ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate Riau-Lingga Sultanate This article is about the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. For the history of Johor Riau Sultanate prior to the partition, see Johor Empire. Riau-Lingga Sultanate (Malay/Indonesian: Kesultanan Riaw-Lingga, Jawi: -345 8398 342), also known as the Lingga-Riau Sultanate, Riau Sultanate or Lingga Sultanate was a Malay sultanate that existed from 1824 to 1911, before being dissolved following the Dutch intervention, ‘The sultanate was an effect of the partition of the Johor-Riau Sultanate that separated the Peninsular Johor and the island of Singapore from the Riau archipelago after the succession dispute following the death of Mahmud III of Johor, when Abdul Rahman was crowned as the first Sultan of Riau-Lingga. The maritime kingdom was recognised by both the British and the Dutch following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty in 1824. History Background ‘The Riau Archipelago was a part of the Malacean Empire since the expansion by Tun Perak in the 15th century, following the earlier regression of the Srivijaya Empire in the region, The axis of regional power then inherited the Johor Sultanate after the fall of Malacca under the hands of Portuguese conquistadors. During the golden age of Tohor, the kingdom stretched across half of the Malay Peninsular, eastern Sumatra, Singapore, Bangka, Jambi and the Riau Islands. twas stated in the Johor Annals of 1849, that on 27 September 1673 the Laksamana (admiral) of Johor, Tun Abdul Jamil was ordered by Abdul Jalil Shah IIL to open a settlement in Sungai Carang, Ulu Riau, on the Bintan Island, The settlement in Sungai Carang was later known as Riau Lama, Initially a fortress to protect the Johor Empire, the area then prospered into an entrepat regional trade center that gained prominence in the Strait of Malacca. ‘Ulu Riau became the capital of Johor during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim when he relocated the capital Batu Sawar, Kota Tinggi in Peninsular Johor to Riau Lama after the old capital was sacked by the Jambi forces on 4 October 1722, Riau Lama then became the capital of the empire for 65 yeats from 1722 to 1787/"1 The importance of Lingga began during the crowning of Sultan Mahmud III in 1761. He relocated the capital in Riau Lama, Ulu Riau, Bintan to Daik, Lingga in 1788. The relocation was made as the Sultan believed that he was being reduced to a mere figurehead under the Dutch, He then requested aid from his distant relative, Raja Ismail, a local ruler of Tempasuk to organise a systematic campaign against the Dutch. The campaign proved to ‘be successful. The sultan thanked the perpetrators end rewarded them with gifts In fear of retaliation by the Dutch, he organised mass transfer ofthe populace: the Sultan Ieft for Lingga with 2000 people, the Bendahara (vizier) to Pahang with 1000 people while others headed to Terengganu, When the Dutch arrived in Riau, there were only a few Chinese planters left, who persuaded the Dutch not to chase the Orang-orang Melayu (Malay people). The Sultan then developed Lingga and welcomed new settlers to the island, Dato Kaya Megat was appointed as the new Bendabara of Lingga. New dwellings were constructed, roads were built and buildings were improved, He found new unprecedented wealth when tin mines were organised in Singkep. Both the British and Dutch then restored his claim on the Riau island, He began to revive maritime trade as a major source of commodities especially valuable tn, gambier and spices disereetly with the British, Origin htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! Riau-Lingga Sultanate Kesultanan Riau-Lingga (ms) Bs OMS Gawi) Sultanaat van Riau en Lingga (nl) Dutch protectorate 1824-1911 Cc Flag aka ‘toes say islands in the South China Sea and pesto of nds in mainland Suva, Capital guages Religion Government Sultan + 181-1832 + 1832-1835 + 1835-1857 + 18571885 + 1885-1911 ‘Yang Dipertuan Muda + 1805-1831 + 1831-1844 + 1844-1857 + 1857-1858 + 1858-1899 Historical era + Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 + Abolished by the Datel Penyengat Inderasakt (Administeative 124 (Roya and adnan 1900-1911) Daik (Raya 124-1900) Malay ‘Sunni Islam Monarchy Abdul Rahman Mubaramad It Mahmud TV Sulaiman tt ‘Abdul Rahman Il Joatar Abdul Ault ‘Abdullah Muhammad Yusuf Dutch Empire 1824 wit 1120ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate In 1812, the Johor-Riau Sultanate suffered a succession crisis. The death of the Mahmud Shah IIT in Lingga left no heir apparent. During the death of Mahmud Shab II, the eldest prince, Tengku Hussein was in Pahang to celebrate his marriage to the daughter of the Bendahara (governor); however, it was required by royal custom that the successive sultan ‘must with his predecessor at his deathbed. To further complicate this matter, bth of the royal candidates were not full blooded royalties in origin. The mother of Tengku Hussein, Cik Mariam owed her origin to a Balinese slave lady and a Bugis commoner. The other candidate was ‘Tengku Hussein's half-brother, Tengku Abdul Rahman who similarly had a lowborn mother, ik Halimah, The only unquestionably royal wife and consort of Mahmud Shah was Engku Putri Hamidah, nonetheless her only child died ‘an hour after birth, ‘The region witnessed the tiumph of Haji Fisabillah of Johor Riau during the battle against the Dutch East India ‘Company on 6 January 1784 in “Tanjung Pinang, Ria, It was the largest military campaign in the Strait ‘of Malacca staged in the 18th century. In the following chaos, Engku Putei was expected fo install Tengku Hussein to be the next sultan, because he had been preferred by the late Mahmud Shah, Based on the royal adat (customary observance), the consent of Engku Puteri was crucial as she was holder of the Cogan (Royal Regalia) of Fohor-Riau, by which the installation of the sultan would only be ratified by the presence of the regalia. Nonetheless, Yang Dipertuan Muda Jaafar (chen-viceregal of the sultanate) supported the reluctant Tengku Abdul Rahman, adhering to the rules of royal court as he was present atthe late Sultan's deathibed Unwilling and furious, the outspoken Queen is then reported to have said, "Who elected Abdul Rahman as sovereign of Johor? Was it my brother Raja Jaafar or by what law of succession has it happened? It is owing to this act of injustice thatthe ancient empire of Johor is fast falling to decay". The position of the regalia was fundamental to the installation of the sultan; it was a symbol of power, legitimacy and sovereignty of the slate, Possession of the regalia was equivalent to the possession of the Johor-Riau Empire. (Owed to the inereased political interest penned against the Dutch in the region, the British began to spread their influence and crowned Tengku Hussein in Singapore, bearing the name Hussein Shah of Johor. The British were actively involved in the Johor-Riau administration between 1812-1818, their intervention in Johor-Riau further strengthened their dominance in the Strait of Malacca, They had earlier gained Malacca from the Dutch under Treaty of The Hague in 1795. The British then acknowledged Johor-Riau as a sovereign state and proposed to pay Engku Puteri 50,000 Ringgits (Spanish Coins) for the Royal Regalia, which she refused, Observing the rapid diplomatic contol of the region by the British, the Dutch began to follow the British by crowning Tengku Abdul Rahman as the sultan instead. The Dutch then tried to control the domination of the British by entering the Vienna Treaty in 1818. “The Congress of Vienna was perceived to be legitimate by the Dutch, and the recognition of the Johor-Riau sovereignty by the British held to be void, To further curtail the British domination over the region, the Dutch entered into an agreement with the Johor-Riau Sultanate on 27 November 1818, The agreement stipulated that the Dutch shall be the paramount leader of the Johor-Riau Sultanate and only the Dutchman can engage with trade with the kingdom. A Dutch garrison was then stationed in Riau” Iwas further stipulated thatthe subsequent appointment of the Johor-Risu Sultan must ‘be consented by the Dutch, The agreement was signed by Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Jaafar representing Abdul Rahman without his consent or knowledge, Akin to the mission embarked by the British, both the Dutch and Yang Dipertuan Muda ‘then desperately tried to win the Royal Regalia from Engku Puteri. The reluctant Abdul Rahman, believing he was not the rightful heir to the throne decided to move from Lingga to Terengganu, claiming that he wanted to celebrate his marriage. The Dutch, htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! Preceded by Succeeded by Johor Dutch East ‘Empire Indies ‘Today part of Indonesia Pat ofa sees onthe History of Indonesia BEY? ie ‘Timeline Prohistory Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000-12,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms Salakanagara Kingdom 130-362 Kutai Kingdom 350-1605 ‘Tarumanagara Kingdom 358-669 Kalingga Kingdom 3005-6008 Melayu Kingdom 600s Srivijaya Kingdom 6005-12008 Sailendra Kingdom 8005-900 Galuh Kingdom 669-1482 ‘Sunda Kingdom 669-1579 Medang Kingdom 752-1006 Bali Kingdom 914-1908, Kahuripan Kingdom 1006-1045 Kediri Kingdom 1045-1221 Dharmastaya Kingdom 1183-1347 ‘Singhasari Kingdom 1222-1292 ‘Majapahit Kingdom 1293-1500 [Rise of Muslim statet Spread of Islam 1200-1600 ‘Temate Sultanate 1257-1914 ‘Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267-1521 Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347-1833, Brunei Sultanate 1368-1888, Malacca Sultanate 1400-1511 Sulu Sultanate 1405-1851 Cirebon Sultanate 1445-1677 Demak Sultanate 1475-1548, Aceh Sultanate 1496-1903 Banten Sultanate 1526-1813 Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527-1599 ‘Mataram Sultanate 15005-17005 Johor Sultanate 1528-1877 Surakarta Sunanate 1745-1946 Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755-1945 Siak Sultanate 1725-1946 Deli Sultanate 1814-1946 Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824-1911 Christian kingdom 200ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate who desired to control the Johor-Riau Empire, were in fear of losing momentum simply | Larantuka Kingdom 1600-1904 because of an absence of a mere regalia, then informed Timmerman Tyssen, the Dutch Governor of Malacca, to seize Penyengat in October 1822 and removed the Royal European colonisation Regalia from Tengku Hamidah by force. The regalia was then stored in the Kroonprins | Portuguese 1512-1850 (Dutch: Crown Prince's) Fortin Tanjung Pinang. Engku Puteri was then reported to have | Dutch East India Company 1602-1800 written a letter to Van Der Capellen, the Dutch Governor in Batavia about this issue, French and British interlude 1806-1815 With the Royal Regalia in Dutch hands, Abdul Rahman was invited from Terengganu | Netherlands. 