Populations and Population Parameters

A population is a collection of all objects of interest. Some populations include

1.       All voters registered for a US Presidential election.

2.       All Americans who have a CPA.

3.       All cows in India.

4.       All customers shopping at a department store on a chosen day.

5.       All computer chips produced this month at a semiconductor plant.

6.       All families in Houston, Texas.

Often we are interested in estimating a numerical characteristic of a population

known as a population parameter. Some examples of population parameters
follow:

1.       Fraction off voters preferring the Democratic candidate.

2.       Average age of all CPA’s

3.       Average weight of all cows in India.

4.       The standard deviation of the amount spent by a department store

customer.

5.       Fraction of all computer chips that are defective.

6. Median income of families in Houston, Texas

Samples and Sample Statistics
A complete enumeration of a population is a census. A sample is a part of the population that we
observe in an attempt to glean insights about the population. Samples are used for several
reasons.

1.       If the population is large, it is impractical to take a census. How do we ask every registered
voter who they are for?

2.       Sampling involves examining fewer items than a census, so measurement error should be
reduced.

3.       Sampling may involve destroying elements of the population. For example, testing a chip to
see if the chip is defective may involve destroying the chip.

Often a function of the sample data (called a statistic) is used to estimate a population parameter.
For example,

1.       We could estimate the median income of Houston families by taking a sample of 100 Houston
families and using the median income in the sample to estimate the population’s median income.

2.       We could estimate the fraction of defective chips by testing 100 chips, and using the fraction
of defective chips in the sample to estimate the fraction of defective chips in the population For
example, if 5 of the 100 tested chips are defective we would estimate that 5% of the chips
produced that day are defective.

3.       We could estimate the average weight of all cows in India by weighing 100 cows and using the
average weight of the cows in the sample to estimate the average weight of all Indian cows

4. We could estimate the fraction of registered voters for HRC in 2016 by looking at fraction of
registered voters in sample for HRC.
Suppose a population has N individuals and we want to take a sample of size n. The sample is a simple
random sample if each set of n individuals has the same chance of being chosen. For example, consider a
random sample without replacement of two items from a population of size 5 (n= 2, N = 5.) Then each of
the possible ten samples shown below has the same chance (1/10)of being chosen.

