Duty of Frontline Professionals Towards Securing Justice For Victims

DUT F FRON
TIES OF NT LINE
E PROFESSION NALS
TOWAR RDS SEC G JUSTIICE FOR
CURING R
VICTIM
MS: A MANUAL
by
CEN
NTRE FOR CRIMIINOLOGY
Y AND VIC
CTIMOLO
OGY
NATIO
ONAL LA
AW UNIVE
ERSITY, DELHI
2018
DUTIES OF FRON
NT LINE PROFESSIONALS
S
TOWARDS SE G JUSTICE
ECURING E FOR
VICTIM
MS: A MANUAL
PR
ROJECT TE
EAM
PROFF. (DR.) G.S. BAJPAI

Priincipal Researccher
MR. MUKUL RAIZZADA
MR . NEERAJ TIW
WARI
DR . RITU SHARMMA
DR . BHARTI YAD
DAV
MR . IQBAL AHMMAD
DR. A NJU PUNEET SINGH
MR. SIDHARTH DAHIYA
A
MR . ANKIT KAUSSHIK
STUDEENTS MEM
MBERS
PRASHASTH
HI BHAT, AYUS
SHI AGRAWAL L, MADHULIKAA AGARWAL,
NIKHIL
I ANAND, ARSHDEEP SINGH, NEHA JHA
KUMAAR RAGHAV, Y USRA KHAN, PRARTHNA SHARMA
H
NIDHI KHANDELWA AL, AADITYA ARORA, NITIN TYAGI
CENTRE
E OR CRIMIINOLOGY
FO Y AND VIC
CTIMOLO
OGY
NATIO
ONAL LA
AW UNIVE
ERSITY, DELHI
2018
About the Manual
Crime victims are integral to the Criminal Justice System in India. A victim of
crime is one who triggers the criminal process. However, there is no systematic
and uniform body of legal provisions entailing the status, rights and the victims
in the legal system nor there is a clear body of guidelines or legal provisions
guiding the police, prosecution, judicial officers and health professionals to deal
with and address their grievances in keeping with the remarkable developments
taking place in the realm of justice to crime victim.
This shortcoming has led us to research, document and compile a set of
guidelines which portray important duties on the part of police, advocates,
public prosecutor, judges, judicial officers, healthcare provisions, NGOs, media
and employers. Through this concise manual, we intend to lay down a
framework of important guidelines for all these functionaries so that justice can
be secured for victims of crime. It is notable that most of these guidelines are a
part of legal provisions under various legislations and therefore they are
binding in nature.
There are few provisions in the manual which are in keeping with the mandate
of various international instruments which are successfully working in other
jurisdictions. They have been identified as best practices for the victims of crime.
Many such guidelines can be made functional in the Indian context without
requiring specific legal provisions or amendments in the existing laws. In other
words, this kind of performance on the part of criminal justice agency could be a
part of their discretion.
The manual entails a systematic compilation of guidelines which would be
crucial at various stages of crime vis-à-vis reporting of FIR, investigation,
engaging of advocate or public prosecutor charge sheet, trial etc. This manual is
also an answer to the dilemma of cutting edge officials about their unclarity
about their role towards crime victims. If adhered to, this manual is bound to
guide the functionaries towards systematic assistance to the needs of victim and
their assistance. Adequate focus is provided in this Manual to the role of judges
in alleviating sufferings of crime victims.
v
About the Manual
We aim to circulate this manual across the country with the objective of
spreading awareness as a lot can be done to assist crime victims without
requiring independent legislative provisions.
Prof. (Dr.) G.S. Bajpai

Chairperson, Centre for Criminology & Victimology
Professor at K.L. Arora Chair in Criminal Law
Registrar, National Law University Delhi
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3
Victims and the Criminal Justice System.......................................................... 3
Victims and Their Rights .................................................................................. 4
(a) Principle of Access to Justice and Fair Treatment ................................. 6
(b) Principle of Restitution .......................................................................... 6
(c) Principle of Compensation ..................................................................... 7
(d) Principle of Assistance ........................................................................... 9
Objectives and Overview of the Document ...................................................... 9
II. Front Line Professionals—Duties and Obligations ....................................... 10
A. Police/Law Enforcement .......................................................................... 10
B. Advocates and Public Prosecutors ............................................................ 15
C. Judges and Judicial Officers ..................................................................... 17
D. Health Care Professionals ......................................................................... 20
E. Non-Governmental Organizations ............................................................ 22
F. Media ........................................................................................................ 24
F. Employers ................................................................................................. 25
III. References and Suggested Readings ............................................................ 27
International Treatises ................................................................................ 27
National Statutes ......................................................................................... 27
Reports ........................................................................................................ 28
Cases ........................................................................................................... 28
IV. Annexures .................................................................................................... 31
A. Rights of Victims Under the Code Of Criminal Procedure ..................... 31
B. Suggested Format for Victim Impact Statement ...................................... 34
1
2
Introduction
I. INTRODUCTION
In 2016 a total of 48,31,515 cases under the Indian Penal Code as well as Special
and Local Laws were reported in India with an incidence of nearly 380 cases per
lakh of population. These crimes couldn’t have been victimless. It goes without
saying that every single one of these crimes is bound to have a victim who
implored the state and its institutions to deliver justice. Even so, the very fact that
of the twenty chapters in the ‘Crime in India – 2016 Statistics’ released by the
National Crime Records Bureau, not a single chapter was devoted to victims and
the assistance given to them, reflects a narrow mind-set of the state in focussing
on the crime while failing to recognize and document the plight of the victims, let
alone the actions taken to redress them.
VICTIMS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

A crime is deemed to be an offence against the society. This presumption
inadvertently introduces one of the greatest anomalies in our criminal justice
system – that somewhere in the midst of de-humanized procedure, the victim
comes to be equated with any other piece of evidence. With the state firmly in the
driver’s seat on the road to ‘justice,’ the victims inevitably find themselves
without any say or immediate redress. In other words, the state through its
institutions, guarantees to the victims’ merely retributive justice completely
ignoring its compensatory, distributary, social and restorative aspects. In
Hobbesian terminology, the Leviathan fails the victims twice: first in failing to
secure their life, liberty and property from the transgressions of another and in
the second instance failing to fully and completely restore the victims to their
rightful position.
It is a general but pithy observation that the statue of Lady Justice has a scale
in one hand and a sword in the other. It signifies that justice will be balanced and
the sword will be brought down upon those who are found to have wronged.
Such traditional symbolisms may have been true about the political societies of
the fore, but cannot withstand the rigorous scrutiny of twentieth century’s rights
based approach towards justice. The Lady Justice of our times requires several
more limbs and instruments to discharge her duties. In the course of this
document, we shall see that these rights transform into legal, moral and
professional duties on part of everyone involved and that everyone involved is
undoubtedly, a part of Lady Justice.
3
Duties of Front Line Professionals towards Securing Justice for Victims: A Manual
VICTIMS AND THEIR RIGHTS

While defining the term – victim, the drafters of the UN Declaration of Basic
Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power1 deliberately gave
it the widest amplitude so as to ensure maximum coverage. Two important
consequences of a wide connotation of this term are that firstly, irrespective of
the stage of the trial – apprehension, prosecution or conviction of perpetrator or
even the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim, the victim continues to be
treated as a victim and secondly, in appropriate circumstances, it treats as victims
all persons, including the family of the victim, who suffer harm in the process of
intervention to assist the victim or stop the victimization. For the above reasons
as well as the purpose of this document, we adopt verbatim, the following
definition given by the declaration:
“Victims” means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered
harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic
loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or
omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member
States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.
The academic discourse on the centrality of the victim’s position in a criminal
justice system has now been deliberated well enough to influence the policies
governing the justice systems across the world. Directive 2012/29/EU of the
European Parliament establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and
protection of victims of crime2 meticulously sums up the conclusion of the
deliberation in the following words:
“…victims of crime should be recognised and treated in a respectful,
sensitive and professional manner without discrimination of any kind based
on any ground such as race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic
features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion,
membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age, gender,
gender expression, gender identity, sexual orientation, residence status or
health. In all contacts with a competent authority operating within the
context of criminal proceedings, and any service coming into contact with
victims, such as victim support or restorative justice services, the personal
situation and immediate needs, age, gender, possible disability and maturity
of victims of crime should be taken into account while fully respecting their
physical, mental and moral integrity. Victims of crime should be protected
from secondary and repeat victimisation, from intimidation and from
retaliation, should receive appropriate support to facilitate their recovery
and should be provided with sufficient access to justice.”
1. Hereinafter referred to as the UN Declaration.

2. Hereinafter referred to as the EU Directive.
4
Introduction
WHO IS A VICTIM?
Within the Indian legal framework, the term victim is defined under Section
2(wa) of the CrPC, 1973 as a person who has suffered any loss or injury
caused by reason of the act or omission for which the accused person has
been charged and the expression victim includes his or her guardian or legal
heir. This definition however suffers from glaring deficiencies. Firstly, that
the loss or injury is not defined clearly and is subject to judicial
interpretation. Secondly, the use of the phrase ‘act or omission of the
accused person’ betrays a compartmentalized mind-set that fails to take into
account the secondary victimization that occurs when the victims find it
difficult or are unable to access justice in the compensatory, distributive,
social and restorative sense of the term. Lastly, the definition also fails to
provide rights to all persons who suffer harm in the process of assistance or
while stopping the crime.
In comparison to the Indian definition, the Directive 2012/29/EU of the
European Union defines a victim as a natural person who has suffered
harm including physical, mental or emotional harm or economic loss
which was directly caused by the criminal offence. It also means the
family members of the person whose death was directly caused by the
criminal offence and who have suffered harm as a result of that death.
Family member is defined so as to include – spouse, person with whom
the victim was in a committed intimate relationship, family members in
direct line, the siblings and dependents. The definition of victim under the
UK Code of Practise for Victims of Crime is in pari materia with the EU
Directive.
The Canadian Victims Bill of Rights defines the victim as an individual
who has suffered physical or emotional harm, property damage or economic
loss as a result of the commission of the offence or the alleged commission
of an offence. Where the victim is dead or incapable of exercising his/her
rights, it allows for the spouse, any person cohabiting with the victim in a
conjugal relationship, a relative or dependent and the legal or factual
guardian of the victim, to act on behalf of the him/her and exercise such
rights as granted by the act.
After decades of debates and discussions, experts and practitioners from all
related disciplines have zeroed in on certain principles guaranteeing justice to
victims which are sine qua non to a truly just criminal justice system without
any prejudice to the rights of the perpetrator. These principles gained
recognition of the international community as far back as 1985 when the UN
5
Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly. The declaration identified

four such guiding principles, the phraseology of which, while identifying the
duties of the member states, points towards the recognition of certain rights of
the victims:
(a) Principle of Access to Justice and Fair Treatment
This principle includes, but is not limited to, the following rights:
(i) Right to be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity.
(ii) Right of access to justice.
(iii) Right to be informed of their rights.
(iv) Right to information w.r.t proceedings and their role in it.
(v) Right to be heard and considered during proceedings, wherever
appropriate.
(vi) Right to be heard and considered at proceedings involving release,
parole, plea or sentencing, wherever appropriate.
(vii) Right to submit a Victim Impact Statement and for the same to be heard
and considered in court, wherever appropriate.
(viii) Right to proper assistance with legal process.
(ix) Right to engage private advocate.
(x) Right to minimal inconvenience.
(xi) Right to privacy.
(xii) Right to security and to be reasonably protected from the accused.
(xiii) Right to speedy justice.
(xiv) Right to conciliation/mediation/arbitration, wherever required.
(xv) Right to prompt redress.
(b) Principle of Restitution
(i) Right to full and timely restitution from the accused.
(ii) Right to restitution from the accused includes return of property,
payment for harm or loss, reimbursement of expenses, provision of
services and restoration of rights.
(iii) In the case of substantial harm to environment, such right includes
restoration of environment, reconstruction of infrastructure, replacement
of community facilities and reimbursement of the expenses of relocation
(wherever appropriate).
(iv) In case the perpetrator is a public servant acting in his official or quasi-
official capacity, such right to restitution includes restitution from the
state.
6
Introduction
SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR VICTIMS

OF CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN
Some categories of victims require specialized services for access to justice
and assistance. A web of legislative framework has resulted in the availability
of numerous support systems for victims of crimes against women such as
rape, outraging the modesty of women, stalking, voyeurism, sexual
harassment at workplace, domestic violence, dowry demand, acid attack,
bigamy or polygamy, female foeticide, trafficking or prostitution, indecent
representation etc. Mechanisms are also available in cases where there is an
infringement of the right to live with dignity, right to exercise choice in
marriage, gender discrimination w.r.t. the right to education and the right to
work as well as police apathy against women. The following flow chart helps
simplify the order in which such support systems can be accessed:
(c) Principle of Compensation

This principle confers upon the victims who have suffered significant bodily injury
or impairment of physical or mental health and their family the right to
compensation from the state in the scenario where the compensation is not fully
available or recoverable from the perpetrator. The state should encourage the
establishment of national funds for this purpose.
7
COMPENSATION AND THE STATE

Under section 357, compensation can be categorized into: a), where fine is
a part of the sentence and b), where the fine is not a part of the sentence.
Where the fine is a part of the sentence, compensation may be awarded
for litigation expenses and any loss or injury caused by the offence.
However, such payment need not be made until the period of appeal has
lapsed, or the decision of the appeal where appeal has been filed. Where
the fine is not a part of the sentence, the court may order the accused to
pay compensation for any loss or injury by reason of the offence.
However, both the abovementioned forms of compensation are subject to
conviction upon the conclusion of a trial, which in the experience of the
working of our judicial system, takes years. Moreover, this provision does
not take into account that ability of the offender to pay such
compensation.
In such a case, it is upon the state to compensate the victims for the loss,
injury or harm suffered; since the state failed to protect them in the first
instance. In pursuance of this obligation, section 357A was inserted in the
CrPC which requires for the state governments to prepare victim
compensation schemes in coordination with the central government. Where
the court makes a recommendation for compensation, it has been left to the
wisdom of the District or State Legal Services Authority to determine its
quantum. In the event that the offender cannot be traced or identified, the
victim may make an application to the DLSA/SLSA for compensation and
adequate compensation must be granted within two months.
The DLSA/SLSA may also order for immediate first aid or medical
benefits to be made available free of cost to the victim on the certificate of
the police officer or a Magistrate or any other interim relief may also be
granted. Section 357 C makes it mandatory for the all hospitals, public or
private, to immediately provide first aid or medical treatment, free of cost,
to the victims of offences covered under the provisions for acid attack or
rape.
Section 357 B was inserted vide the Criminal Law Amendment Act of
2013 applies legislatively, the principle that Supreme Court has settled that
compensation should be in addition to fine. However, a major drawback of
the amendment is that, while the Supreme Court addressed the same in the
context of all crimes and victims, the provision specifies compensation only
for the purposes of Section 326A and Section 376D of the IPC while
ignoring the victims of other offences.
8
Introduction
(d) Principle of Assistance

