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PHUS - 34 Liver, Pancreas and Spleen 07-10-2013 PDF Version-2
PHUS - 34 Liver, Pancreas and Spleen 07-10-2013 PDF Version-2
everyone.
This
is
going
to
be
a
rather
busy
lecture
because
we
are
going
to
cover
a
few
organs
in
the
abdomen
of
which
they
are
working
very
closely
together.
1
So
let’s
start
with
the
liver.
This
is
a
picture
taken
outside
an
Irish
Pub.
It
reminds
us
that
nowadays,
alcohol
is
an
important
aeAological
factor
for
chronic
liver
disease.
Of
course
for
Hong
Kong,
we
should
not
forget
hepaAAs
B
and
other
hepaAAs
viruses.
In
my
job
as
a
HBP
surgeon,
performing
liver
resecAon
for
hepaAAs
B-‐related
HCC
is
my
regulars.
2
The
liver
is
the
biggest
organ
in
our
body
and
occupying
the
right
upper
corner
of
the
abdominal
cavity.
From
the
anterior
view,
we
can
see
the
smooth
surface
of
the
right
lobe
and
the
leJ
lobe
of
the
liver.
Between
the
right
and
leJ
lobe,
there
is
the
falciform
ligament
aKaching
to
the
anterior
abdominal
wall.
Remember
the
rotaAon
of
the
foregut
where
the
liver
developed
within
the
ventral
mesogastrium
and
the
falciform
is
the
remnant
of
the
aKachment
of
the
ventral
mesogastrium
to
the
anterior
abdominal
wall.
This
is
the
view
of
the
inferior
aspect
or
inferior
surface
of
the
liver.
This
view
can
be
obtain
when
we
liJ
up
the
edge
of
the
right
lobe
up
towards
the
head.
This
is
an
important
view
of
the
liver
because
the
inferior
aspect
of
the
liver,
we
can
find
the
liver
hilum
or
what
we
called
the
porta
hepaAs.
Porta
hepaAs
literally
means
“the
door
to
the
liver”.
In
the
porta
hepaAs,
you
will
normally
find
the
common
bile
duct
anteriorly,
the
hepaAc
artery
proper
in
the
middle
and
portal
vein
posteriorly.
Don’t
forget,
these
three
structures
are
also
the
same
three
structures
contained
in
the
free
edge
of
the
lesser
omentum
and
we
also
call
this
the
hepatoduodenual
ligament.
Within
the
porta
hepaAs,
we
shall
find
lymphaAcs
as
well
as
autonomic
nerves
supplying
the
liver.
Important
relaAons
include
(1)
anteriorly
and
to
the
right
of
porta
hepaAs,
the
gallbladder
and
the
gallbladder
fossa;
(2)
posteriorly
and
to
the
right,
the
groove
in
which
the
IVC
passes
through
the
retro-‐hepaAc
tunnel;
(3)
anteriorly
and
to
the
leJ,
the
fissue
containing
the
fissure
for
ligamentum
teres;
and
(4)
posteriorly
and
to
the
leJ,
the
fissure
for
ligamentum
venosum.
[The
ligamentum
teres
is
the
obliterated
remains
of
the
leJ
umbilical
vein
which
brings
blood
from
the
placenta
back
into
the
fetus
when
the
baby
is
sAll
in
the
womb.
The
ligamentum
venosum
is
the
fibrous
remnant
of
the
“fetal
ductus
venosus”
which
shunts
oxygenated
blood
from
this
leJ
umbilical
vein
to
the
inferior
vena
cava,
short-‐circuiAng
the
liver.
But
you
really
have
to
study
the
topic
of
fetal
circulaAon
before
you
can
understand,
and
then
remember
what
is
what.
Just
reciAng
“anteriorly
and
to
the
leJ
of
the
porta
hepaAs
is
fissure
for
ligamentum
teres”
simply
doesn’t
work!]
In
the
past,
the
anterior
boundary
of
the
right
and
leJ
lobe
of
liver
was
the
falciform
ligament.