(1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (3,4) (3,5) (4,5).
 A B C D E F G
1
2
3 Sort on Rand column and
4 pick players with 10 largest random numbers
5
6 Rand Player
7 0.996804 Joel_Anthony
8 0.991764 Miroslav_Raduljica
9 0.982225 Byron_Mullens
10 0.981401 Andrew_Bynum
11 0.981134 Dirk_Nowitzki
12 0.980461 Elton_Brand
13 0.978092 Brendan_Haywood
14 0.97305 Anthony_Tolliver
15 0.956591 Greg_Monroe
16 0.942004 Paul_Pierce
17 0.93729 Ricky_Ledo
18 0.935591 LeBron_James
19 0.931829 Jeff_Taylor
20 0.928119 Chauncey_Billups
21 0.927295 Hilton_Armstrong
22 0.920549 Wesley_Johnson
23 0.915805 Andre_Miller
24 0.914423 Chris_Kaman
25 0.914025 Andrew_Bogut
26 0.911792 Andrei_Kirilenko
27 0.911155 Jordan_Hill
28 0.899949 Harrison_Barnes
29 0.898656 Ersan_Ilyasova
30 0.887971 Tony_Snell
31 0.884259 Pau_Gasol
32 0.882847 Ramon_Sessions
33 0.874902 Josh_Smith
34 0.873304 Francisco_Garcia
35 0.870564 Jerryd_Bayless
36 0.868053 Xavier_Henry
37 0.864866 Willie_Green
38 0.864751 Peyton_Siva
39 0.864172 Mike_Dunleavy_Jr.
40 0.859377 Tyshawn_Taylor
41 0.85542 Phil_Pressey
42 0.850886 Festus_Ezeli
43 0.850442 Corey_Brewer
44 0.843594 Kobe_Bryant
45 0.843423 Blake_Griffin
46 0.8386 Chris_Bosh
47 0.828574 Hedo_Turkoglu
48 0.82662 Greg_Smith
49 0.824 Jermaine_O'Neal
50 0.821775 DeJuan_Blair
51 0.817682 Chris_Paul
52 0.81152 Kyrie_Irving
53 0.810853 Omer_Asik
54 0.810361 Dwyane_Wade
55 0.805087 DeWayne_Dedmon
56 0.802217 Zaza_Pachulia
57 0.792064 Mike_Conley
58 0.790879 Ronnie_Brewer
59 0.790268 Ian_Mahinmi
60 0.789687 MarShon_Brooks
61 0.786767 Lance_Stephenson
62 0.786136 Alonzo_Gee
63 0.785876 Bismack_Biyombo
64 0.783764 Jordan_Crawford
65 0.780751 Quincy_Miller
66 0.777573 Kevin_Garnett
67 0.773539 Nemanja_Nedovic
68 0.77308 Zach_Randolph
69 0.770883 Lou_Williams
70 0.770631 Norris_Cole
71 0.770191 Andre_Iguodala
72 0.769843 Luis_Scola
73 0.769644 Taj_Gibson
74 0.765471 Chandler_Parsons
75 0.758249 George_Hill
76 0.753656 Rashard_Lewis
77 0.748957 Shabazz_Muhammad
78 0.747712 Cartier_Martin
79 0.744802 Mason_Plumlee
80 0.742939 Keith_Bogans
81 0.742442 Joakim_Noah
82 0.738434 Omri_Casspi
83 0.728738 Brandon_Knight
84 0.728463 A.J._Price
85 0.728061 DeAndre_Jordan
86 0.724132 Udonis_Haslem
87 0.716813 Al_Horford
88 0.716223 Draymond_Green
89 0.703026 Stephen_Curry
90 0.697295 Gustavo_Ayon
91 0.694857 Dante_Cunningham
92 0.692751 Deron_Williams
93 0.69164 Andrew_Bynum
94 0.680734 Jeremy_Lin
95 0.677115 Roger_Mason_Jr.
96 0.674575 James_Southerland
97 0.670056 Brandan_Wright
98 0.669351 Greg_Oden
99 0.66491 Steve_Nash
100 0.660343 Avery_Bradley
101 0.656889 Jason_Terry
102 0.643195 Jordan_Hamilton
103 0.642467 James_Nunnally
104 0.640524 Nick_Calathes
105 0.640121 John_Jenkins
106 0.633837 Carlos_Delfino
107 0.628894 Khris_Middleton
108 0.623405 Henry_Sims
109 0.615838 Ben_Gordon
110 0.608062 David_West
111 0.607036 Orlando_Johnson
112 0.606651 Vitor_Faverani
113 0.599782 Kentavious_Caldwell-Pope
114 0.59485 Maalik_Wayns
115 0.594115 Aaron_Brooks
116 0.590207 Patrick_Beverley
117 0.5885 Paul_Millsap
118 0.586737 Jonas_Jerebko
119 0.584195 Brook_Lopez
120 0.584049 Ed_Davis
121 0.581518 Erik_Murphy
122 0.580978 Darius_Morris
123 0.574106 Dwight_Howard
124 0.573184 Kirk_Hinrich
125 0.563633 Tristan_Thompson
126 0.556463 Quincy_Pondexter
127 0.55025 Mike_James
128 0.549294 Marreese_Speights
129 0.549168 O.J._Mayo
130 0.537442 Charlie_Villanueva
131 0.534583 Tony_Mitchell
132 0.527398 Jamaal_Franklin
133 0.522438 Caron_Butler
134 0.521533 Anderson_Varejao
135 0.516985 JaVale_McGee
136 0.513404 Antawn_Jamison
137 0.512452 MarShon_Brooks
138 0.510462 Ekpe_Udoh
139 0.506359 Chris_Copeland
140 0.50575 Ryan_Gomes
141 0.503955 Jamal_Crawford
142 0.501192 Timofey_Mozgov
143 0.499643 Elias_Harris
144 0.495532 Robert_Sacre
145 0.492272 Seth_Curry
146 0.491985 Kenneth_Faried
147 0.491918 Danilo_Gallinari
148 0.471933 DeMarre_Carroll
149 0.468781 Joel_Anthony
150 0.463043 Carlos_Boozer
151 0.461502 Derrick_Rose
152 0.460017 Larry_Sanders
153 0.45841 C.J._Miles
154 0.452843 Nate_Robinson
155 0.445921 Matthew_Dellavedova
156 0.444243 Jon_Leuer
157 0.443239 Chase_Budinger
158 0.441529 Josh_Harrellson
159 0.439749 Kosta_Koufos
160 0.435799 Luke_Ridnour
161 0.429847 Toney_Douglas
162 0.424199 Chris_Johnson
163 0.424114 Gorgui_Dieng
164 0.422852 Will_Bynum
165 0.422194 Matt_Barnes
166 0.419473 Jordan_Farmar
167 0.418122 D.J._Augustin
168 0.411269 Gerald_Henderson
169 0.407104 Nazr_Mohammed
170 0.405963 Kevin_Love
171 0.401609 Robbie_Hummel
172 0.401013 Devin_Harris
173 0.394779 J.J._Redick
174 0.39428 Josh_McRoberts
175 0.393723 Jeff_Green
176 0.393048 Nick_Young
177 0.391213 Jeff_Teague
178 0.386601 Jarrett_Jack
179 0.386387 Kevin_Martin
180 0.380957 C.J._Watson
181 0.379762 Darrell_Arthur
182 0.377326 Vince_Carter
183 0.376962 Shaun_Livingston
184 0.367833 Gary_Neal
185 0.363241 Ryan_Hollins
186 0.353372 Ryan_Kelly
187 0.353232 Marquis_Teague
188 0.35171 Cody_Zeller
189 0.34833 Anthony_Randolph
190 0.341918 Chris_Andersen
191 0.340342 Jimmy_Butler
192 0.339773 Tony_Allen
193 0.336252 Jodie_Meeks
194 0.33204 Pero_Antic
195 0.327789 Kelly_Olynyk
196 0.327674 Sergey_Karasev
197 0.327556 Bernard_James
198 0.322798 Ricky_Rubio
199 0.317838 Mario_Chalmers
200 0.314606 Shane_Battier
201 0.311398 Jared_Dudley
202 0.311126 Shane_Larkin
203 0.305409 Samuel_Dalembert
204 0.305008 Courtney_Lee
205 0.304227 Rasual_Butler
206 0.299052 Tayshaun_Prince
207 0.295141 Jae_Crowder
208 0.294739 Carrick_Felix
209 0.289324 Vander_Blue
210 0.28913 Solomon_Hill
211 0.28631 Stephen_Jackson
212 0.285431 John_Henson
213 0.282258 Earl_Clark
214 0.280118 Terrence_Jones
215 0.277874 Giannis_Antetokounmpo
216 0.274871 Wilson_Chandler
217 0.274555 Evan_Fournier
218 0.268803 Isaiah_Canaan
219 0.264848 David_Lee
220 0.263801 Danny_Granger
221 0.261857 Nikola_Pekovic
222 0.257427 Reggie_Evans
223 0.251772 Monta_Ellis
224 0.251322 Kyle_Singler
225 0.248908 Paul_George
226 0.240376 Gal_Mekel
227 0.233448 Andray_Blatche
228 0.22755 Luol_Deng
229 0.225706 Brandon_Bass
230 0.224928 Mike_Miller
231 0.220346 Klay_Thompson
232 0.217493 Luol_Deng
233 0.205871 Jerryd_Bayless
234 0.204193 Cartier_Martin
235 0.202952 Jannero_Pargo
236 0.197432 Shawne_Williams
237 0.193269 James_Jones
238 0.18008 Jeff_Adrien
239 0.179842 Reggie_Bullock
240 0.177092 Jose_Calderon
241 0.176009 Dennis_Schroder
242 0.173786 Alan_Anderson
243 0.163204 Shawn_Marion
244 0.163053 Ray_Allen
245 0.143838 J.J._Barea
246 0.138961 Randy_Foye
247 0.133175 Ognjen_Kuzmic
248 0.123001 Tyler_Zeller
249 0.122975 Joe_Johnson
250 0.120967 James_Johnson
251 0.104934 Kent_Bazemore
252 0.103792 Marc_Gasol
253 0.100613 Tornike_Shengelia
254 0.092871 Marquis_Teague
255 0.092478 Al_Jefferson
256 0.088468 Darren_Collison
257 0.08639 Donatas_Motiejunas
258 0.082489 Brandon_Jennings
259 0.081693 Shelvin_Mack
260 0.074321 Rajon_Rondo
261 0.072672 Robert_Covington
262 0.069391 Roy_Hibbert
263 0.067495 Manny_Harris
264 0.066689 Anthony_Bennett
265 0.065184 Tornike_Shengelia
266 0.057371 Donald_Sloan
267 0.05454 Mike_Scott
268 0.054039 Rodney_Stuckey
269 0.047941 James_Harden
270 0.043355 Dion_Waiters
271 0.043283 Michael_Beasley
272 0.040838 Courtney_Lee
273 0.040153 Ty_Lawson
274 0.035287 Kemba_Walker
275 0.034723 Toney_Douglas
276 0.034219 Steve_Blake
277 0.031932 Nate_Wolters
278 0.031405 Luigi_Datome
279 0.031218 JJ_Hickson
280 0.028571 Kris_Humphries
281 0.027687 Wayne_Ellington
282 0.024872 Kyle_Korver
283 0.023968 Mirza_Teletovic
284 0.020628 Kendall_Marshall
285 0.017652 Jared_Sullinger
286 0.016185 Jared_Cunningham
287 0.015131 Chris_Douglas-Roberts
288 0.012371 Jordan_Crawford
289 0.007385 Andre_Drummond
290 0.002576 Michael_Kidd-Gilchrist
291 0.002112 Gerald_Wallace
 A B C D E F G
1
2
3 Sort on Rand column and
4 pick players with 10 largest random numbers
5
6 Rand Player
7 0.998152 Chris_Douglas-Roberts
8 0.994134 Nick_Calathes
9 0.987062 Paul_Pierce
10 0.986242 Patrick_Beverley
11 0.985116 Roger_Mason_Jr.
12 0.973976 Carlos_Delfino
13 0.973319 Kelly_Olynyk
14 0.970552 David_Lee
15 0.967327 Tony_Mitchell
16 0.961087 Blake_Griffin
17 0.960373 Tornike_Shengelia
18 0.956705 Shane_Larkin
19 0.955977 Samuel_Dalembert
20 0.953055 Corey_Brewer
21 0.950523 Jared_Dudley
22 0.948949 Anderson_Varejao
23 0.940654 James_Jones
24 0.923872 Nikola_Pekovic
25 0.923109 Ray_Allen
26 0.920147 Festus_Ezeli
27 0.917824 Miroslav_Raduljica
28 0.917797 Jamaal_Franklin
29 0.906867 Wesley_Johnson
30 0.906256 Jonas_Jerebko
31 0.901161 Vitor_Faverani
32 0.899444 Francisco_Garcia
33 0.888597 Chris_Bosh
34 0.885611 Courtney_Lee
35 0.88461 Gerald_Henderson
36 0.884492 Jared_Cunningham
37 0.884316 Ty_Lawson
38 0.883865 Danny_Granger
39 0.882033 Elias_Harris
40 0.876128 Courtney_Lee
41 0.875564 Andre_Drummond
42 0.867363 Gorgui_Dieng
43 0.86286 Dwight_Howard
44 0.861843 Kyrie_Irving
45 0.861264 Andray_Blatche
46 0.861168 Jeff_Adrien
47 0.856076 Henry_Sims
48 0.854863 Dante_Cunningham
49 0.84287 Dwyane_Wade
50 0.834796 JJ_Hickson
51 0.83434 Gerald_Wallace
52 0.831938 MarShon_Brooks
53 0.83142 Joel_Anthony
54 0.829812 Kent_Bazemore
55 0.827652 J.J._Barea
56 0.827326 Phil_Pressey
57 0.819589 Taj_Gibson
58 0.817852 Quincy_Miller
59 0.816221 Ryan_Gomes
60 0.81317 Nazr_Mohammed
61 0.812983 Tony_Allen
62 0.807447 Stephen_Curry
63 0.79347 Danilo_Gallinari
64 0.791695 Chris_Andersen
65 0.781703 Greg_Oden
66 0.7778 Shawne_Williams
67 0.772418 Andrew_Bynum
68 0.768881 Will_Bynum
69 0.768836 Jeff_Taylor
70 0.76124 DeJuan_Blair
71 0.759405 Toney_Douglas
72 0.757978 Brendan_Haywood
73 0.757525 Dirk_Nowitzki
74 0.748015 Kosta_Koufos
75 0.74681 Jason_Terry
76 0.744741 Avery_Bradley
77 0.744144 Mike_Dunleavy_Jr.
78 0.730715 Roy_Hibbert
79 0.723184 Mike_Scott
80 0.720837 DeWayne_Dedmon
81 0.714682 Brandon_Jennings
82 0.713214 Carrick_Felix
83 0.710783 Paul_George
84 0.709159 Dion_Waiters
85 0.705985 Matt_Barnes
86 0.705697 Chris_Johnson
87 0.702698 Gal_Mekel
88 0.701488 Luis_Scola
89 0.698376 Anthony_Tolliver
90 0.697791 Luke_Ridnour
91 0.695798 Josh_Smith
92 0.693243 Willie_Green
93 0.691917 Jae_Crowder
94 0.686878 Erik_Murphy
95 0.685258 Lou_Williams
96 0.685014 John_Jenkins
97 0.680397 Harrison_Barnes
98 0.678701 Cartier_Martin
99 0.675995 Kenneth_Faried
100 0.675728 Solomon_Hill
101 0.675137 Jerryd_Bayless
102 0.662259 Kendall_Marshall
103 0.660894 Jamal_Crawford
104 0.64619 DeAndre_Jordan
105 0.645481 Wayne_Ellington
106 0.642198 Alonzo_Gee
107 0.641733 Jeff_Teague
108 0.640086 Andrew_Bogut
109 0.639766 Charlie_Villanueva
110 0.639096 Quincy_Pondexter
111 0.638314 Mirza_Teletovic
112 0.637041 Keith_Bogans
113 0.633792 Pero_Antic
114 0.63204 Jon_Leuer
115 0.624977 Seth_Curry
116 0.6204 C.J._Miles
117 0.618143 D.J._Augustin
118 0.61662 C.J._Watson
119 0.61233 Joe_Johnson
120 0.606756 Hilton_Armstrong
121 0.606603 Joakim_Noah
122 0.6018 Jarrett_Jack
123 0.600566 Tony_Snell
124 0.59596 Marc_Gasol
125 0.592705 Kobe_Bryant
126 0.592226 Ramon_Sessions
127 0.592216 Steve_Nash
128 0.591706 Kentavious_Caldwell-Pope
129 0.590601 Norris_Cole
130 0.589069 Robbie_Hummel
131 0.588968 Manny_Harris
132 0.585896 Ben_Gordon
133 0.581698 Earl_Clark
134 0.575448 Ricky_Ledo
135 0.571675 Carlos_Boozer
136 0.570409 Chandler_Parsons
137 0.568722 Ricky_Rubio
138 0.56349 Jimmy_Butler
139 0.563123 Bismack_Biyombo
140 0.559565 Jannero_Pargo
141 0.555172 Anthony_Randolph
142 0.552942 Brook_Lopez
143 0.551956 Chauncey_Billups
144 0.548984 O.J._Mayo
145 0.5464 MarShon_Brooks
146 0.542687 Elton_Brand
147 0.54234 Rasual_Butler
148 0.54229 JaVale_McGee
149 0.540295 Jordan_Hill
150 0.540212 Omer_Asik
151 0.538324 Aaron_Brooks
152 0.534813 Kirk_Hinrich
153 0.533252 James_Harden
154 0.518644 Andre_Miller
155 0.512575 Michael_Kidd-Gilchrist
156 0.51182 James_Nunnally
157 0.508811 Toney_Douglas
158 0.507772 A.J._Price
159 0.504102 Andrew_Bynum
160 0.502654 Anthony_Bennett
161 0.492847 Jordan_Farmar
162 0.49177 Randy_Foye
163 0.488197 Mike_Conley
164 0.482515 Peyton_Siva
165 0.476327 Tornike_Shengelia
166 0.470398 Chris_Paul
167 0.470119 Derrick_Rose
168 0.460266 Tristan_Thompson
169 0.4497 Zaza_Pachulia
170 0.439419 Jordan_Crawford
171 0.437908 Gary_Neal
172 0.43751 Nick_Young
173 0.436183 Antawn_Jamison
174 0.433116 Darius_Morris
175 0.432921 Evan_Fournier
176 0.429948 Larry_Sanders
177 0.429916 DeMarre_Carroll
178 0.429641 Jeremy_Lin
179 0.424422 Robert_Sacre
180 0.410324 Steve_Blake
181 0.408856 Zach_Randolph
182 0.403076 Devin_Harris
183 0.40069 Al_Horford
184 0.400513 J.J._Redick
185 0.397451 Mike_James
186 0.394895 Wilson_Chandler
187 0.39374 Greg_Smith
188 0.392744 Reggie_Evans
189 0.390127 Chris_Copeland
190 0.386755 Kyle_Singler
191 0.385409 Nate_Wolters
192 0.379089 Timofey_Mozgov
193 0.376072 Donald_Sloan
194 0.373097 Marreese_Speights
195 0.367256 Luol_Deng
196 0.367186 Kevin_Martin
197 0.361548 Joel_Anthony
198 0.360077 Isaiah_Canaan
199 0.358045 Josh_McRoberts
200 0.353536 Cartier_Martin
201 0.352817 Caron_Butler
202 0.352497 Mike_Miller
203 0.350985 Rodney_Stuckey
204 0.347788 Mason_Plumlee
205 0.343089 Chris_Kaman
206 0.342374 Rajon_Rondo
207 0.335644 Brandon_Knight
208 0.334991 Nemanja_Nedovic
209 0.329894 Marquis_Teague
210 0.323477 Klay_Thompson
211 0.322169 Luigi_Datome
212 0.306455 Vander_Blue
213 0.305174 Rashard_Lewis
214 0.300993 Pau_Gasol
215 0.298259 Mario_Chalmers
216 0.296954 Brandon_Bass
217 0.296387 Marquis_Teague
218 0.296376 Greg_Monroe
219 0.284895 Jodie_Meeks
220 0.280876 Lance_Stephenson
221 0.280734 Jordan_Hamilton
222 0.272136 Ognjen_Kuzmic
223 0.26551 Reggie_Bullock
224 0.256699 Matthew_Dellavedova
225 0.250219 Jared_Sullinger
226 0.24835 Byron_Mullens
227 0.245154 Ekpe_Udoh
228 0.232206 Sergey_Karasev
229 0.221427 Ersan_Ilyasova
230 0.216604 Tyshawn_Taylor
231 0.212775 Tyler_Zeller
232 0.212364 Shawn_Marion
233 0.194593 James_Southerland
234 0.193234 Kevin_Love
235 0.189509 John_Henson
236 0.182935 David_West
237 0.178424 Omri_Casspi
238 0.176318 Andrei_Kirilenko
239 0.169741 Udonis_Haslem
240 0.168358 Paul_Millsap
241 0.166846 Xavier_Henry
242 0.164919 Terrence_Jones
243 0.157956 Robert_Covington
244 0.154756 Shabazz_Muhammad
245 0.148124 Gustavo_Ayon
246 0.147698 LeBron_James
247 0.144434 Giannis_Antetokounmpo
248 0.14192 Tayshaun_Prince
249 0.138591 Orlando_Johnson
250 0.134076 Jose_Calderon
251 0.126396 Ed_Davis
252 0.125212 Draymond_Green
253 0.121833 Donatas_Motiejunas
254 0.118704 Dennis_Schroder
255 0.113648 Andre_Iguodala
256 0.102831 Luol_Deng
257 0.102165 Vince_Carter
258 0.100138 Jeff_Green
259 0.095394 Ronnie_Brewer
260 0.09402 Darren_Collison
261 0.088785 Kemba_Walker
262 0.087419 Kyle_Korver
263 0.086053 Kevin_Garnett
264 0.085779 Jordan_Crawford
265 0.0851 Shaun_Livingston
266 0.084951 Alan_Anderson
267 0.082974 Khris_Middleton
268 0.07386 Kris_Humphries
269 0.061023 Cody_Zeller
270 0.060315 Shane_Battier
271 0.055254 Darrell_Arthur
272 0.049476 Brandan_Wright
273 0.044082 Monta_Ellis
274 0.044002 Maalik_Wayns
275 0.043304 James_Johnson
276 0.042151 George_Hill
277 0.04198 Ian_Mahinmi
278 0.039462 Ryan_Hollins
279 0.038899 Jerryd_Bayless
280 0.035368 Michael_Beasley
281 0.034931 Nate_Robinson
282 0.02442 Shelvin_Mack
283 0.021607 Bernard_James
284 0.019075 Jermaine_O'Neal
285 0.016783 Al_Jefferson
286 0.013153 Ryan_Kelly
287 0.012034 Chase_Budinger
288 0.009441 Josh_Harrellson
289 0.00531 Stephen_Jackson
290 0.000563 Hedo_Turkoglu
291 0.00034 Deron_Williams
SAMPLING PROBLEMS