1800-1942 and proclaimed as the Sultan of Johor, Riau-Lingga and Pahang on 27 November 1822. 1945-1950 Hence, the legitimacy of the Johor-Riau Empire is now granted to Abdul Rehman, rather than the British-backed Hussin, Emergence of Indonesia National Awakening 1908-1942, This led tothe partition of Johor-Riau under the Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1824, by which Jace occupation 1942-1945 the region north ofthe Singapore Strait including the island of Singapore and Johor were | Panes occupation Io4s1980 to be under British influence, while the south of the strait along with Riau and Lingga were to be controlled by the Dutch. By installing two sultans from the same kingdom, Independence both the British and the Dutch effectively destroyed the Johor-Riau polity system and | jperal democracy 1950-1957 satisfied the respective needs of their colonial ambitions. Guided Democracy 195721965 Under the treaty, Tengku Abdul Rahman was erowned as the Sultan of Riau-Lingga Transition 1965-196 bearing the name of Sultan Abdul Rahman, with the royal seat in Daik, Lingga. While | New Order 1966-1998 ‘Tengu Hussein who was backed by the British was installed as the Sultan of Johore and | Reformasi 1998-present ruled over Singapore and the Peninsular Johor, he later ceded Singapore to the British in return for their support during the dispute, Both sultans of Johor and Riau acted mainly as puppet monarchs patronised under the guidance of the colonists By topie Currency - Eeonamy + Miltary = Indonesia portal Internal dispute On 7 October 1857, the Dutch administrators deposed Mahmud IV from his throne for his campaign to throw off both the Dutch and the Yang Dipertuan Muda’s Hegemony, The Sultan contested that his kingdom was being heavily manipulated by the Dutch and the Yang Dipertuan Muda. He frequently traveled to Singapore, Terengganu and Pahang (o gain support and recognition for his power by the British and his eirele of kin in other Malay Royal Houses against the viceregal house of Riau that came from Bugis stock. This was also made on the ground that he “The Risu-Lingga noblemen with believed that he was the rightful heir of the preceding Sultan Suliman (seated, i the Johor-Riau throne over Hussein Shah of Johor middle). (€.1867) The act backfired on the Sultan, a his actions were met with suspicion by the British. The British then wamed the Dutch that he was in breach of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 by a vassal of the Dutch colonial slate, Angered and embarrassed by the Sultan, the Dutch then prohibited him to travel without their consent. Nonetheless, all these prohibitions were ignored by the Sultan. [9p Sere, “ag! ‘Alexander Hamilton's "A Map ofthe Dominions of Johore and ofthe Adjacent Islands" (1727), lusting mainland Johore, eastern Sumatra, Singapore, Bangka and Riau Archipelago a 2 single politial enti, the map was made a century prot tthe perition of 1824 Island of Sumatra with The crisis reached its peak in 1897, when following the death of the Yang Dipertuan Muda, the Sultan procrastinated to name the Yang Dipertuan Mude's successor. This was due to the fact that the Sultan disagreed with the candidates offered by the Yang Dipertuan Muda's family. The Sultan then tried to name a candidate from Singapore and claimed that the revenues gained by the Yang ipertuan Muda ought to be paid to him, The final blow came when he decided to sail to Singapore without settling the issue despite the prohibition of the Dutch. Challenged by the Sultan, the Dutch then deposed him from the throne while he was in Singapore. The Sultan then remained in Singapore and sought to seek for a mediation with the Dutch. The British then decided not to interfere with the issue against the Dutch, ‘Transition In Riau, the Dutch and Yang Dipertuan Muda later enthroned his uncle, Sultan Badrul Alam Syab IT to be the fourth Sultan of Riau (1857— 1883), He was assisted by Yang Dipertuan Muda IX Raja Haji Abdullah (1857-1858). During his reign, Daik was met with unprecedented prosperity. The Sultan improved the local economy by encouraging rice cultivation and opium preparation. He also possessed a small armada to promote trade relations. He introduced sago from the Moluccas to the local people which he believed was a better substitute than hitpsion.wikipesta-on-pfs.orplrkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hl 20ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate = rice as a staple food, as rice can be only harvested once yearly. The area then become a regional trade centre attracting traders from China, Celebes, Borneo, Malay Peninsular, Sumatra, Pagaruyung, Java, Siak, Pahang to Dak. This worried the Dutch, as it was feared that the sultanate could gain enough supplies and forces to defeat them, Due to this fear, the Dutch appointed an assistant resident to be Indrait, on stationed in Tanjung Buton, 2 part close to Mepar Island, 6 Cogan, the Royal Regalia of Johor. ‘mainland Sumatra (¢. 1857), One of kilometres from the Riau administrative centre. Riau, the coronation ofthe sun te teritory held by the Sultanate ‘would be only be ratified withthe ‘The fort was constructed by Teseku Nationalism. presence ofthe regalia. This caused Sulung in etaiation of the ‘ot the British and Dutch trying to appointment of Sultan Sulsimanand The globalisation witnessed in the 19th century opened a_i she regalia om Engh Pater Hi prefered sultan, dah in order to instal their ‘the Dutch rule whom contested new opportunity in Riau-Lingga Sultanate. The proximity to «control over the are. the cosmopolitan Singapore located just 40 miles away shaped the political climate of the kingdom, Tt was an ‘opportunity for the Riau Malays to familiatise themselves with the now ideas in the Middle East. The opening of Suez Canal made it sien World where Muslims around the world can gather, mect and exchange various perspectives and views,/] Inspired by the experience and intellectual progress attained in the Tandjoengpinang in 1859 Middle East and influenced by the Pan-Islamism brotherhood, the Riau Malay intelligentsias established Roesidijah (Club) Riouw in 1895. The association was born as a literature circle to develop the religious, cultural and intellectual needs of the sultanate, but asthe association matured, it morphed into a more critieal organisation and emerged to address the Fight against Dutch rule in the kingdom.l4) “The era was marked by the awareness born by the elite and rulers on the importance of watan (homeland) and one's duty towards his or her native sol. In order to succeed to establish a watan, the land is thought to be independent and sovereign, a fer-cry from a Dutch-controlled sultanate. Moreover, it is also viewed that the penetration of the west in the state is slowly tearing apart the fabric of the Malay-Muslim identity Peat ined Ai Kelana, the Crown Prince of Ria-Lingga was known to be one ofthe finding fathers of Roesiijah (Chb) Riou the frst modern organisation inthe [Netherlands Bast Indies, (aken in 1899) By the dawn of the 20th century, it was obvious thatthe association was a political tool to rise against the colonist, with Raja Muhammad Thahir and Raja Ali Kelana acting as its backbone. Diplomatic missions were embarked to liberate the kingdom by Raja Ali Kelana accompanied by a renowned Pattani-born ‘Ulema, Syeikh Wan Ahmad Fatani to the Ottoman Empire in 1883, 1895 and in 1905. The Dutch Colonial Office in Tanjung Pinang then claimed the organisation as versetpartai (Dutch: Left- Teaning party). The organisation also won momentous support from the Mohakamak (Malay Judiciary) and the Dewan Kerajaan (Sultanate Administrative Board), The organisation had critically monitored and researched every step that had been taken by the Dutch Colonial Resident pertaining tothe sultanate’s administration, which led to the outrage of the Dutch The movement was an early form of Malay nationalism. Non-violence and passive resistance measures were adapted by the association, ‘The main apparatus of the movement was to hold boycotts as an act of symbolism. The Dutch Colonist then branded the movement as leidetck verset (Dutch: Passive resistance), nonetheless with the passive steps such as ignoring the raising ofthe Dutch flag was nonetheless met with the anger by the Batavia-based Raad van Indie (Dutch Fast Indies Council) and the Advisor on Native Affairs, Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje. Based on a eheim (Dutch: secret) letter 660/G, dated 7 May 1904 to the Dutch East Indies Council by Hurgronje, he advocated that the sultanate and association be crushed akin to the earlier Acch War. The grounds made by Hurgronje were duc to several factors, among which since 1902 the members of Roesidijah Klub would gather around the royal court and they would refuse to raise the Dutch flag on the government vessel. Report was surfaced by the Dutch Colonial Resident in Riau, A.L. Van Hasselt to the