 2.18. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
¤® o x3 .
f (x) = sin (ch x)  2  
 √ 1
    
− 23 2 13 − 23 − 53 3  
x 1
 f (x) = sin (ch x) = sin 1 + + o x3
3
1+x=1+ x+ 3
x + x + o x3 =
2 3 2 6
x x2 5x3  
’ ª ª ª  à£ã¬¥­â ᨭãá  ­¥ áâ६¨âìáï ª ­ã«î ¯à¨ x → 0, â® =1+ − + + o x3 , x → 0.
¨á¯®«ì§ãï ä®à¬ã«ã ᨭãá  á㬬ë, ¯®«ãç ¥¬ 3 9 81
   2  ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 12. „«ï ã¯à®é¥­¨ï ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨© ¯®«¥§­®
f (x) = sin 1 +
x2  
+ o x3 = sin 1 · cos
x  
+ o x3 + ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ४ãà७⭮¥ ᮮ⭮襭¨¥
2 2 α (α − 1) . . . (α − (k − 1)) (α − k) α−k
 2  Cαk+1 = = Cαk · .
x   x2   (k + 1)! k+1
+ cos 1 · sin + o x3 = sin 1 + cos 1 · + o x3 , x → 0.
2 2
√ à¨¬¥à 2.20. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
 2n+1  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨
1 + x2 ¨ √1−x
1
¤® o x .
2.2.5. ‘⥯¥­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï 2
 ˆá¯®«ì§ãï ¯à ¢¨«® á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨, ᢮©á⢠
à¨¬¥à
√ 2.19. √à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©
 Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨©
√ ç¥â­ëå ä㭪権 ¨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä㭪権
1
1 + x, √1+x , 1 + x ¤® o x3 .
3
1 + x ¨ √1+x
1
, ¯®«ãç ¥¬
  ) ˆá¯®«ì§ãï â ¡«¨ç­®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ (20) á⥯¥­­®©  n
x2  (−1)k−1 (2k − 3) !! 2k  
ä㭪樨 ¯à¨ α = 12 , ¯®«ãç ¥¬ 1 + x2 = 1+
2
+ k
2 · k!
x +o x2n+1 , x → 0;
1
     k=2
√ 1 − 12 2 12 − 12 − 32 3   1 n
(2k − 1)!! 2k  
1+x=1+ x+ 2
x + x + o x3 = √ =1+ x + o x2n+1 , x → 0.
2 2 6 1−x2 k
2 · k!
x x2 x3   k=1
=1+ − + + o x3 , x → 0.
2 8 16 √ 2.21. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
à¨¬¥à ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
f (x) = 4 + x ¤® o(x ).
n
¡) ˆá¯®«ì§ãï â ¡«¨ç­®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ (20) á⥯¥­­®©
ä㭪樨 ¯à¨ α = − 12 , ¯®«ãç ¥¬ ’ ª ª ª
√
1 + x = 1+ +
n
x  (−1)k−1 (2k−3)!! k
x +o(xn ) , x → 0,
 1  3     2 2k · k!
k=2
1 1 − 2 − 2 2 − 12 − 32 − 52 3  3  
√ = 1− x+ x + x +o x = √
1+x 2 2 6 â® 4 + x = 2 1 + x4 =
x 3x2 5x3   
=1− + − + o x3 , x → 0.
1 x  (−1)k−1 (2k − 3)!!  x k
n
2 8 16
=2 1+ · + + o(xn ) =
2 4 2k · k! 4
¢) ˆá¯®«ì§ãï â ¡«¨ç­®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ (20) á⥯¥­­®© k=2
ä㭪樨 ¯à¨ α = 13 , ¯®«ãç ¥¬ n
x  (−1)k−1 (2k − 3)!! k
=2+ + x + o(xn ) , x → 0.
4 23k−1 · k!
k=2

24 25
2.2.6. „஡­®-à æ¨®­ «ì­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï
1. „à®¡ì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ áã¬¬ë ¬­®£®ç«¥­  (¢®§¬®¦­® 1 1 1
­ã«¥¢®£®) ¨ ¯à ¢¨«ì­®© ¤à®¡¨. ’®£¤  f (x) = 2 + · + =
2 1 + x2 1−x
2. à¨ ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®á⨠¯à ¢¨«ì­ãî ¤à®¡ì à áª« ¤ë¢ ¥¬ ­   n
1   k n
á㬬㠤஡¥© á® §­ ¬¥­ â¥«¥¬ ¢¨¤  1 + αtm , ®â¢¥ç îé¨å ¨«¨ k x n
=2+ (−1) + o(x ) + xk + o(xn ) , x → 0.
᢮¤ïé¨åáï ª â ¡«¨ç­ë¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï¬. 2 2
k=0 k=0
3. ®«ãç ¥¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤«ï
¢á¥å ¢å®¤ïé¨å ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¤à®¡¥©. à¨¢®¤¨¬ ¯®¤®¡­ë¥ ’ ª ª ª ç«¥­ë ­ã«¥¢®© á⥯¥­¨ ­¥ ¯®¯ ¤ îâ ¯®¤ ®¡éãî
á« £ ¥¬ë¥. ä®à¬ã«ã, â®, ¯à¨¢®¤ï ¯®¤®¡­ë¥ á« £ ¥¬ë¥, ¢ë¯¨á뢠¥¬
„«ï ¯®«ã祭¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¤à®¡¨ ¢¨¤  1+αt Pk (t) ª®­áâ ­â㠮⤥«ì­®:
m ä®à¬ã«®© 
n
Œ ª«®à¥­ , £¤¥ Pk (t) | ¬­®£®ç«¥­, ¨¬¥î騩 ­¥áª®«ìª® 7  (−1)k
f (x) = + + 1 xk + o(xn ) , x → 0.
®â«¨ç­ëå ®â ­ã«ï á« £ ¥¬ëå, ¬®¦­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© 2 2k+1
1 k=1
Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤à®¡ì 1+αt m ¨ 㬭®¦¨âì ¥¥ ­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­.

à¨¬¥à 2.22. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì

 4n+3  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 13. …᫨ α ∈ N, â® ®áâ â®ç­ë© α ç«¥­k ¢k
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  (1 + x)α =
2 +2x+7
f (x) = x 1−x 4 ¤® o x . k=1 Cα x
1 
n   à ¢¥­ ­ã«î. Ž ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ ¬­®£®ç«¥­  ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à 
 1−x4 = x4k + o x4n+3 , x → 0. “¬­®¦¨¬ ¯®«ã祭­®¥ ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = 0 á¬. ¯à¨¬¥à 2.27.
k=0
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­ x2 + 2x + 7 ¨ ¯à¨¢¥¤¥¬ ¯®¤®¡­ë¥
á« £ ¥¬ë¥: 2.2.7. ‹®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª ï äã­ªæ¨ï

 2
 n
   4n+3 
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 14. ’ ª ª ª (ln (1 + x)) = 1+x 1
¨ ln 1 = 0,
4k
f (x) = x + 2x + 7 x +o x = â® ä®à¬ã«  (23) ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¯®«ã祭  ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨¥¬
k=0 ä®à¬ã«ë (21). ”®à¬ã«  (24) ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¯®«ã祭  ¨§ ä®à¬ã«ë
n
 n n
        (23) ¯® ¯à ¢¨«ã á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨.
= x4k+2 +o x4n+5 + 2·x4k+1 +o x4n+4 + 7·x4k +o x4n+3 = à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ «®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樨 ¢ë¯®«­ïîâ,
k=0 k=0 k=0 § ¯¨á ¢ äã­ªæ¨î ¢ ¢¨¤¥ «¨­¥©­®© ª®¬¡¨­ æ¨¨ ä㭪権 ¢¨¤ 
n 
   ln (1 + αxm ) ¨, ¢®§¬®¦­®, ª®­áâ ­âë.
= 7 · x4k + 2 · x4k+1 + x4k+2 + o x4n+3 , x → 0.
k=0
à¨¬¥à 2.24. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
4−x
f (x) = ln (3−2x)(5−x) ¤® o(xn ).
à¨¬¥à2 2.23. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î   
f (x) = 2xx2 +2x−7 ¤® o(xn ). 4 x 2x  x
+x−2  f (x) = ln + ln 1 − − ln 1 − − ln 1 − =
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ äã­ªæ¨î ¢ ¢¨¤¥ áã¬¬ë ¬­®£®ç«¥­  ¨ 15 4 3 5
n n n
¯à ¢¨«ì­®© ¤à®¡¨ ¨ à §«®¦¨¬ ¯à ¢¨«ì­ãî ¤à®¡ì ­  á㬬ã 4 xk 2k xk  xk
3 1 1 = ln − + + + o(xn ) =
f (x) = 2 − 2 =2+ − . 15 4k k 3k k 5k k
k=1 k=9 k=1
x +x−2 x+2 x−1

26 27
   n
4
n
 xk 2 k 1 1  (−1)k−1 (x + 1)k
= ln + + k − k + o(xn ) , x → 0. f (x) = ln (1 + (1 + x)) = + o((x + 1)n ) ,
15 k 3 5 4 k
k=1 k=1
x → −1.
à¨¬¥à 2.25. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
 3n+2  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
3
f (x) = ln 4+x
3
3−x
¤® o x . ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 15. ¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ ¢ë¯®«­¨âì ®¡à â­ãî § ¬¥­ã
4

x3
 
x3
 ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå. ®«ã祭¨¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
 f (x) = ln + ln 1 +
3 4
− ln 1 −
3
= ä㭪樨 g (t) = f (x0 + t) ­¥ ï¥âáï à¥è¥­¨¥¬ ¯®áâ ¢«¥­­®©
n n
§ ¤ ç¨.
4  (−1)k−1 x3k  x3k
= ln + +
 
+ o x3n+2 = à¨¬¥à 2.27. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢
3
k=1
k
4 k
k=1
k
3 k ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = −1 ¬­®£®ç«¥­  f (x) = x3.
n

