BACTERIOLOGY WEEK 4: ANTIMICROBIALS

ANTIMICROBIALS (ANTIBIOTICS) 5. Quinolones

- Chemical substances produced by a 6. Bacitracin
microorganism with the capacity to inhibit other 7. Metronidazole
microorganisms
- Destroy/kill the organism
MINIMAL INHIBITORY MINIMAL LETHAL
CONCENTRATION (MIC) CONCENTRATION (MLC)

NARROW SPECTRUM BROAD SPECTRUM - Is the lowest - Is the lowest

concentration of a concentration of drug
- Effective against a - Destroy different kinds
drug that inhibits that kills bacterial
limited number of of organism
bacterial growth growth
pathogens 1. Ampicillin
1. Bacitracin 2. Cephalosporin
2. Clindamycin 3. Chloramphenicol
3. Dapsone 4. Ciprofloxacin THERAPEUTIC INDEX
4. Erythromycin 5. Rifampicin - Is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic
5. Gentamicin 6. Sulfonamines dose
6. Isoniazid 7. Trimethoprim - The higher the therapeutic index, the more
7. Polymyxin B 8. Tetracycline effective the chemotherapeutic agent
8. Vancomycin - (CARST)
- (PIGBEDCV)
QUALITIES OF A GOOD AMA
 KILL or INHIBIT pathogens
CLASSIFICATION OF BROAD SPECTRUM  Selective toxicity (cause NO damage to the host)
a. Natural - Produced by bacteria or  NON allergenic
drugs fungi  Stable
1. Ampoterecin B  Remain in specific tissues of the body
2. Erythromycin,  Kill pathogens before they mutate / resistant
3. Kanamycin
4. Neomycin
5. Nystatin ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIALS
6. Rifampicin 1. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
7. Streptomycin 2. Inhibiting CHON synthesis
8. Tetracycline 3. Inhibiting N.A synthesis
9. Vancomycin 4. Destroying the cell membrane
10. Bacitracin 5. Inhibiting essential metabolites
11. Gentamicin
12. Polymyxin
13. Griseofulvin
CELL WALL INHIBITORS
14. Penicillin
15. Cephalosphorin BACTERICIDAL
b. Semi- - Chemically modified natural 1. Basitracin
synthetic drugs with added extra 2. Cephalosporin
drugs chemical groups 3. Ampicillin
1. Ampicillin, 4. Imipenem
2. Carbenicillin 5. Vancomycin
3. Methicillin 6. Isoniazid
4. Synthetic - Chemically produced drugs - acts only on growing cells (stati/cidal)
drugs 1. Sulfonamides 7. Carbenicillin
2. Trimethoprim 8. Methicillin resembles D-alanyl-D-
3. Chloramphenicol PENICILIN
9. Penicillin alanineof the
4. Cifrofloxacin Beta lactamase resistant peptidoglycansubunits
Broad spectrum penicillin
5. Isoniazid penicillin
1. Pen G inactivated by stomach
6. Dapsone 1. Cloxacilin 1. Amoxicillin
acids, (parenterally)
2.2. Penicillin
Dicloxacillin
V 2. resistant
acid Ampicillin(orally)
3. Mehcillin 3. Piperacillin
3.4. Penicillinase resistant penicillin
BACTERIOSTATIC BACTERICIDAL Nafcillin 4. Carbenicillin
1. Methicillin
AGENTS AGENTS 5. Oxacillin 5. Ticarcillin
2. Nafcillin
1. Chloramphenicol 1. Aminoglycosides Key points: 3. Oxacillin
2. Dapsone a. gentamicin 4. Cephalosporins
Cell growths stops and death often follows
1. Cephalotin
3. Erythromycin b. amikacin  Most selective antibiotics with high therapeutic
4. Clindamycin c. streptomycin index 2. Cefoxitin
5. Isoniazid 2. Beta-lactams  3. Ceftriazone
Inhibits transpeptidation enzymes
6. Rifampicin a. ceftriazone 4. Cephalexine
7. Sulfonamides b. imipenem
5. Cefixime
8. Tetracyclines c. penicillin INHIBIT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
d. cefotaxime 30’S Ribosomes Inhibitors 6. Ribosomes
50’s Cefoperazone
3. Glycopeptides 5. Ampicillin acidInhibitors
stable, effective for
a. vancomycin 1. Tetracycline G+,1.G- Chloramphenicol-
4. Isoniazid 6. Vancomycin
-BACTERIOSTATIC cup-shaped molecule
BACTERIOSTATIC
drug; teicoplanin drug
7. Carbenicillin Acid stable,
Pseudomonas and
Proteus
2. Aminoglycosides- 2. Macrolide DRUG RESISTANCE
BACTERICIDAL a. Erythromycin – Intrinsic resistance Extrinsic resistance
a. Streptomycin, BACTERIOSTATIC - Lack specific target - Cannot bind to bacterial
Kanamycin Amikacin OR CIDAL site ( mycoplasma) cell ( mutation)
Gentamicin b. Clindamycin- - Unable to reach its - Cannot pass through the
b. Tobramycin BACTERIOSTATIC site of action cell membrane
Neomycin/Netilmicin OR CIDAL ( ribosome) ( mutation-cell membrane
c. Fusidic acid c. Lincomycin permeability)
Key points: - Destroyed by the enzyme
 Binds with 30s subunit resulting to misreading of ( beta lactamase)
mRNA and interferes with aminoacyl-tRNA binding  PENICILLINASES and
 Binds with 50s subunit resulting to inhibition of CEPHALOSPORINASE
peptidyl transferase and inhibits peptide chain 1) BETA lactam
elongation INHIBITOR with BETA
 High dosage of tetracycline may lead to live and LACTAM antibiotic
kidney damage and yellowing the teeth of children 2) CLAVULANIC ACID
 Chloramphenicol may cause temporary or with AMOXICILLIN
permanent depression of bone marrow leading to ( AUGMENTIN)
aplastic anemia and leukemia (toxic side effect) 3) SULBACTAM with
Aminoglycosides Macrolide antibiotics AMPICILLIN
1. Gentamicin 1. erythromycin ( UNASYN)
2. Kanamycin 2. clindamycin - Pump out of the cell
3. Neomycin 3. azithromycin before it can damage or
4. streptomycin Chloramphenicol and kill cell ( MDR pump)
5. tobramycin erythromycin
- they have cyclohexane - bind to 23s rRNA
ring and may cause on the 50s
deafness and loss of ribosomal unit
balance (toxic)