However,
with
the
advancement
in
the
knowledge
of
the
intrahepaAc
anatomy,
we
know
funcAonally,
the
division
line
between
the
right
lobe
and
leJ
lobe
is
actually
lying
on
a
imaginery
plane
using
the
gallbladder
fundus
and
the
supra-‐
hepaAc
IVC
as
landmarks.
The
doKed
line
in
these
two
diagrams
indicate
the
dividing
line
between
the
right
lobe
and
the
leJ
lobe
of
the
liver.
Studies
of
the
distribuAon
of
the
hepaAc
blood
vessels
and
bile
ducts
have
indicated
that
the
true
morphological
and
physiological
division
of
the
liver
is
into
right
and
leJ
lobes
demarcated
by
a
plane
which
passes
through
the
fossa
of
the
gallbladder
and
the
fossa
of
the
interior
vena
cava.
Although
these
two
lobes
are
not
differenAated
by
any
visible
line
on
the
dome
of
the
liver,
each
has
its
own
arterial
and
portal
venous
blood
supply
and
separate
biliary
ducts.
The
right
lobe
and
leJ
lobe
can
further
divided
into
8
segments,
for
the
right
lobe,
segment
5,
6,
7
and
8
and
for
the
leJ
lobe,
segment
1,
2,
3
&
4
as
indicated
in
this
diagram.
The
knowledge
of
such
segmental
anatomy
allows
surgeons
to
resect
individual
segment.
[Quadrate
lobe
is
therefore
segment
4
and
caudate
lobe
is
segment
1
and
from
the
internet,
there
is
a
very
nice
website
explaining
the
classificaAon
in
greater
details
-‐
hKp://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p4375bb8dc241d)
6
The
hepaAc
artery
at
the
porta
hepaAs
is
called
the
hepaAc
artery
proper.
Usually
within
the
hepatoduodenual
ligament,
the
hepaAc
artery
proper
would
divide
into
the
right
hepaAc
and
leJ
hepaAc
artery.
The
end
artery
supplying
the
gallbladder,
the
cysAc
artery
usually
arises
from
the
right
hepaAc
artery.
AJer
entering
into
the
parenchyma
of
the
liver,
the
right
and
leJ
hepaAc
artery
would
further
divide
into
the
segmental
artery
supplying
different
segments
of
the
liver.
Very
liKle
anastomosis
between
the
right
lobe
arteries
and
the
leJ
lobe
arteries.
The
portal
veins
follow
a
very
similar
paKern
as
the
artery
although
more
variaAons
are
observed
in
terms
of
communicaAon
between
segments.
7
Again
the
bile
ducts
follows
a
similar
paKern
as
the
arteries
but
there
are
even
more
variaAons
in
the
biliary
duct
drainage
within
the
liver.
8
The
hepaAc
artery
and
portal
vein
direct
blood
into
the
liver.
They
are
called
the
inflow
of
the
liver.
The
oujlow
is
from
the
hepaAc
vein.
In
addiAon
to
right
and
leJ
hepaAc
vein,
there
is
a
central
hepaAc
vein.
Usually,
the
middle
vein
will
join
the
leJ
hepaAc
vein
to
form
one
trunk
and
then
the
common
trunk
would
drain
into
the
IVC.
The
right
hepaAc
vein,
also
drains
into
the
IVC
at
a
separate
opening.
The
three
principal
hepaAc
veins
have
three
zones
of
drainage
corresponding
roughly
to
the
right
third,
middle
third
and
the
leJ
third
of
the
liver.
In
addiAon,
there
are
a
number
of
small
and
short
veins
that
would
directly
drain
into
the
retrohepaAc
IVC.
These
veins
carry
significance
in
blunt
abdominal
trauma
that
if
they
are
torn,
they
may
cause
a
lot
of
bleeding.
9
This
is
the
posterior
aspect
of
the
liver.
Most
importantly,
you
should
appreciate
the
peritoneal
aKachment
lining.
Over
the
right
side,
there
are
anterior
coronary
ligament
and
posterior
coronary
ligaments.
On
the
leJ
there
is
the
leJ
triangular
ligaments.
These
ligaments
essenAal
can
pin
the
liver
against
the
diaphragm,
so
that
the
liver
will
not
drop
into
the
pelvis
when
we
stand
up.