4  x3k (−1)k−1 1  
f (x) = (x + 1)3 − 3 (x + 1)2 + 3 (x + 1) − 1.
= ln + k
+ k + o x3n+2 , x → 0.
3 k 4 3
k=1
Ž¯ã᪠âì ᪮¡ª¨ ­¥«ì§ï ¤ ¦¥ ¢ «¨­¥©­®¬ ç«¥­¥. 
2.3. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à .
‡ ¬¥­  ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®©
’ ª ª ª ä®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ï¥âáï ᯥ樠«ì­®£® ¢¨¤ 
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥¬ ä㭪樨 ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨
¥è¥­¨¥ § ¤ ç¨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä㭪樨 ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï, â® ¯à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨ § ¤ ç ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ®¡à â¨âì
®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = 0 á®á⮨⠨§ âà¥å íâ ¯®¢: ¢­¨¬ ­¨¥ ­  á«¥¤ãî騥 ¬®¬¥­âë:
 ) § ¬¥­®© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t = x − x0 ¨á室­ ï § ¤ ç  1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨
᢮¤¨âáï ª ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨î ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ä㭪樨 x0 ä㭪樨 f (x) ¤®«¦­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ïâì ᮡ®© á㬬ã á« £ ¥¬ëå
g (t) = f (x0 + t) ¤® ⮣® ¦¥ ¯®à浪  ®-¬ «®£®, çâ® ¨ ¨á室­ ï ¢¨¤  ak (x − x0)k , ¢ ª®â®à®© ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­ë ¢á¥ ¯®¤®¡­ë¥
§ ¤ ç ; á« £ ¥¬ë¥.
¡) à¥è ¥âáï § ¤ ç  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  2. ¥¤®¯ãá⨬® à áªàë⨥ ᪮¡®ª ¢ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¨ (x − x0)k
ä㭪樨 g (t) = f (x0 + t); ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ k.
¢) ¢ë¯®«­ï¥âáï ®¡à â­ ï § ¬¥­  ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®£®, â® ¥áâì 3. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä㭪樨 á㬬®© ¯® á⥯¥­ï¬ (x − x0)k
¯®¤áâ ­®¢ª  ¢ëà ¦¥­¨ï x − x0 ¢¬¥áâ® ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t. ¯à¨ x → x0 ¯® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨î ­¥ ï¥âáï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥¬
à¨¬¥à 2.26. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0.
®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î f (x) = ln (x + 2)
¤® o((x + 1)n). 2.4. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¯à¨ x → ∞
 ãáâì t = x + 1. ’ ª ª ª f (x) = ln (x + 2) = ln (1 + (1 + x)),
â® g (t) = ln (1 + t) = nk=1 (−1)k−1 tk + o(tn) , t → 0. ’®£¤ 
k „«ï ¯®«ã祭¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï
  ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ä㭪樨
f (x) ¯à¨ x → ∞ ¤® o x1 ¢ë¯®«­ï¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t = x1 ,
n

28 29
  
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î f 1t ¤® o(tn ) ¨ 4. à¨¢®¤¨¬ ¯®¤®¡­ë¥ ç«¥­ë, ¯à¨ ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®áâ¨
¢ë¯®«­ï¥¬ ®¡à â­ãî § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®©. ¨á¯®«ì§ãï § ¬¥­ã ¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï.
à¨¬¥à
√ 2.28. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì   ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  äã­ªæ¨î 5. ‚믮«­ï¥¬ ®¡à â­ãî § ¬¥­ã.
f (x) = x2 − x − 1 − x ¤® o x12 ¯à¨ x → +∞. à¨¬¥à 2.29. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
2 +2x+2
ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  äã­ªæ¨î
 ãáâì t = x1 , ⮣¤  t → 0 ¯à¨ x → ∞. f (x) = (x + 1) ln x1−2x−x ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = −1 ¤®
 2

  o (x + 1)2n .
1 1 1 − (t + t2 ) − 1
1
y (t) = 2
− −1− = .  ‚믮«­¨¬ § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t = x + 1. ®«ã稬
t t t t   
  1 + t2   t2
’ ª ª ª १ã«ìâ¨àãî饥
 3 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ¤® o t2 , â® ç¨á«¨â¥«ì g (t) = t ln = t − ln 2 + ln 1 + t2
− ln 1 − .
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¤® o t : 2 − t2 2

 à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥
 ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ¢ë¯®«­¨âì á â®ç­®áâìî ¤®
y (t) = o t2n , ­® â ª ª ª «®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª¨¥ ä㭪樨 㬭®¦ îâáï
 ­ 
   2  3  3 t, â® ¨å ¬®¦­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì á â®ç­®áâìî ¤® o t2n−1 :
1 − 12 t + t2 − 18 t + t2 − 1
16 t + t2 + o t + t2 −1
= =   n−1
 t2k  
 t ln 1 + t2 = (−1)k−1 + o t2n−1 , t → 0;
1 1 5 5   1 5 5   k
k=1
= − t − t2 − t3 + o t3 = − − t− t2 +o t2 , t → 0.  
t 2 8 16 2 8 16 2 n−1
  
t t2k
  ln 1 − =− + o t2n−1 , t → 0.
 1 5 5 1 2 2k · k
2
f (x) = x − x − 1 − x = − − − + o 2 , x → ∞.  n−1
k=1
2 8x 16x2 x  (−1)k−1 t2k n−1  t2k  2n−1 
g (t) = t − ln 2 + + +o t =
k 2k · k
k=1 k=1
2.5. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à 

n−1 
1 t2k+1  
¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï ¬­®£®ç«¥­  = −t · ln 2 + (−1)k−1 + k + o t2n , t → 0.
­  âà ­á業¤¥­â­ãî ¨«¨ k=1
2 k
¨àà æ¨®­ «ì­ãî äã­ªæ¨î
‚믮«­ï¥¬ ®¡à â­ãî § ¬¥­ã:
‡ ¤ ç  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï

n−1 
1 (x + 1)2k+1
¬­®£®ç«¥­  ­  âà ­á業¤¥­â­ãî ¨«¨ ¨àà æ¨®­ «ì­ãî f (x) = − (x + 1) ln 2 + (−1) k−1
+ k +
äã­ªæ¨î à¥è ¥âáï ¢ ­¥áª®«ìª® íâ ¯®¢: 2 k
k=1
1. ‡ ¬¥­®© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ᢮¤¨¬ § ¤ çã ª ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨î 
+ o (x + 1)2n , x → −1.
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ .
2. ’à ­á業¤¥­â­ãî ¨«¨ ¨àà æ¨®­ «ì­ãî äã­ªæ¨î à¨¬¥à
 2 2.30. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  äã­ªæ¨î
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ . f (x) = x2 − 2x cos (2x − 4) ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = 2 ¤®
3. “¬­®¦ ¥¬ ¯®«ã祭­®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­ 
(ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, ¤¢ãç«¥­). o (x − 2)2n+1 .

30 31
 
 ãáâì t = x − 2. ®«ã稬 g (t) = t2 − 2 cos 2t. 2
à¨ ¨§¬¥­¥­¨¨ k ®â 0 ¤® n ­®¢ë© ¨­¤¥ªá k + 1 ¨§¬¥­ï¥âáï ®â 1
à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ¢ë¯®«­¨âì á â®ç­®áâìî ¤® n+1, ®¡®§­ ç ï ­®¢ë© ¨­¤¥ªá á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï «î¡®© ¡ãª¢®©,
 
¤® o t2n+1 , âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª ï äã­ªæ¨ï 㬭®¦ ¥âáï ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, k, ¯®«ãç ¥¬
­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­ á ®â«¨ç­ë¬ ®â ­ã«ï ¬« ¤è¨¬ ç«¥­®¬, n+1
  
á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ¯à¨ 㬭®¦¥­¨¨ ­  ¬­®£®ç«¥­ â®ç­®áâì t2k · 22k−3
g (t) = (−1)k−1 + o t2n+3 −
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ­¥ ¯®¢ëá¨âáï. k=1
(2k − 2)!
à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬
  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î y (t) = cos 2t n
 t2k · 22k+1  
¤® o t2n+1 : n
− (−1)k
(2k)!
+ o t2n+1 .
2k 2k
·t 2   k=0
cos 2t = (−1)k + o t2n+1 , t → 0.
k=0
 2
(2k)!
  à¨¢®¤¨¬ ¯®¤®¡­ë¥ á« £ ¥¬ë¥: ¯¥à¢ë© ç«¥­ ¢â®à®© á㬬ë
’®£¤  t
n 2k
k 2 ·t
2k  2n+1  | ª®­áâ ­â  | ­¥ ¯®¯ ¤ ¥â ¯®¤ ®¡éãî ä®à¬ã«ã, â ª ª ª íâ 
g (t) =
2
−2 (−1)
(2k)!
+o t .
á⥯¥­ì ¯à¨áãâáâ¢ã¥â ⮫쪮 ¢® ¢â®à®© á㬬¥, ¥£® ¢ë¯¨á뢠¥¬
k=0
®â¤¥«ì­®. Šà®¬¥  ⮣®, ®â¡à á뢠¥¬ ç«¥­ë ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï,
„«ï ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­¨ï ¯®¤®¡­ëå á« £ ¥¬ëå ¢ë¯®«­¨¬ § ¬¥­ã ᮤ¥à¦ é¨¥áï ¢ o t2n+1 :
¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï.  áªà®¥¬ ¯¥à¢ãî ᪮¡ªã ¨ ¢­¥á¥¬ n
   t2k · 22k−2  
¬­®¦¨â¥«¨ ¯®¤ §­ ª¨ á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï: g (t) = 2+ (−1)k−1 2k 2 − k + 8 +o t2n+1 , t → 0.
n
(2k)!
 t2k+2 · 22k−1   k=1
g (t) = (−1)k + o t2n+3 −
k=0
(2k)! ®á«¥ ®¡à â­®© § ¬¥­ë ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ¨¬¥¥¬
n
 t2k · 22k+1   n
  (x − 2)2k · 22k−2 
− (−1)k + o t2n+1 . f (x) = 2+ (−1)k−1 2k 2 − k + 8 +o (x − 2)2n+1 ,
(2k)! (2k)!
k=0 k=1

‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¯à¨ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­¨¨ ¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï x → 2.

