Department of Petroleum Engineering

Dr. MAQSOOD AHMAD

Senior Lecturer
Block L Level -1 Room No.39
Phone: 05-368 7134
Email: maqsood.ahmad@utp.edu.my
 Objective of Week-02 Lecture/s:
Application of Density, Neutron, Sonic and NMR Logging Tools

in Petroleum Reservoirs Resource Evaluation

Density & Neutron Logging Tools

Log: Continuous, depth-related record of a geophysical parameter down a well

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Lecture Title - Porosity Logging Tools

Type of porosity logs:  m a − b

1. – Sonic log  den =
2. – Density log ma −  f
3. – Neutron log
 tlog − tma 
Log10ɸ = αN+ B  sonic =  
 t − t 
 fl ma 

1. None of these logs measure porosity directly

2. Density and neutron logs are nuclear measurements
3. Sonic log use acoustic measurements
4. Neutron Porosity –hydrogen nuclei index sensitive
5. Combination good indication for lithology and porosity

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Porosity Logging Tools

1. Sonic
2. Density
3. Neutron

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 Objectives of Lecture-Porosity Estimation
Using Density Logging Tools
1. Porosity
2. Lithology Identification
3. Gas Indication
4. Formation Mechanical Properties
5. Clay Content
6. Source Rock and Non-Source Rock Identification
7. Fluids and Hydrocarbons Contact – Gas Oil Contact, Gas Water
Contac, and Oil and Water Contact

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Fluids & Porosity Model in Reservoir Rock

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 Matrix & Porosity Model in Reservoir Rock
Irreducible Water
Clay Capillary
Matrix Bound Bound Hydrocarbons
Clay and OH-
Quartz + Feldspar etc Water Water

Grain Dry Clay H20 H20 H20

Non Movable Movable Fluids

Solid Matrix
Fluids

Effective Porosity

Total Porosity

Nuclear DPHI (apparent Density porosity) *

*Not true if gas NPHI (apparent Neutron porosity)
*
NMR TCMR (NMR total porosity) *
*Not true if gas
BFV
(NMR bound fluids)
FFV
(NMR free fluids)
*
CMRP3ms *
(NMR non clay fluids)

Sonic *Not true if gas sonic (apparent sonic porosity) * 7

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Objectives- IO&IG-IP Estimation

 How to incorporate Clay/Shale Role in Water
Saturation Models
Archie’s Model
1
Indonesian Model
1
 a R  n   n
S W − Ar =  m w   
   Rt   1 
S W − In=  
   ( 2 −Vsh )  ( 2 −Vsh ) 
  e + 2   e  Vsh 
m m
Vsh
 t   +

R
 R  R  R  R
 w  w sh  sh
 

Simandoux Model  1

 0.45  R w    5.0   em  Vsh 
2
  Vsh  n

S W − Si =     
   R  R
+
 R
  − 
 e  sh 
m
   w t   sh  R

 

Total Shale Model

1

0.4  Rw  (1.0 − Vsh )   Vsh   V

2
 em
n

S W −To= 
   +   − sh
e m   Rsh  0.2  Rw  (1.0 − Vsh ) Rt  Rsh
 
Density of Various Rocks & Minerlas

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Lithology Determination

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Objectives of Lecture-Porosity Estimation

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Porosity Evaluation & Radiation Techniques

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Porosity Measurement Principle - Compton
Scattering

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Porosity Measurement Principle - Compton
Scattering

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Electron and Bulk Density

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Electron and Bulk Density

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Density Log Tool

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Density Log Tool

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Porosity Determination

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Porosity Determination from Density Log

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Depth of Investigation

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Density Log Correction

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Density Log Presentation

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Density Log & Gas Effect

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Density Log & Compaction

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Density Log & Sandstone Composition

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Density Log & Sandstone Composition

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Principal Uses of Neutron Logs

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Neutron Log-Applications

1. Liquid Hydrocarbon (oil) does not affect the tool response

2. Hydrocarbon Gas has much lower hydrocarbon index resulting from its low density
3. Hydrocarbon Gas gives rise to under-estimation of Neutron Porosity

Quantitative Application/Use Qualitative Application/Use

Shale Effect on Neutron Porosity Lithology Identification

1. Increases the Hydrogen Index of the 1. Shale

Formation 2. Sand
2. Over Estimation of Neutron Porosity due to 3. Evaporites
Bound Water 4. Coal
5. Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks

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eutron Logs Typical Response Response. Log shows hydrogen index and later
converted to neutron Porosity units

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Fluid and Lithology Identification

Porosity Logs

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Neutron Logs Types

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Density and Neutron Porosity Logs

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Density and Neutron Logs

Separations

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Neutron and Density Logs

Separations

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Neutron Logs Values of Evaporites