Governor of Netherlands East Indies that the Sultan was an opponent to the Dutch and immersed ‘with a group of hardcore verzetparty. Later, on 1 January 1903, the Dutch Colonial Resident found that the Dutch flag was not being raised uring his visit to the royal palace, In his report to the governor he wrote; "it seems that he (Sultan Abdul Rahman II) acted as ithe was a sovereign king and raises his own flag", Based on several records in the Indonesian National Archive, there were some reports that the Sultan then apologised to the governor due to the "flag incident" htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 420ziv2024 Riau-Lingga Sutanate In reply by Dutch East Indies Council on eheim letter numbered 1036/G 9 August 1904, the couneil was indeed agreed on the proposal embarked by Hurgronje and actions were to be taken against the ‘nationalist association, Nonetheless, advice to the Sultan was to be fist to put forward a military action towards the kingdom and association. The council then advised the Dutch Resident in Riau ‘to avoid entering contractual agrcement before achieving consensus withthe ruling elite of the Riou-Lingga Sultanate, Dissolution by the Dutch (On 18 May 1905, the Dutch made a new agreement with the sultan, among parts of the agreement is to further limit the powers of Riau-Lingga Sultanate, the Dutch flag must be raised higher than the flag of Riau and the Dutch officials shall be given a supreme honour in the land. The agreement further stipulated thatthe Riau-Lingga Sultanate is a mere aachazat (Duteb: loan) from the Dutch Government. The agreement was made due tothe fact that the appointment of Sultan Abdul Rahman II (1885-1911) was not being made by the consent of the Dutch and he is also clearly against the colonial rute/*I {A Dutch map of Residente Rioww en Onderhoorigheden (Residence of Riau and Dependencies) in 1860. ‘The Dutch insisted the sultan to sign the agreement, nonetheless afler consenting the fellow rulers of the state Engku Kelana, Raja Ali, Raja Hitam and other members ofthe ruling elite, the sultan finally refused to sign the agreement. Abdul Rahman II then decided to form a military regiment under the leadership of the regent prince, Tengku Umar. The affiliate of Rocsidijah Klub who were mainly the members of the administrative class were seen able to slowly maneuvered Abdul Rahman who was once a supporter of the Dutch rule to act against the colonial desires. ‘The disagreement then reaches its peak when Raja Ali Kelana, Raja Khalid Hitam and Raja Haji Muhammad Tahir and other members ofthe ruling class opposed to accept the agreement purposed, [Abdul Rahman Il He was forced to by the Dutch. The sultan then demonstrated his refusal o cooperate with the Dutch by referring 10 live in exile after his refusal to sign ‘iS ministers without che consent of the Dutch. During the Dutch Resident's visit to Penyengat, the ‘an agieement withthe Dutch that was sultan summoned the emirs (local Malay rulers) of Reteh, Gaung and Mandah of which the resident intended to totally limit his powers. felt that as if he was being besieged by the sultanate, The bold resolution embarked by the sultan and fellow officials was not welcomed by the Dutch rule. Based on the journal recorded by the Syakbandar (Harbourmaster), the decision of the Sultan was ridiculed by the Dutch Resident, G.F Bruijn Kops ‘who stated “they molded the sultan to retaliate (against the Dutch), hence a retaliation (by the Dutch) he shall be received", ‘Thus, on the moming of LI February 1911, the Dutch Naval ships of Java, Tromp and Koetai ‘Torpedo Boat anchored in Penyengat Island deploying hundreds of marechausse (Ditch: pribumi soldiers) to siege the royal court. The event unfolds when the sultan and the court officials were in Daik to perform the Mandi Safar ( ritualistic purifying bath). ‘This followed by the arrival of Dutch official K.M Voomatra to Roesidijah Club headquarter from ‘Tae dissolution of the sultanate as ‘Tanjung Pinang to renounce the Abdul Rahman II from his throne.!6 On the abdication letter read reported in Rotterdam's Nieuwe ‘by Dutch official, he mocked the erown prince and other members of Roesidijah Klub as "sebagai Roxterdamsche Courant on 19 orang berniat bermusuhan dengan Sri Padoeka Gouvenrnement Hindia Nederland! (individuals February 1 ‘that harbours animosity against the excellency Governor of Netherlands Indies). Following the military standoff and politcal incursion by the Dutch, a mass exodus ofthe civilians and officials to Johor and Singapore ‘was recorded. The officil Regalia and Paraphernalia were then seized Dutch colonial office"! In fears ofa further seizure by the Dutch, many of the official buildings were deliberately razed by the members of the court themselves. To avoid violence and the death of civilians in Pulau Penyengat, the Sultan and his officials decided not to fight the Dutch troops. The sultan and Tengku Ampuan (the Queen) lef the seat in Pulau Penyengat and sail towards Singapore via the royal vessel Sri Daik, while Crown Prince Reja Ali Kelana, Khalid Hitam and the resistant movement in Bukit Bahjah followed a couple of days later. The Dutch then abdicate the sultan in absentia on 3 February 1911. The deposed Abdul Rahman I was forced to live in exile in Singapore Aftermath htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 520ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate The Dutch officially annexed the sultanate to avoid future claims from the monarchy. The Dutch then commenced rechireek hestuur (Dutch: Direct rule) on the Riau Archipelago in 1913, the province was administered as Residentie Riosw en Onderhoorigheden (Dutch: Residence of Rist and Dependencies) by the Dutch, The Dutch Residence comprises Tanjung Pinang, Lingge, Riau and Indrgir, the Tudjub Archipelago was being administered separately as "AfUeeling Poolau- Toedjoch" (Dutch: The Division of Pulau Tudjuh) [8] ‘The sultan then appealed to the British administration for aid, despite being given an abode and protection in Singapore, the British was quite reluctant to interfere with the Dutch administration Diplomatic missions were carried to Empire of Japan by Raja Khalid Hitam in 1911 and to the Porta Tedoeh Tah foman Empire ja Ali Kelana in ‘call for the restoration of the sultanate.{*) Ottoman Empire by Raja Ali Kelana in 1915 to cll forthe res ha sls Archipelago) with GF Ban Kops, the Dutch Resident of Riou, Taker in Tanjung Pinang, a week after the Abdication ofthe Sultan (1911) The Amits or local Malay rulers of The sultan even at one point wanted to abdicate in favour of his son, Tengku Besar as the negotiation perceived to be in vain, The sultan died in Singapore in 1930, Several members of the royal family later contested their claim to be recognised as the sultan, Restoration attempt AAs the World War IL erupted in East Asia, the Dutch was initially seemed to be quite reluctant to defend its teritories in the Bast Indies. This propelled the British to create a buifer state in Riau. They discussed with Tengku Omar and Tengku Besar, the descendants of the sultan who were then based in Terengganu on a prospect fora revival, As the war approaches Southeast Asia, the Dutch actively engaged stem alongside the British, the Bri in the defensive s sh then decided to shelve the restoration plan. In the aftermath ofthe war and the struggle against the Dutch rule, several exile associations collectively known as Gerakan Kesultanan ‘Riau (Riau Sultanate Movement) emerged in Singapore and planning for the restoration. Some of the groups dated as early as the heyday of dissolution of the sultanate, nonetheless they started to gain momentum following the post-world war confusion and polities. Dewan Riouw Rising ftom the ashes of political uncertainty and frailty ofthe East Indes following the World War I, a royalist fraction known as Persatcean Melayu Riou Sedat! (PMRS) (Associaton of the Indigenous Riau Malays) emerged to call forthe restoration ofthe Riau-Lingga Sultanate. The council was financially backed by rch Riau Malay émigrés and Chinese merchants who hoped to obsain tin concession, Initially founded in High Street, Singapore, the association moved to Tanjung Pinang, Rau under an unprecedented approval by the Dutch administrators. Based in Tanjung Pinang, the group managed to gain the consent ofthe Dutch for self-governance in the region with the foundation of Dewan Riou (Dutch: Riou Read, English: Riouwe Council), the Riou Read is The Stats Times ated 1) the devolved national, unicamral legislature of Riau, a positon equivalent to a Parliament!) December 1947 onthe establishment of Riou Raa with Tenghu Frais After the establishment in Tanjung Pinang, the group later formed a new organisation known as (left) tobe crowned ashe sultant Djawatan Koewasa Pengoeroes Rakjat Riow (The Council of Riau People Administration), with the sultanate wereto be revived, Seen the members hailing from Tudjuh Archipelago, Great Karimun, Lingga and Singkep. This group in ight was his grandfather, the late _ strongly maintain to restore the sovereignty of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate after the status of| Sultan Abdul Rabman 1 Indonesia was solidified. The group perceived that the position of the Rigu Malays were neglected under the expense of the rnon-Riat Indonesians that have dominated the upper ranks of the Riau civil administration. By restoring the monarch, they believed the position of Riau Malays would be guarded. The leader of the council, Raja Abdullah began to advocate this notion against the neweomers. The royalist association nonetheless was met with resistance by the republican group led by Dr. Hjas Datuk Batuah that equally sending delegates to Singapore to counter the propagands of the sultanate supporters, Based on the Indonesian archive, Dr. Iijas gained approvals from the non-Risu newcomers (Minangkabaus, Javanese, Bataknese, Palembagese, Indian, Arabs, among