¢ ®¡¥¨å á㬬 å á⥯¥­¨ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ᮮ⢥âá⢥­­® à ¢­ë ‚â®à®© ¢ à¨ ­â ¢ë¯®«­¥­¨ï § ¬¥­ë ¨­¤¥ªá 
2k + 2 ¨ 2k . ‡­ ç¨â, § ¬¥­¨¢ ¢ ¯¥à¢®© á㬬¥ k + 1 ­  ­®¢ë©
¨­¤¥ªá á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï, ¬ë ¯®«ã稬 ¢ ®¡¥¨å á㬬 å ®¤¨­ ª®¢ë¥ á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï. ˆ­¤¥ªá á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï § ¬¥­ï¥¬ ¢ á㬬¥,
á⥯¥­¨ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ¯à¨ ®¤¨­ ª®¢ëå ¨­¤¥ªá å á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï. ¢ ª®â®à®© á⥯¥­ì ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ¯à¨ ®¤¨­ ª®¢®¬ §­ ç¥­¨¨
‚뤥«ï¥¬ ¢ ®¬ ¢¨¤¥ k+1 ¢® ¢á¥å ¬¥áâ å ¢å®¦¤¥­¨ï ¨­¤¥ªá  ⥪ã饣® ¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï ¡®«ìè¥, ¢ ¤ ­­®¬ á«ãç ¥ ¢
á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï ¢ ¯¥à¢®©2(k+1)
á㬬¥: 2(k+1)−3 ¯¥à¢®© á㬬¥: 
n
n
 
2k+2 2k−1 t ·2  
k+1−1 t ·2 (−1)k + o t2n+3 .
g (t) = (−1) + o t2n+3 − (2k)!
(2 (k + 1) − 2)! k=0
k=0
n
 t2k · 22k+1   Ž¡®§­ ç¨¬ ­¥¬®© ¨­¤¥ªá á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï ¢ ¤à㣮© á㬬¥
− (−1)k
(2k)!
+ o t2n+1 . ç¥à¥§ l. „«ï ⮣® çâ®¡ë ¬®¦­® ¡ë«® ¯à¨¢¥á⨠¯®¤®¡­ë¥
k=0 á« £ ¥¬ë¥, ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®, çâ®¡ë ¯à¨ ®¤¨­ ª®¢ëå §­ ç¥­¨ïå
32 33
¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï á⥯¥­¨ ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ¢ ¯¥à¢®© ¨ ¢®
¢â®à®© á㬬 å ᮢ¯ ¤ «¨, â® ¥áâì 2k + 2 = 2l. ’®£¤  n+2
k = l − 1. ®¢ë© ¨­¤¥ªá ¬¥­ï¥âáï ®â 1 ¤® n + 1. ®¤áâ ¢«ïï,  (−1)k−2 · 9 · tk lnk−2 3  
= + o tn+2 −
¯®«ãç ¥¬ k=2
(k − 2)!
n

n+1 t2l · 22l−3   (−1)k · 18 · tk lnk 3
(−1) l−1
+ o t2n+3 . − + o(tn ) =
l=1 (2l − 2)! k!
k=0
‚­®¢ì § ¬¥­¨¢ ­¥¬®© ¨­¤¥ªá á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï ­  k, ¯à¨¢®¤¨¬
¯®¤®¡­ë¥ á« £ ¥¬ë¥ â ª ¦¥, ª ª ¢ ¯¥à¢®¬ à¥è¥­¨¨.  = −18 + 18t · ln 3+
à¨¬¥à  2.31. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
 ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  äã­ªæ¨î
+
n
(−1)k · 9 · tk lnk−2 3  
k (k − 1) − 2 ln2 3 + o(tn ) , t → 0.
f (x) = x2 + 6x + 7 3−x−1 ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = −3 ¤® k!
k=2
o((x + 3)n ).
  ‚믮«­¨¬
 § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t = x + 3. ®«ã稬 g (t) = ®á«¥ ®¡à â­®© § ¬¥­ë ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ¯à¨ x → −3 ¨¬¥¥¬
9 t2 − 2 e−t ln 3 .
à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î y (t) = e−t ln 3 f (x) = −18 + 18 (x + 3) · ln 3+
n
¤® o(tn ):  (−1)k · 9 · (x + 3)k lnk−2 3  2 
n  (−1)k tk lnk 3 + k − k − 2 ln2 3 +o((x + 3)n ) .
y (t) = + o(tn ) , t → 0. k!
k! k=2
k=0 
  n (−1)k tk lnk 3 ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 16. ¥«ì§ï à áªà뢠âì ᪮¡ª¨ ¢ «¨­¥©­®¬
’®£¤  g (t) = 9 t2 − 2 + o(tn ) . ç«¥­¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï, â ª ª ª ®­® ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
k=0 k!
â®çª¨ x0 = −3.
‚믮«­ï¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï,®¡®§­ ç ï à¨¬¥à 2
2.32. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
 1
ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  äã­ªæ¨î
­®¢ë© ¨­¤¥ªá á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï ¡ãª¢®© k f (x) = x − 2x − 1 2x − x 2 2 ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = 1
2n+1
n
 (−1)k · 9 · tk+2 lnk 3   ¤® o (x − 1) .
g (t) = + o tn+2 −  √
k!  ãáâì t = x − 1. ®«ã稬 g (t) = t2 − 2 1 − t2 .
k=0 √
n
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î y (t) = 1 − t2
(−1)k · 18 · tk lnk 3  2n+1 
− + o(tn ) = ¤® o t :
k!
k=0 n
t2  (−1)k (2k − 3)!! 2k  
n
 (−1)k+2−2 · 9 · tk+2 lnk+2−2 3   y (t) = 1 − + t + o t2n+1 , t → 0.
= + o tn+2 − 2 2k · k!
k=2
((k + 2) − 2)!
k=0 ˆ¬¥¥¬
n
 
(−1)k · 18 · tk lnk 3 n
− + o(tn ) = 2  t2  (−1)k (2k − 3)!! 2k  2n+1 
k! g (t) = t − 2 1 − + t +o t .
k=0 2 2k · k!
k=2

34 35
 ‚믮«­ï¥¬ § ¬¥­ã ¨­¤¥ªá  á㬬¨à®¢ ­¨ï 3. ‚›—ˆ‘‹…ˆ… …„…‹Ž‚
n
t4  (−1)k (2k − 3)!! 2k+2  
”“Š–ˆ‰
g (t) = −2 + 2t2 − + t + o t2n+3 −
2
k=2
k
2 · k! ‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 17. à¨ ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨¨ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ ¢¨¤  x→0
lim fg(x)
(x)
¨ ¢¨¤ 
n
(−1)k (2k − 3)!! 2k   1
−
2k−1 · k!
t + o t2n+1 =
x→0
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä㭪権 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
lim f (x) g(x)
k=2 ¡ã¤¥¬ ¯¨á âì ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ ï, çâ® x → 0.
n+1
t4  (−1)k−1 (2k − 5)!! 2k  
= −2 + 2t2 − + k−1
t + o t2n+1 + 3.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
2 2 · (k − 1)!
k=3 â ¡«¨ç­ëå ä㭪権 ¯à¨ x → 0
n
 (−1)k (2k − 3)!!  
 
+ t2k + o t2n+1 = x3 x5
2k−1 · k! sin x = x − + + o x6 ,
k=2 6 120
n x2 x4  
t4  (−1)k (2k − 5)!!   cos x = 1 − + + o x5 ,
= −2+ 2t2− + k−1
(k − 3)t2k + o t2n+1 , t → 0. 2 24
4 2 · k!  
k=3 x3 x5
sh x = x + + + o x6 ,
®á«¥ ®¡à â­®© § ¬¥­ë ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ¨¬¥¥¬ 6 120
x2 x4  
ch x = 1 + + + o x5 ,
(x − 1)4 2 24
f (x) = −2 + 2 (x − 1)2 − +  
4 x3 2x5
n
  tg x = x + + + o x6 ,
(−1)k (2k − 5)!! 3 15
+ (k − 3) (x − 1)2k +o (x − 1)2n+1 , x → 1. 3  
2k−1 · k! x 2x5
k=3 th x = x − + + o x6 ,
3 15
x 3 3x5  
arcsin x = x + + + o x6 ,
6 40
x3 x5  
arctg x = x − + + o x6 ,
3 5
x2 x3 x4  
ln (1 + x) = x − + − + o x4 ,
2 3 4
x2 x3 x4  
ln (1 − x) = −x − − − + o x4 ,
2 3 4
  x 3 3x 5  
ln x + 1 + x2 = x − + + o x6 ,
6 40

36 37
  ‚ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ tg x ¨ sh x ¢á¥ ç«¥­ë ¯¥à¢®£® ¨
1  
= 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 + o x4 , âà¥â쥣® ¯®à浪  ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­ë,   ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ arctg x
1+x
1   ç«¥­ âà¥â쥣® ¯®à浪  | ®âà¨æ â¥«¥­. ®í⮬㠢 §­ ¬¥­ â¥«¥
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + o x4 , ç«¥­ âà¥â쥣® ¯®à浪  ®â«¨ç¥­ ®â0. à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®©
1−x
√ x x2 x3  
Œ ª«®à¥­  §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤® o x3 :
1+x=1+ − + + o x3 ,    
2 8 16 x3 t3
1 x 3x2 5x3  
’ ª ª ª sh x = x +
3!
+ o x3 , tg t = t + + o t3 , t → 0, â®
3
√ =1− + − + o x3 .
1+x 2 8 16  
x3  3 (x + o(x))3  
f (x) tg (sh x) = x + +o x + + o x3 =
3.2. à¥¤¥« ä㭪樨 ¢¨¤  g(x)
3! 3
x 3   x 3   x3  
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 18. ‚ ¤ ­­®¬ à §¤¥«¥ ¢® ¢á¥å ¯à¨¬¥à å ¬ë =x+ + o x3 + + o x3 = x + + o x3 .
3! 3 2
¨á¯®«ì§ã¥¬ ®¡®§­ ç¥­¨¥ f (x) ¤«ï ç¨á«¨â¥«ï ¤à®¡¨ ¨ g (x) ¤«ï  
§­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï. ’ ª ª ª arctg x = x − x33 + o x3 , â®
 
x cos x − arctg x x3   x3   5x3  
à¨¬¥à 3.1.  ©â¨ lim . g (x) = x + + o x3 − x − + o x3 = + o x3 .
x→0 ln (1 − x3 ) 2 3 6
 ’ ª ª ª ¢ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«¥ ¤à®¡¨ ®¤­  äã­ªæ¨ï, â® ’ ª ª ª ­ ©¤¥­  £« ¢­ ï ç áâì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï, â® â®ç­®áâì
¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¥¥ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­ 
 3  ¤® ¯¥à¢®£® §­ ç¨¬®£® (­¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¢ë¡à ­  ¯à ¢¨«ì­®.
­ã«¥¢®£®) ç«¥­ : g (x) = −x + o x .
3