1.     Selection bias occurs when each item in population does not have
same chance of being chosen in sample

§  Although Nixon won the 1972 Presidential election in a landslide, Liberal

Movie Critic Pauline Kael said she did not know anyone who voted for Nixon.

§  Why is it wrong to take an election poll at LAX?

§  Why did Literary Digest (a highbrow magazine) predict FDR to lose in

1936?

§  Bernie Sanders outperformed polls in the 2016 Democratic Michigan

primary because pollsters assumed electorate would look like previous
primaries (50% of the electorate >=50 years old.) In reality there were many
more young voters.

§  In 2016 election many pollsters assumed electorate would look like 2012
electorate, but in 2016 more rural voters and fewer African Americans voted
compared to 2012.

§  Now only 10% of all people contacted by pollsters respond, making it

difficult to get a random sample. Do people now lie more often to pollsters?

2.      Publication Bias occurs because drug studies with positive results are
more likely to be published than negative results. For example, in studies of
antidepressants 94% of studies with positive results were published but only
14% of studies with negative results were published.

3.     Survivorship Bias occurs when part of a population disappears. For

example, look at 20 year returns on 100 randomly selected mutual
funds and you find the average return beats the market by a lot. Why?
In a Houston high school mean and median test scores improved a
great deal from 10th to 11th and 11th to 12th grade. Is that a good high
school?
4.       Response Bias occurs when a small fraction of those sampled
respond and the respondents may not be representative of the
population. Usually respondents have more negative opinions than the
entire population. For example, the TV news show Nightline asked
people to call in about whether the US should leave the UN. 67% of
those calling in wanted the US to leave the UN. A correctly designed
sample study estimated only 28% of people wanted the US to leave the
UN. On line teaching evaluations have the same issue

A sample that is not a simple random sample can cause serious

5.      
errors. Suppose every 10th chip produced is defective. Then the
population has 10% defectives. If we sample every 10th item, however,
we would estimate that 100% of the chips would be defective.
Point Estimates of Population Parameters and Sampling Distributions
Suppose we want to estimate unknown mean of a population. Suppose this unknown m
xbar, the sample mean as an estimate of µ. If we take a sample of n independent observ

xbar=(x1+x2+….,xn)/n
The sample mean is an unbiased estimate of µ. This means that if we take many samples
Xbar values we should get µ.

Expected Value of Xbar

µ/n +µ/n +…,µ/n
=µ

Since the sample mean is a random variable it has a variance. Suppose the var
has a variance σ2
To find the variance of xbar

we need the following rule. For any random variable X

𝑥 ̅ xbar=(x1+x2+…
Var(cX) = c2Var X.

Then Var(Xbar)= Var(x1)/n2+ Var(x2)/n2+ …,Var(xn)/ n2 = nσ2/n

The Standard Deviation of Xbar

xbar=(x1+x2+….,xn)/n

is σ/sqrt(n)

σ/sqrt(n) is referred to as the Standard error of

Xbar
ose this unknown mean = µ. We use the sample statistic
ndependent observations x1, x2, .., xn from a population, then

take many samples and average our

nce. Suppose the variance of the population we are sampling from

xbar=(x1+x2+….,xn)/n

…,Var(xn)/ n2 = nσ2/n2= σ2/n.

….,xn)/n
 A B C D E F G H I J
1 Population is tossing a die Mean X = 3.5 Mean Xbar = Mu
2 take sample of size two: do previous formulas work? Variance X =2.91 Var Xbar= σ2/n
3 Meanxbar
4 Probability Die 1 Die 2 Xbar Squared dev
5 0.027777778 1 1 Variance xbar
6 0.027777778 1 2
7 0.027777778 1 3
8 0.027777778 1 4 Var X =2.91
9 0.027777778 1 5 Var Xbar=2.91/2
10 0.027777778 1 6
11 0.027777778 2 1
12 0.027777778 2 2
13 0.027777778 2 3
14 0.027777778 2 4
15 0.027777778 2 5
16 0.027777778 2 6
17 0.027777778 3 1
18 0.027777778 3 2
19 0.027777778 3 3
20 0.027777778 3 4
21 0.027777778 3 5
22 0.027777778 3 6
23 0.027777778 4 1
24 0.027777778 4 2
25 0.027777778 4 3
26 0.027777778 4 4
27 0.027777778 4 5
28 0.027777778 4 6
29 0.027777778 5 1
30 0.027777778 5 2
31 0.027777778 5 3
32 0.027777778 5 4
33 0.027777778 5 5
34 0.027777778 5 6
35 0.027777778 6 1
36 0.027777778 6 2
37 0.027777778 6 3
38 0.027777778 6 4
39 0.027777778 6 5
40 0.027777778 6 6
 A B C D E F G H
1
2
3 Meanxbar
4 Probability Die 1 Die 2 Xbar Squared dev 3.5
5 0.027777778 1 1 1 6.25 Variance xbar
6 0.027777778 1 2 1.5 4 1.45833333333
7 0.027777778 1 3 2 2.25 Std Dev xbar
8 0.027777778 1 4 2.5 1 1.20761472885
9 0.027777778 1 5 3 0.25
10 0.027777778 1 6 3.5 0
11 0.027777778 2 1 1.5 4
12 0.027777778 2 2 2 2.25
13 0.027777778 2 3 2.5 1
14 0.027777778 2 4 3 0.25
15 0.027777778 2 5 3.5 0
16 0.027777778 2 6 4 0.25
17 0.027777778 3 1 2 2.25
18 0.027777778 3 2 2.5 1
19 0.027777778 3 3 3 0.25
20 0.027777778 3 4 3.5 0
21 0.027777778 3 5 4 0.25
22 0.027777778 3 6 4.5 1
23 0.027777778 4 1 2.5 1
24 0.027777778 4 2 3 0.25
25 0.027777778 4 3 3.5 0
26 0.027777778 4 4 4 0.25
27 0.027777778 4 5 4.5 1
28 0.027777778 4 6 5 2.25
29 0.027777778 5 1 3 0.25
30 0.027777778 5 2 3.5 0
31 0.027777778 5 3 4 0.25
32 0.027777778 5 4 4.5 1
33 0.027777778 5 5 5 2.25
34 0.027777778 5 6 5.5 4
35 0.027777778 6 1 3.5 0
36 0.027777778 6 2 4 0.25
37 0.027777778 6 3 4.5 1
38 0.027777778 6 4 5 2.25
39 0.027777778 6 5 5.5 4
40 0.027777778 6 6 6 6.25
Suppose we want to estimate an unknown population proportion p.
For example, let p be the fraction of registered voters in Seattle,
Washington who are Independents. To estimate p we might ask n
randomly chosen Seattle voters if they are independents and
estimate p by

Phat =(Number of Independent Voters in Sample)/n

In short, we estimate the population parameter p by the fraction of

“successes” in the sample. So if 100 of 400 samples voters say they
are independents we would estimate p by phat = 100/400 = 0.25.

Of course, phat is a random variable . It can easily be shown that

E(phat)= p and Standard Deviation phat =

Since we do not know p we use phat in place of p and assume

Standard Deviation (phat)=

SQRT(phat*(1-phat)/n)

The Standard Deviation of phat is called the standard error of phat.

We see that phat is an unbiased estimate of the population
proportion p. It can be shown that among all unbiased estimates of
the population mean, phat has the smallest variance. Therefore, we
use phat as a point estimate for p.