few). He later form a group known as Badan Kedaulatan Indonesia Rioww (BKRN (Indonesian Riau Sovereign Body) on 8 October 1945. The organisation sought t0 absorb Riau Archipelago into the then-newly independent Indonesia, as the archipelago was stil retained under the Dutch colonial power. BKRI hoped that the new administration under Soekarno will be given a fair chance for the pribumis to run the local government. The royalist association sought not to publicly exhibit sympathy towards the Indonesian movement, this is by far evident forthe refusal of the association to display the Bendera Meral-Puih (Indonesian Flag) during the Indonesian Independence Day celebration on 17 August 1947 in Singapore, Consequently, this led to the republicans to call the royalist as pro-Dutch, The royalist however, maintained that Riau is already a Dutch territory and only the Dutch that can aid with a helping hand. htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 620ari0as RatLingg Sutanate The claim sought by BKRI was countered by granting an autonomous rule to the Riau Counei, where it would exerise maximum autonomy, in which inks withthe Dutch would be maintained while royalty restoration would play asa secondary role. The inauguration of the council was maade on 4 August 1947. The fommtion of th council was & tajr step forthe resurrection of the monarchy system, ay iil several key members of the PMRS were elected to the Riau ‘) ‘Council alongside the rivalling BKRI, the Chinese kapitans from Tanjung Pinang and Pulau Tujuh, the local Malay leaders of Lingga and Dutch Officials in Tanjung Pinang. It was formed under the consideration made by the Governor ‘The Mag of Federasi Bangka Beliung dan Ria (Baxgka Belitang and Ria Federation). An autonomous teitory Jheld under the Dutch in United States ‘of Indonesia until 1950, ‘The Riouw Raad building with Encik ‘Mohamad Apan (middle, don under a General of East Indies 12 July 1947, Later on 23 January Pee the temporary leader ofthe 1948, the states of Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, _cowsil withalhes members ofthe ‘iouw Read during the appointment ofthe Provincial Resident on 4 August 1947. and the Riau Council are merged as the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation. ‘The call for revival of the monarchy system continued to be echoed throughout the autonomous rule under the Dutch-made Riau Council, despite the fact thatthe influence of republicanism is getting stronger. The appeal began to subside following the dissolution of the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation on 4 April 1950. The Riau Archipelago was officially incorporated to be an Indonesian regency after the official withdrawal by the Dutch in 1950. The region became Keresidenan Riau under Central Sumatra Province following the absorption by the United States of Indonesia, Being one of the last territories merged into Indonesia, Riau was known as the daerah-daerah pulihan (recovered regions). ‘The leader of Riau forces, Major Raja Muhammad Yunus who led the bid to reestablish the sultanate apart from Indonesia fled into exile in Johor after his ill attempt. The geopolitical roots of the Riau Archipelago had molded her nationalist position to be sandwiched between the kindred monarchist Peninsular Malay Nationalism observed across the border in British Malaya with the pro-republic and pan-ethnic Indonesian Nationalism manifested in her own Dutch East Indies domain, Government In the Riau Sultanate administration, the Sultan acted as the Head of State. While the Dipertuan ‘Muda/Yamtuan Muda (deputy ruler or Viceroy) isa position inherently hold by Bugis ruling elite that functions as the Head of Government. Following the partition of Johor-Riau, the position of the Yang Dipertuan Muda was solely being retained in the Ri ‘The sultan's royal palace was located in Penyengat Inderasakti and the Yang Dipertuan Muda resides in Daik, Lingga, It was perceived that the Malay Sultan shall be dominant in Lingga and its dependencies, while the Bugis Yang Dipertuan Muda would have the control in Riau (consisting Bintan, Penyengat and the surrounding islands), with each respective rulers will not have any claim against the revenues of the other. The sphere of control would only begun to dilute during the time of Yang Dipertuan Muda Yusuf Ahmadi Riau later become the heatt of Bugis political influence in the western Malay World. It should be noted that however, the power division between the Malay and the Bugis was not met without any major dispute between the two houses, Adat ‘The adat istiadat (custom) called fora separation of powers and a pledge of allegiance called Persetiaan Sungai Baru (The Oath of Sungai Baru) sworn between the Bugis and the Malays and Picture Sultan Abdul Rahman It renewed for five times between 1722-1858. Under the ada, only the Malays ean be the sultan and (1880-1911) shows him with a 1 position of the Yang Dipertuan Muda reserved exclusively tothe Bugis. aaa ctacs ten anche hh the position ofthe Yang Dipertuan Muda reserved exclusively to the Bug fivepointed tar fom which y= shaped omament rises. The crescent and star symbolises "Head of Sta asthe crescent isthe Islamic embem ofstate, anda star the emblem of a (Must) ruler Generally the n 17 September 1883, in wake of the death of Badrul Alam Syah IL, the Bugis-Malay clites voted _stescent and sta is thought o be the for Tengku Fatimah as his suecessor, becoming the first queen regnant inthe history of the empire symbol of Islam." since the Malaccan period. Nearly a month later, on 13 October another gathering was convened, ‘The traditional system was retained until the appointment of Abdul Rahman I, the last sultan of Riau-Lingga, Abdul Rahman's father, Raja Muhammad Yusuf, was a Bugis aristocrat and the 10th and the last Yang Dipertuan Muda of Riau, He was married to Tengku Fatimah, the daughter of Sullan Mahmud and was the only full-blooded member of the Malay royalty. htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 720ziv2024 Riau-Lingga Sutanate a this occasion Abdul Rahman Il, was crowned as the new sultan after Tengku Fatimah voluntary abdicated in favour of her son. Conversely, Abdul Rahman Ii was also first inline of succession tothe Yang Dipertuan Muda positon. In yer 1895, the last ofthe pledge of allegiance was sworn and made asa inal conclusion between the Sultan and hs father, the last Yang Dipertuan Muda. His father later renounced his postion asthe Yang Dipertuan Muda, This together mark as a symbol of unity betwoen the Bugis andthe Malay dynasties. “Thus, slicing the consolidation of the Sultan and Yang Dipertuan Muda under a singe ot." Among the pledge of allegiance stipulated as follows: SS Onderkoning Van Riau (Duteh: Vieeregal of Rau) as stated om the mohor (royal seal) Yang Dipertuan Muda [Abdullah between 1857-1858, the XI Yang Dipertuan Muda of Riau Lingea. The seal further stipulated ina fasion of Arab-Malay written in Jawi script Al WatikBaladun AL Aziz Al Ghaffar Sultan Alauddin Syah Toni AL Markuom Raja Jaafar 1273: Mirah (it: the tasted governor, the powerful the protector, Sultan Alaudé Sa Ibn A Mashum Raja Jaafar, Year 127301 (1s56aD) Jani script Rumi script English translation Jikala tuan kepada Bugis, ifthe was anally to the Bugis "tania kepada Melayu he shall then bean all to the Malays dtenjikala tua hepeda Malay and ithe was anally tothe Malays tuanlah kepada Bugis he shall then be anally tothe Bugis dian ikatau musuh kepada Bugis and ithe was a nemesis tothe Bagi 4, musuhlah kepada Melayu he shall then be a nemesis to the Malays fe Sore San jikalau musuh kepada Melayu and ithe was a nemesis tothe Malays eS ey musublah kepada Bucis he shall then be a nemesis othe Bugis De Soper Mob eB Egny, maka barangsiana munghir ifone ever betrayed dibinasakan Allah sampai anak cucunyea.. calamity by Allah til his descendants." Bye dara GI gle al Saas Yang Dipertuan Muda “The viceregal house of Riau claimed to race ther ancestry from the Bugis Royal House in Luwu, Celebes. The Bugs prominence in the region began during the reign of Abdu'-Jall Rahmat of Jobor-Riau, during the period of turbulence the Sultan was killed by Raj Kecil ‘who claimed that he was an offspring ofthe Ine Sultan Mahmud. He Inter deseent as the Sultan of old Johor. The death of Abs Jalil was witnessed by his sop, Suaitian of Johor-Riau, who later then requested aid from the Bugis of Klang to combat Raja Keeil and his troops. The alliance formed between Sulaiman and the Bugis managed to defeat Raja Kecil off fom his throne (4) AAs the settlement for the debt of honour by Sulaiman of Johor-Riau in 1772, a joint government were structured between the Bugis incomer and the native Malays and several political marriage were formed between the two dynasties. The Bugis chieftain were awamed with the titles of Yang di-Pertuan Muda/Yamtuan Muda (deputy ruler or Viceroy) and Raja Tua (principal prince), receiving the second and htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 220ziv2024 Riau-Lingga Sutanate ‘third paramount seat in the sultanate, Although the latter ttle became obsolete, the position of Yang Dipertuan Muda dominated until the reformation that merged the sovercignty of the two Royal houses in 1899.15] ‘The Yang Dipertuan Muda possessed a de facto prerogative powers exceeding that of the sultan ‘himself. Despite the fact his function under the law was second highest inthe office, nonetheless in practice he can over-ruled the sultan, This is strongly evident during the rule of Sultan Abdul Rahman If when Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Jaafar is perceived to be dominant when he acted as the regent of the sultanate, Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Jaafar is responsible for the crowning of Abdul Rahman and highly influential during the negotiation with the Dutch and English powers during the succession dispute between Tengku Hussein and Tengku Abdul Raman, Resident ‘The Dutch Resident with the Sultan. (1890-1910) For the hereditary position of the Sultan, the sultan was fully subjected under the influence of the Dutch Fast Indies authority. Albeit he is de jure on the apex of the monarchy system, he is under the direct control of the Dutch Resident in Tanjung Pinang. All matters pertaining ‘the administration of the sultanate including the appointment of the Sultan and the Yang Dipertuan Muda, must be made within the knowledge and even the consent of the Dutch Resident, List of office bearers Sultans of Riau ‘Sultans of Johor-Riau Reign Malacea-Johor Dynasty Alauddin Riayat Shah IL 1528-1564 ‘Muzaffar Sha It 1564-1570 ‘Abdul Jalil Shab 1 1570-1571 Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah It 1571-1597 ‘Alauddin Riayat Shah IL 1597-1615 Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah 1615-1623 ‘Abdul Jail Shah UL 1623-1677 Thrahim Shah 1677-1685 ‘Mahmud Shah IL 1685-1699, Bendahara Dynasty ‘Abdul Jalil 1V 1699-1720 Malacea-Johor Dynasty (descent) ‘Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (Raja Keeil)| 1718-1722 Bendahara Dynasty Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shab 1722-1760 ‘Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah 1760-1761 ‘Ahmad Riayat Shah 1761 - 1761 Sultan Mahmud Shah IL 1761-1812 ‘Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah 1812-1832 ‘Muhammad Il Muazzam Shah 1832-1842 ‘Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah 1842-1858 Sulaiman If Badrul Alam Shah 1858-1883 ‘Yang Dipertuan Muda Dynasty ‘Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah [1883-1911 Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! ‘Abdel Rahman I wih fellow rulers (6.1880) ‘Muhammad Yusof, the 10% Yang Dinertuan Muda of Riai-Lingga (taken ciea 1858-1899).2iv2024 ‘Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau| In office Daeng Marewah 1722-1728 Daeng Chelak 1728-1745 Daeng Kemboja 1745-1777 Raja Haji 1777-1784 Raja Ali 1784-1805 Raja Jafar 1805-1831 Raja Abdul Rahman 1831-1844 Raja Ali bin Raja Jaafar 1844-1857 Raja Haji Abdullah 1857-1858 ‘Raja Muhammad Yusuf 1858-1899 National symbol Flags of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate ‘The earlier flag of Riau Sultanate was established on 26 Novernber 1818. It was provided in section 11 of the Royal decree thatthe flag of the Sultanate of Riau shall be black with a white eanton. The similar flag design was also adopted by its sister state of Johor, Flag of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in 1818, Personal standard of the Sultan Personal Standard of | the Yang Dipertuan ‘Muda (Vieeregal) htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! Riau-Lingga Sutanate ‘The remains of Istana Kantor, builtin 1844, twas the first administration and residential complex of the Vang. Dipertuen Muda Dynasty. ‘The Royal Mausoleum in Penyengat Inderasa, 10120ziv2024 I Personal standard of the Pangeran Laksamana (Chief Admiral) Royal Standard Male Royal Standard a Royal Ensign mM Yang Dipertuan Muda Naval Ensign hitpsion.wikipesta-on-pfsorplrkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! Riau-Lingga Sutanate 11202iv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate Civil Ensign Royal and noble ranks Royal family Sultan: The reigning prince would be styled as Sultan (personal reign name) ibni al-Marhum (Cathers ttle and personal name), Sultan of Riau, Lingga and dependencies, with the style of| His Highness. Tengku Ampuan: The senior consort of the ruling prince. Tengku Besar: The Heir Apparent. Tengku Besar Perempuan: The consort of the Heir Apparent. Tengku Muda: The Heir Presumptive Tengku Muda Perempuan: The consort of the Heir Presumptive. Tengku: The other sons, daughters and descendants of Sultans, in the male line: They would, be styled as Tengku (personal name) ibni al-Marhum (father’s title and personal name). The Heraldic badge of Riau-Lingga Sultanate in Arabic ealigraphy, ‘comprising a Dua and verses fom ura As-Sal, Yang Dipertuan Muda = Yang di-Pertuan Muda: The ruling prince of Riau, with the style of His Highness. In eatlier days, the ruling prince also received the personal ttle of Sultan and a reign name. = Raja Muda: The Heir Apparent, styled as Raja (personal name) bin Raja (father’s name), Raja Muda, * Raja: The sons, daughters, grandchildren's and other descendants of the ruling prince, inthe male line: Raja (personal name) bin Raja (father’s name). Territory Following the partition of Johor that relinquish her right over the mainland peninsular, the sultanate was then effectively morphed into a ‘maritime state. The Riau Sultanate's dominion encompass the Riau, Lingga and Tudjuh Archipelago, including Batam, Rempang, Galang, Bintan, Combol, Kundur, Karimun, Bunguran, Lingga, Singkep, Badas, Tambelan, Natuna, Anambas and many smaller islands. There are also several territories in Igal, Gaung, Retch and Mandah located in Indragiri on mainland Sumatra. All these territories were headed by & Datuk Kaya (nobleman), known as an Amir (equivalent to a Viscount) that had been chosen by the sultan or the ruling elite pertaining to ‘the local administration, Foreign relations and trade There are two main economic and commercial sources in Riau-Lingga, spices (especially peppers) and tin, The Dutch had earlier monopolised the trade system in the Riau archipelago even before the partition of 1824, The Dutch was quite enthusiastic to control the region as they had gain the influence following the Dutch-Jobor-Riau agreement.('5) Duteh One of the most prominent battle during the Riau-Dutch wars was between Raja Haji against the Dutch militia, The fight against the Dutch led by Raja Haji in Tanjung Pinang managed to curtail ; ‘the Dutch force from advancing to Malacca. In June 1784, Raja Haji was killed in Teluk Ketapang tin mine belonging to the Sultan in and was posthumously known was "Marhum Teluk Ketapang", After his death in November 1784, Singkep. the Dutch entered with an agreement with the Johor-Riau Sultanate “The agreement entered with the Dutch after the death of Raja Ali was perceived to be severely disadvantaged by the Johor-Riau court. The Dutch has forced Mahmud Syah of Johor-Riau to enter the agreement in 1784, The agreement contains 14 clause which was proved to be Aepriving the powers of the Johor-Riau Sultanate. For instance, the Dutch are free to engaging commerce in the kingdom and can open its htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 1220ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate ‘own trade post in Tanjung Pinang. Every passing ship in the region must abtain consent from the Dutch and only the Dutch can bring the lores and spices. British The Dutch dominance began to wane off when the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt in 1799. The British then started to supersede the influence of the Dutch in the region. In contrast to the Dutch, the British followed a mote moderate approach in engaging with the Johor-Riau Empire. Apart from controlling Malacca in 1795, the British recognised the Johor-Riau Sultanate as a sovereign stat, The British were free to engage with commercial activities with the Riau traders without any major economic burden to the Riu traders, ‘The commercial ties between the Johor-Riau sultanate and the British were initially done under secrecy; eventually agreement was being openly practised by both Riau and the British. Ottoman Observing the rise of Islamie Brotherhood that gained momentum in the late 18th century, the Riau Lingga Sultanate regarded the Ottoman Empire as a protector against the non-Muslim colonial powers. In the eyes of the ruling elite ofthe cour, it perceived the Ottomans as a source of inspiration and a balancing power between the western powers and Islamic world. The Crimean War fought by the Ottomans earlier was regarded as a "Muslim power" against the "Foreigners", Christian, which in a degree correlating with the struggle faced in Riau-Linges, Seeing the successful Acch Sultanate gaining a status as a vassal of the Ottoman, it provided a vital precedent for the Riau-Linggas to adhere a similar footsteps following the deteriorating relationship with the Dutch, The court then discussed a possibility to receiving the same status and protection under the Ottomans with the Ottoman consulate-general in Batavia in 1897-1899 Muhammad Kiamil Bey. Japanese stamps as issued in Diplomatic mission embarked in October 1904 by Raja Ali Kelana with the necessary documents, letter Tandjoengpinang, Riow in 1943 ‘and treaties, In spite so, following the crumbling domestic situation in the Ottoman Empire itself, the The teitory was occupied Riau case failed to gain any interest by the Ottomans. under the Imperial Japan during the World War Tl, with is Japan territorial jurisdiction incorporated under Malaya, The meteoric rise of Japan as a global superpower by the 19th century was also marveled in awe and ‘hope by the Riau people. Following the demise of the sultanate in 1911, the officials of Riau began to sought help for the restoration of the sultanate. This was in view of the Pan-Asianism movement against the Europeans that began to manifested in southeast Asia, The members of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate began to appeal for aid and protection. Thus in October 1912, a leter requesting an intervention from the Japanese Emperor was exercised. The letter applied to become a Japanese vassal state together with the restoration of the sultanate, it was signed by the deposed Sultan Abdul Rehman, Raja Khalid Hitam was then delegated to led the diplomatic mission, ‘upon his arrival in Tokyo, he temporary resided with Encik Ahmad, a Penyengat-born Malay academician who taught in Tokyo School of Foreign Languages. Nonetheless, after his arrival in Tokyo, the Dutch Consul-General in Tokyo left the country and head Singapore, resulting the mission to be obsolete ‘A second diplomatic mission was then