Also
note
the
various
impressions
–
the
renal,
gastric,
oesphageal,
colic,
etc.
That
means
the
liver
is
actually
toughing
these
organs.
Lastly,
note
the
IVC
passing
the
back
of
the
liver.
The
segment
below
the
inferior
edge
of
the
liver
is
called
the
infra-‐hepaAc
IVC,
the
segment
behind
the
liver
is
called
the
retro-‐hepaAc
IVC
and
that
segment
above,
receiving
hepaAc
veins
from
the
liver
is
called
the
supra-‐hepaAc
IVC.
Once
the
supra-‐
hepaAc
IVC
penetrates
through
the
diaphragm,
it
would
very
quickly
drain
into
the
right
atrium
of
the
heart.
10
If
we
take
the
liver
away,
we
can
look
at
the
bare
area
and
the
outline
of
peritoneal
aKachment
of
the
liver
from
another
perspecAve.
Over
the
whole
of
the
bare
area,
the
liver
is
in
direct
contact
with
the
diaphragm.
This
diagram
serves
to
correct
one
common
confusion
on
clinical
examinaAon
of
the
liver.
If
we
base
on
this
figure,
we
should
easily
feel
the
leJ
lobe
of
the
liver
over
the
epigastrium.
But
in
fact,
in
a
normal
individual,
the
liver
is
not
palpable.
In
most
of
the
paAents,
the
whole
liver
is
protected
by
the
rib
cage
and
the
costal
margin.
Surgeons
rouAnely
make
subcostal
incisions
one
finger
breath
beneath
the
right
costal
margin,
but
they
would
rarely
encounter
the
leJ
lobe
of
the
liver
immediate
over
the
incision.
12
I
took
another
example
from
another
textbook
of
anatomy,
and
again
the
leJ
lobe
seems
to
be
palpable.
This
is
not
what
we
experienced
in
the
clinical
serngs.
13
Next
is
the
biliary
tree.
This
is
a
cast
model
of
the
intrahepaAc
biliary
tree.
Calling
it
a
“tree”
is
a
more
graphic
descripAon
than
calling
it
“biliary
tract”
or
“biliary
system”.
14
The
right
hepaAc
duct
and
leJ
hepaAc
duct
join
together
in
the
porta
hepaAs
to
form
the
common
hepaAc
duct.
When
the
cysAc
duct
joins
in,
it
is
called
the
common
bile
duct.
The
common
bile
duct
then
passes
down
behind
the
duodenum,
going
through
the
pancreaAc
head
Assue,
joins
with
the
main
pancreaAc
duct
and
then
passes
into
the
duodenum
through
the
duodenual
papilla.
The
sphincter
muscle
controlling
the
opening
of
the
Ampulla
of
Vater
is
called
the
sphincter
of
Oddi.
It
is
extremely
rare
to
encounter
separate
drainage
of
common
bile
duct
and
main
pancreaAc
duct
into
the
duodenum.
15
The
gallbladder
is
divided
into
the
fundus,
body
and
neck
and
last
opening
into
the
cysAc
duct.
It
is
one
of
the
commonest
organs
being
removed
from
our
body.
It
is
supplied
usually
by
one
end
artery,
the
cysAc
artery.
Again,
the
cysAc
artery
usually
arises
from
the
right
hepaAc
artery.
When
we
perform
cholecystectomy
(resecAon
of
gallbladder
–
“cholecyst-‐”
means
gallbladder;
and
“ectomy”
means
resecAon);
it
is
important
to
divide
the
cysAc
artery
and
the
cysAc
duct.
However,
since
the
right
hepaAc
duct,
common
hepaAc
duct
and
common
bile
duct
are
all
very
close
to
cysAc
artery
and
cysAc
duct,
surgeons
should
not
confuse
what
they
are
curng
during
surgery.
Thus,
there
is
such
an
anatomical
boundary
called
the
Calot’s
triangle
of
which
is
made
by
the
edge
of
the
liver,
the
cysAc
duct
and
common
hepaAc
duct.
And
the
interpretaAon
is
that
you
will
find
the
cysAc
artery
in
the
Calot’s
triangle.
The
gallbladder
has
no
named
draining
vein
called
cysAc
vein.