—¨á«¨â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ â ª¦¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­   à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬

 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤®
  o x3 . ‡­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ 1−xx
¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ á â®ç­®áâìî ¤®
¤® o x3 . ’ ª ª ª cos x 㬭®¦ ¥âáï ­  x, â® ¥£® á«¥¤ã¥â
 2
o x , â ª ª ª ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ¯®à浪  x:
¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¤® o x2 .
    x     
x2 x3 = x 1 + x + x2 + o x2 = x + x2 + x3 + o x3 .
cos x = 1 − + o x2 , arctg x = x − + o x3 . 1−x
2 3
 
x3   x3   x3   ’ ª ª ª sin t = t − t3!3 + o t3 , t → 0, â®
f (x) = x − + o x3 − x + + o x3 = − + o x3 .
2 3 6  
 3 x    (x + o(x))3  
f (x) x3
− +o x 1 sin = x + x2 + x3 + o x3 − + o x3 =
’®£¤  x→0
lim = lim 63
g (x) x→0 −x + o(x ) 3
= .
6
1−x
 3
3!
  3  
x +o x 5x3
= x + x2 + x3 + o x3 − = x + x2 + + o x3 .
 3! 6
x x2
sin 1−x + ln (1 − x) − 2 x2 x3  3
à¨¬¥à 3.2.  ©â¨ lim . ln (1 − x) = −x −
2
−
3
+o x .
x→0 tg (sh x) − arctg x

38 39
  à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬
 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ç¨á«¨â¥«ì
  ¤à®¡¨ ¤®
  o x3 . ªá¯®­¥­â㠯।áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¤® o x2 , â ª ª ª ®­ 
f (x) = x + x2 +
5x3  
+ o x3 + 㬭®¦ ¥âáï ­  x. ’ ª ª ª  à£ã¬¥­â ¯®ª § â¥«ì­®© ä㭪樨

6

¯®à浪  x2, â® ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ íªá¯®­¥­âë ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¢§ïâì
+ −x −
x2 x3
−
 
+ o x3 −
x2
=
x3  
+ o x3 .
¤¢  ¯¥à¢ëå ç«¥­ 2et = 1+t+o(t)
 , ⮣¤ ,
  ¯®¤áâ ¢«ïï −x

2 ¢¬¥áâ®

2 3 2 2 t, ¯®«ãç ¥¬: xe−x = x 1 − x2 + o x2 = x − x3 + o x3 .
x3
 3
f (x) + o x 3
lim = lim 5x2 3 = . t3  
x→0 g (x) x→0
6 + o(x3 ) 5 ’ ª ª ª 3
+ o t3 , t → 0, â®
tg t = t +
 2
   (x + o(x))3  
 ln ch2 x tg xe−x = x − x3 + o x3 + + o x3 =
2 ( ) 3
tg xe−x −  
à¨¬¥à 3.3.  ©â¨ lim
x→0
x
arctg (x cos) − tg x
.  
= x − x3 + o x3 +
x 3 + o x3  
+ o x3 = x −
2x3  
+ o x3 .
3 3
 à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï tg x ¨ arctg x ®â«¨ç îâáï §­ ª®¬ ‹®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¤¥«¨âáï ­  x, ¯®í⮬ã
ªã¡¨ç¥áª®£® ç«¥­ , ¯®í⮬㠯®¯à®¡ã¥¬ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©

¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¥¥ ¤® o x4 . Š¢ ¤à â £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® ª®á¨­ãá 
Œ ª«®à¥­  §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤® o x3 . ¬®¦­® ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ âì ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ ¯®­¨¦¥­¨ï á⥯¥­¨, ­® â ª
‚  à£ã¬¥­â¥ á«®¦­®© ä㭪樨  2  cos x 㬭®¦ ¥âáï ­  x, ª ª ®­ ï¥âáï  à£ã¬¥­â®¬ «®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª®© ä㭪樨, â®
§­ ç¨â, cos x ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬

¤® o x : 㤮¡­¥¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î
x2   x3  
x cos x = x 1 − + o x2 =x− + o x3 .  
2 2  2
 x2 x4  4
ln ch x = 2 ln (ch x) = 2 ln 1 + + +o x =
2 24
x3   t3   ⎛  2  2  2 ⎞
tg x = x + + o x3 , arctg t = t − + o t3 , t → 0. x
+ o x
3 3 ⎜x 2 x 4   2  ⎟
= 2⎝ + + o x4 − + o x4 ⎠ =
’®£¤  arctg (x cos x) = 2 24 2
   
x3  3 (x + o(x))3   x2 x4   x4   x4  
= x− +o x − + o x3 = =2 + + o x4 − + o x4 = x2 − + o x4 .
2 3 2 24 8 6
 
x3  3  x3 + o x3   5x3  
=x− +o x − + o x3 = x − + o x3 .  
2 3 6 2x3   1 2 x
4  4 x3  
  f (x) = x− +o x3 − x − +o x = − +o x3 .
5x3   x3   7x3   3 x 6 2
g (x) = x− +o x3 − x + + o x3 =− +o x3 .  
6 3 6 f (x)
3
− x2 + o x3 3
lim = lim 7x3 = .
’ ª ª ª ­ ©¤¥­  £« ¢­ ï ç áâì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï, â® â®ç­®áâì x→0 g (x) x→0 −
6 + o(x )
3 7
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¢ë¡à ­  ¯à ¢¨«ì­®.
40 41
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¢â®à®© ç«¥­
√ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï. ’ ª ª ª x + 1 ∼1 ¯à¨ → 0,â® £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áªãî
 x√  
(ln (e (1 + 2x)))1/4 + 1 − x − 2 cos x äã­ªæ¨î ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¤® o x3 : ch 5x = 1 + 5x2 + o x3 .
à¨¬¥à 3.4.  ©â¨
2
lim  √  .
x→0
exp √1−4xx
− (x + 1) ch 5x √  
5x2  3
(x + 1) ch 5x = (x + 1) 1 + +o x =
…᫨ âà㤭® ¯à¥¤¯®«®¦¨âì ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬ãî â®ç­®áâì 2
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï, â® ­ å®¤¨¬ ¯¥à¢ë¥ âਠ§­ ç¨¬ëå (®â«¨ç­ëå =1+x+
5x2 5x3
+
 
+ o x3 .
®â ­ã«ï) ç«¥­ . ‡ ¯¨á¨ ¢¥¤¥¬ â ª, çâ®¡ë ¯à¨ ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®á⨠  2 2
«¥£ª® ¡ë«® ¤®¯¨á âì ¤®¯®«­¨â¥«ì­ë¥ ç«¥­ë ¤«ï ¢ë¤¥«¥­¨ï g (x) = 1 + x +
5x2 49x3
+
 3
+o x −
£« ¢­®© ç áâ¨. 
2 6

 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬
 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤® 5x2 5x3  3 17x3  
+ o x3 .
o x3 . − 1+x+
2
+
2
+o x =
3
„«ï ⮣® çâ®¡ë ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì  à£ã¬¥­â ¯®ª § â¥«ì­®©
 3à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤®

ä㭪樨 ¤® o x3 , äã­ªæ¨î √1−4x
1
¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ á â®ç­®áâìî 
 2 o x . ’ ª ª ª «®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ 
¤® o x , â ª ª ª ®­  㬭®¦ ¥âáï ­  x. ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ 1,   ­¥ â®çª¨
2   e, â® ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï ä®à¬ã«®© ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï «®£ à¨ä¬ 
’ ª ª ª, √11− t = 1 + 2t + 3t8 + o t2 , t → 0, â® ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨ï:

x 4x 3 (4x)2  2   ln (e (1 + 2x)) = ln e + ln (1 + 2x) =
√ =x 1+ + +o x = x + 2x2 + 6x3 + o x3 .
1 − 4x 2 8 (2x)2 (2x)3   8x3  
= 1 + 2x − + + o x3 = 1 + 2x − 2x2 + + o x3 .
  2 3 3
x         
exp √ = exp x + 2x2 + 6x3 + o x3 = t 1
· − 34 t2 1
· − 34 · − 74 t3  
1 − 4x (1 + t)1/4 = 1 + + 4 + 4 + o t3 =
  2 4 2 6
  3 
2 3 x + 2x2 + o x2 t 3t2 7t3  
= 1 + x + 2x + 6x + o x + + =1+ − + + o t3 .
2 4 32 128
(x + o(x))3  
+ + o x3 =  
6 1/4 2 8x3  3  1/4
(ln (e (1 + 2x))) = 1 + 2x − 2x + +o x =
    3
x2 + 4x3 + o x3 x3 + o x3     
3   2
2
= 1+ x + 2x + 6x + 3
+ + o x3 = 2x − 2x2 + 8x3 + o x3 3 2x − 2x2 + o x2
2 6 =1+ − +
5x2 49x3   4 32
=1+x+ + + o x3 . 7 (2x + o(x))3  
2 6 + + o x3 =
128

42 43
 äã­ªæ¨ï | ç¥â­ ï, ¥¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ⮦¥ ¡ã¤¥â ᮤ¥à¦ âì
x x2 2x3   3x2 3x3   7x3  
⮫쪮 ç¥â­ë¥ á⥯¥­¨.
= 1+ − + + o x3 − + + o x3 + + o x3 . ‚ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï ç«¥­ë ­ã«¥¢®£® ¯®à浪 
2 2 3 8 4 16 ¢§ ¨¬­® ã­¨ç⮦ âáï. „ «¥¥, x · arctg x ∼ x2 , 1+x
x
∼ x2 ¨
2

’ ª ª ª ãç¥â ªã¡¨ç¥áª®£® ç«¥­  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ª®à­ï x

1 − exp 1+x
2
∼ x2 ¯à¨ x → 0. ˆâ ª, ç«¥­ë ¢â®à®£® ¯®à浪 
ª¢ ¤à â­®£® §­ ç¨â¥«ì­® ã¯à®áâ¨â ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ¯®¤®¡­ëå
2

á« £ ¥¬ëå, â® ¯®ª  ­¥ ¯à¨¢®¤¨¬ ¯®¤®¡­ë¥ á« £ ¥¬ë¥. â ª¦¥

  ¢§ ¨¬­® ã­¨ç⮦ âáï. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥   §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï ¤®
o x3 ­¥¤®áâ â®ç­®, â ª ª ª ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤ o x3 ¨ ­¥ ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥â
√ x x2 x3   x2   £« ¢­ãî ç áâì.
1−x=1− − − + o x3 , cos x = 1 − + o x3 .
2 8 16 2  à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬
 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤®
o x5 . ’ ª ª ª  àªâ ­£¥­á 㬭®¦ ¥âáï ­  x, â® ¥£® ¤®áâ â®ç­®
‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï â ¡«¨ç­®© § ¯¨áìî ¤«ï ¯à¨¢¥¤¥­¨ï    
¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¤® o x4 , â® ¥áâì arctg x = x − x3 + o x4 .  
3

¯®¤®¡­ëå ç«¥­®¢ (á¬. § ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 7, á. 14).