INHIBIT NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS

1. RIFAMPIN
2. MITOMYCIN
3. METRONIDAZOLE –disruption if DNA, for
anaerobic
4. NOVOBIOCIN
5. NITROFURANTOIN
6. QUINOLONES and FLUROQUINOLONES
a. CIPROFLOXACIN
b. NALIDIXIC ACID
c. NORFLOXACIN
d. LEVOFLAXIN-
- Interfere with the DNA gyrase and replication
- Highly effective for enteric bacteria E.coli
7. BACTERICIDAL

INHIBIT ENZYME ACTIVITY /METABOLITES

INHIBITORS
FOLIC ACID INHIBITORS
SULFONAMIDES inhi. Folic acid metabolism,
high there. index
TRIMETHOPRIM blocks tetrahydrofolate
synthesis
SXT ( trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole)
= co-trimoxazole
DAPSONE interferes F.A. synthesis
Others:
- Anti-TB drugs = S-I-R-E
- Inhibits synthesis of Cord factor (mycolicacid)

DISRUPT CELL MEMBRANE

Cell Membrane Inhibitors Anti- fungal agents
- Polymixin B (g-bacteria - Polyenes
Pseudomonas)) ( amphotericin B)
- Polymixin E (Colistin)- - Azole (Clotrimazole,
ointment Ketoconazole,
- BACTERICIDAL Fluconazole)