Small
veins
will
drain
the
gallbladder
and
these
veins
would
drain
into
the
porto-‐venous
system
directly
into
the
liver.
16
This
is
to
recap
the
anatomical
relaAonship
of
the
gallbladder,
common
hepaAc
duct,
common
bile
duct
and
the
arterial
system
near
the
porta
hepaAs.
Also,
please
note
that
the
right
gastric
artery
can
arise
from
both
common
hepaAc
artery
(as
in
this
picture)
and
also
the
hepaAc
artery
proper
(as
in
the
picture
shown
in
slide
41
of
this
lecture).
17
The
biliary
tract
can
be
visualized
by
injecAng
contrast
directly
into
the
biliary
tract.
Either
through
a
direct
puncture
like
this
one
by
purng
a
needle
through
the
skin
and
then
the
liver
by
a
needle
(procedure
called
percutaneous
transhepaAc
cholangiogram),
or
from
below
through
an
endoscope
inserts
into
the
duodenum
(ERCP).
18
Another
way
to
visualize
the
biliary
tree
is
through
ERCP.
Please
find
out
what
is
ERCP
by
yourself.
On
the
right
hand
side
picture,
you
can
see
a
dilated
common
bile
duct
and
common
hepaAc
ducts.
The
intrahepaAc
ducts
are
also
slightly
dilated.
The
dark
shadow
represents
the
contrast
medium
filling
up
the
bile
ducts.
19
There
could
be
a
lot
of
variaAon
in
how
the
cysAc
duct
joins
the
common
hepaAc
duct
or
common
bile
duct.
In
rare
circumstances,
it
could
join
into
the
right
hepaAc
duct.
20
This
picture
shows
both
the
standard
anatomy
and
also
a
rather
common
variaAon.
In
secAon
A,
it
shows
the
standard
orientaAon
of
structure
near
the
hepaAc
hilum
with
the
common
hepaAc
duct
on
top,
portal
vein
in
the
boKom;
and
then
the
right
hepaAc
artery
and
leJ
hepaAc
artery
in
the
middle.
The
cysAc
artery
on
the
other
hand,
usually
arises
from
the
right
hepaAc
artery,
supplying
the
gallbladder.
In
the
cross-‐secAon
B
in
this
picture,
it
shows
the
presence
of
the
aberrant
right
hepaAc
artery
on
the
right
side
of
the
porta
hepaAs.
This
aberrant
right
hepaAc
artery
arises
from
SMA
and
is
seen
in
about
10
to
20%
of
paAents.
Usually
the
liver
would
not
be
only
supplied
by
the
aberrant
right
hepaAc
artery.
There
will
usually
be
another
leJ
hepaAc
artery
arising
from
the
celiac
trunk
supplying
the
liver.
21
This
is
an
operaAve
picture
showing
an
aberrant
right
hepaAc
artery
in
a
paAent
undergoing
pancreaAco-‐duodenectomy
(resecAon
of
the
duodenum
and
pancreaAc
head).
22
Next
we
shall
talk
about
pancreas.
Do
you
know
about
the
relaAonship
of
this
beauAful
Greek
island
Santorini
and
pancreas?
23
Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681–1737); [Picture from the
National Library of Medicine]; was an anatomist who found apart
from the duodenual papilla that drains the main pancreatic duct,
there is another opening in the duodenum slightly above that leads
into the pancreas substance. He thus coined the name of the
smaller duct or minor duct of the pancreas the duct of Santorini.
So the minor duct of pancreas was not discovered in the island of
Santorini.
Now,
let’s
get
real
into
the
anatomy
of
the
pancreas.
It
is
much
easier
to
understand
the
pancreaAc
anatomy
from
first
understand
a
bit
about
its
histology.
It
is
a
glandular
structure
with
endocrine
cells
or
hormone
secreAng
cells
inside
the
pancreas.
The
lobular
structure
of
the
glands
forms
small
ductules
and
then
the
smaller
ducts
would
join
to
become
bigger
duct.
The
main
pancreaAc
duct
is
called
the
duct
of
Wirsung.