Example
In a survey 600 of 1500 UK adults are in favor of driverless cars.
Then we estimate fraction
of UK adults in favor of driverless cars as 600/1500= 0.4
The standard deviation of phat in this case is estimated as

0.012649110640674

Our estimates of µ by xbar and p by phat are point estimates of population of parame
They will differ from sample to sample
so we need to discuss interval estimates of µ and p.
SQRT(p*(1-p)/n)
 =SQRT(0.4*0.6/1500)

es of population of parameters.
 A B C D E F G H I
1 STANDARD NORMAL
2
3
4 Z.025 2.5 %ile -1.959964 -1.959964 =NORM.INV(0.025,0,1) =NORM.S.INV(0.025)
5 Z.975 97.5%ile 1.959964 1.959964 =NORM.INV(0.975,0,1) =NORM.S.INV(0.975)
6 Z.95 95%ile 1.6448536 1.6448536 =NORM.INV(0.95,0,1) =NORM.S.INV(0.95)
7 Z.05 5th%ile -1.644854 -1.644854 =NORM.INV(0.05,0,1) =NORM.S.INV(0.05)
8 Standard Normal (often called Z)
9 is a normal random variable with mean =0
10 and standard deviation=1
 A B C D E
1 Confidence Interval for Population Mean

You are told the standard deviation of invoice

values is $500. A sample of 100 invoices taken
2 from a large population of invoices has a sample
mean value of $4500. You are 95% sure the mean
size of an invoice is between ____ and ____.

samplemean 4500
3 Lower Limit Upper Limit popsigma 500
4 xbar-1.96*sigma/sqrt(n) xbar+1.96*sigma/sqrt(n) samplesize 100
5 z.025 -1.96
6 Sample size n>=30 95% Confidence Interval for unknown Population z.975 1.96
7 Mean µ
8 Lower Limit 4402
9 Upper Limit 4598
10 If σ unknown plug in s for sigma
Include 100 True Interpretation of 95% CI
97 Take 100 samples compute 100 95% CI
around 95 will contain the population mean