embarked in June 1914 as a final bid, nonetheless the second diplomatic mission was proved to be fatal and vain, Due to the deteriorating health of Raja Khalid Hitam, he died after a brief hospitalisation in Japan, Society The opening of Stannary towns in Karimun, Kundur and Singkep by 1801 proved to bring prosperity into the Riau Islands. During this time was when Pulau Penyengat established into a royal settlement in 1804, Initially founded as a royal dowry for Engku Puteri, a Johor Riau aristrocrat of Bugis lineage who returned to the island from the Mempawah Sultanate in western Borneo. She became the fourth-wife of Sultan Mahmud Syah and Queen Consort of the Johor-Riau Sultanate Penyengat was later developed as the seat for the Yang Dipertuan Muda, constructing a palace, halai (audience hall), mosque and fortification on the island, presumably an act to resolve the dispute between the Malays and the Bugis. He expressly promulgated the istand to Raja Hamidah and the descendants of Raja Haji (her late father who previously won the war against the Dutch), the sultan then separated his kingdom into a Malay and Bugis sphere. He decided that the Bugis Yang Dipertuan Muda would govern Riau (islands of Bintan, Penyengat and their dependencies) while the Malay Sultan would administer Lingga and its dependencies, with each having no claim with the respective revenues of the other. htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 1320ziv2024 Riau-Lingga Sutanate ‘Though the island personally belonged to Engku Puteri Hamidah, it was nonetheless being administered by her brother, Raja Jaafar (the Yeng Dipertuan Muda) and later by his descendants. Following the division by the sulla, this award an unprecedented opportunity for Raja Jaaar to develop Penyengat asthe heat ofthe kingdom, Penyengat, situated in the midale ofthe maritime trade and commercial routes of the Malay World soon become a key Malay literature and cuftural centre in the 19ta century (171°) Pulau Penyengat (Lit: Wasp ising), lithography to an original watercolour bby LC. Rappard. ca. 1883-1889 Inspired to elevate the status of Islam to a greater height in aitally founded asa rayal dowry for Riau-Lingga, Raja Jaafar begun to invite religious clerics __-Enpku Puteri Hamid By the late tnd scholars tothe palace court. The Islamisation process 19th century, t was known as begun to accelerate during the time ofhis successor, Raja _PenyengatInderasati, The latter was Ali, Adhering a more strict interpretation of the Quran, Raja derived from Jadera (Royal) and Ali began to promulgate Islamic law and custom into the ‘Sakti (Divination) respectively. region. During his rule, Nagshbandi gained prominence in Penyengat, with all the prinees and court officials are required to study about the religion, Sufism and improved their Quranic recitation. It is also being. described by the Dutch that the Bugis Yang Dipertuan Mudas and his family as being fanatical Muslims and highly interested in the Islamic studies. "A Mushaf of Quran dating from the ‘Riau-Lingga Sultanate perio, donned ‘with East coast Malay Peninsular Raja Ali adhered to the view of Al-Ghazali pertaining to the administration, adopting the theory of styled gloss the bond between a ruler and religion. Reformation also were made within the society, gambling, cockfighting, the mixing of unmarried men and women and the wearing of gold or silk are all being forbidden, while women are required to be veiled. Pirates and evil doers were severely punished and the miscreants would be exiled. The ‘members of the public were all required to perform the five obligatory prayers, with a special dawn watch were also being constituted to ensure the people would rose for the subuh (Fajr) prayer. This was continued during the rule of Raja Abdullah, who was equally a devoted ‘member of the Sufi Tarigat. ‘The role of the imam in Riau-Lingga is perceived to be legitimate concerning the matters of Islamic law, as much as the role of respective sultan and Yang Dipertuan Muda under the pledge of allegiance. The administration adhering to the separation of powers between the imam, the sultan and the ulema, each acting with their own function to create an Islamic state. Riau was then hailed as the Serambi Mekah (Gateway to Mecea) where the people of Riau would visit Penyengat before embarking on their Haij pilgrimage to the Muslim holy land. The mosque is the centerpiece of the society it is not solely confined as a religious centre, Dut also scholarship, law and administration office. The mosque, located opposite of the Dutch administrative centre of Tanjung Pinang, stood for the strength of the Yang Dipertuan Muda through their devotion to Islam, M yyness See also: Malayisation By the mid 19th century, the Bugis Yang Dipertuan Mudas began perceived themselves as the guardian of the quintessential Malay culture, this was in lieu of gradual extinction of the Bugis language and customs within the diaspora community in Riau-Lingga after being largely Malayised under several generations. Several customary practices and ideology did survive however, for instance the revered position of ‘the women in the society and the close affinity kinship based on their common Bugis ancestry and heritage. A prominent advocate of the Malay culture in Riau-Lingga was Raja Ali Haji, a Bugis-Malay extraction himself. He stressed the responsibility o preserve the Malay culture by the society while the customs of the west and Chinese were not to be duplicated. He further emphasis the attention on the Malay language on how it should not be misappropriate by the European use of the language. Raja Ali believed that abandoning the Malay tradition would destroy of the order ofthe world and the Kerajaan (Kingdom), while adopting the westera and Chinese dress code would tantamount to the betrayal of Malayness. Raja Ali's view was not seemed to be a forceful compulsion of one's Malayness, but merely an appeal to maintain the tradition in order to achieve the harmony between man and ‘man, man and ruler and man and Allah ‘The situation in the other side of the border differs in some extend compared with that of Riau-Linggs Sultanate. Many acts and habits of the rather westernised Malays of Johor and Singapore were frown upon by the officials in Riau. Roesidijah (Club) Riouw htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 1420ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate The progress made during the era also attributed by an intelloctual circle known as Roesidijah (Club) Rioww or Rusydliah Klub Riau, formed in 1895. The club was inspired by Jam yah al-Fathaniyyah, founded by Malay intelligentsias in Mecca in 1873 by Syekh Abmad al- Fathani. The association was earlier known as Jam'iyah ar- Rusydiyah, which later renamed itself as Rusydiah Klub Riau and Roesidijah (Club) Riouw. The name was derived from Arabic word "Roesidijah", ‘meaning intellectuals and "Club" from Dutch which literary translated as a gathering. The influence of Arabic name on the organisation was due tothe fact that the members ofthe group are mainly well-versed in Arab, as Middle easter countries is a preferred destination for the Malays to further their studies during the era. While the group adopted a Dutch name to illustrate that the association are progressive, A manuscript of Gurindam 12,4 ‘open to development and change. morale and religious guidance ‘Ali Haji (1808-1873) was credited to : ‘oe the author ofthe first Malay ‘originally writen in Jew script, aoecaecnaldtecrtnamshe THE sociation was known asthe Gist modern association Cpl 264A (1847AD) in the Dutch East Indies. Farlier, the organisation played a major role in supporting intellectuals, artist, writers, poets and philosophers in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. The aim was to facilitate the development of arts, theatre, live performance and literature. The organisation partake in the major religious celebrations in Riau-Lingga, Isra and Mi'ai, Mawlid, Eid al-Adha, Fid al-Fitr and Nuzul Quran, The association also organised Islamic debates and intellectual discourse, which uunsuspisingly that it would morphed as an anti-colonial movement later in ils history. The development of the association was being backed by several main sources, sponsorship by the sultanate, Mathba at al Ahmadiah (for literature) and Mathba at al Riawwiyah (for government gazettes) publishing houses snd the establishment Kutub Kanah Marhum Ahmadi ibrary.