(i) Right to assistance: The victims are entitled to the necessary material,
medical, psychological and social assistance through governmental,
voluntary, community based and indigenous methods.
(ii) Right to information regarding available health and social services.
(iii) Right to access to health and social services.
(iv) Right to be aided and handled by sensitized and trained personnel.
(v) Right to assistance with regards to their special needs depending upon
the nature of harm suffered.
OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW OF THE DOCUMENT

Keeping in view the abovementioned principles and the accompanying rights
which cast a duty upon the state for their deliverance; this document seeks to first
identify the front line professionals who deal with victims and then meticulously
list out those duties which they are legally obligated to perform as well as those
obligations which they’re professionally expected to discharge. In identifying the
professional obligations, we have not only referred to the Indian laws, codes of
conduct and standard operating procedures, but have actively sought to include
best practices from the around the world. This document therefore seeks to
inform and empower the following front line professionals with the knowledge of
their duties and obligations in their efforts to secure justice in the most
comprehensive sense of the term. Conversely, the document is also a treasure
cove of information for victims of crime as to their rights and expectations vis-à-
vis the following functionaries:
A. Police/Law Enforcement Agencies
B. Advocates and Public Prosecutors
C. Judges and Judicial Officers
D. Health Care Professionals
E. Non-Governmental Organizations
F. Media (print, electronic and social)
G. Employers
We proceed to the second part with two caveats. Firstly, that the duties and
obligations so identified in the document are without prejudice to the rights of
victims under special and local laws. Secondly, we have adopted a wide
definition of the term – victim so as to ensure a minimum standard of rights to all
victims regardless of the nature of offence committed against them.
9
Front Line Professionals—Duties and Obligations
II. FRONT LINE PROFESSIONALS—DUTIES

AND OBLIGATIONS
A. POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT
Being the primary responders to a reported crime, the police/law enforcement
agencies form the backbone of the criminal justice system. In lieu of failure of
the state to prevent the crime, the police have a special obligation to help the
victims cope with the immediate trauma as well as to restore the sense of security
that the victim loses in the process. The response of the police should take into
account the emotional, psychological and physical state of the victim. The
training of police officials should mandatorily include:
(i) Sensitization towards victims as well as the ability to provide them with
‘psychological first aid’ followed by victim support techniques.
(ii) Equal weightage with respect to physical training and technological
know-how.
(iii) A working legal knowledge base to ensure efficient investigations from
the point of view of prosecution.
(iv) Impart training with respect to state of the art investigation techniques.
The following actions are a matter of right and expectations for the victims that
transform into a duty, both legally and professionally, for the police officers to
secure and provide:
First Aid and Ancillary Response:

(i) Provide first aid as well as ‘psychological first aid’ to victims.
(ii) Conduct a ‘needs assessment’ of the victim to determine the immediate,
short term and long term needs of the victim, both physically and
psychologically.
(iii) Act with integrity, compassion, respect towards the dignity of the victims
and in a manner devoid of personal convictions and prejudices.
(iv) Do not invoke personal opinions, family values or social values to
dissuade the victim from filing the complaint
10
VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

In the case of Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum v. Union of India
and Ors., (1995) 1 SCC 14, the Supreme Court India highlighted the
following problems faced by victims of sexual assault:
 Victims were humiliated at the hands of police.
Victims found rape trials to be a ‘traumatic experience.’
The experience of giving evidence in court was found to be
negative and destructive.
The Court proceedings added to and prolonged the psychological
trauma of the victim.
To combat the abovementioned problems, the Supreme Court laid down the
following guidelines:
 The complainants of sexual assault cases should be provided with
legal representation.
The role of the victim's advocate would not only be to explain to the
victim the nature of the proceedings, to prepare her for the case and
to assist her in the police station and in Court but to provide her
with guidance was to how she might obtain help of a different
nature from other agencies.
Legal assistance will have to be provided at the police station. A list
of advocates willing to act in these cases should be kept at the
police station for victims.
The police should be under a duty to inform the victim of her right
to representation.
It is necessary to set up Criminal Injuries Compensation Board.
Compensation for victims shall be awarded by the Court on
conviction of the offender any by the Criminal Injuries
Compensation Board whether or not a conviction has taken place.
Registration of FIR:
(i) It is mandatory to register an FIR in cases of cognizable offences and
hold a preliminary inquiry only with regards to whether a cognizable
offence is met out and not with respect to the registration of FIR.
(ii) Where the preliminary inquiry suggests that no cognizable offence is met
out, the victim should be informed in writing, of the reason of such
findings, within a week of the complaint.
11
PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION OF FIR

First Information Report (FIR) is the document which has to be necessarily
recorded by the police in cases of cognizable offences when the police
receive the information in the first instance. Such FIR can be filed either by
the victim or any other person who knows about the commission of a
cognizable offence. Section 154 lays down the procedure for the filing of
the FIR:—
 You may give the FIR in writing.
Where FIR is given orally to a police officer in charge at the
station, the same must be reduced to writing by the concerned
officer.
The information must be read back to you.
You should sign the FIR only after ensuring that the information
therein is true and correct to the best of your knowledge.
A copy of the FIR must be provided to you free of cost.
Where the police officer refuses to record any information with
respect to provisions pertaining to cognizable sexual offences under
the IPC, such police officer is liable to be punished under Section
166A of the IPC.
SUPREME COURT AND REGISTRATION OF FIR:
In Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of U.P. & ors. (2008) 7 SCC 164, the Supreme
Court issued the following guidelines with respect to the registration of
FIR:
 Registration of FIR is mandatory and where the information
pertains to the commission of a cognizable offence, no preliminary
inquiry is permissible.
Action must be taken against erring police officers who do not
register an FIR where the information received by him discloses a
cognizable offence.
A preliminary inquiry may be made in cases of matrimonial
disputes, commercial offences, medical negligence cases,
corruption cases and cases where there is an abnormal delay/laches.
All information relating to cognizable offences whether leading to
registration of FIR or preliminary inquiry must be recorded in the
General Diary/Station Diary/Daily Diary and the decision to
conduct a preliminary inquiry must also be reflected.
12
(iii) Immediately provide a copy of the FIR as well as a written

acknowledgement of the crime mentioning the basic details of the crime
reported to the victim.
(iv) Ensure that lack of jurisdiction does not become a bar to the registration
of an FIR.
(v) Register a fresh FIR under section 506 of IPC in case the victim receives
threats from the accused.
Questioning and Investigation:
(i) Inform the victim of the right to representation prior to questioning.
(ii) In cases of serious/heinous offences or wherever appropriate, the police
should ensure the presence of family members, relatives or friends of the
victim while recording the statement of the victim.
(iii) Assure and ensure the confidentiality of the information provided by
victims as well as the anonymity of the victims.
(iv) Ensure the presence of a female police offer within the premises of the
police station at all times.
(v) Where a female police officer is not available within the premises of the
police station, a female police officer on call should be brought in from
other jurisdictions.
(vi) Ensure that only empathetic, sensitized and trained police officers are
allowed to question rape victims or child victims.
(vii) Where the victim is a child, the statement should be taken in the presence
of the parents, preferably at the child’s residence and in a friendly
manner by an investigating officer who is not in uniform.
(viii) At the investigation stage, all questions put to the victims should be
informal and should address the victim as an individual rather than
conforming to a dehumanized format.
(ix) Ensure the continuity of the same officer who questioned the victim in
the first instance in all subsequent interviews
(x) While questioning, all information should be collected using techniques
that in no way aggravate the trauma of the victim and should be recorded
in a simple language.
(xi) Ensure a constant supply of requisite equipment for evidence gathering.
(xii) Investigation should be completed in an expedite manner so as to avoid
bail to accused on technicalities.
Medical Examination:
(i) In cases of offences against women, the investigating officer as well as a
female police officer should escort the victim for medical examination
wherever needed.
13
(ii) Brief the victim with respect to the nature of medical examination
wherever required.
(iii) Rape crisis cell should be informed as soon as the police officer receives
information with respect to the commission of the offence.
(iv) In cases of serious/heinous offences or wherever appropriate, the medical
officer as well as a forensics expert should accompany the investigating
officer to the scene of the crime so as to ensure that there are no lapses in
the investigation which may lead to a wrongful acquittal.
Legal Aid:
(i) A list of willing advocates who are well versed with handling cases of
rape, sexual assault or crime against children should be put on display in
the police station.
(ii) Inform the victim of their right to engage a private advocate.
(iii) Ensure legal assistance to victims of sexual assault as well as the
presence of a lawyer at the time of questioning.
Information, Support and Assistance to Victims:
(i) Keep the victim up to date with respect to the progress of investigation.
(ii) Immediately notify the victim upon the arrest or release of the accused
on bail or parole.
(iii) Where the investigation is dropped or closed, the victim must be
informed in writing of the reasons as to why such investigation has been
closed.
(iv) The investigating officer should be able to converse in the language of
the victim to avoid unnecessary complications and misunderstanding.
(v) Establish a victim support unit in the police department.
(vi) Encourage the victims and support them in re-establishing their normal
routines to speed up their recovery.
(vii) Inform the victims of their fundamental, statutory and human rights as a
victim of crime.
(viii) Provide to the victim all details about organizations that provide
specialized support as per their needs including contact numbers of the
organization and the type of services the victims can expect.
(ix) Facilitate the victim’s access to counselling services wherever required
and tie up with psychiatric department of government and private
hospitals as well as voluntary organizations within the district to provide
such services.
14
(x) Provide the victims with the necessary information: contact details of
investigating officer, support groups, state victim compensation
assistance and toll-free helpline numbers.
(xi) Ensure that victim receives free immediate first aid and medical benefits
or any other interim benefits available to the victim under section
357A(6) of the Code the Criminal Procedure, wherever required.
(xii) Establish a viable complaint mechanism which can lead to punishment of
police officials who do not conform to the standards of victim assistance
laid down herein.
B. ADVOCATES AND PUBLIC PROSECUTORS

As officers of the court, advocates and public prosecutors have a distinct and
special responsibility towards victims. In their quest for justice, victims
invariably have to rely upon the assistance of advocates and public prosecutors.
In such a scenario, the role of the advocates is not merely limited to legal
representation but extends beyond that, i.e. towards providing victim assistance
as well as advocacy. Even as the interpretation of the role of public prosecutor
by the Indian judiciary upholds the virtues of fairness, truthfulness, impartiality
and propriety, much is left wanting when viewed from perspective of the
victim. That being said, an advocate engaged by the victim and/or the public
prosecutor should discharge the following duties vis-à-vis the rights of the
victim:
Legal Aid:
(i) Ensure that the victim is aware of their right to engage a private
advocate.
(ii) Make yourself available for immediate response even when called to the
scene of the crime to counsel, aid and advice the victims as well as the
police.
(iii) Assist the victim in their dealings with the police by ensuring your
presence at the time of questioning
(iv) Ensure that the interests of the victim are your primary responsibility
while maintaining fairness and truthfulness.
(v) Protect the fundamental, statutory and human rights of the victims.
(vi) Inform the victims of their fundamental, statutory and human rights,
including the right to restoration and compensation.
Extra Legal Assistance to Victims:
(i) Provide to the victim all details about organizations that provide
specialized support as per their needs including contact numbers of the
organization and the type of services the victims can expect.
15
(ii) Ensure that the victim is treated with respect, dignity and compassion by
all agencies.
(iii) Ensure the access of victims to medical and psychological treatments that
they are entitled to and assist the victims in overcoming the legalities
involved for such access.
Assistance During Trial:
(i) Ensure that the privacy of the victim and the confidentiality of the
information provided by the victim is maintained.
(ii) Ensure the non-disclosure of any communication between the victim and
yourself.
(iii) Explain to the victim the nature of court proceedings and brief them
about what to expect in the days ahead.
(iv) Assist the victim in their depositions before the court.
(v) Ensure that the victim has a support person/companion at the time of
their deposition.
(vi) Assist the victim in writing the Victim Impact Statement to be submitted
to the judge and read out in court.
(vii) Accept the victims’ version of the events without opinion, prejudice, bias
or personal convictions.
(viii) Give due consideration to the impact of the crime upon of the victims’
mental and physical health.
(ix) Act fearlessly and with integrity, compassion, respect towards the dignity
of the victims and in a manner devoid of personal convictions and
prejudices.
(x) Inform the victim with reasons recorded in writing if the charges against
the accused are dropped, substantially altered, proceedings are
discontinued or no evidence is offered.
(xi) All public prosecutors should encourage, ensure and secure the
participation of the victim in the court process.
(xii) All public prosecutors should give due consideration to the thoughts and
beliefs of the victims with respect to the course of action to be taken.
(xiii) Inform the victim of their right to prosecute the accused, seek restoration/
compensation as well as the right not to prosecute. Where the victim
prefers restorative justice rather than retributive justice, all efforts should
be made to secure it.
(xiv) Keep the victim informed about the proceedings and progress with
respect to court processes.
16
(xv) Assist the victim with security planning where the accused is released on
bail, probation or in case the victim receives threats.
(xvi) Help minimize the contact between the victim and the accused as well as
the counsel of the accused by planning court visits and meetings in
advance.
(xvii) Enable cooperation between the police, victim and witnesses.
(xviii) Assist the court in the determination of compensation, restitution as well
as the sentencing based upon the impact of the crime upon the victim.
(xix) Keep up to date with legal developments to secure the best interests of
the victim.
Security of the Victim:
(i) Identify the physical and psychological barriers to the safety of the
victim in order to develop a plan to guarantee such safety.
(ii) Immediate notification of the victim upon the arrest or release of the
accused on bail or parole.
C. JUDGES AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS

In an adversarial system, the judge is an objective and non-partisan decision maker.
Much of our legal framework focusses on the rights of the accused which must be
upheld by the judicial system. In such a scenario, it is important to keep in mind
while upholding the rule of law that the victim themselves should be given every
possible assistance in their journey towards attaining closure and subsequent
rehabilitation. While the document does not go into the standards of ethics that
judges and judicial officers must uphold, it is obvious that the manner in which
proceedings are conducted, assessment of the evidence presented and interpretation
of law have a deep and profound implication upon the experience of the victim. In
this context the control that a judge maintains over the court proceedings becomes
vital in ensuring that the experience of the victim is a positive one which aids and
complements their rehabilitation and is not inhibitive to it.
(i) Ensure that all court staff, judges and judicial officers receive periodic
training for sensitization to the needs of the victims.
(ii) Ensure that all proceedings are conducted with due consideration and
sensitivity towards the victim and with respect for their dignity.
(iii) Minimize the security risks of the victim as well as witnesses by
conducting risk assessments after obtaining information from the
respective parties, police, advocates, prosecutors and relatives with respect
to the conduct of the accused prior to and after the incidence of crime.
(iv) Ensure minimal contact between the accused and the victim during the
proceedings.
17
VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT

In an adversarial system such as ours, the victim is afforded very limited
opportunity to participate in the court proceedings. This can lead to sense of
injustice, especially where the victim is treated with an institutionalized
disinterest. The principle of proportionality requires for the court to take
into account the impact of the crime upon the victim. In the case of State of
M.P. v. Saleem, (2005) 5 SCC 554, the Supreme Court of India held that the
quantum of punishment must be consistent with the rigours, atrocity and
brutality that the crime infliction has brought down upon the victim.
For this purpose, a Victim Impact Statement (Annexure II) allows the
courts to factor in the extent of the damage which has been caused to the
victim as a direct result of the offence. The Delhi High Court, in the matter
of Satya Prakash v. State, (2013) 3 MWN (Cri) 373, held for the first time
that SHO of the concerned police station must deputed to conduct an
inquiry and lodge a report termed – ‘Victim Impact Report’ in cases of road
accidents. However, in order to guarantee to victims the right to be heard
and considered, there is an urgent need to make the concept of Victim
Impact Statement applicable to the criminal justice system in general.
(v) Ensure separate waiting areas and entry points for accused and victims in
the court premises as well as the court room.
(vi) Ensure that the victim does not have to wait for prolonged periods of
time prior to giving evidence.
(vii) Ensure that the questions put to victims by the defence counsel are not
inappropriate or aggressive and are presented to you for perusal
beforehand.
(viii) Ensure that the victim has received interim compensation and if not,
order for the same to be granted to the victim.
(ix) Conduct the trial in an expedite manner so as to not cause unnecessary
hardship upon the victim in terms of travelling, boarding, lodging and
other expenses.
(x) Ensure the reimbursement of all expenses incurred by the victim in the
conduct of court proceedings, including travelling and lodging.
(xi) Conduct the trial in an expedite manner so as to minimize the
psychological hardship caused to the victim in such trials.
(xii) Ensure that the victim’s rights under the principles of access to justice
and fair treatment; restitution; compensation and assistance enumerated
in the introduction have been secured.
18
COURTS AND COMPENSATION

It is important to look at the evolving perspectives of the judiciary towards
the grant of such compensation to victims. As far back as 1981, the
Supreme Court in the case of Maru Ram & ors. v. Union of India and ors.
(1981) 1 SCC 107 observed that while the social responsibility of the
criminal to restore the loss or heal the injury is a part of the punitive
exercise, the length of the prison term is no reparation to the crippled or
bereaved but is futility compounded with cruelty. In 1988, in the matter of
Hari Singh v. Sukhbir Singh & ors., (1988) 4 SCC 551, the Supreme Court
accepted the failure of the courts to invoke the provisions of compensation
under the CrPC while speculating that the courts in India were ignorant of
the purpose of such provisions.
In several latter decisions, the Supreme Court held that the power to
grant compensation under Section 357 of the CrPC was not ancillary to
other sentences but in addition thereof. [read: Balraj v. State of U.P., (1994)
4 SCC 29, Dillip S. Dhanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Co. Ltd. & Anr., (2006) 6
SCC 528)]. In the matter of Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad v. State of
Maharashtra, (2013) 6 SCC 770, the Supreme Court held that firstly,
Section 357 was introduced to reassure the victims that they are not
forgotten in the criminal justice system and secondly, that while the
provision leaves the question of award of compensation to the discretion of
the court, it also confers a power coupled with a duty on the courts to apply
their minds to the question of awarding compensation in every criminal
case. The provisions for compensation under the CrPC, 1973 have been
annexed at the end the document (Annexure I).
(xiii) Ensure the presence of an interpreter/translator, free of charge to the

victim, wherever required, to enable their active participation in
furtherance of their right of access to justice.
(xiv) Ensure that a Victim Impact Statement is collected from the victim or the
prosecution and wherever appropriate, allow the same to be read in court
in the presence of the accused.
(xv) While the rights under the principles of restitution and compensation
may hinge upon the outcome of the case, the rights under the principles
of access to justice and fair treatment as well as the right to assistance
must be secured at all stages of the trial.
(xvi) When deciding the quantum of sentence or while hearing bail pleas, the
impact of the crime upon the victim should also be taken into account.
19
(xvii) Order for any special measures, specialized services and legal protection
required by the victim especially those who are exposed to a higher risk of
secondary and repetitive victimization. Depending on the nature of risk,
such services should include the provision of shelter, medical treatment,
psychological counselling, legal advice as well as police protection. For
this purpose, the victims who are exposed to higher risk include, but are
not limited to, victims of hate crimes, human trafficking, sexual violence,
domestic violence, children and persons with disabilities.
(xviii) Order for the timely return of recoverable property of the victim seized
for the purpose of investigation unless exceptional circumstances call for
the opposite.
(xix) Ensure that the privacy of the victim and the confidentiality of any
information which may put the victim at risk is maintained.
(xx) Ensure that the procedure and guidelines created by the legislature and
higher judiciary are implemented in letter and spirit, with due application
of mind.
D. HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Medical and health care providers bear a fiduciary relationship towards all their
patients. The nature of their profession places them in a unique position to assist
the victims not only in terms of medical treatment but also in helping to foster a
sense of security in them and catalysing the process of rehabilitation.
Furthermore, heavy reliance is often placed upon the medical report issued by the
doctors which can greatly swing the outcome of the case. Without compromising
upon the efficacy of the medical treatment provided by them to the victim, health
care professionals can help secure justice through the following:
Medical Assistance and Treatment:
(i) Act with integrity, compassion, respect towards the dignity of the victims
(ii) Act with special care where the victims have special needs such as where
the victims are women, children, persons with disabilities, victims of
sexual assault and victims of human trafficking.
(iii) Ensure that the best interests of the victim is your prime consideration,
not only in terms of primary medical treatment, but also in terms of the
psycho-social impact of the crime upon the victim as well as the long
term medical and psychological needs of the victim.
(iv) In pursuance of the above, you should not only perform primary medical
treatments but also primary counselling. You should refer and guide the
patient to specialized service providers for the long term medical and
psychological after effects of the crime, wherever required.
20
(v) You are legally required to examine and treat the victim for injuries and
the same is your primary responsibility, the legal formalities are
secondary to the above.
(vi) Ensure that the informed consent of the victim or the guardian has been
taken before performing invasive medical procedures, except under
exceptional circumstances such as that in emergencies.
(vii) It is pertinent to record a brief history of the case as well as to record the
details of injuries one by one including their position, approximate
measurement and the type of injury.
(viii) It is important to record the diagnosis of the cases as well as the
immediate prognosis.
(ix) The recorded history of the case should be corroborative of the medical
report and inconsistencies, if any, should be pointed out.
Dying Declaration:
(i) While recording a dying declaration, you should ensure that the victim is
in a reasonable state of mind.
(ii) Record the dying declaration in a question and answer format using
simple, easy to understand language.
(iii) Record the dying declaration verbatim; in presence of two witnesses and
ensure the signatures of the victim as well as the witnesses.
Medical Examination:
(i) It is mandatory to take the informed consent of the victim, or wherever
required, the informed consent of the guardian, prior to conducting
medico-legal examinations.
(ii) Ensure the presence of a female attendant where the victim is a female at
the time of examination.
(iii) Where the victim is a female, the medico-legal examination should only
be conducted by a female doctor.
(iv) In cases of serious/heinous offences or wherever appropriate, the medical
officer should accompany the police officer to the scene of the crime to
collect the biological evidence necessary for a comprehensive medical
report.
(v) Ensure that the recordings in the medico legal report are not merely
cursory but detail all findings and results with respect to injuries, forensic
analysis and laboratory tests.
(vi) Ensure that you are up to date with respect to the latest developments in
the field of law and science and technology while collecting specimens
for medico legal analysis and recording the findings.
21
(vii) The two finger test and state of the hymen are no longer considered as
valid tests for the purpose of determining sexual assault and as such should
not be used or recorded in the medico legal report since the findings are
usually used in court to either discredit the victim or humiliate her.
(viii) The absence of injuries in cases of sexual offences, are also no longer
considered as valid proof of presence of consent and therefore should not
be allowed to colour your opinion in the medico legal report.
(ix) Remember that in cases of medico-legal examination you are a
representative of the state. However, the same doesn’t mean that you cease
to be a doctor to the examinee. You still have all duties and responsibilities
towards the examinee as you would towards any other patient.
(x) The hospital/laboratory should ensure that the medical officer examining
the victim should receive a copy of the results of evidences collected by
the medical officer during examination, so as to allow him to form or
substantiate his opinion.
Other Duties and Responsibilities:
(i) Screening of all vulnerable patients such as women and children for
signs for domestic abuse and violence.
(ii) Informing the police when signs of domestic violence and abuse are
apparent and wherever you deem that involving the law enforcement
agencies is in the best interest of the victim.
(iii) Hospitals and other health care institutions should ensure that their staff
receive quality and periodic training for sensitization towards the needs
of the victim as well as updates regarding governmental, judicial and
other guidelines on the subject.
E. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
NGO’s perform several roles within a criminal justice system by providing
services to those directly affected by an offence, namely, victims, witnesses as
well as accused. Services provided by the NGO’s are inclusive of but not limited
to counselling, mediation, supervision, raising awareness, legal education and
assistance, accommodation and rehabilitation. With such a diverse range of
services, NGO’s can step in where the State fails to deliver. Thus, depending
upon the specialized services provided by the NGO, the document recognizes the
following duties of NGO’s towards victims:
General Duties:
(i) Act with integrity, compassion, respect towards the dignity of the victims
(ii) Converse with the victim using simple and easy to understand language so
as to ensure that the victim understands you comprehensively and vice versa.
22
(iii) Where the victim doesn’t understand the local language or in cases of
persons with disability, a translator must be provided to the victim free of
charge.
Access to Medical and Legal Aid:
(i) Aid, advice and assist the victim for receiving the requisite medical
treatments, psychological counselling and protection, both in the short
term and the long term.
(ii) Make immediate arrangements for emergency referrals or provide direct
assistance with respect to medical care, shelter, food and counselling.
(iii) Report the crime on behalf of the victim where the victim approaches
you for help and assist them through the entire process.
(iv) Ensure that the victim receives a written acknowledgement upon the
reporting of the crime.
(v) Provide for adequate legal representation, wherever required.
(vi) Inform the victims about their fundamental, statutory and human rights
as victims of crime.
(vii) Inform the victims about their right to compensation and restitution.
(viii) Assist the victim in obtaining the reimbursements for the expenses
incurred by them during trials.
(ix) Assist the victims through their dealings with police officers and law
enforcement, while ensuring that their dignity and basic rights are
protected and respected.
(x) Inform the victims about the nature and process of court proceedings.
(xi) Where the court proceedings are conducted in a language not understood
by the victim, translations of the court proceedings should be made
available to the victim free of charge.
(xii) Assist the victim with private insurance claims and ensure continuity in
the victim’s employment and accommodation.
(xiii) Ensure the victim’s protection by filing for protection orders wherever
required.
Registration:
(i) Ensure that your organization is registered under the Societies
Registration Act, 1860 or the Companies Act, 2013.
(ii) Ensure that your organization is registered with the respective state
governments under Special and Local Laws, wherever required. For
example, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
23
F. MEDIA
Often touted as the fifth pillar of democracy, the media plays an important role in
shaping not only the way the society perceives a crime, but also the way the
society treats its victims. Needless to say, the experience of the victim is
dependent quite significantly upon the ethics and virtues that journalists and
media houses uphold. While the media has a responsibility to publish a fair and
impartial account, the following are the primary duties that journalists have
towards victims:
(i) Act with compassion and respect towards the dignity of the victims in a
manner devoid of personal convictions and prejudices.
(ii) Avoid publication of any information such as photograph, name or
address which may lead to identification of the victim
(iii) Do not photograph and interview the victims at inappropriate times.
(iv) Do not photograph or interview child victims as well as victims of sexual
offences.
(v) Approach the victim only through their advocate for any requests
regarding interviews.
(vi) Submit a list of questions to be asked to the victim along with the request
for the interview.
(vii) Do not pester the victims with repeated requests for interviews wherever
the request is denied by the victim in the first instance.
(viii) Respect the right to privacy of the victims and their relatives.
(ix) Treat the victim with compassion and with respect for their dignity while
interviewing them.
(x) Do not ask inappropriate, unprofessional, indecent or aggressive
questions.
(xi) Accept written statements by the victims in place of the interviews where
the victim doesn’t feel comfortable with the same.
(xii) Avoid victim shaming or blaming the victim for the crime against them.
(xiii) Do not discredit the claim of the victim until the same is proven in a
court of law.
(xiv) Avoid publication of unnecessary details unrelated to the case which may
discredit the victim.
(xv) Avoid the glorification of the crime or the accused.
(xvi) Propagate and disburse in all forms and languages, the knowledge of
rights available to the victims as well the duties of front line
professionals laid herein.
24
F. EMPLOYERS
In addition to the responsibility of preventing any mishaps in the workplace, the
employers also have the duty to support the victim during their process of
recovery. In doing so, the employers of the victim, both present and prospective,
can play a vital role in the process of rehabilitation of the victim as they recover
from the effects of the crime against them. This can be achieved by the
employers in the following ways:
(i) Act with compassion and respect towards the dignity of the victims in a
manner devoid of personal convictions and prejudices.
(ii) Ensure that all employees act with compassion and respect towards the
dignity of the victims in a manner devoid of personal convictions and
prejudices.
(iii) Conduct periodic sensitization training for all employees on the needs
and requirements of the victim of crimes.
(iv) Understand that the victim’s ability to perform at work may be
compromised due to psychological trauma, medical treatments or
frequent court hearings.
(v) Understand that in order to rehabilitate themselves, the victims require to
maintain the level of economic freedom so provided to them by their jobs
and that such job security can catalyse their recovery.
(vi) Ensure that no disciplinary action is taken against the victim or their
employment terminated on account of reduced working capability for a
reasonable period of time that is required for the victim’s
rehabilitation.
(vii) Ensure that the victim is not harassed, discriminated against or
discredited at work in any manner.
(viii) Do not discriminate against victims of crime when hiring employees.
(ix) Modify or change the work schedule of the victim in accordance with the
needs of the victim so as to ensure productiveness.
(x) Provide accommodation to the victim free of charge or at reasonable
costs wherever required.
(xi) Create a comprehensive policy governing the benefits, security and
employee assistance programs to be extended to employees who are
victims of crimes, taking into account all of the abovementioned
points.
25
EMPLOYERS AND VICTIMS

OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
An employer should lookout for the following indicators of domestic
violence in their employees and their behaviour:
 Injuries such as bruises, black eyes, broken bones, hearing loss etc.
which are disproportionate to the reason accorded to them by the
victim such as – tripping, falling, clumsiness or even ‘accidents.’
Attempts to trivialize or denial of such injuries.
Wearing clothing that may cover up injuries when such clothing is
inappropriate for the season.
Lack of money despite regular payment.
Decrease in job performance and inconsistent work quality.
Regular absenteeism and unpunctual reporting for work.
Disinclination to leave the workplace.
Emotional distress or depression.
Isolation from other employees.
Sensitivity about discussion on domestic life and avoidance of the
issue.
Excessive meekness with low self-esteem and apologetic
behaviour.
Unconsciously drops hints about the temper of the abuser or the
nature of abuse.
In such situations, the employers should ensure that the safety – mental,
physical and economic is guaranteed for the victims. For this purpose, they
should:
 Call the inform the police when and if the abuser makes disruptive
work place visits and exhibits aggressive behaviour.
Understand that the victim is under a lot of stress which may affect
their work performance and re-assure them about their job security
for the period of their rehabilitation.
Don’t judge or blame the victim for the behaviour of the abuser.
Assist the victim in accessing the organizations’ victim assistance
programme.
26
References and Suggested Readings
III. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED

READINGS
International Treatises:
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966
 UNGA Declaration of Basic Principles for Justice for Victims of Crime
and Abuse of Power, 1985.
 Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998
 Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the Use and Application of
Declaration of Basic Principles for Justice for Victims of Crime and
Abuse of Power, Centre for International Crime Prevention, UNODCCP,
1999
Draft UN Convention on Justice and Support for Victims of Crime and
Abuse of Power, 2010
Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament establishing minimum
standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime.
Code of Practise of Victims of Crime, Ministry of Justice, United
Kingdom, 2015
National Statutes:
 Indian Penal Code, 1860
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Constitution of India, 1950
Probation of Offenders Act, 1958
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1983
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
Information Technology Act, 2000
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
27
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012

Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act, 2013
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
Reports:
 Dr. Justice V. S. Malimath (2013), Committee on Reforms of Criminal
Justice System
Justice J.S. Verma (2013), “Report of the Committee on Amendments to
Criminal Law”
Law Commission of India, 84th Report on Rape and Allied Offences –
Some Questions of Substantive Law, Procedure and Evidence
Law Commission of India, 172nd Report on Review of Rape Laws
Cases:
 Adhri Dharan Dar v. State of W.B., (2005) 4 SCC 303
 Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad v. State of Maharashtra, (2013) 6 SCC 770
Balraj v. State of U.P., (1994) 4 SCC 29
 Bhaskaran v. Sankaran Vaidhyan Balan, AIR 1999 SC 3762
 Bhagwan & anr. v. State of Haryana, 1986 Cri LJ 1860 (P&H HC)
 Bhim Singh v. State of J&K, AIR 1986 SC 498
 Bodhisattva Gautam v. Subhra Chakraborty, AIR 1996 SC 922
 CBI v. Hopeson Ningshen, (2010) 5 SCC 115
 Chairman, Railway Board v. Chandrima Das, AIR 2000 SC 988
 D.K. Basu v. State of W.B., (1997) 1 SCC 416
 Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum v. Union of India, (1995) 1
SCC 14
 Dilip S. Dahanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Co. Ltd., (2007) 6 SCC 528
 Dr. Jacob George v. State of Kerala, (1994) 3 SCC 430
 Ghanshyam v. State of M.P., (2006) 10 SCC 473
 Guruswamy v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1979 SC 1177
 Hari Singh v. Sukhbir Singh, (1988) 4 SCC 551
 Inder Singh v. State of Punjab, (1995) 3 SCC 702
 Jakia Nasim Ahesan v. State of Gujarat, (2011) 12 SCC 302
 K. A. Abbas v. Sabu Joseph, (2010) 6 SCC 230
28
References and Suggested Readings
 Kasturilal Ralia Ram Jain v. State of U.P., AIR 1965 SC 1039

 Kumari (Smt) v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1992 SC 2096
 Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of U.P. and ors., (2008) 8 SCC 225
 Lillu @ Rajesh & Anr. v. State of Haryana, (2013) 14 SCC 643
 Mangilal v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 2004 SC 1280
 Manish Jalan v. State of Karnataka, (2008) 8 SCC 225
 Mehmood Nayyar Azam v. State of Chhattisgarh, AIR 2012 SC 2573
 Moinuddin Munshi v. Mohammad Siraj & Ors., (2008) 8 SCC 434
 Nar Singh v. State of Haryana, (2014) SCC online SC 892
 Naryanamma (Kum) v. State of Karnataka, (1994) 5 SCC 728
 Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, AIR 1993 SC 1960
 Palaniappa Gounder v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1977 SC 1323
 P. Rathinam v. State of Gujarat, 1994 SCC (Cri) 1163
 R. D. Upadhyay v. State of A.P., (2001) 1 SCC 437
R. Mohan v. A. K. Vijaya Kumar, (2012) 8 SCC 721
R. S. Mishra v. State of Orissa, (2011) 2 SCC 689
 Racchpal Singh v. State of Punjab, 2002 Cri. LJ 3540 SC
 Rattan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1990 SC 84
 Roy Fernandes v. State of Goa, AIR 2012 SC 1030
 Rudal Shah v. State of Bihar, (1983) 4 SCC 141
 SAHELI through Nalini Bahot v. Commr. Of Police, Delhi Police HQ &
ors, AIR 1990 SC 513
 Salil Bali v. Union of India, AIR 2013 SC 3743
 Sakshi v. Union of India, AIR 2004 SC 3566
 Sarwan Singh & ors. v. State of Punjab, (1978) 4 SCC 111
 Shailesh Jasvantbhai v. State of Gujarat, (2006) 2 SCC 359
 Shiv Kumar v. Hukum Chand, (1999) 7 SCC 467
 Shyam Narain v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2013) 7 SCC 77
 State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal, 1992 Supp. (1) SCC 335
 State of Maharashtra v. Christian Community Welfare Council of India,
(AIR 2004 SC 7)
 State of M.P. v. Babu Barkare, (2005) 5 SCC 413
 State of M.P. v. Saleem, (2005) 5 SCC 554
 State of M.P. v. Shyam Sundar Trivedi & ors., (1995) 4 SCC 262
29
 State v. Sanjeev Nanda, (2012) 8 SCC 450

 State of Punjab v. Ajaib Singh, (1995) 2 SCC 486
 State of U.P. v. Munshi, (2008) 9 SCC 390
 Suganthi Suresh Kumar v Jagdeeshan, (2002) 2 SCC 420
 Sushil Murmu v. State of Jharkhand, (2004) 2 SCC 338
 Swarn Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2000 SC 2017
 Zahira Habibullah H. Sheikh v. State of Gujarat, (2004) 4 SCC 158
30
Annexures—Rights of Victims under the Code of Criminal Procedure
IV. ANNEXURES
A. RIGHTS OF VICTIMS UNDER THE CODE
OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Section 357: Order to pay compensation.—(1) When a Court imposes a
sentence of fine or a sentence (including a sentence of death) of which fine forms
a part, the Court may, when passing judgment, order the whole or any part of the
fine recovered to be applied—
(a) in defraying the expenses properly incurred in the prosecution;
(b) in the payment to any person of compensation for any loss or injury
caused by the offence, when compensation is, in the opinion of the
Court, recoverable by such person in a Civil Court;
(c) when any person is convicted of any offence for having caused the
death of another person or of having abetted the commission of such
an offence, in paying compensation to the persons who are, under the
Fatal Accidents Act, 1855 (13 of 1855), entitled to recover damages
from the person sentenced for the loss resulting to them from such
death;
(d) when any person is convicted of any offence which includes theft,
criminal misappropriation, criminal breach of trust, or cheating, or of
having dishonestly received or retained, or of having voluntarily assisted
in disposing of, stolen property knowing or having reason to believe the
same to be stolen, in compensating any bona fide purchaser of such
property for the loss of the same if such property is restored to the
possession of the person entitled thereto.
(2) If the fine is imposed in a case which is subject to appeal, no such payment
shall be made before the period allowed for presenting the appeal has elapsed, or,
if an appeal be presented, before the decision of the appeal.
(3) When a Court imposes a sentence, of which fine does not form a part, the
Court may, when passing judgment, order the accused person to pay, by way of
compensation, such amount as may be specified in the order to the person who
has suffered any loss or injury by reason of the act for which the accused person
has been so sentenced.
31
(4) An order under this section may also be made by an Appellate Court or by
the High Court or Court of Session when exercising its powers of revision.
(5) At the time of awarding compensation in any subsequent civil suit relating
to the same matter, the Court shall take into account any sum paid or recovered
as compensation under this section.
Section 357 A: Victim compensation scheme.—(1) Every State Government
in co-ordination with the Central Government shall prepare a scheme for
providing funds for the purpose of compensation to the victim or his
dependents who have suffered loss or injury as a result of the crime and who
require rehabilitation.
(2) Whenever a recommendation is made by the Court for compensation, the
District Legal Service Authority or the State Legal Service Authority, as the case
may be, shall decide the quantum of compensation to be awarded under the
scheme referred to in sub-section (1).
(3) If the trial Court, at the conclusion of the trial, is satisfied, that the
compensation awarded under section 357 is not adequate for such rehabilitation,
or where the cases end in acquittal or discharge and the victim has to be
rehabilitated, it may make recommendation for compensation.
(4) Where the offender is not traced or identified, but the victim is identified,
and where no trial takes place, the victim or his dependents may make an
application to the State or the District Legal Services Authority for award of
compensation.
(5) On receipt of such recommendations or on the application under sub-
section (4), the State or the District Legal Services Authority shall, after due
enquiry award adequate compensation by completing the enquiry within two
months.
(6) The State or the District Legal Services Authority, as the case may be, to
alleviate the suffering of the victim, may order for immediate first-aid facility or
medical benefits to be made available free of cost on the certificate of the police
officer not below the rank of the officer in charge of the police station or a
Magistrate of the area concerned, or any other interim relief as the appropriate
authority deems fit.
Section 357 C: Treatment of Victims.—All hospitals, public or private,
whether run by the Central Government, the State Government, local bodies or
any other person, shall immediately, provide the first-aid or medical treatment,
free of cost, to the victims of any offence covered under section 326A, 376,
376A, 376B, 376C, 376D or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code, and shall
immediately inform the police of such incident.
32
Annexures—Rights of Victims under the Code of Criminal Procedure
Section 358: Compensation to persons groundlessly arrested.—(1) Whenever

any person causes a police officer to arrest another person, if it appears to the
Magistrate by whom the case is heard that there was no sufficient ground for
causing such arrest, the Magistrate may award such compensation, not exceeding
one thousand rupees, to be paid by the person so causing the arrest to the person
so arrested, for his loss of time and expenses in the matter, as the Magistrate
thinks fit.
(2) In such cases, if more persons than one are arrested, the Magistrate may, in
like manner, award to each of them such compensation, not exceeding one
thousand rupees, as such Magistrate thinks fit.
(3) All compensation awarded under this section may be recovered as if it
were a fine, and, if it cannot be so recovered, the person by whom it is
payable shall be sentenced to simple imprisonment for such term not
exceeding thirty days as the Magistrate directs, unless such sum is sooner
paid.
Section 359: Order to pay costs in non-cognizable cases.—(1) Whenever any
complaint of a non-cognizable offence is made to a Court, the Court, if it
convicts the accused, may, in addition to the penalty imposed upon him, order
him to pay to the complainant, in whole or in part, the cost incurred by him in the
prosecution, and may further order that in default of payment, the accused shall
suffer simple imprisonment for a period not exceeding thirty days and such costs
may include any expenses incurred in respect of process-fees, witnesses and
pleader' s fees which the Court may consider reasonable.
(2) An order under this section may also be made by an Appellate Court or by the
High Court or Court of Session when exercising its powers of revision.
33
Annexures—Suggested Format for Victim Impact Statement
B. SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT

Name of the Primary Victim: Name of the Accused:
Name of the Person Making the Statement (if different from the primary
victim):
Relationship of the Person with the Victim (if different from the primary
victim):
Criminal Charges:
Court:
Date in Court:
The following space may be utilized to brief the facts of the case in a manner
non prejudicial to the rights of the accused:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
34
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Non physical Trauma suffered as an impact of the crime (e.g. psychological/

emotional/financial shock/stress/fear/grief/distress/embarrassment etc.):
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
35
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Physical injuries suffered as an impact of the crime (including description of

any treatment sought or received; cost of previous or any ongoing medical
treatment; impairment to daily functioning etc.):
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
36
Other Relevant Information:

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
You can ask for your impact statement to be read in court, or you can
request for someone to be allowed to read the impact statement on your
behalf:
Would you like your victim impact statement to be read in court:
Yes No
If yes, do you want to attend court and read the statement yourself:
Yes No
If you do not wish to read the statement aloud, it will be handed to the court.
I consent to the tender of this statement in court proceedings:
To the best of my knowledge, this statement in true:

Signature:
Date:
Where the maker of this statement is not the primary victim, wherever
possible, the consent of the primary victim is required:
I, the primary victim, do not object to the abovementioned person making this
impact statement:
Signature:
Date:
37
38
fo’k;&lwph
1- ifjp; 41
ifjp; 41
ihfM+r vkSj vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh 41
ihfM+r vkSj muds vf/kdkj 42
1- U;k; vkSj mfpr O;ogkj dk fl)kar 43
2- {kfriwfrZ dk fl)kar 45
3- eqvkots dk fl)kar 45
4- lgk;rk dk fl)kar 45
nLrkost ds míss”; ,oa leh{kk 46
2- eq[; inksa ij dk;Zjr O;olk;h& dÙkZO; vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka 48
¼1½ iqfyl@dkuwu ykxw djus okyh ,tsafl;ka 48
¼2½ odhy vkSj ljdkjh odhy 52
¼3½ U;k;/kh”k vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkjh 54
¼4½ LokLF; ns[kHkky deZpkjh 57
¼5½ xSj&ljdkjh laxBu 59
¼6½ ehfM;k 60
¼7½ fu;ksDrk 61
3- lanHkZ ,oa vuq”kaf’kr iBu 64
varjkZ’Vªh; laf/k;ka% 64
jk’Vªh; dkuwu% 64
fjiksVZ% 65
ekeys 65
4- lyaXud 68
¼1½ vkijkf/kd izfØ;k lafgrk ds varxZ ihfM+r ds vf/kdkj 68
¼2½ ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k ds fy, vuq”kaf’kr izk:i 71
39
40
ifjp;
1- ifjp;
ifjp;
2016 esa Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk vkSj fo”ks’k o LFkkuh; dkuuksa ds varxZr dqy 48]31]515 ekeys
ntZ gq, tks fd izfr ,d yk[k tula[;k ij yxHkx 380 ekeys gSaA ;s vijk/k fcuk ihfM+rksa
ds ugha gks ldrs FksA ;g dgus dh t:jr ugha gS fd buesa ls izR;sd vijk/k esa ,d ihfM+r
Fkk ftlus jkT; vkSj blds laLFkkuksa ls U;k; dh xqgkj yxkbZA ,slk gksus ij Hkh ;g ,d rF;
gS fd jk’Vªh; vijk/k fjdkWMZ C;wjks }kjk tkjh ^Hkkjr esa vijk/k & 2016 ds vkadM+s* ds chl
v/;k;ksa esa ls ,d Hkh v/;k; ,slk ugha Fkk tks ihfM+rksa vkSj mUgsa iznku dh xbZ lgk;rk dks
lefiZr gksA blls vijk/kksa ij /;ku nsus esa jkT; ds ladh.k n`f’Vdks.k dk irk pyrk gSA ;g
ihfM+rksa dh nwnZ”kk dks igpkuus vkSj mUgsa ntZ djus esa vlQy gS tcfd mudh f”kdk;rksa dks
nwj djus ds fy, mBk, x, dneksa dh rks ckr gh NksfM+,A
ihfM+r vkSj vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh

,d vijk/k lekt ds izfr ,d vijk/k gksrk gSA ;g /kkj.kk vutkus esa gekjh U;kf;d iz.kkyh
esa ,d cgqr cM+k nks’k iSnk djrh gS & ;g fd og”kh izfØ;k ds chp dgha u dgha ihfM+r
fdlh Hkh vU; lcwr ds lkFk vkrk gSA jkT; U;k; dh lM+d ij etcwrh ls Mªkboj dh lhV
ij cSBk gksrk gS] vkSj ihfM+r dh dgha dksbZ ckr ugha lqurk ;k mls rqjar dksbZ U;k; ugha
feyrkA nwljs “kCnksa esa jkT; viuh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls ihfM+r dks dsoy n.M nsus okyk
U;k; iznku djrk gS vkSj {kfriwfrZ] lkekftd vkSj l”kDr cukus okysa i{kksa dks iwjh rjg
vuns[kk djrk gSA gkWCl ds “kCnksa esa ysfo,Fku ¼Hkhedk; izfØ;k½ ihfM+r dks nks ckj ukdke
cukrh gS% igyh ckj muds thou] vktknh vkSj lEifRr dks nwljksa ls lqj{kk iznku djus esa
vlQy jgus ij] vkSj nwljh ckj ihfM+r dks iwjh rjg mldh lgh voLFkk esa okfil ykus esa
vlQy gks djA
;g ,d lkekU; ysfdu laf{kIr voyksdu gS fd U;k; dh nsoh dh ewfrZ ds ,d gkFk esa
rjktw gS vkSj nwljs gkFk esa ryokj gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd U;k; dks rksyk tk,xk vkSj ryokj
mu ij pykbZ tk,xh ftUgksaus xyr fd;k gSA bl izdkj ds ikjEifjd izrhd Hkwrdky esa
jktuSfrd lektksa ds fy, lR; jgs gksaxs] ysfdu U;k; ds mikxe ij vk/kkfjr chloha lnh ds
vf/kdkjksa dh xgu tkap ij [kjs ugha mrj ldrsA gekjs le; dh U;k; dh nsoh dks dqN
vkSj gkFkksa vkSj midj.kksa dh t:jr gS rkfd og viuk dÙkZO; lgh izdkj ls fuHkk ldsA bl
nLrkost dks i<+us ds nkSjku ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s vf/kdkj lHkh ds fy, dkuwuh] uSfrd vkSj
O;olkf;d dÙkZO; cu tk,axs vkSj blesa “kkfey izR;sd O;fDr fulansg U;k; dh nsoh dk ,d
fgLlk cu tk,xkA
41
ihfM+r vkSj muds vf/kdkj

1
ihfM+r “kCn dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs le; vijk/k vkSj “kfDr ds xyr iz;ksx ds ihfM+rksa ds
fy, U;k; ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)karksa dh la;qDr jk’Vª la?k dh ?kks’k.kk ds ys[kdksa us tkucw> dj
bls ,d O;kid vk;ke fn;k rkfd vf/kdre phtksa dks “kfey fd;k tk ldsA bl “kCn ds
O;kid vFkZ ds nks ifj.kke gSaA igyk ;g gS fd eqdnesa ds Lrj&fxj¶rkjh] iSjoh ;k
vijk/kh dk nks’k lkfcr gksuk ;k ,d vijk/kh dk ihfM+r ds lkFk laca/k] dks vuns[kk djrs
gq,] ihfM+r dks ihfM+r gh le>k tkrk gS] vkSj nwljk ;g gS fd mfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g
lHkh yksxksa dks ihfM+r le>rk gS] ftuesa ihfM+r dk ifjokj Hkh “kkfey gS] ftls ihfM+r dh
lgk;rk djus dh izfØ;k esa ;k ihM+k dks jksdus dh izfØ;k esa gkfu mBkuh iM+rh gSA mDr
dkj.kksa vkSj bl nLrkost ds mn~ns”; ls ge us bl ?kks’k.kk dh fuEu ifjHkk’kk dks “kCn”k%
fy;k gS%
ßihfM+rÞ dk vFkZ gS og O;fDr ftlus O;fDrxr :i ls ;k lkewfgd :i ls {kfr dks

lgk gS] ftlesa “kkjhfjd ;k ekufld pksV] HkkokRed ihM+k] vkfFkZd gkfu ;k muds
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk fNu tkuk “kkfey gS vkSj ftldk dkj.k ,sls dk;Z jgs gSa ftUgsa
lnL; ns”kksa esa vkijkf/kd dkuwuksa dk mya?ku ekuk tkrk gS] ftuesa “kfDr ds
vkijkf/kd iz;ksx dks jksdus okys dkuwu Hkh “kkfey gSaA
iwjh nqfu;k esa U;kf;d iz.kkyh dks lapkfyr djus okyh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus ds fy,
vkijkf/kd U;kf;d iz.kkyh esa ihfM+r dh fLFkfr ij ppkZ vc dkQh gks pqdh gSA vijk/k ds
ihfM+rksa ds vf/kdkjksa] lgk;rk vkSj lqj{kk ij U;wure ekun.Mksa dks LFkkfir djrs gq, ;wjksih;
2
laln ds funsZ”k 2012@29@bZ;w lrdZrkiwoZd fuEu “kCnksa ds ek/;e ls lkjka”k izLrqr
djrs gSa%
ß---vijk/k ds ihfM+rksa dh igpku djuh pkfg, vkSj muds lkFk lEekutud]

laosnu”khyrkiwoZd vkSj O;olkf;d <ax ls fcuk HksnHkko ds O;ogkj djuk pkfg,
tSls oa”k] jax] uLy ;k lkekftd ewy] vuqokaf”kd fo”ks’krkvksa] Hkk’kk] /keZ ;k fo”okl]
jktuSfrd ;k vU; fopkj] jk’Vªh; vYila[;d lnL;rk] lEifRr] tUe] fodykaxrk]
vk;q] fyax] ySafxd vfHkO;fDr] ySafxd igpku] ySafxd mUueq[kRkk] fjgk;lh fLFkfr
;k LokLF; ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkkoA vkijkf/kd eqdnesa dh izfØ;k ds lanHkZ esa l{ke
izkf/kdkj ds lkFk lHkh lEidksZa] vkSj ihfM+r ds lkFk lEidZ esa vkuso okyh fdlh Hkh
lsok ds lEidksZa esa] tSls ihfM+r dh lgk;rk ;k {kfriwfrZ U;kf;d lsok,a vkfn ds
lkFk lEidZ ds nkSjku O;fDrxr fLFkfr vkSj vfuok;Z vko”;drkvksa] vk;q] fyax]
laHkkfor fodykaxrk vkSj vijk/k ds ihfM+r dh ifjiDork dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk
pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh mudh “kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj uSfrd v[k.Mrk dk lEeku
djuk pkfg,A vijk/k ds ihfM+rksa dks nwljh ckj ihfM+r gksus ls] /kedh vkSj izfr”kks/k
ls lqj{kk iznku dh tkuh pkfg,] mudh fjdojh ds fy, mfpr lgk;rk izkIr gksuh
pkfg, vkSj U;k; iznku djuk pkfg,AÞ
1- bls ;gka ij ;w,l ?kks’k.kki= Hkh dgk x;k gSA

2- bls ;gka ij bZ;w funsZ”k Hkh dgk x;k gSA
42
ifjp;
ihfM+r dkSu gksrk gS\

Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds varxZr ihfM+r “kCn dks vkijkf/kd n.M lafgrk] 1973 dh /kkjk 2
¼McY;q,½ esa ,d ,sls O;fDr ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gS ftldks fdlh dk;Z ;k
pwd ds dkj.k uqdlku gqvk gS ;k og ?kk;y gqvk gS ftlds fy, vkjksih O;fDr dks
nks’kh Bgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj ihfM+r “kCn esa ml iq#’k ;k efgyk ds laj{kd ;k dkuwuh
okfjl Hkh “kkfey gksrs gSaA ysfdu bl ifjHkk’kk esa Li’V dfe;ka gSaA lcls igys rks ;g
gS fd uqdlku ;k pksV dks Li’V :i ls ifjHkkf’kr ugha fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g U;kf;d
O;k[;k ij fuHkZj gSA nwljk] ßvjksih O;fDr dk dk;Z ;k pwdß okD; ls vyx rjg ds
iwokZxzg dk irk pyrk gS ftlesa nwljs ntsZ ds mRihM+u dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk tks
ml le; gksrk gS tc ihfM+rksa dks {kfiiwjd] foHkkftr djus okyk] lkekftd vkSj
l”kDr cukus okys vFkZ esa U;k; miyC/k ugha gksrkA var esa ;g ifjHkk’kk mu lHkh yksxksa
dks vf/kdkj iznku ugha dj ikrh ftudks lgk;rk dh izfØ;k esa ;k vijk/k dks jksdrs
le; uqdlku gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; ifjHkk’kk dh rqyuk esa ;wjksih; la?k dk funsZ”k 2012@29@bZ;w ,d ihfM+r dks
,d ,sls izkÑfrd euq’; ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr djrk gS ftldks uqdlku gqvk gS ftlesa
“kkjhfjd] ekufld ;k vkfFkZd uqdlku tks lh/ks :i ls tqeZ ds dkj.k gqvk “kkfey gS
vkSj tks e`R;q ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvk gS og Hkh “kkfey gSA ifjokj dh ifjHkk’kk esa
thoulkFkh vFkkZr og O;fDr ftlds lkFk ihfM+r ds xgu lac/a k j[kus ds fy, izfrc)
Fkk] ifjokj ds lnL;] HkkbZ&cgu vkSj vkfJr “kkfey gSaA vijk/k ds ihfM+r ds fy, ;wds
dh fu;ekoyh ds varxZr ihfM+r dh ifjHkk’kk ;wjksih; la?k dh ifjHkk’kk ds leku gSA
dukMk ds ihfM+rksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk fcy ihfM+r dks ,d ,sls O;fDr ds :i esa
ifjHkkf’kr djrk gS ftls “kkjhfjd ;k HkkoukRed gkfu gqbZ gS] ftldh lEifRr dk ;k
vkfFkZd uqdlku vijk/k ds dkj.k gqvk gSA tgka ,d ihfM+r ej tkrk gS ;k vius
vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djus esa l{ke ugha jgrk] rks ,sls esa ;g vf/kfu;e thoulkFkh] tks
dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr gks ldrk gS tks fookg djds ihfMr ds lkFk jgrk gS] ,d
fj”rsnkj ;k vkfJr vkSj dkuwuh :i ls laj{kd dks ihfM+r dh rjQ ls dk;Z djus vkSj
vf/kfu;e }kjk fn, x, vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
n”kdksa dh cgl vkSj ppkZ ds ckn lHkh lacaf/kr fo’k;ksa ds fo”ks’kKksa vkSj vH;kldrkZvksa us dqN
fl)karksa ij /;ku fn;k tks ihfM+rksa dks xkjaVh nsrs gSa tks ,d okLro esa U;k;fiz; vkijkf/kd
U;f;d iz.kkyh ds fy, vifjgk;Z gSa tks vijk/kh ds vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk dksbZ HksnHkko ugha
djrkA bu fl)karksa dks 1985 esa varjkZ’Vªh; leqnk; }kjk ekU;rk nh xbZ tc la;qDr jk’Vª
la?k dh egklHkk dh ?kks’k.kk dks viuk;k x;kA bl ?kks’k.kk us pkj ,sls funsZ”kd fl)karksa dks
viuk;k] ftldh “kCnkoyh lnL; ns”kksa ds dÙkZO;ksa dks igpkurs gq, ihfM+rksa ds dqN vf/kdkjksa
dh igpku djrh gSA
1- U;k; vkSj mfpr O;ogkj dk fl)kar
bl fl)kar esa fuEu vf/kdkj “kkfey gSa] ysfdu ;s bUgha rd lhfer ugha gSa%
1- lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj vkSj vkRe lEeku ikus dk vf/kdkj
43
efgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/kksa ds ihfM+rksa