Includes 100 Lower Upper Xbar Sample Std dev Sample

yes 99.146738 109.27051 104.20863 15.4955737747783 1
yes 95.521109 104.91083 100.01083 13.7440492489348 2
yes 99.010142 108.6036 103.7036 14.3677179407234 3
yes 95.986478 105.77796 100.87796 14.9739224103876 4
yes 92.093569 102.03171 97.131713 15.4228898917509 5
no 101.40723 111.41817 106.51817 15.6457398140413 6
yes 98.166747 107.64286 102.74286 14.0085142817898 7
yes 90.193975 100.94027 96.040267 17.8968135959215 8
yes 98.129126 107.12867 102.22867 12.5496261356204 9
yes 99.140121 108.50367 103.60367 13.6639319532228 10
no 100.97701 109.16032 104.26032 10.0509521555928 11
yes 98.974476 107.87822 102.97822 12.256352043243 12
yes 91.568521 101.04623 96.146228 14.0133912346073 13
yes 93.414126 102.16371 97.263713 11.7844490091127 14
yes 98.649353 107.59855 102.69855 12.3955145409569 15
yes 94.911502 104.58245 99.682455 14.6049596063532 16
yes 92.111983 102.17574 97.275737 15.8074116413893 17
yes 91.52527 101.28154 96.381542 14.8661379764988 18
yes 93.793504 103.82352 98.923516 15.7041174306306 19
yes 98.457489 108.08753 103.18753 14.4797254647387 20
yes 93.310391 102.99096 98.090957 14.6343847197023 21
yes 96.660061 106.9087 102.0087 16.3733922850022 22
yes 96.030439 105.89157 100.99157 15.1871265383544 23
yes 91.712218 101.11707 96.217072 13.7903686697615 24
yes 95.16113 105.55918 100.65918 16.8307535622061 25
yes 96.231267 106.46817 101.56817 16.3374483591727 26
yes 98.164344 106.69835 101.79835 11.1245134510417 27
yes 94.458586 104.49707 99.597068 15.7300449406524 28
yes 96.081197 105.90348 101.00348 15.0682061311498 29
yes 93.565772 102.95622 98.056224 13.7462831982818 30
yes 94.444021 104.26445 99.364454 15.0625505643136 31
yes 95.04873 105.68321 100.78321 17.5545313310655 32
yes 96.59999 106.64356 101.74356 15.7456364179184 33
yes 91.944437 101.86088 96.960878 15.3564510270325 34
yes 93.374056 102.43726 97.537259 12.7444996979609 35
yes 95.89106 105.61145 100.71145 14.7562931160273 36
yes 92.661007 101.95823 97.058228 13.4608811009595 37
yes 95.809268 105.30031 100.40031 14.0542264757039 38
yes 92.883294 102.18825 97.288252 13.4845631993028 39
yes 95.307257 105.35423 100.45423 15.7560469949669 40
yes 91.788592 102.14275 97.242747 16.6963936193056 41
yes 95.818234 105.09 100.19 13.3829689639892 42
yes 95.317791 104.11394 99.213937 11.9269784843023 43
yes 91.67069 101.50999 96.609994 15.1203198973528 44
yes 92.859228 101.93422 97.034223 12.7805967058402 45
yes 98.097325 106.72779 101.82779 11.4197789066393 46
yes 91.203411 101.32388 96.423878 15.9810214732453 47
yes 94.002643 103.65989 98.759885 14.5629853840401 48
yes 92.676851 102.33211 97.432109 14.5569130688416 49
yes 94.202669 103.06683 98.166831 12.1351876384222 50
yes 94.834259 102.81749 97.917493 9.43847224057305 51
yes 93.035356 101.71927 96.819268 11.58340425231 52
yes 97.796393 107.7215 102.8215 15.3829753425471 53
yes 91.965234 101.46879 96.568793 14.0925262130894 54
yes 94.681528 104.44623 99.546226 14.891934645534 55
yes 95.931668 105.57666 100.67666 14.5254770092375 56
yes 96.940843 106.2803 101.3803 13.5901636518126 57
yes 91.661749 100.78149 95.881493 12.917584700474 58
yes 91.7469 101.00691 96.106907 13.3469597481533 59
yes 92.467352 102.24344 97.343438 14.9267913659095 60
yes 96.049129 105.52114 100.62114 13.9959599023347 61
yes 94.407783 103.82633 98.926329 13.8322834130816 62
yes 95.064695 104.70625 99.806246 14.5149499565753 63
yes 93.174869 102.93859 98.038585 14.8889258965389 64
yes 97.413762 106.7679 101.8679 13.6351183613989 65
yes 94.200777 103.80702 98.907022 14.4068729063582 66
yes 97.288414 107.22598 102.32598 15.4211183803842 67
yes 92.574534 101.88573 96.985729 13.5036581363408 68
yes 99.480606 108.3254 103.4254 12.0758899421902 69
yes 91.483629 100.56296 95.662955 12.7938573407681 70
yes 94.451649 104.74278 99.842778 16.503455044872 71
yes 96.147828 106.05151 101.15151 15.3173951128049 72
yes 92.487481 101.68565 96.785648 13.1576546215851 73
no 89.984866 99.928877 95.028877 15.4408512317886 74
yes 95.662639 105.26615 100.36615 14.3985037171244 75
yes 91.527625 100.95253 96.052533 13.8517590606554 76
yes 98.470888 108.12369 103.22369 14.5494092729035 77
yes 96.861511 105.67489 100.77489 11.9797290720186 78
yes 99.198559 107.62956 102.72956 10.809194496946 79
yes 95.070961 104.70144 99.801435 14.4810434647262 80
yes 95.195116 104.41126 99.511256 13.2126722292608 81
yes 94.96954 105.20142 100.30142 16.3220876311285 82
yes 96.724431 106.19678 101.29678 13.9969765234785 83
yes 97.390254 107.58282 102.68282 16.2017333223115 84
yes 95.991154 104.76204 99.862043 11.8496602846242 85
yes 91.899257 101.61593 96.715928 14.7449109498099 86
yes 92.213775 101.90404 97.004039 14.6640730242645 87
yes 92.588663 101.2728 96.372801 11.584095546391 88
yes 92.598038 103.33553 98.435525 17.8698591543556 89
yes 98.951333 108.53591 103.63591 14.3405467517355 90
yes 95.491563 105.63938 100.73938 16.0647521256414 91
yes 95.004749 104.48913 99.589131 14.0338221574693 92
yes 98.959057 108.18859 103.28859 13.2536606373468 93
yes 99.231411 109.0307 104.1307 14.9978166387664 94
yes 95.717362 105.48113 100.58113 14.889083473353 95
yes 94.762312 104.68114 99.781145 15.3637751351817 96
yes 98.827566 108.20969 103.30969 13.7208012961185 97
yes 99.017409 107.77482 102.87482 11.8084112717617 98
yes 99.756717 109.68543 104.78543 15.3940279276289 99
yes 89.764898 100.61088 95.710877 18.2019763826486 100
IQ 1 IQ 2 IQ 3 IQ 4 IQ 5 IQ 6 IQ 7 IQ 8 IQ 9 IQ 10
131.03464 117.37156 109.83486 112.79634 105.36003 101.40425 112.05593 87.898333 90.445628 123.72493
117.37367 96.265554 114.30385 94.000691 73.732331 92.974482 79.100923 117.41176 80.629297 96.325293
84.117587 104.33131 107.37429 126.21367 88.874401 123.46445 103.11603 97.078527 95.591717 101.38808
103.78253 106.8571 97.744493 115.67696 137.4212 97.05795 80.863052 113.1362 101.11591 102.52804
100.84639 105.79674 85.335479 103.31677 70.53692 107.98434 104.91267 67.620563 103.45592 86.691959
110.83429 135.69183 87.754036 103.14711 115.80723 93.389273 92.289094 114.42975 88.35349 66.717689
124.90074 106.85783 107.06624 110.76565 109.84115 110.23931 105.21344 106.66571 110.75957 92.260381
89.752083 124.03608 71.544344 86.965662 126.49761 129.81224 88.612747 84.780666 102.90268 93.427564
93.229014 112.87307 102.4158 112.17359 92.908498 123.38674 110.28374 81.544251 91.679548 94.488109
118.11883 114.51676 97.090207 99.227646 100.63273 126.55991 104.23315 92.717585 94.442533 80.103967
97.038224 74.581514 105.12868 95.520809 97.04948 105.77917 122.10336 114.59636 99.204266 96.608456
108.92442 91.898503 85.701317 96.830698 90.673108 98.384057 121.91433 100.59887 115.89789 100.59607
103.19065 83.959498 103.41652 109.8296 99.112614 92.974482 91.103456 106.99133 119.00575 108.50764
90.216235 115.02714 110.19218 98.284705 108.90627 113.28786 84.836701 80.108944 106.27906 80.970639
92.150275 104.56053 105.73923 87.270458 85.333888 111.78556 102.07804 122.45264 84.847939 116.60321
118.66318 95.228506 119.72454 109.82049 68.273177 110.36554 94.320585 93.418008 86.097777 117.5547
100.24451 94.422637 115.40712 63.31678 89.972232 84.054693 84.26373 72.345287 121.55184 88.533198
112.63058 91.388387 87.787725 119.84989 79.844635 104.27975 106.22298 88.084366 94.457968 90.386635
84.821294 59.568027 87.723692 126.16995 100.16689 91.221841 110.14173 113.1362 132.95296 114.53505
107.3246 88.395936 94.664317 110.06667 106.36504 129.09247 84.579303 86.000628 102.79244 135.19218
109.22358 81.846127 126.69062 97.473571 137.4212 114.49204 105.92005 108.78807 92.521453 114.826
83.29531 109.81609 80.246105 75.940787 94.961105 84.113341 132.61808 123.05992 123.22518 105.52231
97.375537 85.328414 72.4337 93.198575 104.69321 102.11959 76.502956 111.11387 96.864779 128.7121
108.94366 78.719904 76.312242 127.10196 91.042484 117.4065 85.933731 102.92718 100.16888 81.771909
85.292694 134.69698 83.979852 91.679864 126.49761 93.359662 106.10416 115.90291 95.948517 87.166969
105.318 72.004549 89.259954 113.44579 87.610602 130.79333 82.270415 92.165388 79.873195 112.24433
101.95058 100.92768 105.38679 96.581636 103.32242 119.41394 76.585859 100.59887 85.534206 93.427564
102.07517 111.79743 114.16392 95.898865 79.789788 110.56369 114.8588 83.125046 91.125206 98.469819
99.999817 88.567854 95.072648 117.53515 82.105469 103.71733 103.84345 91.435561 96.431632 121.40294
93.393072 107.83639 87.325087 109.96213 102.12397 108.2334 87.595683 87.38979 76.406653 99.625368
123.64007 96.403061 83.017272 106.26593 124.09986 77.759458 88.263315 113.65874 98.822814 103.35939
107.65436 97.60243 119.65489 112.89269 100.00787 121.04008 112.31487 112.39269 115.45181 77.241983
117.00383 76.627165 76.250671 96.824897 105.77213 97.222615 106.22298 116.06508 106.78584 93.529812
88.148416 104.64798 109.59117 99.175925 118.13609 88.816962 115.78871 89.458632 124.29311 70.230395
70.101555 108.72639 82.562594 93.693177 77.639588 105.95698 112.65384 86.79947 100.25666 77.065485
89.651094 110.9032 127.07003 102.78309 80.245447 97.812617 79.17919 110.94645 84.205314 100.42064
112.25471 96.559691 80.785433 68.613715 113.1261 90.265348 96.600671 123.05992 99.165213 81.867802
100.45475 119.12337 86.138231 101.63145 116.61493 99.475246 107.01484 102.79205 114.11404 103.21493
86.426513 97.996776 101.68425 122.79916 87.180121 99.203027 110.69886 111.80032 111.45027 72.20138
90.420318 91.130494 114.93922 113.02808 107.40654 85.276251 83.690377 130.71795 114.02526 77.60806
105.81401 115.74554 102.35038 88.820406 101.64213 85.683457 75.894721 97.53691 119.48174 102.57604
85.136491 110.50244 106.55694 100.73005 87.62582 92.804231 97.510037 95.227692 81.488486 102.38286
89.78367 83.041661 108.72589 98.713795 89.548602 115.55012 106.23518 102.16901 101.45579 81.771909
84.341822 74.30528 90.824775 104.42983 85.581727 111.37558 120.34622 113.52529 92.008751 103.47117
88.457561 83.957214 85.470268 76.302195 101.10363 95.847214 82.946105 112.85677 116.47553 100.40031
101.88372 124.15966 90.694593 90.42816 114.15124 98.052538 101.49332 123.16161 114.38272 105.50087
95.991948 100.74179 83.258578 106.84512 87.977789 98.399649 110.93541 117.27674 85.436593 93.444803
114.60373 107.16967 106.85378 104.81969 83.579467 105.44469 81.213647 90.955596 128.90353 123.07861
103.65503 110.85605 110.25784 76.47249 103.79105 95.170852 87.517258 82.0404 99.354604 86.042066
89.697313 95.243544 118.14443 90.893746 108.14297 106.33702 116.93213 90.948242 110.09691 105.85186
82.863218 101.29117 81.997422 93.843597 104.89931 93.88727 81.71061 98.251663 107.97656 101.74774
96.34921 89.582364 104.56111 86.899429 110.74281 109.40927 93.170064 99.698278 79.938564 116.52526
123.96695 76.966726 95.443789 91.278691 94.367427 92.952287 119.6719 110.37615 108.77659 133.45003
76.502545 71.957692 91.603916 87.450866 105.33675 113.2571 92.990072 115.1494 78.672924 104.5524
85.136491 99.251356 83.772739 127.78705 74.95287 85.494949 100.75901 99.549713 100.91816 72.741264
98.688875 68.381388 82.534687 95.884718 123.85952 123.96972 87.670036 107.85295 91.722122 97.733731
124.09236 105.93452 104.65255 100.02814 80.610195 112.58938 83.389833 113.52529 98.425085 109.0733
100.5417 99.001683 88.160866 90.466219 87.138226 88.000949 112.43983 73.250833 109.85019 92.895561
92.549077 71.491749 98.824398 77.187879 103.67098 98.126414 83.733498 98.634727 95.917955 74.963627
109.10414 92.428248 84.820362 114.77819 85.918261 124.6384 86.035844 79.217006 90.845754 83.016875
87.263681 111.12942 98.891236 115.77461 105.86848 122.61708 73.721537 87.612827 92.557688 95.905042
90.585464 98.782023 106.12698 103.55589 102.25966 101.09411 101.42612 114.64812 78.690015 98.596795
93.911794 105.72754 136.68338 76.686024 101.2387 102.62334 96.244046 105.65559 105.60912 112.5914
113.4654 69.595777 88.253606 111.48627 96.459793 126.70642 106.01669 127.03293 91.275302 92.36649
112.17439 91.289209 90.474274 93.369137 91.018376 96.992921 109.10756 92.439816 103.59411 99.625237
92.161437 90.404523 114.44346 97.290771 94.44904 109.50892 103.71274 80.640549 91.206935 92.84605
86.182642 99.480067 127.21999 123.82327 114.84577 119.52018 79.646476 100.40947 84.244452 95.926106
73.751404 103.78065 98.713382 96.682715 87.829264 119.54882 81.017107 93.374226 91.901384 85.640866
103.13779 112.74489 104.56111 102.71357 107.02904 103.34075 105.31092 108.38951 86.959553 76.351546
98.065897 102.84802 114.60628 84.329681 109.80751 85.28004 94.763745 99.991909 85.853969 115.78978
95.618269 98.311282 91.788122 54.738601 102.91542 118.51391 116.19332 106.80685 94.59357 123.1703
106.11584 118.24094 77.387859 99.656802 122.41062 113.07545 97.528188 110.51416 89.166902 88.909529
112.74431 68.381388 124.58699 78.154692 85.30654 112.1494 90.417139 102.99659 102.53669 96.708631
76.357004 82.266284 86.249891 93.909973 73.98321 77.842623 91.464018 83.969355 106.15539 94.805787
98.271193 99.001683 85.219712 90.543098 106.81316 105.82115 95.584785 108.38062 120.21792 92.533423
87.217187 109.48795 93.78114 70.182436 90.724122 96.682867 96.322807 99.931588 113.20091 92.739284
92.161437 101.98486 84.820362 115.51609 87.138226 103.02004 100.15547 81.788621 135.82056 110.44488
119.22536 98.809769 113.16267 82.793973 83.798002 108.65445 96.068658 104.48931 92.686572 100.54801
94.252599 101.06405 122.80066 102.60294 115.94581 117.32823 103.51786 110.16046 107.22687 83.016875
109.11753 99.170218 98.487464 101.56122 94.659664 90.409178 78.28331 91.052031 106.55779 99.101101
98.065897 69.595777 94.46051 103.92343 109.71395 95.955691 116.41962 115.65884 92.80158 88.112647
115.92003 119.29959 111.70052 97.915552 81.940892 84.329481 110.53088 95.766459 112.84205 86.532264
106.11584 82.536884 116.68778 130.79008 89.695718 72.936955 96.166365 86.780244 112.23293 110.19408
104.84806 95.277158 105.55292 108.51959 116.91507 109.32033 128.21195 105.99004 107.83079 74.649667
97.870483 100.00201 93.960022 79.207989 131.32833 84.697681 110.57615 109.65615 91.377125 104.75996