‡­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ 1+xx 2
¤®áâ â®ç­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¤® o x3 :
2
1/4
√
f (x) = (ln (e (1 + 2x))) + 1 − x − 2 cos x =     
x2
=1 +1 −2+ 2
= x2 1 − x2 + o x3 = x2 − x4 + o x5 .
1+x
+ x2 − x2 +
 
2
+ − x2 − 3x8
2 2
− x8 +x2 + x2   
 3 3 3
3  
’®£¤  exp 1 + x2 = exp x2 − x4 + o x5 =
+ 2x3 + 3x4 + 7x 16 − x16 + o x3 =    1  2  2  
  = 1 + x2 − x4 + o x5 + x + o x3 + o x5 =
2 3 3   43   2
= + + x3 + o x3 = x3 + o x3 . 1  
3 4 8 24 = 1 + x2 − x4 + o x5 .
43 3
 3 2
f (x) x +o x 43
lim = lim 24 = .   
x→0 g (x) x→0 17x 3
+ o(x3 )
3
136

‚ ¦­®:
 
á« £ ¥¬®¥ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ 12 x2 + o x2 2 ¢¬¥áâ®
1 2
2 x +o x
3 2 ¯à¨¢¥¤¥â
  ª ¯®­¨¦¥­¨î â®ç­®áâ¨
ch x + cos

2x
√
− 2 6 1 + 3x4
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¤® o x4 .
2+x2  
à¨¬¥à 3.5.  ©â¨ lim
x→0

x2
. 2 x
4  5
g (x) = x − +o x − 1 + x − 2 x4  5
+o x +1 =
x4  
+o x5 .
x arctg x − exp 1+x 2 +1 3 2 6

 €àªâ ­£¥­á | ­¥ç¥â­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï, á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ¥£® ƒ« ¢­ ï ç áâì §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï ­ ©¤¥­ . ’®ç­®áâì
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ᮤ¥à¦¨â ⮫쪮 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¢ë¡à ­  ¯à ¢¨«ì­®.
­¥ç¥â­ë¥ á⥯¥­¨. ®á«¥ 㬭®¦¥­¨ï ­  x ¯®«ã稬  à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬
 ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤®
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥, ᮤ¥à¦ é¥¥ ⮫쪮 ç¥â­ë¥ á⥯¥­¨. €à£ã¬¥­â o x5 :
2 4 x x  
¯®ª § â¥«ì­®© ä㭪樨 | ç¥â­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï, §­ ç¨â, á«®¦­ ï ch x = 1 +
2
+
4!
+ o x5 .

44 45
 ’ ª ª ª 2+x
2x
∼ x ¯à¨ x → 0, ª®á¨­ãá | ç¥â­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï
2 ®â«¨ç îâáï ⮫쪮 §­ ª®¬. ®í⮬ã
  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì
¨ ¥¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ᮤ¥à¦¨â ç«¥­ë ⮫쪮 ç¥â­ëå
  á⥯¥­¥©, ¤à®¡¨ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x3 .  
â® ¥£®  à£ã¬¥­â ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¤® ox4. ’® ¥áâì ‹®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áªãî äã­ªæ¨î ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¤® o x3 :
§­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¤® o x3 :  x x 1  x 2 1  x 3  
  ln 1 + = − + + o x3 .
2x x x2  3 x3   2 2 2 2 3 2
= = x 1 − + o x = x − + o x4 .    
2+x 2
1+ 2 x2
2 2 x x 1 x 2 1  x 3
  3
sh ln 1 + = − + +o x +
    2 2 2 2 3 2
3  
’®£¤  cos 2 +2xx2 = cos x − x2 + o x4 = +
1 x 3  
+ o(x) + o x3 .
  6 2
1 x3  4 2 1   4  
=1− x− +o x + x + o x2 + o x5 = ¥à¢ãî ᪮¡ªã ¬®¦­® ­¥ à áªà뢠âì, â ª ª ª ®­ 
2 2 24 ¢§ ¨¬­® ã­¨ç⮦ ¥âáï á â ª®© ¦¥ ᪮¡ª®© ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨
=1−
x2 x4 x4
+ +
 5
+o x =1−
x2 13x4
+
 
+ o x5 .
âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®£® ᨭãá . Šã¡¨ç¥áª®¥ á« £ ¥¬®¥ ¢
2 2 24 2 24 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®£® ᨭãá  ®â«¨ç ¥âáï
   ⮫쪮 §­ ª®¬. ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®,
3x4    
6
2 1 + 3x4 = 2 1 + + o x5 = 2 + x4 + o x5 . 1 x 3   x3  
6 g (x) = 2 · + o(x) + o x3 = + o x3 .
6 2 24
 
x2 x4  5 x2 13x4  5 €­ «®£¨ç­®  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬
 ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ä®à¬ã«®©
f (x) = 1 +
2
+
24
+o x + 1−
2
+
24
+o x − Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x3 :
   5x4   √ (2x) (2x)2 (2x)3  
− 2 + x4 + o x5 = − + o x5 . 1 − 2x = 1 − − − + o x3 =
12 2 8 16
4  5
f (x) − 5x + o x 5 x2 x3  
lim = lim x12 4 = − . =1−x− − + o x3 .
x→0 g (x) x→0 + o(x5 ) 2 2 2
6


√  x2 x3  
exp 1 − 2x = exp 1 − x − − + o x3 =
2 2
√ e(x3 +x2 −1)

e 1−2x + x2 x3  3
à¨¬¥à 3.6.  ©â¨ lim  
x→0 sh ln 1 + x

−
x+1
sin
 
ln 1 + x2
 . = e · exp −x −
2
−
2
+o x =
2
    
 €à£ã¬¥­âë £¨¯¥à¡®«¨ç¥áª®£® ¨ âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®£® x2 x3  3 1 x2  2 2
=e 1− x+ + +o x + x+ +o x −
ᨭãá  ¢ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«¥ ¤à®¡¨ ᮢ¯ ¤ îâ. ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, 2 2 2 2
ç«¥­ë ¯¥à¢®£® ¯®à浪  ¢§ ¨¬­® ã­¨ç⮦ âáï. ‚ ᨫã
(x + o(x))3  3
­¥ç¥â­®á⨠®¡¥¨å ä㭪権 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ᮤ¥à¦ â ⮫쪮 −
6
+o x =
ç«¥­ë ­¥ç¥â­®© á⥯¥­¨. à¨ç¥¬ ç«¥­ë âà¥â쥣® ¯®à浪 
46 47
     2    
x2 x3  3 x + x3 + o x3 x3  3 (x + o(x))3  
=e 1− x+ + +o x + − arctg (arctg x) = x− +o x − + o x3 =
2 2 2 3 3
 2x3  
x3  3 ex3  
− +o x = e − ex − + o x3 . =x− + o x3 .
6 6 3
1  
= 1 − x + x2 − x3 + o x3 .    
1+x x3  3 2x3  3 x3  3 
 3  g (x) = x − +o x − x− +o x = +o x .
2
e x +x −1      3 3 3
= e x3 + x2 − 1 1 − x + x2 − x3 + o x3 =  
x+1
 3 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x3 .

= e x (1 + o(1)) + x2 (1 − x + o(x)) −
    ’ ª ª ª ¢ ¯¥à¢ëå ¤¢ãå á« £ ¥¬ëå ç«¥­ë ç¥â­ëå á⥯¥­¥©
− 1 − x + x2 − x3 + o x3 = −e + ex + ex3 + o x3 . ᮢ¯ ¤ îâ,   ­¥ç¥â­ëå á⥯¥­¥© ®â«¨ç îâáï §­ ª®¬, â®
ex3      (1 − 3x)2/3 − (1 + 3x)2/3 =
f (x) = e − ex − + o x3 + −e + ex + ex3 + o x3 = 2  1  4
6 2 · −3 · −3   8  
5ex3   = −2· (3x)−2· 3 (3x)3+o x3 = −4x− x3+o x3 ,
= + o x3 . 3 6 3
 3 6
5ex3
+ o x √ 2 √ 4 √ 6
f (x) √ 8x 8x 8x  
lim = lim x63 = 20e. ch 8x = 1 + + + + o x3 =
x→0 g (x) x→0 + o(x3 )
24 2 24 24 · 30
8x2 32x3  
= 1 + 4x + + + o x3 .
à¨¬¥à 3.7.  ©â¨ 3 45
 √  
ln (1 − 3x)2/3 − (1 + 3x)2/3 + ch 8x − 83 x2 8x3  3 8x2
f (x) = ln −4x − +o x + 1 + 4x + +
lim . 3 3
x→0+0 sin (sin x) − arctg (arctg x)   
  32x3   8x2 88   88  
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x3 : +
45
+ o x3 −
3
= ln 1− x3 + o x3 = − x3+o x3 ,
45 45
t3   t3    
sin t = t − + o t3 , arctg t = t − + o t3 , t → 0. f (x) − 88 3
45 x + o x
3
88
3! 3 lim = lim 3 = − .
x→0+0 g (x) x→0+0 x 3
+ o(x ) 15
  3
x3   (x + o(x))3  
sin (sin x) = x − + o x3 − + o x3 =
6 6
   
x3 arctg 3 + x2 − arctg (2 + cos x)
=x−
3
+ o x3 . à¨¬¥à 3.8.  ©â¨ lim
x→0 ln (1 + x) − ex + 1
.