(!9201 basis ofthe Indonesian language Nonetheless, the literature culture witnessed in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate began to stall after 1913, as the Dutch dissolved the monarchy which resulted an exodus of Malay elites and intellectuals departing to Singapore and Johor. A prominent leader ofthe Malay literature in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate is Ali Haji of Riau, born in Selangor and raised in the Royal Court in Penyengat. He was celebrated as @ prolife author, poet, bistorian, legal jurist and a linguist. Some of his works are considered as the Magna opera ofthe Malay literature among which ae Tuhfatal-Nafis ("the Precious Git”), Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa ("Book of Language") —the first dictionary in Malay and Gurindam dua belas ("The ‘Twelve Gurindams"). His works played a vital role in the development of the Malay language. He spends most of his life writing and researching on the Malay language, history, culture and lw. The literary cultivation flourished in Penyengat was also being acknowledged by the Johor delegation during ther visit in 1868, The 19th century Riau was marked by various publications of romantic and realist modes of Malay hikayats, pantuns, gurindams, syairs, poetry, historical and literary works by a generation of male and female writers and poets paving the development of Malay literary culture, Literature was not solely seemed to be confined as a source of Raia Aisyh Sulaiman completed her ettertainment, but also a source of mental stimulation and religious solace, first work, Hikayat Syamsul Amar in 1890, The hikayat was known tobe ‘one ofthe earliest publication of feminist literature in the Malay world ‘Gonage was taken in 1911) Raja Aisyah's Mikayut Syamsu! Anwar completed in 1890 perhaps one earliest testament of {feminism that can be witnessed in the Malay literature: it inaugurates the secret life of Badrul ‘Muin, a heroin that disguises herself as a male, the story illustrates that a woman can achieve a same level with aman, While her subsequent work, Syair Khadamuddin decipting the grief ofits heroine Sabariah after the death of her husband under the hands of the pirates, it was presumed that the work to be a semi-autobiographical account of herself, following the death of her husband Raja Khalid Hitam in Japan, with pirates being a metaphor of a foreign land, While Raja Ali Kelana's series of works in Riau-Lingga includes Pohon Perhimpunan Pada Menyatakan Peri Perjalanan (1899) (a narration of his trip to Tudjuh Archipelago between February to March 1896), Perhimpunan Plakat (1900) (a report on his journey to the Middle East) and Kitab Kumpulan Ringkas (1910) (a religious and psychological guidance) Library htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 1820anw20at RiaLingga Sutanate ‘A main figure forthe literary culture in Pulau Penyengat was Mubammad Yusof Abmadi, the 10th Yang Dipertuan Muda of Ria, He was known to be a member of Nagshbandi,« major Sufi Targa He stressed the importance of religion and knowledge with literature. He viewed that a Muslim ‘must be equipped theological wisdom before performing his or her Islamic obligation. Without -kaowledge, in his view, ll the duties as a Muslim will be in vai, He further stressed that knowledge and literature are kindred to one another, literature was born by the thirst of knowledge, while knowledge transfusion was born by literature (2) He founded Kutub Khanah Yamtuan Ahmadi in 1866, an Tslamie Library, the first ofits kind in the Malay world, The collection of the library was bought by Muhammad Yusof from the India, Cairo, Mecca and Medina that cost him 10,000 Ringgits (Spanish Coins). A major abundance of the ‘The Masjid Raya (Grand Mosque), collection in the library were devoted to the Islamic theological studies. As the library was located built in 1803 itis ane ofthe logacy of atthe Penyengat Grand Mosque, the collections were thus readily accessible o the traders, visitors the sultanate that can be found in and devotees of the mosque. Following his death, the library was renamed Kutub Khanah Markum — PenyengstInderataki, The mosque Aha was a home for Kutub Kansh Marhiam Ahmadi, a fsa library Publishing Houses The printing history in Riau-Lingga begun when the sultanate established a Rumah Cap Kerajaan publishing house in Lingga c. 1885. The printing house published its materials via Lithography technique, with its materials printed in Jewi seript and occasionally in Rumi script. Several major works were printed in this house during that period, among which are Mugaddimah fi Intidzam (a critical examination of the duty of the leader to its subjects and religion) in 1886, Tsamarat al- ‘muhimmah (on lav, administration of justice and statecraft) in 1886, Undang-Undang Lima Pasal (Code of Laws), Qanun Kerajaan Riau-Lingga (Code of Laws) all written by Raja Ali Faji In addition to Raja Ali Haj, the publishing house also known to publish the works of Munshi Absullah, the father of modem Malay literature In 1894, Raja Muhammad Yusuf al Ahmadi the 10th Yang Dipertuan Muda founded a publishing house in Penyengat. The publishing house marked with two distinctive prints, it would be stamped as Mathaba'at al Abmadiah for non-government publications and Mathabalat al Riauwiyah for official government-related publications. Al-Abmadia Press Singapore, & legacy ofits predecessor from Riau Lingea. (1925) Mathabs'at al Ahmadiah mainly engaged with general knowledge, Islamic literature and translation works, among which includes Makna Tahyat (Definition of the Tashahbud), Syair Perjalanan Sultan Lingga ke Johor (The journey of Sultan of Lingga to Johore) and Gema ‘Mestika Alam (Echoes of the Universe), among few. While among the works that is known to be published by its cousin publication, the Mathaba al Riauwiyah includes Faruk Al-Makmur (the Laws of Riau) and Pohon Perhimpunan (The journey of Raja Ali Kelana to Tudjuh Archipelago). All the publications in Al Ahmadiah and Riauwiyah were written in Jawi script, the sole exception was Rumah Obat (Medical Journal) by R.H Ahmad, a physician. The journal was waitten in Rumi on its ttle in 1894. This mark the increasing influence of Rumi script by the end. of the 19th century. Nonetheless, it was perceived by the Riau intellectuals during that period that the Jawi seript must be preserved and ‘maintained especialy in the matters of religion and culture, Following the dissolution ofthe sultanate in 1911, many of the Riau intellectuals headed north to Singapore and Johore. They te established Mathabs'at al Ahmadiah in Singapore to continue their printing activities, where they would even distribute materials on general knowledge and Islamic literature for free and to act against the Dutch occupation on their homeland. The publishing house was ‘renamed Al-Ahmadiah Press in 1925.23] 24] Culture ‘Apart from being celebrated forts literary contribution, the Riau-Lingga palace court also known forthe passion of its musical tradition Musical performance was rejoiced as a form of entertainment by both the palace and commoners alike. Wit the coming ofthe Dutch, the European influence tothe musical traditions stowly looms into the cout, this is widely consstnt with the introduction of instruments in the sltanate such a the violin and tambur from the Westem Hemisphere The introduction of the Wester instruments to the royal court can be traced to the arrival of Raja Jaafar, the Yang Dipertuan Muda of Riau-Lingga. Prior to his installation as the Yang Dipertuan Muda, he was a Klang-based merchant from Selangor that gain prominence because of tn trade. He came to Riau under the invitation of Mahmud III of Jobor upon the demise of Raja Aji. Upon his installation, he constructed palace and due to his love for music, he became a pionecr for the westem music in the kingdom. Adopting martial music as practised in the west, he sends several young Riau men to Malacca to train from the Dutch on western instruments such as violin, trumpet, ‘ute, among fev: hitpsion.wikipesta-on-pfsorplrkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate him! 1620ziv2024 Riau-Lingga Sutanate One of the earliest account of the musical tradition of the royal court was made by C. Van Angelbeek, a Dutch official during his visit to Daik, he observed that Tarian Ronggeng (Ronggeng. dance) was staged in the palace court, while the suling and rebab were the among favourite of the locals. His report was then published in Batavia in year 1829. Gamelan Melayu Among other prominent ensembles of the palace court was the Tarian Gamelan (Malay Gamelan dance), the Malay Gamelan performance is believed to trace its origin from the Johor-Riau palace A troupe of local Riau Malay dancers court as early as the 17th century. It was recorded that an ensemble of Gamelan performance was _performing the Joget Lamba. (taken invited from Pulau Penyengat to Pahang in 1811 in conjunction of the royal wedding between inthe late 19th century) ‘Tengku Hussein of Johor-Riau and Wan Esab, a Pahangite aristocrat ‘The dance was performed for the first time in public during the royal wedding in Pekan, Pahang. This mark the birth of Joget Pahang and the spread Tarian Gamelan in the Malay Peninsular. Mak Yong ‘The history of Mak Yong, a dance and theatrical performance which had gained prominence inthe royal court of Riau-Lingga began in 1780, where two men fiom Mantang, Encik Awang Keladi and Encik Awang Durte went to Kelantan forthe marrige. They returned south and settled in Pulau Tekong (curently located in Singapore) after the marriage. They then told their stores tothe locals about taeir experience witnessing the Mak Yong performance in Kelantan, Enthused by their tale, the people of Pulau Tekong went to Kelantan to Jean about the theater performance. Ten years later, the first Mak Yong performance was staged in Riau ingga, “The news was then received by Sultan Mahmud Shh I, Asracted by the story, he invited the performer tothe palace cout. I as not long before Mak Yong become a staple inthe dance court of Foor-Ria!25) Apart fom entertainment, the Mak Yong rita! can aso act as a mystical healing performance, A main feature tht set the Mak Yong Riau aside from Kelantan, n Riau the performance was enhanced by the use of ceremonial mask, #fentre that was nonexistence in Kelantan, the usage of ritual mask closely resembles the Mk Yong performance staged in Patani and Narathiwat, both located in prseut-day southern Thailand, Royal orchestra ‘The earliest account of Musik Nobat Diraja (Royal Orchestra) was recorded in Sulalatus Salatin (Malay Annals), it was stated that the usage of orchestra performance begun during the reign of the ancient female ruler of Bintan, Wan Seri Bini, also known as Queen Sakidar Syah who claimed to had traveled to Banua Syam (Levant). The Nobat wes used during the coronation of Sang Nila ‘Utama, the king of ancient Singapore. The usage of the Nobat was then spread to other Malay Royal ITouses in the Malay Peninsular, Samudera Pasai and Brunei Between 1722 and 1911, the Nobat played an instrumental toll during the coronation ceremony of the sultan, it was an instrumental component of the royal regalia and a symbol of sovereignty. It can only be played under the order ofthe sultan in the royal ceremony with a special troupe of performers, known as Orang Kelur or Orang Kalau. “he Nobat hat was sed er the coronation of Suan Abdul