114.13029 91.756239 74.711644 113.74146 98.870933 99.105451 86.544833 71.305558 109.32427 91.757315
80.421143 98.826113 111.58021 120.69276 110.20122 117.23213 93.726585 96.240169 116.71161 103.79974
93.547981 103.92876 101.43222 77.668205 94.464567 110.88835 95.349261 99.259941 91.579083 91.879105
92.534545 135.73682 91.082186 83.473222 77.866494 79.380128 95.819887 83.917891 89.615211 89.925298
98.449055 91.948882 105.88744 118.40638 97.007205 107.15174 101.35566 91.826788 117.5718 126.65134
115.00214 93.895744 101.53479 109.14279 92.976805 83.354218 113.46444 72.881496 125.4482 117.7181
117.4832 92.683797 114.00372 117.01443 125.96083 112.47352 128.44972 81.743147 81.824371 92.196639
111.6104 106.43748 91.367565 92.201788 101.59739 86.62431 105.43365 136.85905 86.569298 112.53281
90.653374 89.252949 100.13466 109.05146 107.48223 74.264373 111.24122 104.01128 104.28023 80.602363
83.004358 98.809769 93.549707 95.274496 111.6714 111.11968 92.360075 126.70288 100.00234 100.76632
105.69808 94.026168 125.23702 73.686977 101.61183 109.57592 114.14706 73.402566 140.38085 114.48364
95.006544 101.2878 103.31849 109.27501 99.266916 118.66417 88.117885 127.08786 116.45397 106.76298
129.93677 98.652178 121.71176 101.38575 105.67758 91.073293 111.69127 111.33284 80.774449 112.77623
105.2645 90.161143 107.04678 114.77819 104.0597 100.69111 110.70077 102.13502 144.5568 112.07395
124.46283 90.384161 94.432063 128.50423 81.175013 75.954454 108.73367 103.91142 92.577209 113.3957
IQ 11 IQ 12 IQ 13 IQ 14 IQ 15 IQ 16 IQ 17 IQ 18 IQ 19 IQ 20
58.944065 117.03393 109.3476 116.24134 95.543668 100.40136 92.140928 124.38812 130.24662 110.95074
69.684937 105.40694 115.78638 84.55144 128.90296 107.39068 97.319648 106.82593 99.726815 105.83298
105.82101 118.64908 91.45016 110.12455 108.74088 103.52146 112.54209 100.0896 92.378386 138.73086
118.57331 85.625322 89.621156 107.37375 105.80119 96.151862 85.525806 112.74409 86.415824 130.94305
112.84705 104.53568 93.071084 66.976636 107.66733 128.99157 85.105755 102.33511 128.4028 98.011268
126.02788 89.937609 134.47393 107.96971 130.4147 98.785004 90.807789 112.56696 89.040442 124.26222
112.0851 82.345144 95.603427 81.165963 84.64688 95.796105 113.60511 108.9453 109.52342 105.14433
99.490482 109.78047 101.22056 93.24269 122.50771 96.535917 70.817049 71.756327 110.25705 87.73701
109.59053 91.48202 113.94964 68.073429 92.365733 121.36076 103.31619 105.04889 112.58131 92.552718
93.070941 88.840018 117.0309 93.77906 125.66993 97.203504 85.07902 114.84551 122.57641 113.81084
108.88992 118.154 111.58978 92.451114 111.91023 104.65387 106.81952 103.2687 113.2566 108.54357
78.468031 120.96976 119.84348 107.77872 92.820282 116.51232 116.64367 119.84156 100.15957 105.47813
100.72671 97.866847 92.076689 82.52306 105.5891 112.01445 83.499879 117.56545 94.765667 102.57675
95.398845 103.27887 93.543129 96.770335 94.28541 97.838861 94.38378 95.972821 92.215979 104.20677
104.4562 102.47431 102.04335 97.339638 82.225485 99.024228 80.157559 92.752502 131.07096 108.41025
92.858036 113.12311 83.010378 94.486478 106.71228 65.461191 118.57519 107.41923 108.57924 86.288974
112.92918 99.159621 108.10336 107.96971 100.58482 91.862676 85.881004 72.933498 90.75269 107.89123
107.72814 98.82063 74.217979 101.19382 104.86212 106.7728 98.00392 101.1811 83.72863 104.28558
91.459183 99.246591 89.621156 101.86007 92.820282 94.194467 107.68533 105.20338 96.633323 120.93869
100.39309 113.04203 86.512525 96.251071 111.07274 98.401108 110.79889 94.115499 100.29532 134.91158
92.855104 111.3328 85.791733 89.240013 98.074285 104.39905 83.583825 84.219491 70.136547 71.137118
107.12705 102.74141 105.60402 124.51324 60.501075 115.47714 90.66838 99.798704 105.97012 106.01356
98.305309 100.59854 132.03641 103.02754 80.556389 97.074478 107.03411 94.172702 88.579563 115.21044
114.76106 105.11048 78.141542 99.341252 81.68248 77.438074 66.420329 98.067971 93.928847 115.72248
118.57331 96.312219 106.28126 86.729104 67.510078 116.74494 110.02619 131.17846 89.603603 75.469216
96.790694 86.550619 106.08272 75.738553 121.98311 114.57701 100.31781 126.65344 93.270516 108.71757
108.36014 104.62618 103.90689 108.79154 73.589002 103.64498 123.66486 101.52791 102.51676 106.82519
108.1711 100.25056 119.78895 75.916925 84.786119 102.12277 123.40387 134.05403 89.569345 92.626971
99.130719 108.66412 132.74294 125.78645 80.087991 98.957934 118.5708 107.87346 96.56698 83.735121
102.6337 106.84209 102.50976 93.935289 67.993772 138.38837 87.643819 119.12121 91.725022 109.1649
107.81057 131.93581 79.88033 99.033631 101.61264 107.2863 89.809516 103.48959 83.72863 108.74006
112.23519 112.69983 100.28307 93.480325 79.153191 91.194953 125.14557 88.962791 120.67212 127.59533
93.070941 114.75619 123.50021 122.57976 115.54456 89.308127 76.140812 84.481006 101.88159 88.997309
101.34123 114.37344 61.332441 104.30124 102.32755 89.565376 100.33964 109.10827 84.200406 86.232207
102.95436 79.703215 103.02067 117.02999 109.09236 96.442722 118.66378 84.781551 109.40829 102.51007
91.71173 120.89642 117.90647 121.74623 113.54481 98.142271 102.92859 111.32856 106.70343 80.67971
101.01688 94.495409 91.155261 100.56823 94.7882 88.385717 92.107686 95.329427 93.529505 91.718003
85.90294 118.30769 98.50169 63.230256 83.317 93.94046 78.969652 90.226328 94.415094 75.470965
100.66367 104.35386 94.31356 104.41742 108.13935 111.65933 79.708783 82.069337 88.388794 96.443695
104.19191 100.20965 119.60892 121.22292 117.38023 105.5457 99.213057 60.411932 85.374081 99.562372
88.863329 99.588413 115.51537 95.235567 134.21086 69.558225 126.18779 105.17556 79.515859 86.399123
 109.6344 111.84485 98.141441 73.897825 96.566062 85.743699 95.53184 109.02159 100.93542 115.27869
107.72814 95.211397 116.52145 98.741978 101.02043 90.713495 137.75067 68.961411 104.20628 94.594958
99.326302 105.90981 98.593284 100.6447 88.845705 89.580045 78.54178 123.89932 100.53475 92.273541
109.04844 118.52395 120.39768 100.23374 65.894486 103.0792 83.351207 100.91973 82.623363 98.105004
98.219584 88.648343 100.79577 78.817084 75.216891 95.265901 101.18131 97.826319 97.880114 118.29617
118.20788 73.951496 85.731524 67.297952 102.75961 128.37104 92.135251 79.779489 89.250444 116.66664
87.856198 79.403988 77.18061 85.047928 77.93278 84.846691 107.44583 115.59903 78.417494 92.044438
62.944413 91.858299 88.367699 93.660951 104.41511 86.229281 88.818797 91.103025 112.5991 122.52423
100.2787 77.709711 87.798935 103.02183 109.35605 111.18788 111.61123 73.623488 99.641202 96.933354
111.04046 89.248657 98.202516 97.049043 97.423492 96.159029 91.551446 105.17451 107.45548 91.581441
87.055114 95.553917 102.73134 95.50519 84.681125 98.608749 103.08746 86.259837 77.419065 97.8045
91.05715 101.04359 99.731424 119.09105 87.861481 129.37124 91.154523 120.42669 95.635363 102.42832
84.821782 87.658299 115.86485 94.800979 131.38035 82.613077 98.342713 87.785661 111.00434 90.869217
93.494621 107.53521 113.2993 89.29557 83.652166 112.05591 115.31009 92.456863 120.55354 118.3155
101.58773 77.051423 118.04345 112.30859 112.37649 91.974004 114.10572 83.40443 106.41669 127.23998
117.23802 128.5813 96.905599 118.65717 119.81298 83.419795 111.17068 75.246735 95.828784 104.5416
105.85027 80.513091 129.91629 82.26864 95.269796 91.215889 105.78865 104.17939 91.186623 109.44771
110.37591 113.04104 81.239671 91.744123 89.340814 92.480847 84.63271 71.430952 97.954217 92.105475
93.307129 108.87083 64.348766 101.93177 84.838816 90.462481 114.21574 130.14206 91.678194 99.43008
94.310082 100.97069 115.16349 109.64018 114.50308 98.32909 99.788438 115.06355 109.45201 111.42819
87.898861 62.880549 98.75471 105.66648 98.242028 119.07674 89.09813 83.586561 92.653528 83.875149
79.84977 86.417642 141.22625 97.783579 122.2069 98.059547 88.770398 78.772595 87.345849 96.898172
101.97599 82.814762 98.09017 96.722305 119.86048 86.906805 101.42461 85.160117 77.464741 91.125614
104.19696 112.49412 98.131367 96.808778 85.691623 106.64508 103.04617 97.56252 120.47167 92.344319
88.658992 110.64345 87.699714 107.01522 129.67554 85.800891 108.00086 89.698053 117.50138 72.196329
89.487455 68.334939 101.24921 105.01471 131.59676 107.16287 124.89248 113.19157 111.1621 121.00335
115.33585 119.22799 107.14135 111.0389 96.577333 100.66321 68.894609 87.633715 94.676699 88.541403
99.704139 86.076741 128.2191 115.74222 120.01652 118.73968 91.259259 100.81671 98.352306 89.008635
102.31125 106.10758 78.709419 94.646385 108.85466 86.229281 95.332361 92.086051 89.69679 121.59053
116.80109 94.965768 124.2344 119.56294 102.92327 107.07303 82.876946 108.19835 108.08239 103.22791
131.30719 116.69027 87.481027 58.908404 80.654322 112.62501 99.955457 89.29267 110.08798 95.986048
111.95289 98.515653 62.37894 105.66648 99.3649 105.669 89.674897 97.433932 95.518242 98.079243
96.383822 129.56539 127.53438 104.64415 86.461336 91.192312 86.080541 92.108538 58.999542 101.5886
112.69296 96.859829 89.684112 117.50908 81.744467 89.275085 106.15876 109.10675 88.188083 96.605561
54.079323 112.45424 77.160075 116.27663 106.1705 106.71803 97.555746 105.15448 85.178575 87.751563
91.427032 116.45243 91.150133 82.40379 114.14358 94.145713 101.14571 114.01232 114.15178 107.45273
96.22629 102.55914 82.165656 111.82754 99.859889 113.46006 89.652502 101.6605 107.75673 103.63066
101.58773 96.175443 111.23492 111.0389 115.34382 111.10104 93.822072 109.37281 113.62631 89.558645
119.36012 95.679771 95.164003 122.55648 105.91481 85.713669 97.630028 85.245149 94.2329 106.8026
88.537955 116.6439 108.70288 90.098319 116.71323 85.060515 80.717692 90.473608 94.680495 107.13747
111.30431 122.1178 93.49823 90.882979 113.61941 111.95893 62.394586 87.467295 113.9934 115.617
103.26077 95.570086 103.14337 103.6942 90.295078 80.297319 118.08889 98.385949 104.15201 99.881742
114.73931 97.669228 77.471429 142.63318 110.66542 90.360932 102.85681 106.83102 96.830087 104.09817
94.528768 94.856826 91.692175 106.95551 99.620151 110.94343 117.16212 106.38786 94.883464 73.243341
98.388697 106.28839 76.844253 103.04152 69.070851 106.64508 115.90496 115.61831 87.424178 93.173963
78.634899 99.842032 89.129189 82.96988 113.05409 103.18644 90.13422 75.49044 69.900992 84.676325
98.079173 115.14829 81.488681 92.409548 93.683743 107.16287 93.39682 91.076249 111.80904 96.662309
120.44008 110.0884 102.08422 112.42054 102.68162 112.53285 111.60535 83.592486 89.828765 125.7368
116.79188 119.16803 79.299694 99.85268 74.285506 105.91074 101.44048 87.264827 117.70754 102.41533
118.01167 115.49862 87.61957 122.55648 90.487281 107.17367 104.50834 101.01434 84.66171 62.444361
95.698912 87.502634 117.53338 70.37811 92.458611 77.666951 94.487769 95.149806 103.17215 90.0171
107.20582 105.56022 94.604362 98.192075 105.56322 116.22067 110.14663 107.021 94.243291 120.42986
105.2084 111.91577 101.94555 92.151631 143.08965 117.4449 124.53881 94.189046 128.07681 104.55354
89.531831 104.01722 119.64999 60.271602 132.60007 105.91381 87.941106 116.98938 119.71051 91.861319
113.84071 89.737996 105.20024 83.436341 109.50422 110.67358 106.74387 98.235046 94.467189 98.865792
100.79561 94.661895 109.4657 115.58505 95.463438 68.978531 95.384238 118.5263 71.871188 117.40558
104.84097 98.340278 90.630074 86.33449 101.24145 101.1621 109.39185 87.461924 100.49067 92.954211
115.32005 77.381724 136.47797 89.683235 88.528247 106.76002 100.31008 136.18578 128.97666 90.662877
50.082759 95.439234 101.97945 94.098042 75.418479 89.447797 93.202373 112.59547 89.586498 130.14305
IQ 21 IQ 22 IQ 23 IQ 24 IQ 25 IQ 26 IQ 27 IQ 28 IQ 29 IQ 30
98.660816 86.81111 105.01731 110.3598 83.461859 94.386672 93.358184 108.73754 92.432608 99.944475
86.425872 100.7523 120.58817 95.983612 112.74779 82.487753 104.66051 100.7311 109.54905 99.737055
110.07593 77.942694 85.900599 81.404381 110.79294 108.95738 104.85027 111.23677 91.968803 108.15883
122.98313 85.403904 101.81861 85.715155 114.30137 86.146729 72.170473 107.48279 100.68802 100.62096
109.5764 100.67785 95.296436 96.671346 68.239911 95.392924 87.457982 105.43406 85.331506 92.396355
105.57091 117.68935 95.059114 128.1569 90.660881 99.613704 102.93703 101.91144 94.640552 100.84724
93.631469 125.33623 107.94826 88.48034 84.386067 121.96358 84.800146 117.17408 80.151794 115.59208
123.39587 89.096834 94.304907 105.8446 83.771349 75.013926 104.45104 80.258866 77.832968 93.063508
94.610451 109.70118 90.87059 87.093532 104.97023 119.45703 111.34824 103.1769 105.66376 115.44989
112.25251 101.21195 103.66191 66.58569 112.83279 113.49405 84.669381 99.254776 112.08943 105.18578
113.21031 97.710216 116.91296 108.17642 93.873776 87.161739 99.827903 97.153349 105.11578 103.33598
105.24253 111.03975 115.19494 103.73383 114.13104 109.78626 108.24357 95.651868 100.6197 91.142082
96.196297 105.56462 100.69243 82.051886 113.94696 65.944176 70.116155 82.965975 92.581655 114.88926
94.911316 93.399682 94.069603 104.43431 101.88134 69.155758 105.54511 109.46475 97.96974 97.662716
104.23245 116.36031 102.95795 114.39645 100.84899 84.962484 106.06013 112.05551 85.556908 96.727615
89.795381 125.53224 100.91672 108.68871 114.78259 113.81076 93.712502 86.838343 81.313967 110.33224
111.57297 104.11193 131.63958 88.417591 103.76796 108.42788 91.045357 87.101636 105.19959 91.976956
140.43597 89.916151 60.181528 107.63519 86.638051 89.762924 84.435118 93.927353 80.655981 91.529337
96.490646 107.68854 95.835301 115.01979 88.802969 95.988881 102.93703 114.46196 104.02233 86.322579
105.85918 89.223346 94.387152 100.27342 94.33289 84.671034 119.67057 103.33703 121.24052 131.61364
86.878152 98.792555 103.94464 90.854752 108.19898 82.178256 96.150207 108.61622 112.84643 106.01615
78.811006 89.190646 89.89543 108.38316 112.97456 128.982 95.616046 92.741528 126.87215 95.123639
114.47423 115.18543 100.2312 98.220117 69.184147 80.240847 82.091827 99.899915 119.77397 113.73113
99.426851 93.953667 93.290247 104.83822 97.60829 94.35568 89.097858 117.63378 83.228132 98.312836