48 49
  
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x2 :
 

x2  2 x2  2   cos x · ln cos 2x
g (x) = x− +o x − 1 + x + +o x +1 = −x2 +o x2 . (cos 2x)ctg x = exp =
2 2 sin x
    
€à£ã¬¥­âë  àªâ ­£¥­á  ¢ ç¨á«¨â¥«¥ ¤à®¡¨ ­¥ áâ६ïâáï
 = exp
(1 + o(x)) · −2x2 + o x3   
= exp −2x + o x2 =
ª ­ã«î ¯à¨ x → 0. à®¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬 arctg 3 + x2 ¨ 2
(x + o(x ))
¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ãî ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o(x):    1   2  
= 1+ −2x + o x2 + −2x + o x2 = 1−2x+2x2 +o x2 .
   2x 1 x x 2
arctg 3 + x2 = = · = + o(x) .   2/5
1 + (3 + x2 )2 5 1 + 3x +
5
x2
10
5 2/5
(1 − th 5x) = 1 − 5x + o x2 =
  x2   2    3   2  
’®£¤  (á¬. á. 8) arctg 3 + x2 = arctg 3 +
10
+ o x2 . =1+
5
−5x + o x2 −
25
−5x + o x2 + o x2 =
 
= 1 − 2x − 3x2 + o x2 .
− sin x
€­ «®£¨ç­® (arctg (2 + cos x)) = =   
g (x) = 1 − 2x + 2x2 + o x2 −
1 + (2 + cos x)2     
− sin x −x + o(x) x − 1 − 2x − 3x2 + o x2 = 5x2 + o x2 .
= 2
= = − +o(x) .
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ç¨á«¨â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤®
5 + 4 cos x + cos x 5 + 4 + o(x) + 1 + o(x) 10

x2   o x2 . „«ï í⮣® ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¥ ®¡®¨å
’®£¤  arctg (2 + cos x) = arctg 3 −
20
+ o x2 . á« £ ¥¬ëå ¤® o(x):
 
 2

 2

  1 x  1 1
x2 x2 x2 arcsin √ + = 
f (x) = arctg 3 + + o x − arctg 3 − + o x = + o x2 . 2 2  2 =  1 √x =
10 20 20 2 1− √ + 1 x 2 2 − + o(x)
x2
 2 2 2 2
f (x) 20 + o x 1  
lim = lim = − . 1 1 x
x→0 g (x) x→0 −x2 + o(x2 ) 20 =√  =√ 1 + √ + o(x) .
2 1 − 2√x
+ o(x) 2 4 2
2
  
 √  1 x π x x2  
arcsin √1 + 12 x − arctg 1 + x 2 arcsin √ + = +√ + + o x2 .
à¨¬¥à 3.9.  ©â¨ lim
2
. 2 2 4 2 16
x→0 (cos 2x)ctg x − (1 − th 5x)2/5 €­ «®£¨ç­®
 √  1  √
 2 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¤à®¡¨ ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ ’¥©«®à  ¤®
1
arctg 1+x 2 = √  √  = √ 1− 2x+ o(x) .
o x :  2 1+ 2x+ o(x) 2
(2x)2  3       √ π x x2  
ln cos 2x = ln 1− + o x = ln 1−2x2 + o x3 = −2x2+o x3 . arctg 1 + x 2 = + √ − + o x2 .
2 4 2 2

50 51
     5x 5
π x x2  2 6 √ arcsin x
f (x) =
4
+√ +
2 16
+o x − à¨¬¥à 3.11.  ©â¨ lim 3
− cos 2x .
x→0 3 + x2
 
π x x2   9x2    
− +√ − + o x2 = + o x2 .   áᬮâਬ ¯®ª § â¥«ì á⥯¥­¨ arcsin5 x = x5 + o x5 .
4 2 2 16
9x 2   ’ ª ª ª ¢ ç¨á«¨â¥«¥ 5x, â® ®á­®¢ ­¨¥ ä㭪樨  ¤®áâ â®ç­®
f (x) + o x2 9 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x : 4
lim = lim 162 = .
x→0 g (x) x→0 5x + o(x2 ) 80  
6 2 x2 x4  4
= 2 = 2 1− + +o x .
1 3 + x2 1 + x3 3 9
3.3. à¥¤¥« ä㭪樨 ¢¨¤  f (x) g(x) 
√ 2x4
‡ ¬¥ç ­¨¥ 19. ‚ ¤ ­­®¬ à §¤¥«¥ ¢® ¢á¥å ¯à¨¬¥à å ¬ë 3 3
cos 2x = 1 − 2x2 + + o(x4 ) =
¨á¯®«ì§ã¥¬ ®¡®§­ ç¥­¨¥ f (x) ¤«ï ®á­®¢ ­¨ï ¨ g (x) ¤«ï 
3

¯®ª § â¥«ï á⥯¥­¨. 1 2 2x4  4 1   2  
√ 14 = 1+ −2x + +o x − −2x2 + o x2 + o x4 =
3 3 27
1 − x2 x
à¨¬¥à 3.10.  ©â¨ lim . 2x2 2x4  
x→0 cos x =1− + + o x4 .
3 27
 ’ ª ª ª §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¯®ª § â¥«ï ¢ëà ¦¥­¨ï ¨¬¥¥â  
x2 x4  4
ç¥â¢¥àâãî á⥯¥­ì,
 4  â® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ®á­®¢ ­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© f (x) = 2 1 − + +o x −
Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x (á¬. á. 13). 
3 9

  2x2 2x4   4x4  
1 − 12 x2 − 18 x4 + o x4 − 1− + + o x4 =1+ + o x4 .
f (x) = = 3 27 27
1 − 12 x2 + 24
1 4
x + o(x4 )
   2    5x
x2 x4  4 x x4  4 g(x) 4x4   x5 +o(x5 ) 20
= 1− − +o x 1− − + +o x + lim (f (x)) = lim 1+ + o x4 = e 27 .
2 8 2 24 x→0 x→0 27
 2 
x  2 2  
+ − +o x + o x4 =  1
(1+x)3
2 1 − cos x ln
à¨¬¥à 3.12.  ©â¨ lim 2
1+3x
.
   x→0 sh x2
x2 x4  4 x2 5x4  4 x4  
= 1− − +o x 1+ + +o x = 1− +o x4 .
2 8 2 24 6
 ‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® 1 − cos x ∼ x2 , sh x2 ∼ x2 ¯à¨ 2 2 2

 1
  x4

 x → 0. …᫨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ®á­®¢ ­¨¥ ¤® o x3 , â® ¯®á«¥
x4 1
lim f (x)g(x) = lim ᮪à é¥­¨ï ¤à®¡¨ ­  x2 ¬ë ¯®«ã稬 ®â­®è¥­¨¥ 1+o(x)
1+o(x) .
1− + o x4 = exp − . 2
x→0 x→0 6 6

52 53
®«ã祭­®¥ ¢ëà ¦¥­¨¥ ­¥ ¯®§¢®«ï¥â ¢ë¤¥«¨âì £« ¢­ãî
ç áâì ®á­®¢ ­¨ï. ¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ãç¥áâì á«¥¤ãî騩   ç«¥­
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ¨ ¢ë¯®«­¨âì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ¤® o x4 . à¨ç¥¬ 
x2  
 1
3x2 +o(x2 ) 1
¢â®à®© ç«¥­ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï è¥á⮣® ¯®à浪 ,   lim (f (x))
x→0
g(x)
= lim
x→0
1−
12
+ o x2 = e− 36 .
ç¨á«¨â¥«ï | ç¥â¢¥à⮣® ¯®à浪 . ®á«¥ ¢ë¯®«­¥­¨ï ¤¥«¥­¨ï
¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨© §­ ç¨¬ë¬ ®ª ¦¥âáï ⮫쪮
 ç«¥­ ¬¥­ì襩 ⎛ ⎞ 1
√
ln2 (x+ 1+x2 )
á⥯¥­¨, ¯®í⮬㠯।áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ¤® o x4 ¤®áâ â®ç­®. à¨¬¥à 3.13.  ©â¨ lim ⎝
x tg x
 ⎠ .
®ïá­¨¬: ãç¨â뢠ï á«¥¤ãî騩 ç«¥­ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï x→0
ch x − exp − x2
2

§­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï,
  ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ¢ë¯®«­¨âì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ¤à®¡¨
 
¤® o x6 . ’® ¥áâì 1 − cos x = x2 − x24 + 24·30
x
+ o x6 ,
2 4 6
  áᬮâਬ ®á­®¢ ­¨¥. —¨á«¨â¥«ì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¤® ¢â®à®£®
sh x2 = x2 + x48 + o x6 . §­ ç¨¬®£® ç«¥­ : 
2 2 6

   
3   x 4   x
x2
− x4
+ x6
+ o x6 1− x2
+ x4
+ o x4 x tg x = x x + + o x3 = x2 + + o x4 .
f (x) = 2 24 24·30
= 12 12·30
= 3 3
x2
+ x6
+ o(x6 ) 1+ x4
+ o(x4 )  
2 48 24 ‡­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¤® o x4 :
    2
x2 x4   x4   x2    
= 1− + + o x4 1− + o x4 = 1− +o x2 , x x2 x4
12 12 · 30 24 12 ch x− exp − =1+ + + o x4 −
2 2 24
â ª ª ª ­  §­ ç¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«  ¢«¨ï¥â ⮫쪮 §­ ç¥­¨¥ ¢â®à®£® 
x2 x4  4

x4  
ç«¥­  ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨ï ®á­®¢ ­¨ï. ’® ¥áâì ¬ë ¢§ï«¨ «¨è­¨¥ − 1−
2
+
8
+o x = x2 −
12
+ o x4 .
ç«¥­ë ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ ¤à®¡¨.
x4
  x2
 
x2 x4   x2 x2   x2 + + o x4 1+ + o x2
ˆâ ª, 1 − cos x =
2
−
24
+ o x4 , sh
2
=
2
+ o x4 . ’®£¤  f (x) = 3
=
x4
= 3
x2
x2 − + o(x4 ) 12 1 − + o(x2 ) 12
      
x2
− x4
+ o x4
2
1 − x12 + o x2 x2   x2  2 x2  2 5x2  
f (x) = 2 24
= =1− + o x2 . = 1+ +o x 1+ +o x =1+ + o x2 .
x2
+ o(x4 ) 2
1 + o(x ) 12 3 12 12
2
 
à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤®
 
o x2 §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ì ®ª § â¥«ì
 √
á⥯¥­¨
¤®áâ â®ç­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ¤® o x2 , â®
¯®ª § â¥«ï á⥯¥­¨: ¥áâì ln x + 1 + x2 ¤® o(x):
  
(1 + x)3 ln x + 1 + x2 = ln (x + 1 + o(x)) = x + o(x) .
ln = 3 ln (1 + x) − ln (1 + 3x) =
1 + 3x
      1
x2  2 9x2  2   5x2   x2 +o(x2 )
=3 x−
2
+o x − 3x −
2
+o x = 3x2 + o x2 . ˆâ ª, lim (f (x))
x→0
g(x)
= lim
x→0
1+
12
+ o x2
5
= e 12 .