25
The
pancreas
is
divided
into
a
few
parts,
the
pancreaAc
head,
the
uncinate
process
(which
is
closely
related
to
the
SMA),
neck
(which
is
closely
related
to
the
portal
vein),
the
body
and
the
tail.
The
pancreaAc
tail
is
in
contact
with
the
splenic
hilum.
26
The
pancreas
develops
from
a
larger
dorsal
diverAculum
from
the
duodenum
and
a
smaller
ventral
out-‐pouching
from
the
side
of
common
bile
duct.
The
ventral
pouch
then
swings
round
posteriorly
to
fuse
with
the
dorsal
diverAculum,
trapping
the
superior
mesenteric
vessels
between
the
two
parts.
The
ducts
of
the
two
formaAve
segments
then
communicate
and
the
smaller
takes
over
the
main
pancreaAc
flow
to
form
the
main
duct,
leaving
the
original
duct
of
the
larger
porAon
of
the
gland
as
the
minor
duct.
The
dorsal
bud
becomes
the
pancreaAc
head,
body
and
tail
and
the
ventral
bud
becomes
the
uncinate
process
of
the
pancreas.
27
Again
this
picture
shows
the
main
duct
and
the
major
papilla
as
well
as
the
minor
duct
with
the
minor
papilla.
Note
the
posiAon
of
the
common
bile
duct.
If
there
is
a
cancer
in
the
head
of
the
pancreas
or
uncinate
process,
the
common
bile
duct
will
be
obstructed
and
resulted
in
obstrucAve
jaundice.
28
The
main
pancreaAc
duct
can
have
slightly
different
course
inside
the
pancreas.
These
are
just
a
few
common
forms
that
have
been
recognized
through
imaging
studies,
usually
through
MRI
studies.
29
And
these
are
some
of
the
variaAon
of
the
minor
duct
inside
the
pancreas.
Note
the
condiAon
called
pancreaAc
divisum
where
the
main
duct
is
drained
through
the
minor
papilla
and
this
developmental
anomaly
can
lead
to
recurrent
episode
of
pancreaAAs
in
paAents.
30
Note
the
arterial
supply
of
the
pancreas
is
very
similar
to
the
duodenum
where
both
arteries
from
celiac
artery
and
SMA
supply
the
organ.
The
pancreaAc
head
is
mainly
supplied
by
the
GDA,
the
body
and
tail
from
branches
arising
from
splenic
artery
and
then
the
uncinate
process
supplies
by
the
inferior
pancreaAco-‐duodenual
artery
from
the
SMA.
The
lymphaAcs
drain
along
the
same
two
routes
back
to
the
celiac
nodes
and
SMA
nodes.
31
This
is
what
we
can
see
from
the
back
of
the
pancreas.
The
SMA
and
SMV
as
well
as
bile
duct
is
embedded
in
the
pancreaAc
Assue
substance.
32
This
is
to
show
the
relaAonship
between
the
pancreaAc
neck
and
the
portal
vein,
which
is
formed
by
joining
of
superior
mesenteric
vein
and
the
splenic
vein.
33
Purng
the
SMA
and
SMV
into
the
picture,
you
now
can
appreciate
the
compact
structure
of
the
upper
GI
organs,
the
stomach,
the
duodenum,
the
pancreas
and
the
spleen.
A
few
points
on
its
relaAons.
The
head
of
pancreas
lies
in
the
C-‐curve
of
the
duodenum
and
posteriorly
you
will
see
the
IVC
going
up.
Other
posteriorly
related
organs
include
the
aorta,
the
crura
of
the
diaphragm,
coeliac
plexus,
the
leJ
kidney
and
the
leJ
adrenal
gland.
The
tortuous
splenic
artery
runs
along
the
upper
border
of
the
pancreas
and
the
splenic
vein
runs
behind
the
pancreas
where
it
receives
the
inferior
mesenteric
vein.
34
In
fact,
even
the
arteries
and
veins
around
the
pancreas
can
have
some
variaAon.
35
This
is
a
CT
through
L1
level.
BTE,
what
plane
is
that
level
corresponding
to?
We can see beauAfully the splenic vein lying behind the pancreas.
36
The
spleen
is
about
the
size
of
our
fist.
It
is
a
very
important
organ
for
immunity
and
the
destrucAon
of
old
red
cells.