110.3044 117.82426 136.78707 82.389798 101.03155 99.613704 110.38109 84.78287 87.614738 106.59621
87.036599 101.11704 88.045787 111.80832 124.90142 143.17266 83.758956 119.1068 87.12268 101.94705
82.571581 113.43336 116.6305 96.623847 119.45614 93.56311 91.753639 101.91144 107.6545 109.56705
124.78327 96.127941 70.968774 96.469384 80.896961 107.61986 84.468831 113.82864 83.336293 118.34029
95.084984 89.010989 90.290101 127.40929 128.74858 92.175692 95.42809 100.76523 92.121698 78.708149
98.664214 89.920097 99.692652 92.478844 107.14095 87.071471 106.65649 78.106283 99.561307 124.63898
71.759062 79.740611 94.069603 96.629672 91.899816 112.26316 110.3108 99.254776 109.85044 73.475746
90.742603 105.19448 85.962918 59.140521 102.49968 96.298685 114.75551 116.76237 99.743789 78.253676
105.81647 82.086149 90.190657 107.58101 95.124248 119.96832 100.40537 84.735812 109.259 110.33224
92.865368 105.3052 81.785856 85.228821 95.457514 100.78669 61.670153 91.331548 105.87946 94.09395
82.532149 84.241574 89.734093 94.063898 102.08781 98.156609 97.474769 109.46475 86.915445 96.642614
109.39684 83.355248 109.89277 87.5816 94.479778 98.76633 100.68262 104.45246 62.160345 126.30143
101.59904 86.588424 89.948378 103.46585 110.07721 103.81013 82.195709 121.43361 85.705443 76.590885
93.822178 108.96014 92.317958 120.59861 106.05702 82.135207 109.41938 91.571913 95.868837 113.87309
95.433135 95.303516 97.103145 100.27342 100.50682 94.204014 92.017611 61.24378 101.32876 94.554001
114.07137 108.12556 91.213021 87.828494 101.18507 105.03371 81.827637 106.81428 90.425116 122.31396
96.75125 106.60935 119.01551 89.365411 100.41505 88.143046 70.365906 118.22622 106.35734 92.305968
112.22327 89.387909 89.96846 94.76414 98.59706 120.4126 109.17468 71.902076 101.78559 128.57861
96.61917 101.11704 98.320569 113.60393 94.999685 95.69351 101.57981 92.643155 93.350204 109.30277
109.63523 116.4527 84.346203 99.37246 92.302029 89.014158 105.73414 106.24686 65.826558 95.650746
114.00541 95.110762 98.381571 104.71957 108.81879 109.63103 91.991646 98.012745 99.056462 78.854626
100.00979 108.85424 93.418047 104.09958 104.74518 100.72914 91.117424 107.0876 90.795077 114.80609
113.13685 93.105009 82.989387 87.035494 117.11881 71.997647 118.62412 110.27316 76.76332 81.534194
94.969934 113.35362 97.924146 118.45383 108.36715 102.10445 88.768119 97.719748 111.34683 87.651088
97.822841 127.58433 89.870366 97.899011 86.411169 101.44941 130.26358 98.924088 116.33158 95.06261
94.842879 95.469568 83.574885 84.776561 111.79774 101.65851 101.29182 89.125572 114.55191 101.31392
105.98836 84.691647 111.18818 102.90505 95.457514 110.47262 105.23574 83.029034 104.65169 118.11992
94.376037 95.605569 89.790145 88.280303 114.21134 88.384689 72.444674 92.866972 93.807453 94.015567
95.363514 98.794827 84.338349 103.54511 102.69509 129.58647 95.573873 85.035902 107.78018 100.01237
80.71498 77.894143 101.42406 87.262142 119.55187 88.205302 95.994202 112.72767 84.976796 102.33467
104.69259 82.324267 96.787818 117.35923 103.35406 123.24543 94.573414 106.09651 103.83518 99.015797
96.181091 92.835304 95.145755 80.478842 99.818606 110.2004 107.65424 105.59834 96.798273 75.430463
93.822178 90.599724 91.4174 104.75221 110.05557 115.073 101.64834 96.151652 94.614065 73.623939
103.14799 97.088218 106.63877 92.128023 96.815591 68.426573 107.39001 109.73244 83.763567 89.807581
105.37322 101.93353 89.96846 97.269381 104.37639 94.247113 136.90135 97.150774 108.57388 97.159509
96.118163 92.740572 114.48749 102.2995 95.294048 84.356153 89.006829 87.908104 96.088794 136.15482
87.429359 124.64476 94.315979 87.354376 96.923394 91.494412 90.697585 106.87398 103.95214 121.16616
72.642843 109.90738 85.388213 109.18239 106.54515 115.74362 122.10465 108.66744 110.63564 128.65936
88.97509 95.277797 95.131861 98.742617 105.18722 103.59589 91.495483 124.09046 88.086875 92.697133
77.026411 91.143562 107.39667 86.339552 79.974577 113.79691 93.919405 107.61344 87.840277 79.85267
115.40916 125.21941 78.400683 122.92373 87.668185 79.122749 89.194628 80.094987 114.68231 105.61985
104.09984 99.439687 69.562054 130.69503 104.18485 98.581059 104.25586 107.92966 95.522952 109.06513
116.27206 87.007806 85.917374 104.93719 100.53546 105.72021 95.245808 85.49511 96.741567 102.86444
91.502689 109.33906 83.392543 84.139511 104.47258 90.47459 115.54722 93.324683 109.33734 115.20554
102.71925 91.296154 101.42406 90.544409 114.21134 117.84351 115.64399 90.32071 98.056482 116.25317
88.052956 100.3529 116.23673 109.97581 94.374236 81.220227 102.13264 98.618594 78.794959 91.438095
85.762013 111.96625 101.65692 88.280303 93.853855 116.25634 99.102859 104.35007 76.310301 98.302375
110.45407 94.954753 110.28812 117.21395 91.954765 109.87297 82.911831 127.3293 92.215697 102.86512
80.462561 111.88319 83.598909 80.199782 101.59317 105.29255 101.00894 86.085597 96.212983 106.78539
68.760915 120.42677 86.683444 76.165461 103.90796 97.047576 104.49924 109.73294 106.25038 93.291819
100.61467 114.36322 104.49115 119.13677 105.81365 93.654078 59.622208 93.918193 127.02816 101.06352
72.55972 99.238904 105.97074 90.636341 101.33379 119.42988 103.17109 96.443582 86.211408 100.01853
92.879945 101.15302 105.41155 87.639287 117.91271 71.59218 101.60188 106.888 96.088794 117.79374
95.942801 88.863118 96.180268 81.254772 124.85195 92.263401 96.881283 98.445821 78.737453 99.201835
87.351917 98.195924 91.741089 92.987946 108.18161 88.451719 112.79248 114.16765 106.65804 90.463597
73.727307 97.825869 115.90455 109.75496 105.91634 99.209707 115.04108 118.63508 100.50778 108.78636
97.77323 91.719773 109.48845 119.65721 117.56717 98.236604 96.17143 101.29231 112.96249 92.389341
88.020653 109.70553 102.68395 84.008304 94.93011 105.81666 88.497066 120.57385 87.744031 85.491052
93.092051 96.603509 87.414202 85.707289 105.63654 94.479608 122.00849 102.83155 84.827251 101.20412
93.838371 99.542816 89.984725 117.74617 110.66436 65.142923 83.261534 87.91926 92.390352 97.548877
93.824509 89.989181 91.002632 110.2161 104.57708 102.36038 98.754162 100.44323 111.72047 98.482296
72.785194 103.09054 106.2742 110.79577 116.48902 87.196683 92.41862 93.828095 126.05972 82.960206
102.53598 106.74471 71.000529 92.009771 108.02389 126.61642 92.163449 95.051859 78.794959 98.820753
115.67786 82.527684 122.81315 101.49976 92.812022 81.929724 91.217467 88.162324 101.41873 101.3465
 95.54033 127.7137 103.68739 103.35946 111.96039 61.572046 103.39505 114.31925 63.418987 92.522721
88.950328 135.52728 94.936036 118.16592 104.36387 81.842228 114.51015 126.71668 99.806906 102.69099
88.052956 120.42677 108.07962 114.07641 80.32938 102.14741 107.05138 114.27419 91.34014 109.84972
103.30109 86.412994 85.065029 108.13333 104.73909 104.78641 85.692597 89.864555 108.10184 109.25928
119.32425 86.227152 102.68512 86.301988 123.67545 108.8865 89.858599 117.9574 94.518542 95.308442
103.49692 120.15154 85.432611 108.90768 91.65404 96.208927 97.787878 90.106844 116.35401 106.03815
108.02549 91.419679 113.49298 111.1976 79.170212 76.213622 90.458257 98.801081 96.975573 112.03876
114.92666 83.514976 118.21874 76.783162 112.89149 73.188177 93.9546 89.897966 101.17487 103.10234
112.45903 108.56332 97.094155 88.01388 115.11904 95.543245 113.90432 117.92455 118.04877 96.236828
105.66895 118.30446 104.81253 94.430979 121.55251 86.421847 112.28884 102.53871 86.20374 107.40903
109.70245 103.8914 99.179768 99.209184 86.35595 119.39506 106.23842 96.443582 104.60579 97.926524
97.267655 104.01371 73.963714 87.712003 115.18201 95.969661 114.9913 93.603528 117.94359 82.165142
IQ 31 IQ 32 IQ 33 IQ 34 IQ 35 IQ 36
97.410599 106.41842 136.50852 101.62788 83.014309 106.19554
112.95193 110.80197 96.805555 94.881959 103.07691 84.661832
132.44546 78.769388 116.43374 92.150068 95.716639 112.92744
94.895437 98.429595 114.13244 91.917051 71.797342 108.14472
112.0945 120.08344 107.38701 86.129358 80.14359 89.986943
108.5787 118.1226 100.4377 115.56124 118.92233 123.24449
87.188259 113.6155 88.5677 85.260312 130.39888 100.81752
113.94363 61.034124 72.788734 109.75984 92.168026 119.04447
103.44522 119.17063 110.6608 81.103516 99.907494 98.299084
113.78996 114.09977 118.80689 106.36384 89.838682 96.045325
97.450494 105.92879 122.26537 96.609887 117.90357 103.58732
96.056758 98.928492 68.97021 110.33551 94.196072 94.008448
105.81054 87.306559 72.788734 71.560542 107.90891 83.643378
124.86417 66.246573 106.04352 95.95203 88.629035 95.259494
108.68637 102.50857 106.31018 112.53106 102.95225 127.22449
85.399025 98.81279 97.557094 83.803589 98.17105 109.12079
77.600425 92.2898 69.913771 109.76136 114.00967 122.91024
110.71832 87.289824 101.07314 78.225169 120.0768 91.507008
93.492411 81.598385 94.930327 74.259126 67.136595 122.15958
94.004985 93.970833 92.748245 99.92312 83.267681 115.96011
99.590165 79.624364 82.071549 102.61087 99.20707 93.721371
99.862365 92.175185 96.685679 104.59311 112.66183 116.53202
111.29854 109.26626 102.11923 96.612552 115.9452 122.48358
110.11054 83.307512 107.06476 90.756278 94.215391 105.67157
87.809699 102.29038 81.332304 88.984127 102.54959 104.38099
100.70721 92.618611 111.07827 100.7509 102.36168 105.2524
95.999994 95.135914 113.65514 95.95203 104.29752 105.35189
99.306319 85.616297 76.617609 92.146476 107.16587 115.24327
105.45466 81.802642 121.03542 79.062683 98.201614 108.597
94.724441 94.3744 112.23868 82.641951 90.93347 91.330373
117.17349 73.202484 95.011098 107.55403 103.79318 112.51538
58.109907 109.00704 116.94533 88.588658 74.719526 103.79485
106.45018 76.18218 91.59688 130.34287 117.33064 132.80077
99.812321 84.81977 96.797536 129.82398 89.894646 113.6296
121.26571 91.176104 108.41297 105.30746 108.82608 95.976542
102.21192 105.92701 105.64481 110.96893 95.725041 79.259751
114.26976 96.754475 107.38383 127.2312 76.474203 105.17516
111.411 122.56483 99.013932 103.69332 113.85979 116.38823
88.016562 81.514563 84.712534 115.39942 128.31953 100.84777
91.811873 113.14656 123.54604 77.297316 92.482004 88.267017
115.88834 94.281236 74.975729 84.151257 82.593139 65.498714
 96.29778 111.19264 110.5088 97.028082 130.59999 87.857571
93.128086 96.831332 94.102847 115.19812 94.498659 88.267017
64.222142 113.47023 88.220178 119.42317 101.41325 68.270057
87.853036 105.4138 100.57665 96.213052 79.953214 98.646063
124.32535 110.62807 94.607118 104.42233 103.79226 96.307094
89.819893 78.452736 96.518271 124.39147 97.228275 97.811238
115.91109 104.20739 98.378737 100.34683 110.89634 72.55917
73.2559 86.541951 110.07875 88.916162 101.17572 108.28992
92.932532 75.335494 86.901239 98.586688 82.493051 115.903
106.08532 83.307512 96.773354 90.360205 99.486255 93.922729
102.85386 126.56685 104.0971 106.13951 89.96739 116.50353
112.11358 84.774425 117.5387 125.88529 71.845501 101.63941
98.643987 84.977777 107.28293 112.64783 108.23658 90.986672
97.253109 106.79757 95.26513 66.970992 87.808053 121.95263
106.67736 115.88267 121.52503 101.80461 105.28384 90.2386
102.31938 97.271574 81.267038 114.65537 95.472694 103.2232
101.93781 87.982289 89.341354 114.31155 71.690486 94.149073
112.17684 105.14745 116.10305 99.359836 81.129207 93.532599
112.7609 86.282327 103.12617 97.568792 95.379837 84.762309
107.73435 102.2974 92.424305 115.75772 67.939428 71.365376
104.98111 88.678944 100.16327 92.571555 87.748901 100.22947
100.3264 110.15813 109.17627 88.648409 84.152318 102.98125
101.3996 106.93115 117.2866 83.360863 114.44282 116.86028
94.099473 109.06553 114.83049 101.80461 115.44279 136.18821
90.629078 96.636315 124.4092 78.524721 83.240859 100.32164
97.34943 100.43907 104.68206 70.713058 108.36498 117.05577
89.111795 77.343843 90.384593 123.61067 97.512638 94.81609
111.50124 82.616219 116.77746 106.77672 112.92887 95.926737
69.475188 104.15079 78.07837 102.26114 73.407944 88.394678
103.83708 95.176668 114.58684 60.865703 65.619208 107.81746
116.68381 88.77039 102.30032 100.4595 103.04634 84.138753
91.000386 102.30532 86.036053 100.50072 113.85979 99.221472
111.87276 94.395754 110.36102 104.61701 94.034733 97.42966
110.40102 106.75892 94.895943 79.610975 131.11001 80.487471
97.857696 107.41905 91.532413 110.95822 98.695438 77.644932
98.892569 140.63954 99.673115 110.84183 117.72548 109.98362
115.70327 103.28565 99.700079 121.38883 123.76664 102.39308
92.892038 81.67713 104.70655 112.90703 111.55022 92.761253
109.21145 109.12621 64.377655 70.057932 88.514068 129.5563
99.639423 88.620541 104.63581 106.90572 66.113876 115.75783
64.118825 120.36788 134.05398 93.064377 93.389824 98.753433
111.68956 137.56403 111.85394 101.29765 115.7372 93.830698
113.29235 103.84533 93.800267 130.44613 130.27182 85.615087
82.792799 88.130831 95.92685 114.8949 119.5971 98.611466
83.956 97.586918 73.140968 104.5374 106.11566 100.89022
93.793979 73.763758 114.69321 100.14158 95.310424 106.22997
91.474138 79.968765 113.10907 72.650831 106.10211 85.796517
 108.9416 66.008896 106.43997 99.742879 117.74672 76.946712
104.79667 96.555836 82.86104 91.110303 116.73806 110.92754
87.03603 107.8771 72.682342 88.832549 125.00749 90.159483
106.63675 93.594796 96.473656 87.798954 113.44132 114.00823
121.4186 73.349946 101.0717 115.17836 95.379837 96.826334
131.25032 115.48876 115.42076 79.731356 102.46517 94.12193
95.657896 106.23433 92.963037 108.28216 84.301497 113.94061
99.489827 108.19099 84.350487 94.052078 94.458651 80.971109
111.29606 101.94781 89.442925 85.094741 122.60538 92.475813
84.287067 104.91719 109.7297 103.9405 102.18085 120.94657
76.925007 97.035043 98.433776 95.102886 96.948015 123.12813
88.01884 102.28318 91.03826 96.788875 48.595988 90.530198
 A B C D E F G H I
1 800 of 1500 people Confidence Interval for Population Proportion
2 sampled prefer Democrat
3 p=Actual fraction prefer Democrat. n 1500
4 phat 0.5333 =800/1500
5 Std Error phat 0.0129 =SQRT((phat)*(1-phat)/n)
6 Lower Limit 0.5081 =SQRT((phat)*(1-phat)/n)
7 Upper Limit 0.5586 =SQRT((phat)*(1-phat)/n)
8 Margin of error 0.0252 =SQRT((phat)*(1-phat)/n)
9
10 95% Confidence interval for p
11