ds fy, lgk;rk iz.kkyh
dqN oxksZa ds ihfM+rksa dks U;k; vkSj lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, fof”k’V lsokvksa dh
vko”;drk gksrh gSA dkuwuh :ijs[kk ds ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa ds fo#/k vijk/kksa tSls
cykRdkj] efgykvksa ds lEeku dks gkfu] ihNk djuk] fNidj ns[kuk] dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu
mRihM+u] ?kjsyw fgalk] ngst dh ekax] rstkc Qsaduk] nks ds lkFk fookg ;k vf/kd ds
lkFk fookg] dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k] ekuo rLdjh ;k os”;ko`fr] vuqfpr izfrfuf/kRo vkfn ds
ihfM+rksa ds fy, ,d lgk;rk ra= miyC/k gqvk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa tgka lEeku ds lkFk
thus ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gksrk gS] ethZ ls fookg djus ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku
gksrk gS] tgka f”k{kk ds vf/kdkj vkSj dk;Z ds vf/kdkj ds laca/k esa fyax ds vk/kkj ij
HksnHkko gksrk gS vkSj efgykvksa dks uhfr;ksa esa vuns[kk fd;k tkrk gS] ,sls ekeyksa ds
fy, Hkh lgk;rk ra= miyC/k gSaA fuEu ¶yks pkVZ vuqØe dks vlkuh ls le>us esa
lgk;rk djrk gS ftlesa bl rjg dh lgk;rk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS%
2- U;k; dh miyC/krk dk vf/kdkj

3- vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa tkuus dk vf/kdkj
4- eqdnes dh izfØ;kvksa vkSj mlesa mudh Hkwfedk ds laca/k esa tkuus dk vf/kdkj
5- izfØ;kvksa ds nkSjku lquokbZ vkSj fopkj fd, tkus dk vf/kdkj ftlesa fjyht]
tekur] ;kfpdk ;k n.M] tks Hkh mfpr gks] “kkfey gSA
44
ifjp;
6- ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k dks izLrqr djus dk vf/kdkj vkSj U;k;ky; esa bldh lquokbZ
djus vkSj fopkj fd, tkus dk vf/kdkj] tks Hkh mfpr gksA
7- dkuwuh izfØ;k esa mfpr lgk;rk djus dk vf/kdkjA
8- futh odhy [kM+k djus dk vf/kdkj
9- de ls de vlqfo/kk gksus dk vf/kdkj
10- futrk dk vf/kdkj
11- lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj vkSj vkjksih ls mfpr lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj
12- tYnh U;k; feyus dk vf/kdkj
13- le>kSrk@e/;LFkrk@fookpu] tks Hkh vko”;d gks] dk vf/kdkj
14- mfpr lek/kku dk vf/kdkj
2- {kfriwfrZ dk fl)kar
1- vkjksih ls le; ij iw.kZ {kfriwfrZ izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjA
2- vkjksih ls {kfriwfrZ ds vf/kdkj esa lEifRr dks okfil djuk] gkfu ;k uqdlku ds
fy, Hkqxrku] [kpksZa ds fy, ekuns;] lsokvksa dk izko/kku vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks okfil
nsukA
3- i;kZoj.k dks gkfu ds ekeys esa] bl izdkj ds vf/kdkjksa esa i;kZoj.k dh {kfriwfrZ]
bUÝkLVªDpj dk iqufuZek.k] lkeqnkf;d lqfo/kkvksa dk foLFkkiu vkSj iqujLFkkiuk ds
[kpZ ds fy, ekuns; “kkfey gSA
4- ;fn vijk/kh ljdkjh lsod gS tks vius dk;kZy; esa ukSdjh djrk gS ;k
v/kZ&ljdkjh {kerk esa dk;Z djrk gS] rks bl izdkj ds {kfriwfrZ ds vf/kdkj esa jkT;
ls {kfriwfrZ ikus dk vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSA
3- eqvkots dk fl)kar
;g fl)kar “kkjhfjd pksV ;k fodykaxrk ;k ekufld LokLF; ds ihfM+rksa vkSj muds ifjokj
dks ml ifjn`’; esa jkT; ls eqvkotk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS tgka nks’kh ls iwjk
eqvkotk miyC/k ugha gks ldrkA
4- lgk;rk dk fl)kar
1- lgk;rk dk fl)kar% ihfM+rksa dks ljdkjh] LoSfPNd] leqnk; vk/kkfjr ,oa ns”kh
fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls vko”;d lkexzh] fpfdRlk] euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd
lgk;rk ikus dk vf/kdkj gSA
2- miyC/k LOkLF; ,oa lkekftd lsokvksa ds laca/k esa lwpuk dk vf/kdkj
3- LokLF; ,oa lkekftd lsokvksa dh miyC/krk dk vf/kdkj
4- laosnu”khy vkSj izf”k{k.k deZpkjh ds }kjk lgk;rk ikus dk vf/kdkjA
5- gkfu dh izÑfr ds vk/kkj ij mudh fof”k’V vko”;drkvksa ds laca/k esa lgk;rk dk
vf/kdkjA
45
{kfriwfrZ vkSj jkT;

/kkjk 357 ds varxZr eqvkots dks fuEu ds varxZr oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS% d½ tgka
tqekZuk n.M dk ,d Hkkx gksrk gS vkSj [k½] tgka tqekZuk n.M dk fgLlk ugha gksrkA
tgka tqekZuk n.M dk ,d fgLlk gksrk gS ogka eqvkotk eqdnesa ds [kpksZa ds fy, fn;k
tk ldrk gS vkSj vijk/k ds dkj.k gqbZ gkfu ;k pksV ds [kpZ ds fy, fn;k tk ldrk
gSA ysfdu bl izdkj dk Hkqxrku ;kfpdk dh vof/k [kRe gksus rd ugha fn;k tkuk
pkfg,] ;k tgka ;kfpdk nk;j dh xbZ gS ogka bldk fu.kZ; vkus rd ugha fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A ysfdu eqvkots ds nksuksa gh :i eqdnes ds [kRe gksus ij n.M ij fuHkZj gSa]
ftlesa gekjh U;kf;d iz.kkyh ds vuqHko ds vuqlkj lkyksa yx tkrs gSaA blds vykok
;g izko/kku bl izdkj dk Hkqxrku djus dh vijk/kh dh ;ksX;rk dks /;ku esa ugha
j[krkA
,sls ekeyksa esa gkfu] pksV ;k uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djuk jkT; ij fuHkZj gS( D;ksafd
jkT; izFke n`’V;k mUgsa lqj{kk iznku djus esa vlQy gksrk gSA bl ck/;rk ds vuqlkj
/kkjk 357d dks vkijkf/kd n.M lafgrk esa tksM+k x;k gS ftlds ftlesa jkT; ljdkjksa
dks dsanz ljdkj ds vuqlkj ihfM+r {kfriwfrZ ;kstukvksa dks rS;kj djus dh t:jr gSA
tgka U;k;ky; eqvkots dh flQkfj”k djrk gS ogka eqvkots dh ek=k dk fu/kkZj.k djuk
ftyk ;k jkT; Lrj ds dkuwuh lsok izkf/kdkj dh cqf) ij fuHkZj gSA ;fn vijk/kh dh
igpku ugha gks ikrh] rks ,sls esa ihfM+r Mh,y,l,@,l,y,l, dks eqvkots ds fy,
vkosnu dj ldrk gS vkSj mls nks ekg ds vanj i;kZIr eqvkotk nsuk gksxkA
Mh,y,l,@,l,y,l, iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k ,d eftLVªsV ds izekf.kr djus ij
rqjar ihfM+r dks eq¶r izkFkfed fpfdRlk ;k fpfdRlk ykHk iznku dj ldrk gS ;k dksbZ
vU; varfje jkgr iznku dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 357x lHkh lkoZtfud ;k futh
vLirkyksa dks ,flM vVSd ;k cykRdkj ds fy, izko/kkuksa ds varxZr vijk/k ls ihfM+r
dks rqjar eq¶r izkFkfed fpfdRlk ;k fpfdRldh; mipkj iznku djus ds fy, ck/;
djrh gSA
/kkjk 357[k dks vkijkf/kd dkuwu la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 2013 ds ek/;e ls tksM+ x;k
Fkk ykxw gksrk gS] tks bl fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; us ekuk gS fd
eqvkotk tqekZus ds vfrfjDr gksuk pkfg,A bl la”kks/ku dk ,d eq[; nks’k ;g gS fd
loksZPp U;k;ky; us bls lHkh vijk/kksa vkSj ihfM+rksa ds fy, dgk gS] ysfdu ;g izko/kku
dsoy vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 326d vkSj /kkjk 376?k ds mn~ns”; ds fy, ykxw gksrk gS
tcfd nwljs vijk/kksa ds ihfM+rksa dks ;g vuns[kk djrk gSA
nLrkost ds míss”; ,oa leh{kk

mDr fl)karksa vkSj vf/kdkjks]a ftUgsa iznku djuk jkT; dh ftEesnkjh gS] dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
;g nLrkost lcls igys ew[; O;olkf;;ksa dh igpku djus dk iz;kl djrk gS tks ihfMrksa ds
lEidZ esa vkrs gSa vkSj mlds ckn mu dÙkZO;ksa dh lwph cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa
dkuwuh :i ls iwjk djus ds fy, os ck/; gSa ftUgsa iwjk djus dh mEehn muls dh tkrh gSA
O;olkf;d ftEesnkfj;ksa dh igpku djus esa geus u dsoy Hkkjrh; dkuwuks]a vkpkj lafgrkvksa
46
ifjp;
vkSj ekud dk;Z izfØ;kvksa dks /;ku esa j[kk gS] cfYd lØh; :i ls iwjh nqfu;k ls loZJ’s B
dk;ZO;ogkjksa dks “kkfey fd;k gSA blfy, ;g nLrkost fuEu eq[; O;olkf;;ksa dks muds
dÙkZO;ksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dk Kku iznku djus dk iz;kl djrk gS rkfd os U;k; dks lgh vFkksZa
esa iznku djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk ldsA blds foifjr ;g nLrkost vijk/k ds ihfM+r O;fDr
dks muds vf/kdkjksa vkSj fuEu vf/kdkfj;ksa ls mEehnksa dh tkudkjh dk Hk.Mkj gS%
1- iqfyl@dkuwu ykxw djus okyh ,tsafl;ka
2- odhy vkSj ljdkjh odhy
3- U;k;/kh”k vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkjh
4- LokLF; ns[kHkky deZpkjh
5- xSj&ljdkjh laxBu
6- ehfM;k ¼fizaV] bySDVªkWfud ,oa lks”ky ehfM;k½
7- deZpkjh
ge nks fojks/k i=ksa ds lkFk nwljs Hkkx esa tk,axsA igyk ;g fd nLrkost esa fpfUgr dÙkZO;
vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka fo”ks’k vkSj LFkkuh; dkuwuksa ds varxZr fcuk HksnHkko ds ihfM+rksa ds vf/kdkj
gksrs gSaA nwljk] geus ihfM+r “kCn dh ,d O;kid ifjHkk’kk dks viuk;k gS rkfd muds fo#/k
fd, x, vijk/kksa dh izÑfr ij /;ku u nsrs gq, U;wure ekud vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr fd;k
tk ldsA
47
eq[; inksa ij dk;Zjr O;olk;h&dÙkZO; vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka
2- eq[; inksa ij dk;Zjr O;olk;h&