[Do
you
know
what
is
the
life
span
of
a
red
blood
cells
created
in
the
bone
marrow?]
37
Note
the
surface
projecAon
of
the
spleen.
It
is
protected
by
the
lower
ribs.
Posterior
to
the
spleen
lies
the
diaphragm
and
the
rib
cage.
But
the
lower
reflecAon
of
the
pleura
and
also
the
leJ
lung
can
go
down
behind
the
spleen.
38
The
spleen
is
related
anteriorly
by
the
stomach,
inferiorly
the
splenic
flexure
of
the
colon
and
medially
the
leJ
kidney.
39
The
antero-‐posterior
relaAons
of
the
spleen
is
perhaps
beKer
shown
on
a
cross
secAon.
Noted
the
gastro-‐splenic
ligament
contains
the
short
gastric
arteries
and
the
splenorenal
ligament
contains
some
small
vessels
but
they
are
not
named.
40
The
splenic
artery
is
one
of
the
three
main
arteries
from
the
celiac
artery.
It
runs
on
the
superior
aspect
of
the
pancreas.
41
The
tail
of
the
pancreas
is
in
contact
with
the
splenic
hilum.
In
performing
a
splenectomy,
the
pancreaAc
tail
could
be
damaged.
It
might
lead
to
pancreaAc
juice
leakage
as
a
major
postoperaAve
complicaAon.
42
Finally,
I
wish
spend
a
liKle
Ame
on
the
portal
circulaAon
and
the
porto-‐systemic
anastomosis.
43
We
have
touched
on
the
portal
venous
system
from
here
and
there.
However,
in
diseased
individuals
where
the
pressure
in
the
portal
venous
system
is
elevated;
for
example
in
cirrhosis
of
liver;
some
porto-‐systemic
anastomoses
may
open
up.
You
may
imagine
that
the
portal
venous
blood
is
trying
to
find
alternaAve
way
to
get
back
to
the
heart.
The
are
a
number
of
possible
communicaAon
points:
(1)
between
the
oesophageal
branch
of
the
leJ
gastric
vein
and
oesophageal
veins
of
the
azygos
system
(and
the
dilated
veins
in
oesophagus
are
called
the
oesophageal
varices);
(2)
between
the
superior
rectal
branch
of
the
inferior
mesenteric
vein
and
the
inferior
rectal
veins
draining
into
internal
iliac
vein
via
its
pudendal
tributary;
(3)
between
the
portal
tributories
in
the
mesentery
and
mesocolon
and
retroperitoneal
veins
communicaAng
with
the
renal
lumbar
and
phrenic
veins;
(4)
between
portal
branches
in
the
liver
and
the
veins
of
abdominal
wall
via
vein
passing
along
the
falciform
ligament
from
the
umbilicus;
(5)
between
portal
branches
in
the
liver
and
the
veins
of
the
diaphragm
across
the
bare
areas.
[Among
these,
the
bleeding
oesophageal
varices
would
give
rise
to
most
serious
trouble
to
paAents.]
44
The
dilated
veins
over
the
anterior
abdominal
wall
can
be
quite
massive
and
tortuous.
Cluster
of
dilated
veins
radiaAng
from
the
umbilicus
has
got
a
special
name.
45
The
collecAon
of
veins
is
someAmes
referred
to
as
caput
medusae.
46
Some
dilataAon
of
veins
could
be
quite
scary
and
developed
mostly
in
the
lower
abdomen.
Clinically,
however,
these
dilated
veins
would
not
give
rise
to
much
symptoms.
47
A
liKle
quiz
here.
48
The
blood
will
flow
away
from
the
umbilicus,
so
that
blood
can
drain
back
to
the
femoral
vein
and
thus
back
to
the
heart.
Although
the
course
of
the
dilated
veins
look
like
they
are
inferior
epigastric
veins,
they
are
not
inferior
epigastric
because
inferior
epigastric
veins
are
much
deeper
and
covered
by
the
rectus
muscles.
49
This
ends
the
lecture
on
the
anatomy
of
liver,
biliary
tract,
pancreas
and
spleen.
Thank
you
for
your
aKenAon.
50