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Neutron Logs Values /

Evaporites

Chamosite , a hydrated Iron mineral of formula 2SiO2.3FeO.nH2o, causing high neutron values.
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Note the high density of the chamosite zone.
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Neutron Logs Response

Hydrated Evaporite Carnalite

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Neutron Log-Working Arrangements

1. Reaction between radioactive elements emits fast neutrons

2. Neutrons collide with nuclei of other atoms-hydrogen nuclei
3. Detectors count slowed down neutrons deflected back to the tool
4. Apparent neutron porosity obtained based on hydrogen index
5. Hydrogen index of a material is defined as partial concentration of
hydrogen per unit volume relative to water
6. An indication of richness of hydrogen in the formation

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Porosity Evaluation &

Radiation Techniques
1. Photoelectric Effect
2. Compton Scattering
3. Pair Production
Other Mechanisms:
Coherent Scattering, Photo-disintegration and Edge Absorption

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Spatial Distribution of Neutrons and

Disintegration Products

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Neutron Log-Quantitative Application

Neutron Porosity Equation :

Log10ɸ = αN+ B

Where:
1. ɸ = Porosity
2. α, B = Constants
3. N = Neutron Tool Reading

A sketch of a conventional neutron logging sonde (Keys, 1990)

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Neutron Log- Interaction

Slowing of fast neutrons with time by elastic collision with formation nuclei
Dr Paul Glover

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Neutron Log- Tool Arrangement

Cased Hole Logging

Cable
Casing
Far GR Detector
Cement

Near GR Detector

Borehole Fluid
(Mud Saltwater or Oil)

5×10^7 N/sec-14MeV

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Neutron Log-Working Arrangements

Open hole Logging

1. Evaluate Formation Density

2. Hydrogen Detector
3. Detects Gas
4. Works Both in cased & Open hole

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Neutron Log-Working Arrangements

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Neutron Log –Tool Types

There are three main types of Neutron Tools:
1. Gamma Ray /Neutron Tool (GNT)
2. Sidewall Neutron Porosity Tool (SNP)
3. Compensated Neutron Log (CNL)

Compensated
Neutron Log-CNL

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Neutron Log- Characteristics

1. Neutron Scale is Arithmetic

2. Plotted across Track 2 and 3
3. Showed in Dashed Line
4. Generally combined with Density, Caliper and Gamma Ray Tools

Depth of Investigation(DOI) – 15-25 cm

DOI -Varies with HI(Hydrogen Index) & Porosity

Vertical Resolution:
1. 60 cm with SNP
2. 40 cm with CNL

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Neutron Log-Presentation

1. Scale at the top of the Log shows (negative) -15% porosity on the right
2. 0 % about ¼ of the way over and 45% on the left end
3. Sandstone have an absolute maximum of about 28% porosity
4. Shale porosity is much higher
5. Grain size of shale is very small
6. Oil or Gas trapped in shale cannot be produced
7. Consequently shale porosity is generally not important.

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Neutron Log –3 Tool Types

GNT SNP CNL

Gamma Ray/Neutron Tool Sidewall Neutron Porosity Tool Compensated Neutron Log

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Neutron Log-Neutron-Density
Combined Idealized Responses

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Neutron Log - Corrections Required

Salinity
Chlorine excellent neutron absorber, as neutrons lose their energy.
They are absorbed by the chlorine atom, so this affects the porosity determination.
The lower the count rate, the higher the porosity, since the two are logical
reciprocals.

Shale
Great deal of bound water, can also cause count rate to decrease thus increasing the
porosity indication.

Mud and Mudcake

High Hydrogen Content – correction nomograph should be used

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Neutron Log-Porosities of Different

Lithologies

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Neutron Energy Degradtion

Schematic Diagram of a neutron Life –

Showing energy degradion after emission &
the neutron tool detector levels
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Neutron Log- Response to Shales,

Sandstones & Evaporites (Rider 1997)

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Neutron & Density- Combination

Idealized Response

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Neutron Log-Distinctive Evaporites on

Density –Neutron Log M.H. Rider 1986

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Gas Plots-Neutron & Density Log Patterns

1. Lithology Change
2. Gas effect in thin zone or possibly shale
3. Lithology Change
4. Lithology/Porosity change
5. Lithology/Porosity change
6. Lithology/Porosity change
7. Lithology change
8. Gas Football Effect
9. Water saturated limestone with statistical variation
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Gas Plots-Neutron & Density Log Patterns

Patterns made on Figure 1.7-representing

density –neutron curves on a sandstone matrix.

1. Shale
2. Shaly Water Sand
3. Shaly Gas Sand
4. Invaded low porosity gas sand
5. Low porosity gas sand with little or no invasion
6. Invaded high porosity gas sand
7. Clean Water Sand
8. High porosity oil sand
9. High porosity gas sand
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Thank You
Questions & Answers