54 55
  √ x2 ctg x4  
etg x − 1 + 2x 1 + x2 + o x2
à¨¬¥à 3.14.  ©â¨ lim . f (x) = 5x2
=
x→0 2x ch x − ln (1 + sh x)2 + o(x2 )
1+ 6
 
  2  5x2  2 x2  
 à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ¯®ª § â¥«ì á⥯¥­¨ â ª, çâ®¡ë ®¯à¥¤¥«¨âì 2
= 1+x +o x 1− +o x =1+ + o x2 .
¯¥à¢ë¥ §­ ç¨¬ë¥ ç«¥­ë ç¨á«¨â¥«ï ¨ §­ ¬¥­ â¥«ï: 6 6
    
x2 cos x4 x2 1 + o x4 1 + o x2   1+o(x2 )
2 4
x ctg x = = = 2 . x2   2 2
x +o(x ) 1
sin x4 x4 + o(x4 ) x + o(x2 ) lim (f (x))g(x) = lim 1+ + o x2 = e 6 .
x→0 x→0 6
‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ®á­®¢ ­¨¥
  ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¯à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì
ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¤® o x2 .   3 1
arctg
  1 x3 x

2x ch x − ln (1 + sh x)2 = 2x 1 +
x2  
+ o x3 −
à¨¬¥à 3.15.  ©â¨ lim
x→+0
cos x + x2 ·
3
x+
8
.
2
 
    
 ’ ª ª ª arctg x1 ∼¯à¨ x → 0, â® ¤«ï ¯®ª § â¥«ï á⥯¥­¨
x3
π
− 2 ln 1 + x + + o x4 = 2x + x3 + o x4 − 2
⎛
6

¨¬¥¥¬: x33 arctg x1 ∼ 2x3π3
¯à¨ x → 0. 
  x3
 4  2 Žá­®¢ ­¨¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥¬ ¤® o x3 :
⎜ x 3   x + 6 + o x
− 2⎝ x + + o x4 − +   1 √
6 2 x2
f (x) = 1 −+ o x3 + x2 · 3 1 + 8x =
2 2 
 3
x + o x2 (x + o(x))4 5x4  4  x2  3 1 2 8x 4x3  
+ − = x2 + o x . =1− +o x + x 1+ + o(x) = 1 + + o x3 .
3 4 6 2 2 3 3

√   3π3
etg x − 1 + 2x = g(x) 4x3   2x

   lim (f (x)) = lim 1+ + o x3 = e2π .
x3  4 x2 x3 5x4  4 x→+0 x→+0 3
= exp x + +o x − 1+x− + − +o x =
3 2 2 8
        2+cos x
x3  3 x3  3 2 x2 x4
=1+ x+ +o x +
1
x+ +o x + à¨¬¥à 3.16.  ©â¨ lim ln 1 −
2
+ ch x .
3 2 3 x→+0

1  3 1   4  
 €­ «®£¨ç­® ¯à¨¬¥àã 3.15, ¢ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¨ ª®á¨­ãá 
+ x + o x2 + x + o x2 + o x4 −
 6 24  ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ¢ ¯®ª § â¥«¥ á⥯¥­¨ ­  §­ ç¥­¨¥
− 1+x−
x2 x3 5x4
+ −
 
+ o x4
 
= x2 + x4 + o x4 . ¯à¥¤¥«  ¢«¨ï¥â ⮫쪮 ¯¥à¢ë© ç«¥­. € ¨¬¥­­®, 2+cos
x
x
∼ x3 4 4
2 2 8 ¯à¨ x → 0.
56 57
  
à¥¤áâ ¢¨¬ ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  ®á­®¢ ­¨¥ ¤® o x4 : ‡ ¤ ç  9. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨

x2 x4  
 â®çª¨
 x0 =
 2 äã­ªæ¨î y
1
= (2x + 3) e4x +4x−3 ¤®
2

f (x) = − − + o x4 + o x− 2 1 2n+1
.
2 8

x2 x4  

x4   ‡ ¤ ç  10. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
+ o x4 + o x4 . â®çª¨ äã­ªæ¨î y = (x + 5) e
+ 1+ + =1− x0 = −3 (x +6x+8)(x +6x+10) ¤®
2 2
2 24 12 
  3 o (x + 3)4n+3 .
lim (f (x)) g(x)
= lim 1−
x4  
+ o x4
x4
=
1
e− 4 . ‡ ¤ ç  11. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
x→+0 x→+0 12 â®çª¨ x0 = 2 äã­ªæ¨î y = (x−3) x−2
¤® o((x − 2)n).
2

‡ ¤ ç  12. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à   ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨

4. ‡€„€—ˆ â®çª¨ x0 = 1 äã­ªæ¨î y = (4x−2x −1) ¤® o (x − 1)2n .
x−1
2 2

4.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ‡ ¤ ç  13. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = 2xx +2x−72
2+x−2
¤® o((x + 1)n).
‡ ¤ ç  1. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠‡ ¤ ç  14. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
â®çª¨
 x0 = 5 äã­ªæ¨î y = log3(2x2 − 20x + 53) ¤® â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = −x3x+9 2
−x+2
¤® o((x + 1)n).
o (x − 5)2n+1 . ‡ ¤ ç  15. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à   ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à 
‡ ¤ ç  2.  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨

â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = x(x x+2 2
+3x+3)
¤® o (x + 2) 3n+2
.
â®çª¨ x0 = 2 äã­ªæ¨î y = 5 x −6x +12x ¤® o (x − 2)3n+2 .
3 2
‡ ¤ ç  16. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
‡ ¤ ç  3. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î y = â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = (x + 2) ln (x + 3) ¤® o((x + 1)n).
= x sh x ¤® o (x)
2 2n

. ‡ ¤ ç  17. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©
 2 ’¥©«®à 
 √ ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
â®çª¨ x0 = 1 äã­ªæ¨î y = x − 2x − 1 ln x2 − 2x + 5 ¤®
‡ ¤ ç  4. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠
 o (x − 1)2n+1 .
â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = (x + 1) ln x1−2x−x
+2x+2
¤® o (x + 1)2n .
2

‡ ¤ ç  18. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨

2

‡ ¤ ç  5. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à   ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠ (x −x+ )

2 5

â®çª¨
 x0 = −
4
π
äã­ªæ¨î y = x + π
4 (sin x + cos x) ¤®
â®çª¨ x0 = 12 äã­ªæ¨î y = log5 3+2x 5−2x
4
¤®
 
π 2n+1
 
o x+ 4 . o x − 12
2n
.
‡ ¤ ç  6. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠‡ ¤ ç  19. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
â®çª¨ x0 = 2 äã­ªæ¨î y = x√−4x+4
7−3x
¤® o((x − 2)n).
2
3
  
â®çª¨ x0 = π2 äã­ªæ¨î y = x2 − πx cos2 x ¤® o x − π2 2n+1 .

‡ ¤ ç  7. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠‡ ¤ ç  20. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
â®çª¨
 x0 = −2 äã­ªæ¨î y = cos (x + 2) · cos (x + 3) ¤® â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = 5x +10x−3
2
1 + sin πx

¤®
o (x + 2)2n
. 
o (x + 1)2n

.
x+1 2

‡ ¤ ç  8. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨

 ‡ ¤ ç  21. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
â®çª¨ x0 = 3 äã­ªæ¨î y = sh (x − 3) ch (x − 4) ¤® o (x − 3)2n .
58 59
 √  
â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = (x + 2) −x ¤® o((x + 1)n ). x−1
â®çª¨ x0 = 1 äã­ªæ¨î y = x2 − 2x + 3 arccos √10−2x+x ¤®
 2
‡ ¤ ç  22. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à 
 2 ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠o (x − 1)2n
.
2
â®çª¨
 x 0 =
2 äã­ªæ¨î y = x − 4x 2x −4x+5 ¤®
o (x − 2)2n+1 .
‡ ¤ ç  23. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©  ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠4.2. ‚ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢
â®çª¨ x0 = 3 äã­ªæ¨î y = x2 − 6x e6−2x ¤® o((x − 3)n ).
‡ ¤ ç  24. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©
Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î  ©â¨ ¯à¥¤¥«ë
 2  2 2n+1 x
tg x − 1+x
y = x − 3 ch x ¤® o (x) . 1 . lim
2
.
‡ ¤ ç  25. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì x→0 arcsin x − x
   ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î 2
y = 4x − x3 sh 2x ¤® o (x)2n . cos x − ex
2. lim √ .
‡ ¤ ç  26. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à   ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
x→0 1 + x2 − 1
π π 2x √
â®çª¨
 x0 = 4− äã­ªæ¨î y = x + 4 sin x + cos x ¤® ch 2+x 2 + 4 ln
4
cos x − 1

