1.

Pulmonic Stenosis

Pulmonary valve stenosis → right ventricular outflow obstruction → pressure overload → right
ventricular hypertrophy

Signs and Symptoms:

 Heart murmur — an abnormal whooshing sound heard using a stethoscope, caused by turbulent
blood flow
 Fatigue
 Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
 Chest pain
 Loss of consciousness (fainting)

2. Aortic Stenosis

Narrowed opening area of the aortic valve during systole → obstruction of blood flow from left ventricle
(LV) → increased LV pressure → left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, which leads to → Increased LV
oxygen demand → Impaired ventricular filling during diastole → left heart failure → Reduced coronary
flow reserve

Signs and Symptoms:

 Chest pain.
 Rapid, fluttering heartbeat.
 Trouble breathing or feeling short of breath.
 Feeling dizzy or light-headed, even fainting.
 Difficulty walking short distances.
 Swollen ankles or feet.
 Difficulty sleeping or needing to sleep sitting up.