Rahman Taken in 185), The assemble as ‘boon inherited to he Terengganu Sultmate and become aval patapheralia ofthe royal house. I tras last sed during the instalation eremny of Mizan Zain! Abidin as the Yang di-Pertan Agong (King of ‘Thus, due to the "supernatural incident", Tengku Embung Fatimah (then Queen mother) ordered Malaysia) on 27 April 2007. that a new Nobat to be made. The new Nobat was donned with Jawi script written Yang Dipertuan Riau dan (and) Lingga Sangh, tahun (year) 1303(AH) (1885AD), The new Nobat was used for the coronation of the sultan in 1885 with the olé one never been used again, The old Nobat is now stored in Kail Private Museum, in Tanjung Pinang while the new one has boen inherited tothe Royal House of Terenggana, 5) A new Nobat was commissioned for the coronation of Abdul Rahman Il in 1885, as it was reported that the Dutch Colonial officer was succumbed into an abdominal pain which it was widely believed caused by supernatural forces. It caused the coronation of Abdul Rahman to be postponed several times as the Dutch Colonial officer would fell into stomach pain cach time the old Nobat, was playing, Royal Brass Band ‘The western music achieved its prime during the reign of Sultan Abdul Rahman Il, The genre was better known as cara Hollandia which literary translated as "the Dutch way" genre of music, reflecting its western origin, The seed of western musie which begun during the artival of Raja Jaafar in 1805 matured and become part-and-parcel of the palace institution by the end ofthe 19th century Riau, htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 720ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate — 1: was during this time where the instrument fully adopted her western counterpart to the purest Fag oe Ee 77) form, achering to the composition and instrumental play such asthe trampet, trombone, saxophone, clarinet and European-made drums, Consisting all-Malay members, it was led by Raja Abdulrahman Kecik, the Bentara Kanan (vice-herald) of Riau-Lingga Sultanate,27) ‘The brass band began since the 1880s, not long after Abdul Rahman ascended to the throne, The ‘musical assemble formed as an integeal part ofthe official ceremony and the military parade of the palace court. Iti also being performed during the royal ball or banquet from the Dutch visit or from other European delegations, usually the invitees from Singapore. The performance played a vital role in the celebration of Crown Prince Yusof upon his reception of the Order of the Netherlands Lion by Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in 1889. Gunter, the instructor from Vie ‘Austzo-Hungarian Empire. 18805, Penyengat Palace.) Due to the exclusive nature that is being reserved to the nobility in the sultanate, the performance become extinct alongside with the Royal Orchestra following the dissolution of the sultanate in ist Legacy ‘The sultanate is widely credited in the development of the Malay and Indonesian language, as various books, literary works and dictionary \was contributed in the sultanate, These works formed as the backbone of the modem Indonesian language. Raje Ali Haji, was celebrated for his contribution on the language and honoured as the National Hero of Indonesia in 2004.28] See also Malay people Malayness Johor Sultanate clangor Sultanate Malacea Sultanate Siak Sri Indrapura Sultanate Singapura Kingdom Srivijaya Kingdom Riau Archipelago Johor List of Sunni Muslim dynasties Notes 1. t "Dari Sinilah Kejayaan Melayu Riau Bermuls" (in Indonesian). Batam: YouTube. 16 December 2013, 2. J "Singapore-Johor Sultanate", Countries of the world, December 1989, 3. ] "Meneroka Peran Cendekiawan Kerajaan Riau-Lingga dalam Menentang Belanda (2)" (in Indonesian). Batam: Batampos.co.id. 4 ‘Novernber 2014 4,4 "Nerzeparty dan Lydelyk Verzet: Perdirian Rocsidijah (Club) Riouw 1890-an -199} Tanjungpinangpos.co.id. 2 March 2013, 5. 1"Sejarah Kerajaan Riau-Lingga Kepulauan Riau" (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Tanjung Pinang, Ministry of Education and Culture. 8 June 2014. 6. )"Meneroka Peran Cendekiawan Kerajaan Riau-Lingga dalam Menentang Belanda (3)" (in Indonesian). Batam: Batampos.co.id. 4 November 2014, 7.4 "Riau-Lingga dan politik kontrak belanda 1905-1911 (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang: TanjungPinangPos, 6 July 2013. 8.1 2"Riau”. Amsterdam: Hubert de Vries. 11 November 2010. 9. "Raja Ali Kelana - Ulama pejuang Riau dan Johor" (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan Malaysia, 12 July 2004, 10. } "Lingga-The Bendahara Dynasty". The Royal Arc. 11. } "Gerakan Sultan Riau” (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang: Tanjung Pinang Post. 9 February 2013, 12. } "Johor dan Kepulauan Riau: Berlainan negara tetapi ttap bersaudara" (PDF) (in Malay). Malaysia: Abdullah Zakaria bin Ghazali 13. } "Slslah Politik dalam Sejarah Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang 1722-1784" (in Malay and Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia Aswandi Syahri. 11 May 2013. 14, 1 "Malay-Bugis in the Johor-Riau and Riau-Lingga Kingdoms" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia: Dedi Zaraidi 2012. 15, 1 "Riau-The Vice Regal or Bugis Dynasty". The Royal Are, 16, } "Kesultanan Riau-Lingga” (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Balai Melayu, 2009, 17. 1 "Raja Ali Haji Pencatat Sejarah Nusantara yang Pertama" (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1990, (n Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang: htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 1820ziv2024 Riav-Lingga Sultanate 18, f "Sejarah Percetakan dan Penerbitan di Riau Abad ke-19-20" (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang: Balai Pelestarian Budaya Tanjung Pinang. 6 June 2014, 19. "Kebudayaan Melayu Riau" (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Pahlevi Annisa. 20. | "Naskah Kuno di Riau dan Cendekiawan Melayu" (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Balai Melayu. 21. | "Bapak Juralistik Indonesia” (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia: Tanjungpinangpos.id. 24 January 2015. 22. | "Kutub Khanah Marhum Ahmadi, Pustaka Islam Pertama di Asia Tenggara" (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Gunawan Malay. 27 May 2014, 23. | "Kemunculan Novel dalam Sastera Moden Indonesia dan Malaysia" (in Malay). Malaysia: A. Wahab Ali. 2014, 24, | "Sejarah Percctakan dan Penerbitan di Riau Abad ke-19-20" (in Indonesian), Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia, 6 Junc 2014. 25. 12 "Muzik cara holanda dan istana riau lingga 1805 1911" (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia: Tanjungpinangpos.id. 12 January 2013. 26.1 "Maiyyong bernafas i hujung tanduk" (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia: Tanjungpinangpos.id, 21 June 2011 27. 1 "Muzik cara holanda dan istana riau lingga 1805 1911" (in Indonesian). Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia: Tanjungpinangpos.id. 19 January 2013. 28. 1 "Raja Ali Haji (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Balai Melayu. Bi bliography + Barbara Watson Andaya (2003) Gender, Islam and the Bugis Diaspora in Nineteenth and Twentith-Century Riau, Kuala LumpurNational University of Malaysia, online edition + Viieane Wee (2002) Evhno-nationalism in process: ethnicity, atavism and indigenism in Riau, Indonesia, The Paifie Review, online edition + Mun Cheong Yong (2004) The Indonesian Revolution and the Singapore Connection, 1945-1940, Singapore: KITLV Press, ISBN 9067182060 Derek Heng, Syed Muld Khirudin Aljunied (ed) (2009) Reframtng Singapore: Memory, Identity. Trans-regionalism, Singapore: Brill Academic Publishers, SBN 9789089640949 Virginia, Matheson (1989) Pulau Penvengat» Nineteenth Century Islamle Centre of Riau, online edition Barbara Watson Andaya (1977) From Ram to Tokyo: The Search for Amicolonial Allies by the Rulers of Riau, 1899-1914, online edition Precolonial states in Indonesia Blambangan » Galuh » Isyana Janggala » Kahuripan Kalingga » Majapahit » Medang. ‘Mindw/Buddhist Medang Kamulan - Rajasa - Salakanagara - Sanjaya - Shailendra - Singhasari- Srivijaya Java Sunda * Tarumanagara st Banten - Cirebon - Deli - Demak - Kelinyamat « Mataram Pajang « Sumedang Larang * Surakarta + Yogyakarta Dharmasraya + Kantoli« Kediri Majapahit - Melayu + Mauli Pannai - Samaskuta - Sanfotsi Hindw/Buddhist * Sel Malan ™ ‘ ‘ Sriviiaya Sumatra 1m ‘Aceh Asahan + Banten - Jambi « Johor * Langkat * Malacca - Pagaruyung + Riau-Lingga Samudera Pasai - Serdang + Siak Kalimantan Banjar- Bulungan - Negara Daba - Pontianak - Sambas - Tanjungpura West Timor Amabi - Amanatun - Amanuban - Amarasi - Sonbai - Webali Elsewhere Bali - Bima » Gowa Tha + Luwu » Ternate - Tidore » Wajo This article is issued from Wikipedia (https:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau-Linggs_Sultanateoldid~743942535) - version of the 10/12/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0V) bbut additional terms may apply for the media files. This snapshot was generated and distributed by the Distributed Wikipedia Mirror project (https://github.com ipfs/ distribute d-wikipedia-mirror) The Distributed Wikipedia Mirror is a global effort, independent from Wikipedia. Created on: 2017-05 from the kiwix ZIM file IPNS Link (most recent): /ipns/QmdJiuMWp2FxyaerfLrtdLF6NriEWpL7dPAxAgoKSPYYgV/ (https://en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.o rg/ipns/QmdJiuMWpaFxyaerfLrtdL.FoNriEWpL74PAXAQoKSPYYgV/) HTTP Link: https://en.wikipedia-on-ipfs.org/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate.html (/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate.html) Download IPFS Here (https://ipfs.io/ipns/dist ipfs.io/ #go-ipfs) htpsion.wikipesta-on-pfs.orplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 19120ziv2024 Riau-Lingga Sutanate Distributed Wikipedia Share this article Powered by IPFS fi htpsion.wikipedta-on-pfsorplkiRiau-Lingga_Sullarate hm! 20120