π 2n+1 3. lim √ .
o x+ 4 x→0 e −x 2 /2
− 1 − x2
‡ ¤ ç  27. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©   2 12
 √’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠√ 1 cos x sin (1−x)
â®çª¨ x0 = −1 äã­ªæ¨î y = x2 + 2x −2x − 1 ¤® o((x + 1)n ). 4. lim x − ln x .
x→1 2
‡ ¤ ç  28. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à   √ ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠√
â®çª¨ x0 = 4 äã­ªæ¨î y = (2x − 6) sh ln x − 1 + √x−3 ¤® x sin2 (x−2)
1

x−1 5. lim 3 − x + ln .
x→2 2
o((x − 4)n ). √
‡ ¤ ç  29. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®©  ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®áâ¨
√  ln 1 + x2 − x + tg x
â®çª¨ x0 = −3 äã­ªæ¨î y = x2 + 6x th ln 4 x + 7 ¤® 6. lim   .
x→0 x ch x − ex2
o((x + 3)n ).
‡ ¤ ç  30. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠etg x − x − ch x
 7. lim .
x→0 sin x − arctg x
â®çª¨ x0 = −3 äã­ªæ¨î y = arctg 1−x ¤® o (x + 3)2n .
2x+8
√
‡ ¤ ç  31. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠arcsin (xex ) − x 3 1 + 3x
√  8. lim .
â®çª¨ x0 = 4 äã­ªæ¨î y = ln 5 + x + 3 ¤® o((x − 4)n ). x→0 ln (1 + sin 2x) − 2 sh (x − x2 )
  2
‡ ¤ ç  32. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© Œ ª«®à¥­  äã­ªæ¨î x arcsin x ctg x
1
 2n+1  9. lim .
3
y = x arcsin 2 − x ¤® o x . x→0 ln (1 + x2 )
‡ ¤ ç  33. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠2 √
e2 sin x+x − 1 + 4x − 5x2
â®çª¨ x0 = −2 äã­ªæ¨î y = (x + 2) arccos √x(x+2) ¤® 10 . lim  .
x→0
 sh 2x − ln 1+x
2 +4x+5
2n+1 1−x
o (x + 2) . √
3
3x + ch 2x − arctg x
−x
‡ ¤ ç  34. à¥¤áâ ¢¨âì ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠11 . lim −x/2
x
.
x→0 tg x · e − ln (1 + x)

60 61
   1   4
sh x 1−cos x
− x3 x x+2 x
2
12 . lim + arcsin x . 24 . lim e ln .
x→0 ch x − cos x + x x→+∞ 4 x−2
sh2 x
√ √ x4
13 . lim (1 + sin (ex − 1) + ln (1 − x)) x5 . − x2
2 x2 + 2x − x2 − 2x
x→0 25 . lim e .
x→+∞ 2
x 1 √     
e sin x − (1 + 2x) 2x − ex 3 1 − 5x + 2e9x
3
2 x+1 2 1 1
14 . lim . 26 . lim ln tg ln − sh + + 4 ln x .
x→0 tg sh x − x x→+∞ x x x3
2 √   
ex /2 arcsin x − 3 cos 3x sh x 27 .
3
lim 4 ln x − ln x ctg x − 1 − sh2 x .
15 . lim  . x→+0
x→0
ln 1+arctg x
1−arctg x − 2x cos x   
√   1 1 cos x
ln ch x − tg2 12 sh x 28 . lim 3 ln x − ln − sin 2x − .
16 . lim √ . x→+0 x 3 sh x
x→0 e 1+x2 −1 − ch x
 2  −2 2 3 1/x
1 + x2 − 1 − x2 + 3x
17 . lim .
x→0 (tg x − arctg x) ln (e + x)
√
5. Ž’‚…’›
√ 
arccos 23 + x4 − arcctg 3 + 2x 5.1. à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«®© ’¥©«®à 
18 . lim   √ ctg x .
x→0 ch x 3 − (1 + tg 2x)3/4 
n 
(−1)k−1 ·2k
1. 1 + (x − 5)2k + o (x − 5)2n+1 .
3k ·k·ln 3
 √ x12 k=1
tg x − 3 x3 − x5 2 
n 8 k 
19 . lim − 2 ln (cos x) . 2. 5 ·ln 5
k! (x − 2)3k + o (x − 2)3n+2 .
x→0 sin x + sh x x k=0
1 
n−1  
  3. 22k−1 2k+1
+ o x2n .
(2k)! x
ln(tg x)
x sh x sin4 x
20 . lim − + . k=1
x→+0 sin x x 10 
n−1
(x+1)2k+1

  3
4 . (x + 1) ln 2 + (−1)k−1 + 1
2k k + o (x + 1)2n .
  −1 1 x−ln(1+x+x2 ) k=1
21 . lim 2
1 − sh x − x · + tg x 
n−1 k−1
√    2n+1
cos x (−1) 2 π 2k+2
x→0 5. (2k+1)! x+ 4 + o x + π4 .
k=0
π + sh 2x − 4 arctg (ex )
22 . lim . 
n−2
(3k−2)(3k−5)·...·1
x→0 tg x − sin x 6 . (x − 2)2 +(x − 2)3 +2 (x − 2)4 + k! (x − 2)k+2 +
k=3
x + 2 ln ln(1+x)
x + o((x − 2)n ) .
23 . lim .
x→0 π − 2 arcsin (1 − 2x4 )

$ $!
 n  
n
(−1)k 22k−2 sin 1 k 2k−1
7 . cos 1+ (2k−1)! (x + 2)2k−1 + (−1) 2(2k)! cos 1 (x + 2)2k + 21 . 1 + 1
2 (x + 1) − 5
8 (x + 1)2 − (2k−5)!!
2k ·k!
(4k − 3) (x + 1)k +
 k=1 k=3
+ o (x + 2)2n . + o((x + 1)n ) .
n 
n  2k−2  22 . − 8 + 2 lnk−1 2
(k − 4 ln 2) (x − 2) 2k
+ o (x − 2) 2n+1
.
2 ch 1 2k−1 22k−1 sh 1 2k 2n k!
8. (2k−1)! (x − 3) + (2k)! (x − 3) +o (x − 3) . k=1
 (−2)k−2  
k=1 n
n   2k 2·4k  2k+1   2n+1 23 . − 9 + 18 (x − 3) + k 2 − k − 36 (x − 3)k +
4k+1 k!
9. e4 ·k!
x − 12 + e4 ·k! x − 12 + o x − 12 . k=2
k=0
n   + o((x − 3)n ) .
 −2 4k 1 4k+1 4n+3 n 2k−3 
   
10 . e·k! (x + 3) + e·k! (x + 3) + o (x + 3) . 24 . − 3 + 2x2 + 2
4k 2 − 2k − 12 x2k + o x2n+1 .
k=0 (2k)!
k=2

n−1

n−1    
11 . k (x − 2)k+1 + o((x − 2)n ) . 25 . 8x2 + 22k−1
16 − 4k 2 − 4k x2k+1 + o x2n .
k=0 (2k+1)!
 k=1

n−1 n 
12 . k (x − 1)2k+1 + o (x − 1)2n . (−1)k (1−2k) 
 2k (−1)k+1 (2k)  
π 2k+1
26 . √1
+ √ x + π4 + √ x+ +
2 2(2k)! 2(2k+1)! 4
k=0
n   k=1

2n+1
13 . 52 + (−1)k − 2k+1
1
(x + 1)k + o((x + 1)n ) . + o x + π4 .
k=1
n  27 . − 1 + (x + 1) + 32 (x + 1)2 − 12 (x + 1)3 +
14 . (−1)k + 2k−1
1
(x + 1)k + o((x + 1)n ) . n
(2k−7)!!  2 
k=0 + 3k − 17k + 15 (x + 1)k + o((x + 1)n ) .
n  
k=4
k!
15 . − (x + 1)3k − (x + 1)3k+1 + o (x + 1)3n+2 . √ √
7 3
√
11 3 2
k=0 28 . 3 + 6 (x − 4) + 72 (x − 4) +
  
n
(−1)k (k+1)  (−1)n (2k−5)!!
n
16 . ln 2 + ln 2 + 1
2 (x + 1) + 2k ·k(k−1)
(x + 1)k + o((x + 1)n ) . + 6k k!
(4k + 3) (x − 4)k + o((x − 4)n ) .
k=2 k=3
  
n
29 . − 27 + 3 (x + 3) + 19 2
8 (x + 3) +
1 2 (−1)k (2k−1) 2k
17 . − ln 4 + ln 2 − (x − 1) + 4 (x − 1) +
4k ·k(k−1)  (−1)k ·4·(2k−5)!!
n
 k=2
+ (14k − 9) (x + 3)k + o((x + 3)n ) .
8k k!
+ o (x − 1)2n+1 . k=3

n−1 
  n−1
 (10k+3)     (−1)k
1 2k+1 1 2n 30 . arctg 12 + (x + 3)2k+1 + o (x + 3)2n
18 . ln 15 · x − 12 + 2 k
(4k −1)4 ln 5
x − 2 + o x − 2 . k=0
22k+1 (2k+1)
k=1 
n
    (−1)k−1 (2k−1)!!
2
n
(−1)k−1 22k−3 π 2k 31 . ln 6 + (x − 4)k + o((x − 4)n )
19 . − π4 + (2k)! 4k 2 − 2k + π 2 x− 2 + k=4
2k+1 ·9k ·k·k!
 2n+1
k=2

n−1
(−1)k−1 2k (2k−1)!! 2k+2  
+ o x − π2 . 32 . π4 x − x2 + k!(2k+1) x + o x2n+1
k=1
 (−1)k π 2k−2   
n
20 . − π 2 (x
+ 1) + 20k 2 − 10k + 5π 2 (x + 1) 2k−1
+ 
n−1
(−1)k
22k−2 (2k)! 33 . 2k+1 (x + 2)2k+2 + o (x + 2)2n+1
 k=2
k=0
+ o (x + 1)2n . 34 . π + 2
9 (x − 1) + π
2 (x − 1)2 +

$" $#
 
n−1  
(−1)k
+ 9k+1
2
2k+1 − 9
2k−1 (x − 1)2k+1 + o (x − 1)2n
k=1

5.2. ‚ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢

1 . − 4. 2 . − 3. 3 . − 13 1 1
6 . 4 . exp{ 8 cos2 1 }. 5 . exp{− 4 }.
6 . 3 . 7 . 3. 8 . 3 . 9 . exp{ 3 }. 10 . − 2 . 11 . − 3 . 12 . exp{ 13 }.
1 5 2 3 8
√ √
13 . exp{− 13 }. 14 . 13. 15 . 6. 16 . − 2. 17 . e4 . 18 . 43 . 19 . e.
20 . e2 . 21 . exp{− 15 10 1 4 3
2 }. 22 . 3 . 23 . 24 . 24 . exp{ 5 }. 25 . exp{ 2 }.
5 3
26 . ln 4 . 27 . ln 5. 28 . ln 10 .

$$