Fresnel Lens Making

How to Make a Fresnel Lens
The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

shape but this is impractical to make.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 October 12, 2010 1/8

2
x
h(x) = Λ √
2λo f

2
x
h(x) = Λ √
2λo f
when h(x) = 100Λ ∼ 1000µm

2
x
h(x) = Λ √
2λo f
when h(x) = 100Λ ∼ 1000µm

p
x = 10 2λo f ∼ 100µm

2
x
h(x) = Λ √
2λo f
when h(x) = 100Λ ∼ 1000µm

p
x = 10 2λo f ∼ 100µm
aspect ratio too large for a stable structure

and absorption would be too large!
7Λ
Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness
6Λ
Λ) where the waves inside and outside the
material are in phase.
5Λ
4Λ
3Λ
2Λ
7 Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

6
Λ) where the waves inside and outside the
5
Each block of thickness Λ serves no
4 purpose for refraction but only attenuates
the wave.
3
7 Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

6 Λ) where the waves inside and outside the
5
Each block of thickness Λ serves no
4 purpose for refraction but only attenuates
the wave.
3
This material can be removed and the
2
remaining material collapsed to produce
1 a Fresnel lens which has the same optical
properties as the parabolic lens as long as
f NΛ where N is the number of zones.
Fresnel Lens Dimensions
The outermost zones become very small and

7 thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
6
can be calculated by first defining a scaled
5 height and lateral dimension

6
4 h(x)
ν=
Λ
3

6
4 h(x) x
ν= ξ=√
Λ 2λo f
3

6
4 h(x) x
ν= ξ=√
Λ 2λo f
3
= ξ 2 , the position of the N th zone
Since ν √
2 is ξN = N and the scaled width of the N th
(outermost) zone is
1

6
4 h(x) x
ν= ξ=√
Λ 2λo f
3
= ξ 2 , the position of the N th zone
Since ν √
2 is ξN = N and the scaled width of the N th
(outermost) zone is
1 √ √
∆ξN = ξN − ξN−1 = N − N − 1
7 √ √
∆ξN = ξN − ξN−1 = N− N −1
6
7 √ √
∆ξN = ξN − ξN−1 = N − N − 1
6
!
√
r
1
= N 1− 1−
5 N
7 √ √
∆ξN = ξN − ξN−1 = N − N − 1
6
!
√
r
1
= N 1− 1−
5 N
√

1
4 ≈ N 1− 1−
2N
3
7 √ √
∆ξN = ξN − ξN−1 = N − N − 1
6
!
√
r
1
= N 1− 1−
5 N
√

1
4 ≈ N 1− 1−
2N
3 1
∆ξN ≈ √
2 N
2
7 √ √
∆ξN = ξN − ξN−1 = N − N − 1
6
!
√
r
1
= N 1− 1−
5 N
√

1
4 ≈ N 1− 1−
2N
3 1
∆ξN ≈ √
2 N
2
The diameter of the entire lens is thus
1 √ 1
2ξN = 2 N =
∆ξN
Fresnel Lens Example
In terms of the unscaled variables
p
∆xN = ∆ξN 2λo f
r
p λo f
∆xN = ∆ξN 2λo f =
2N
r
p λo f
2N
dN = 2ξN
r
p λo f
2N
√
2λo f
dN = 2ξN =
∆ξN
r
p λo f
2N
√
2λo f √ p p
dN = 2ξN = = 2 N 2λo f = 2Nλo f
∆ξN
r
p λo f
2N
√
2λo f √ p p
dN = 2ξN = = 2 N 2λo f = 2Nλo f
∆ξN
If we take
λo = 1Å = 1 × 10−10 m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
r
p λo f
2N
√
2λo f √ p p
dN = 2ξN = = 2 N 2λo f = 2Nλo f
∆ξN
If we take
λo = 1Å = 1 × 10−10 m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
∆xN = 5 × 10−7 m
r
p λo f
2N
√
2λo f √ p p
dN = 2ξN = = 2 N 2λo f = 2Nλo f
∆ξN
If we take
λo = 1Å = 1 × 10−10 m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
∆xN = 5 × 10−7 m dN = 2 × 10−4 m = 100µm
Making a Fresnel Zone Plate
The specific shape required for a zone plate

is difficult to fabricate, consequently, it
is convenient to approximate the nearly
triangular zones with a rectangular profile.
Λ
Λ/2

Λ
In practice, since the outermost zones
are very small, zone plates are generally
fabricated as alternating zones (rings for
2D) of materials with a large Z-contrast,
such as Au/Si or W/C.
Λ/2

Λ
In practice, since the outermost zones
are very small, zone plates are generally
fabricated as alternating zones (rings for
2D) of materials with a large Z-contrast,
such as Au/Si or W/C.
Λ/2
This kind of zone plate is not as effi-
cient as a true Fresnel lens would be in the
x-ray regime. Nevertheless, efficiencies up
to 35% have been achieved.
Tangential Focusing Mirror
The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from B P
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. θ
F1 a F2
b
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focus- θ
ing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on a
F1 F2
the ellipse to the foci is a constant. b
F1 P + F2 P = 2a
F1 F2
F1 P + F2 P = 2a
F1 B = F 2 B = a
F1 F2
F1 P + F2 P = 2a
F1 B = F 2 B = a
b
sin θ =
a
F1 F2
F1 P + F2 P = 2a
1 1 1
= +
f o i
F1 B = F 2 B = a
b
sin θ =
a
F1 F2
F1 P + F2 P = 2a
1 1 1 2
= + =
f o i a
F1 B = F 2 B = a
a
f =
b 2
sin θ =
a
F1 F2
F1 P + F2 P = 2a
1 1 1 2
= + =
f o i a
F1 B = F 2 B = a
a
f =
b b 2
sin θ = =
a 2f
Saggital Focusing Mirror
Ellipses are hard figures to make,
so usually, they are approximated
by circles. In the case of saggital
focusing, an ellipsoid of revolution
with diameter 2b, is used for focus-
ing.
F1 2b F2
ing.
ρsaggital = b = 2f sin θ
F1 2b F2
ing.
F1 2b F2
The tangential focus is also usually
approximated by a circular cross-
section with radius
ing.
F1 2b F2
The tangential focus is also usually
approximated by a circular cross-
section with radius
2f
ρtangential = a =
sin θ

Fresnel Lens Making

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

when h(x) = 100Λ ∼ 1000µm

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

when h(x) = 100Λ ∼ 1000µm

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

when h(x) = 100Λ ∼ 1000µm

aspect ratio too large for a stable structure

7 Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

7 Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

The outermost zones become very small and

The outermost zones become very small and

The outermost zones become very small and

The outermost zones become very small and

The outermost zones become very small and

∆xN = 5 × 10−7 m dN = 2 × 10−4 m = 100µm

The specific shape required for a zone plate

The specific shape required for a zone plate

The specific shape required for a zone plate

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