dÙkZO; vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka
¼1½ iqfyl@dkuwu ykxw djus okyh ,tsafl;ka
,d lwfpr vijk/k ds izkFkfed mRrjnkrk gksus ds dkj.k] iqfyl@dkuwu ykxw djus okyh
,tsafl;ka vkijkf/kd U;kf;d iz.kkyh dh jh<+ gksrs gSaA vijk/k dks jksdus esa jkT; ds vlQy
jgus ds dkj.k iqfylh dh fo”ks’k ftEesnkjh gS fd og ihfM+r dh rqjar ihM+k esa lgk;rk djs
vkSj bl izfØ;k esa ihfM+r esa lqj{kk dk Hkko iSnk djsA iqfyl dh dk;Zokgh esa ihfM+r dh
HkkoukRed] euksoSKkfud vkSj “kkjhfjd fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A iqfyl
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds izf”k{k.k esa fuEu dks “kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,%
1- ihfM+r ds izfr laosnu”khyrk vkSj ihfMr lgk;rk rduhdksa ds lkFk êuksoSKkfud
izkFkfed fpfdRlk* iznku djus dh ;ksX;rkA
2- “kkjhfjd çf'k{k.k vkSj rduhdh tkudkfj;ksa dks leku egRoA
3- vfHk;kstu i{k ds –f"Vdks.k ls çHkkoh tkap lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d O;okgkfjd
dkuwuh Kku vk/kkjA
4- vk/kqfud tkap rduhdksa ds laca/k esa çf'k{k.k çnku djukA
iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks lqjf{kr vkSj çnku djus ds fy,] fuEufyf[kr dk;Z ihfM+rksa ds fy,
vf/kdkj vkSj vis{kk,a gSa tks dkuwuh vkSj is'ksoj nksuksa dÙkZO; curh gSa%
çkFkfed fpfdRlk vkSj lgk;d vuqfØ;k
1- ihfM+rksa dks çkFkfed fpfdRlk ds lkFk&lkFk êuksoSKkfud çkFkfed fpfdRlk* çnku
djsa
2- ihfM+r ds rRdky] vYi vof/k vkSj nh?kZdkfyd “kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld nksuksa izdkj
dh t:jrksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ihfM+r O;fDr dk ewY;kadu djsaA
3- v[kaMrk] d#.kk ds lkFk ihfM+rksa dh xfjek vkSj O;fäxr çfrc)rk dks /;ku esa
j[kdj vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr rjhds ls dk;Z djsaA
4- f'kdk;r ntZ djus ls ihfM+r O;fDr dks O;fDrxr jk; u nsa] ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa ;k
lkekftd ewY;ksa dh nqgkbZ u nasA
48
;kSu geys ds ihfM+r

fnYyh ?kjsyw dkedkth efgyk Qksje cuke Hkkjrh; la?k ,oa vU; ds ekeys esa Hkkjr ds
loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;kSu geys dh f”kdkj efgykvksa ds lkeus vkus okyh fuEu
leL;kvksa dks mtkxj fd;k%
 ihfMrksa dks iqfyl ds }kjk viekfur fd;k x;kA
 ihfM+rksa us ik;k fd cykRdkj dk eqdnek ^nnZukd vuqHko* FkkA
 U;k;ky; esa lcqr nsus ds vuqHko udkjkRed vkSj fouk”kdkjh FkkA
 U;kf;d izfØ;kvksa us ihfM+r ds euksoSKkfud nnZ dks c<k;k vkSj yEck [khapkA
mDr leL;kvksa ls yM+us ds fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuEu funsZ”k tkjh fd,%
 ;kSu geus ds eqdnesa dh f”kdk;rdrkZ dks dkuwuh izfrfuf/kRo iznku fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
 ihfM+r ds vf/koDrk dh Hkwfedk dsoy ihfMr dks eqdnesa dh izÑfr dks
le>kus] mls eqdnesa ds fy, rS;kj djus vkSj mls iqfyl LVs”ku vkSj
U;k;ky; esa lgk;rk djus rd lhfer ugha gksxh] cfYd mls bl ckjs esa Hkh
ekxZn”kZu iznku djuk pkfg, fd og nwljh ,tsafl;ksa ls fdl izdkj lgk;rk
izkIr dj ldrh gSA
 iqfyl LVs”ku esa dkuwuh lgk;rk iznku djuh gksxhA bu ekeyksa dks yM+us ds
bPNqd odhyksa dh lwph ihfM+r ds fy, iqfyl LVs”ku eas miyC/k gksuh pkfg,A
 vkijkf/kd pksV {kfriwfrZ cksMZ dk xBu djuk vfuok;Z gSA
 vijk/k lkfcr gksus ij U;k;ky; }kjk vkSj vkijkf/kd pksV {kfriwfrZ cksMZ }kjk
{kfriwfrZ iznku djuk pkgs vijk/k fl) gqvk gks ;k ughaA
,QvkbZvkj dks ntZ djuk

1- laKs; vijk/kksa ds ekeyksa esa ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj çkFkfedh tkap
ds laca/k esa ,d laKs; vijk/k dk iwjk u gksus ds laca/k esa gh çkFkfed tkap dh
tk,xhA
2- tgka çkjafHkd tkap ls irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ laK;s vijk/k ugha feyk gS] rks f'kdk;r
ds ,d g¶rs ds vanj ihfM+r dks fyf[kr esa ,sls fu"d"kksaZ ds dkj.k crkus pkfg,A
3- rqjar ,QvkbZvkj dh ,d çfr vkSj lkFk gh vijk/k dh ,d fyf[kr jlhn çnku djsa
ftlesa ntZ djok, x, vijk/k dk v/kkjHkwr fooj.k iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd {ks=kf/kdkj dk vHkko ,QvkbZvkj ds iathdj.k ds fy, ,d
ck/kk ugha curk gSA
5- Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 506 ds rgr ,d çkFkfedh ntZ djsa ;fn ihfM+rk dks
vkjksih ls /kefd;ka çkIr gksrh gSaA
49
izkFkfedh ntZ djus dh izfØ;k

izkFkfedh ¼,QvkbZvkj½ ,d nLrkost gksrk gS ftls iqfyl dks vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa
vfuok;Z :i ls ntZ djuk iM+rk gS tc iqfyl dks izFke lwpuk nh tkrh gSA bl
izdkj dh izkFkfedh dks ;k rks ihfM+r }kjk ;k fdlh ,sls O;fDr }kjk ntZ djk;k tk
ldrk gS tks vijk/k ds ckjs esa tkurk gSA /kkjk 154 ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djokus dh fof/k
dk o.kZu djrh gS%&
 vki ,QvkbZvkj fyf[kr esa ns ldrs gSaA
tgka ,QvkbZvkj ekSf[kd esa LVs”ku bupktZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks nh tkrh gS
ogka bls lacaf/kr vf/kdkjh }kjk fy[kk tkrk gSA
 vkids }kjk nh xbZ ekSf[kd lwpuk dks i<+dj lqukuk gksxkA
 vkidks ,QvkbZvkj ij dsoy ;g lqfuf”pr djus ds ckn gh gLrk{kj djus
pkfg, fd blesa nh xbZ lwpuk lR; gS vkSj vkids Kku ds vuqlkj lgh gSA
 ,QvkbZvkj dh dkWih vkidks fcuk fdlh ykxr ds miyC/k djokuh gksxhA
 tgka dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh vkihlh dh /kkjk ds varxZr vkijkf/kd ;kSu mRihM+u
ds izko/kkuksa ds laca/k esa fdlh lwpuk dks ntZ djus ls euk djrk gS] ogka ,slk
vf/kdkjh vkihlh dh /kkjk 166 d ds varxZr n.M ikus dk Hkkxhnkj gSA
loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djuk
yfyrk dqekj cuke ;wih ljdkj ,oa vU; ¼2008½ 7 ,llhlh ds ekeys esa loksZPp
U;k;ky; us ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djus ds laca/k esa fuEu fn”kkfunsZ”k tkjh fd,%
 ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj tgka ;g lwpuk n.Muh; vijk/k ds
laca/k esa gS rks blds fcuk izkjafHkd tkap dh vuqefr ugha gSA
 mu nks’kh iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo#/k dk;Zokgh djuh gksxh tks ,d n.Muh;
vijk/k dh tkudkjh feyus ij Hkh ,QvkbZvkj ntZ ugha djrkA
 ,d izkjafHkd tkap oSokfgd fooknksa] O;kikfjd vijk/kksa] fpfdRldh; ykijokgh
ds ekeyksa] Hkz’Vkpkj ds ekeyksa vkSj mu ekeyksa esa dh tk ldrh gS tgka
vlkekU; nsjh gksrh gS ;k mis{kk gksrh gSA
 n.Muh; vijk/kksa ds laca/k esa lHkh lwpukvksa] pkgs muesa ,QvkbZvkj ntZ gks ;k
izkjafHkd tkap gks] dks tujy Mk;jh@LVs”ku Mk;jh@nSfud Mk;jh esa ntZ
djuk gksxk vkSj izkjafHkd tkap djus dk fu.kZ; blesa fy[kuk gksxkA
iz”u iwNuk ,oa tkap%

1- iwNrkN ls igys ihfM+r dks çfrfuf/kRo djus ds vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA
2- xaHkhj@t?kU; vijk/k ds ekeys esa ;k tgka Hkh mi;qDr gks] ihfMrk ds c;ku dks ntZ
djrs le; iqfyl dks ihfM+rk ds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa] fj'rsnkjksa ;k nksLrksa dh
mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A
50
3- ihfM+rksa }kjk çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh vkSj ihfM+rksa dh xksiuh;rk dks lqfuf”pr djsaA
4- gj le; iqfyl LVs'ku ds ifjlj esa ,d efgyk iqfyl dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr
djsaA
5- tgka ,d efgyk iqfyl vf/kdkjh iqfyl LVs'ku ds ifjlj ds vanj miyC/k ugha gS]
,d efgyk iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks nwljs U;k;ky;ksa ls yk;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- lqfuf'pr djsa fd dsoy laosnu'khy] laosnh vkSj çf'kf{kr iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks
cykRdkj ihfM+rksa ;k cky ihfM+rksa ls loky iwNus dh vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg,A
7- tgka ihfM+r ,d cPpk gS] ekrk&firk dh mifLFkfr esa cPps ds fuokl ij vkSj ,d
vuqdwy rjhds ls ekrk&firk dh mifLFkfr esa oDrO; fy;k tkuk pkfg, ftls onhZ
esa ugha gksuk pkfg,A
8- tkap ds pj.k esa] ihfM+rksa dks fn, x, lHkh ç'u vukSipkfjd gksus pkfg, vkSj ,d
vekuoh; çk:i ds vuq:i gksus ds ctk; f'kdkj dks ,d O;fä ds :i esa lacksf/kr
djuk pkfg,A
9- mlh vf/kdkjh dh fujarjrk lqfuf'pr djsa ftlus ckn ds lHkh lk{kkRdkjksa esa ihfM+r
ls iwNrkN dh FkhA
10- iwNrkN djrs le; rduhdksa dk mi;ksx djds lHkh tkudkfj;ka ,df=r dh tkuh
pkfg,] tks fdlh Hkh rjg ls ihfM+r O;fDr dh ihM+k dks vkSj vf/kd u c<k,a vkSj
,d lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa ntZ dh tkuh pkfg,A
11- lcwr bdV~Bk djus ds fy, visf{kr midj.kksa dh fujarj vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djsaA
12- tkap ,d rst rjhds ls iwjh dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd vjksih tekur u djok ldsA
fpfdRlk tkap%
1- efgykvksa ds f[kykQ vijk/kksa ds ekeys esa] tkap vf/kdkjh vkSj ,d efgyk iqfyl
vf/kdkjh dks ihfM+r O;fDr dh tgka Hkh vko”;d gks fpfdRlk tkap lqfuf”pr djuh
pkfg,A
2- tgka Hkh vko';d gks ogka fpfdRlk tkap dh ç—fr ds laca/k esa ihfM+r dks crk,aA
3- tSls gh iqfyl vf/kdkjh cykRdkj dk vijk/k ds gksus ds lac/a k esa tkudkjh çkIr
djrk gS mls cykRdkj ladV lsy dks lwfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4- xaHkhj@t?kU; vijk/kksa ;k tgka Hkh mi;qDr gks ekeyksa esa fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh vkSj
lkFk gh ,d vijk/k foKku ds fo'ks"kK dks tkap vf/kdkjh dks vijk/k ds –'; ij
tkap esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg, rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd tkap esa dksbZ pwd ugha
gS] ftlds dkj.k vijk/kh dks xyr rjhds ls cjh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dkuwuh lgk;rk%
1- cykRdkj] ;kSu mRihM+u ;k cPpksa ds f[kykQ vijk/k ds ekeyksa ls fuiVus ds bPNqd
O;fDr;ksa dh ,d lwph iqfyl LVs'ku esa çnf'kZr dh tkuh pkfg,A
2- ,d futh odhy dks “kkfey djus ds vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa ihfM+r dks lwfpr djsaA
3- ;kSu mRihM+u ds ihM+r ls iwNrkN ds le; odhy dh ekStwnxh ds fy, dkuwuh
lgk;rk lqfuf'pr djsaA
51
ihfM+r dks lwpuk] lgk;rk vkSj enn%

1- tkap dh çxfr ds laca/k esa ihfM+r dks rktk tkudkjh nsrs jgsaA
2- ihfM+r dks vkjksih dh rqjar fxj¶rkjh ;k tekur ;k iSjksy ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
3- tgka tkap can gks tkrh gS] ihfM+r dks bldk dkj.k fyf[kr :i esa crk;k tkuk
pkfg, fd bl rjg dh tkap D;ksa can dj nh xbZ gSA
4- tkap vf/kdkjh dks vuko';d tfVyrkvksa vkSj xyrQgeh ls cpus ds fy, ihfM+r
dh Hkk"kk esa ckrphr djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
5- iqfyl foHkkx esa ihfM+r lgk;rk bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A
6- ihfM+rksa dks çksRlkfgr djsa vkSj mudh fjdojh esa rsth ykus ds fy, viuh lkekU;
fnup;kZ fQj ls LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk djsaA
7- vijk/k ds ihfM+r ds :i esa vius ekSfyd] dkuwuh vkSj ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa
mls lwfpr djsaA
8- ihfM+rksa dks mu laxBuksa ds ckjs esa lHkh fooj.k çnku djsa tks ihfM+rksa dh
vko”;drk ds vuqlkj mUgsa fof”k’V lgk;rk iznku djrs gSa ftlesa laxBu dk
lEidZ uEcj vkSj ihfM+r dh mEehn ds vuqlkj lsok dk izdkj vkfn “kkfey gSA
9- tgka Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS ogka ijke'kZ lsok,a iznku djus ds fy, ihfM+r dh
lgk;rk djsa vkSj ,slh lsok,a eqgS;k djkus ds fy, ftys ds ljdkjh vkSj futh
vLirkyksa ds euksfpfdRld foHkkx ds lkFk&lkFk Lo;alsoh laxBuksa ds lkFk laca/k
LFkkfir djsaA
10- ihfM+rksa dks vko';d tkudkjh çnku djsaA tkap vf/kdkjh] lgk;rk lewgksa] jkT;
ihfM+r eqvkotk lgk;rk vkSj Vksy&Ýh gsYiykbu uacj dk laidZ fooj.kA
11- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r dks fu%'kqYd rRdky çkFkfed fpfdRlk vkSj fpfdRlk
ykHk ;k dksbZ Hkh vU; varfje ykHk çkIr gks ldrs gSa] tgka dgha Hkh vko';d gks]
lafgrk dh /kkjk 357 , ¼6½ ds rgr ihfM+r ds fy, miyC/k gSA
12- ,d O;ogkfjd f'kdk;r ra= dh LFkkiuk tks mu iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks nafMr dj
ldrk gS tks ihfM+r dh lgk;rk ds ekun.Mksa dks ugha viukrs gSaA
¼2½ odhy vkSj ljdkjh odhy