12 Lower Limit Upper Limit

13
phat-1.96(phat*(1-phat))/n).5 phat+1.96(phat*(1-phat))/n).5
Blyth Confidence Interval

n 500
alpha 0.05

Successes Lower Upper

0 0 0.005974 0
1 5.06343E-05 0.007351 =1-(1-0.5*alpha)^(1/n)
499 0.99264939 0.999949 =(0.5*alpha)^(1/n)
500 0.994026448 1 =(alpha)^(1/n)

Lower Limit Upper Limit

phat-1.96(phat*(1-phat))/n).5 phat+1.96(phat*(1-phat))/n).5
 driven to work 500 times
without accident
95% sure chance that I do not have an accident
is between ______ and _______
=1-alpha^(1/n) success=no accident 500 successes
=1-(0.5*alpha)^(1/n) phat =1
=(1-0.5*alpha)^(1/n)
1 .994 to 1 chance of no accident
0 to .006 chance of an accident

success=accident
0 successes

1-phat))/n).5
 A B C D E F G

Suppose we know the standard deviation of a large population of

1
uncashed checks has a standard deviation of $100. If we want to
be 95% sure we can estimate the average size of an uncashed
check within $20, how large a sample is needed?

2 n = (1.96σ/E)2. ESTIMATING POPULATION MEAN

3 If sample size >=.10*Population size need a different formula.

SIGMA $100.00

ERROR $20.00

6 Suppose we want to be 95% sure that our estimate xbar

SAMPLE SIZE 96.04 =(1.96*SIGMA/ERROR)^2

7
of the population mean µ is accurate within an error amount E.
How large a sample size n is needed? Simply set the half-width of
the 95% Confidence Interval for µ equal to E.

Estimating Population Proportion

9
Sample Size for Population Proportion E=.03 1067.111111 Error 0.025
10
Sample Size 1536.64 =1.96^2/(4*(D9)^2)
Suppose we want to estimate a population proportion p and be
11 95% sure our estimate of p (phat) is accurate within a given n=1.962/4E2
amount E. How large a sample size n is needed?
For E =2.5% we get the usual election poll sample size of 1500.

12 Suppose we want to estimate the fraction of registered voters

preferring the Republican Senatorial candidate in the 2525 Texas
senatorial race. We would like our estimate to have a 95% chance
of being accurate within 3%. How large a sample is needed?

13 .
 A B C D E F G H

Let N=population size. If sample size n>=.1*Population size

2 Multiply width of Confidence interval by Finite samplesize 100
3 Correction Factor popsize 500
4 SQRT((N-n)/(N-1)) sigma 5
5 xbar 40
6
7 Need FCF because sample size is 20% of population.
8 Fortune 500 CEOS 0.895322962071691 FCF 0.895323 =SQRT((popsize-samplesize)/(popsize-1))
9 sample size of 100
10 s=5 million 39.1225834971697 lowerlimit $39.12 =xbar-1.96*FC*sigma/SQRT(samplesize)
11 xbar=40 million 40.8774165028303 upperlimit $40.88 =xbar+1.96*FC*sigma/SQRT(samplesize)
12
13 WITHOUT FC FACTOR
14 lower 39.02 =xbar-1.96*sigma/SQRT(samplesize)
15 upper 40.98 =xbar+1.96*sigma/SQRT(samplesize)
 A B C D E F G H I
1 Sigma=$5 million Error 1
2 We want to be 95% sure estimate of mean N 500
3 Fortune 500 CEO sigma 5
4 salaries is accurate within $1 million samplesizenoFC 96.04 =(1.96*sigma/Error)^2
5 Let N0= sample size from
previous formulas samplesizeFC 80.70046 =samplesizenoFC*N/(samplesizenoFC+N-1)
6 Let N = Population Size 80.70046
7 In general a more accurate sample size formula
8 is For Mean
9 N0*N/(N0+N-1) n = (1.96σ/E)2.
10 which is <N0 For Proportion
11 because N0>1 n=1.962/4E2