U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa odhyksa vkSj ljdkjh odhyksa dh ihfM+rksa ds izfr ,d
vyx vkSj fo”ks’k ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA U;k; dh ryk”k esa ihfM+r odhyksa vkSj ljdkjh odhyksa
ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA bl ifjn`”; esa odhyksa dh Hkwfedk dsoy dkuwuh izfrfuf/kRo djus rd gh
lhfer ugha gS cfYd blls Hkh vkxs gksrh gS] vFkkZr ihfM+r dks lgk;rk o odkyr nksuksa iznku
djukA Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk }kjk ljdkjh odhy dh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj ihfM+r ds n`f’Vdks.k
ls bZekunkjh] lPpkbZ] fu’i{krk vkSj “kjkQr dh gksuh pkfg,A ;g dgus dk vFkZ gS ihfM+r
O;fDr }kjk fu;qDr odhy vkSj@;k ljdkjh odhy dks ihfM+r ds izfr fuEu ftEesnkjfj;ka
fuHkkuh pkfg,%
52
dkuwuh lgk;rk%
1- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r vius futh odhy dks [kM+k djus ds vf/kdkj ls voxr gSaA
2- tc Hkh vko”;drk gks vijk/k ds –'; ij odhy] ihfM+rksa vkSj iqfyl dks lgk;rk
vkSj lykg ds fy, cqyk;k tkrk gS rks vius vkidks rRdky ihfM+r dh enn ds
fy, miyC/k gksuk pkfg,A
3- iwNrkN ds le; viuh ekStwnxh lqfuf'pr djds iqfyl ds lkFk O;ogkj djus esa
ihfM+r O;fDr dh lgk;rk djsa
4- fu"i{krk vkSj lPpkbZ cuk, j[kus ds nkSjku ihfM+rksa ds fgrksa dh çkFkfed ftEesnkjh
lqfuf'pr djsaA
5- ihfM+rksa ds ekSfyd] laoS|kfud vkSj ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djsa
6- fjdojh vkSj eqvkots ds vf/kdkj lfgr muds ekSfyd] oS/kkfud vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa
ds ihfM+rksa dks lwfpr djsaA
vfrfjä dkuwuh lgk;rk%
1- ihfM+rksa dh vko”;drkvksa vkSj mEehnksa ds vuqlkj mUgsa laxBuksa ds ckjs esa lHkh
fooj.k çnku djsa] ftlesa laxBu dk laidZ uEcj “kkfey gSA
2- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r dks lHkh ,tsafl;ksa ds lkFk lEeku] xfjek vkSj d#.kk ds
lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
3- ihfM+rksa dks fpfdRlk vkSj euksoSKkfud mipkj miyC/k djokuk lqfuf'pr djsaA
iwNrkN ds nkSjku lgk;rk%
1- ihfM+r dh xksiuh;rk vkSj ihfM+r }kjk çnku dh xbZ tkudkjh dh xksiuh;rk dks
cuk, j[kuk lqfuf”pr djsaA
2- ihfM+r vkSj [kqn ds chp fdlh Hkh ckrphr dk [kqyklk u djsaA
3- ihfM+r dks vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh dh ç—fr le>k,a vkSj mUgsa crk,a fd vkxs ds
fnuksa esa D;k izR;k”kk,a gSaA
4- ihfM+rksa dks vnkyr ls igys muds c;ku esa lgk;rk djsaA
5- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd muds c;ku ds le; ihfM+r ds ikl ,d lg;ksxh@lkFkh gksA
6- ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k dks fy[kus vkSj vnkyr esa i<+s tkus esa ihfM+r dh lgk;rk djsAa
7- ihfM+r O;fDr dks tekur ds ckjs esa crk;k tk, vkSj vnkyr esa i<+k tkrk gSA
8- jk;] iwokZxzg] HksnHkko ;k O;fDrxr çfrc)rk ds fcuk ihfM+rksa }kjk ?kVukvksa ds
laLdj.k dks Lohdkj djsaA
9- ihfM+rksa ds ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ij vijk/k ds çHkko ij mfpr fopkj nsa
10- fuMjrk vkSj v[kaMrk] d#.kk] ihfM+rksa dh xfjek vkSj O;fäxr çfrc)rk vkSj
iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr rjhds ls lEeku ds lkFk dk;Z djsaA
11- ;fn vfHk;qDr dks vkjksiksa ls eqDr dj fn;k tkrk gS] eqdnek dkQh cny tkrk gS]
dk;Zokgh can dj nh tkrh gS ;k dksbZ lcwr ugha fn;k tkrk gS rks ihfM+r dks blds
ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA
53
12- lHkh ljdkjh odhyksa dks dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ds laca/k esa ihfM+rksa ds fopkjksa vkSj
fo”oklksa ij mfpr fopkj djuk pkfg,A
13- vfHk;qDr ij eqdnek pykus ds vius vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa ihfM+r dks lwfpr djsaA
fjdojh@eqvkots ds lkFk&lkFk eqdnek pykus ds vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa Hkh crk,aA
tgka ihfM+r dks vnkyrh U;k; dh ctk; rkRdkfyd U;k; ilan gS rks mls lqjf{kr
djus ds fy, lHkh ç;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
14- ihfM+r dks vnkyr dh çfØ;kvksa vkSj dk;Zokgh ds laca/k esa çxfr ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
15- vkjksih dks tekur feyus ij ihfM+r dks /kefd;ka çkIr gksrh gSa ogka ihfM+r dks
lqj{kk iznku djuh pkfg,A
16- ihfM+r vkSj vkjksih ds chp lEidZ dks de djsa vkSj vfxze cSBdksa dh ;kstuk
cukdj vfHk;qDr ds odhy ds chp laidZ dks de djus esa lgk;rk djsaA
17- iqfyl] ihfM+r vkSj xokgksa ds chp lg;ksx esa lgk;rk djsaA
18- ihfM+r ij vijk/k ds çHkko ds vk/kkj ij {kfriwfrZ] fjdojh ds lkFk&lkFk ltk ds
fu/kkZj.k esa vnkyr dh lgk;rk djsaA
19- ihfM+r ds loksZÙke fgrksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, dkuwuh izfØ;k ds ckjs esa rktk
tkudkjh j[ksaA
ihfM+r dh lqj{kk%
1- lqj{kk dh xkjaVh nsus ds fy, ,d ;kstuk fodflr djus ds fy, ihfM+r dh
'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud ck/kkvksa dks igpkusaA
2- vfHk;qä dh fxj¶rkjh ;k fjgkbZ ij tekur ;k iSjksy ij ihfM+r dks rRdky
lwpuk nsaA
¼3½ U;k;/kh”k vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkjh

izfrjks/kkRed ra= esa U;k;/kh”k ,d oLrqiwjd vkSj HksnHkko jfgr fu.kZ;drkZ gksrk gSA gekjk
vf/kdrj U;kf;d <kapk vjksih ds vf/kdkjksa ij dsafnzr gS ftls U;kf;d ra= }kjk cuk, j[kk
tkuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj ds ifjn`’; esa dkuwu ds “kklu dks cuk, j[krs gq, ;g /;ku esa
j[kuk t:jh gS fd eqdnesa dks [kRe djus vkSj mlds ckn iquoZ kl dh ;k=k esa ihfM+r dh
laHkkfor lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A ;g nLrkost mu uSfrd ekun.Mksa dk fooj.k iznku ugha djrk
ftUgsa U;k/kh”kksa vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkfj;ksa dks viukuk pkfg,] ysfdu ;g Li’V gS fd ftl rjg
ls eqdnesa dh dk;Zokgh gksrh gSa] lcqrksa dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dkuwu dh O;k[;k dh
tkrh gS mldk ihfM+r ds vuqHko ij xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSA bl lanHkZ esa U;k;/kh”k dk dkuwuh
izfØ;k ij fu;a=.k ;g lqfuf”pr djus esa cgqr egRo j[krk gS fd ihfM+r dk vuqHko
ldkjkRed gks tks muds iquokZl esa lgk;rk djrk gS vkSj ;g mlesa ck/kk ugha igwapkrkA
1- lqfuf'pr djsa fd vnkyr ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa] U;k;k/kh'kksa vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkfj;ksa
dks ihfM+rksa dh vko';drkvksa dh laosnu'khyrk ds fy, vkof/kd çf'k{k.k iznku
djuk pkfg,A
2- lqfuf'pr djsa fd lHkh dk;Zokgh ihfM+r ds çfr mfpr lEeku vkSj laosnu'khyrk
vkSj mudh xfjek dks lEeku ds lkFk vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA
54
ihfM+r ij izHkko dk fooj.k

gekjs tSls fojks/kkRed ra= esa U;kf;d izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, ihfMr dks cgqr de
volj iznku fd, tkrs gSaA blls vU;k; dh Hkkouk vk ldrh gS] fo”ks’k :i ls ogka
tgka ihfM+r ds lkFk ,d laLFkkxr mis{kk ds lkFk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA vuq:irk ds
fl)kar ds vuqlkj U;k;ky; dks ihfMr ij vijk/k ds izHkko dks /;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk
gSA e/; izns”k jkT; cuke lyhe] (2005) 5 SCC 554 ds ekeys esa Hkkjr ds loksZPp
U;k;ky; us ekuk fd n.M dh ek=k vijk/k djus okys O;fDr }kjk ihfMr ij dh xbZ
l[rh] vR;kpkj vkSj ikf”odrk ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,A
bl mn~ns”; ls ,d ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k ¼lyaXud 2½ U;k;ky; dks vijk/k ds dkj.k
ihfM+r dks gqbZ izR;{k gkfu ds Lrj dk vadu djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA fnYyh mPp
U;k;ky; us lR; izdk”k cuke jkT; (2013) 3 MWN (Cri) 373 ds ekeys esa igyh
ckj ekuk fd lM+d nq?kZVuk ds ekeyksa esa lacaf/kr iqfyl LVs”ku ds ,l,pvks dks ,d
tkap ds fy, fu;qDr djuk gksxk vkSj ,d fjiksVZ ntZ djuh gksxh ftldk uke
gS&îhfM+r izHkko fjiksVZ*A ysfdu ihfM+r dks lquokbZ ds vf/kdkjh dh xkjaVh nsus ds fy,
vkSj ml ij fopkj djus ds fy, ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks lkekU; rkSj
ij vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh esa ykxw djuk vfuok;Z gSA
3- vijk/kksa dh ?kVukvksa ls igys vkSj ckn esa vfHk;qDr ds vkpj.k ds laca/k esa
lacaf/kr lewgksa] iqfyl] vf/koDrkvksa] vfHk;kstu i{k vkSj fj'rsnkjksa ls tkudkjh
çkIr djus ds ckn ihM+r dk tksf[ke ewY;kadu djsa vkSj xokgksa ds lqj{kk tksf[ke
dks Hkh de djsaA
4- dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku vfHk;qDr vkSj ihfM+r ds chp U;wure laidZ lqfuf'pr djsa
5- vnkyr ifjlj esa vnkyr ds dejs ds lkFk&lkFk vkjksih vkSj ihfM+rksa ds fy,
vyx&vyx çrh{kk {ks=ksa vkSj ços'k fcanqvksa dks lqfuf'pr djsaA
6- lqfuf'pr djsa fd lk{; nsus ls igys ihfM+r dks yacs le; rd bartkj ugha djuk
iM+sA
7- lqfuf'pr djsa fd cpko odhy }kjk ihfM+rksa dks fn, x, ç'u vuqfpr ;k vkØked
ugha gksa vkSj bUgsa igys ls gh voyksdu ds fy, çLrqr fd;k tk,A
8- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r dks varfje eqvkotk feys vkSj ;fn ugha] rks mls ihfM+r
dks fn, tkus ds fy, vkns'k nsaA
9- ijh{k.k dks rsth ls iwjk djsa] rkfd ;k=k] cksfMaZx] vkokl vkSj vU; [kpksaZ ds ekeys
esa ihfM+r ij vuko';d Hkkj u iM+sA
10- ihfM+rk }kjk vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh ds nkSjku fd, x, lHkh [kpksaZ dh çfriwfrZ
lqfuf'pr djuk] ;k=k vkSj vkokl lfgr
11- tkap dks “kh?kz iwjk djsa rkfd euksoSKkfud dfBukbZ dks de fd;k tk ldsA
12- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r ds vf/kdkjksa dks U;k; vkSj mfpr mipkj rd igqap ds
fl)karksa ds rgr fjdojh] eqvkots vkSj lgk;rk dh x.kuk esa iz;ksx fd;k tk,A
55
U;k;ky; vkSj {kfriwfrZ

ihfM+rksa dks bl izdkj dk eqvkotk nsus ds fy, U;k;ky; ds fodflr gksrs gq, ifjn`’;
dks ns[kuk egRoiw.kZ gSA 1981 esa ek# jke ,oa vU; cuke Hkkjrh; la?k vkSj vU;
(1981) 1 SCC 107 ds ekeys esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ekuk fd {kfriwfrZ djuk ;k
igwapkbZ xbZ pksV dks Bhd djus dh vijk/kh dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh n.MkRed dk;Z
dk ,d fgLlk gS ysfdu tsy dh vof/k fodykax gks pqds O;fDr ds fy, ;k ej pqds
O;fDr ds fy, {kfriwfrZ ugha gS ysfdu funZ;rk ds lkFk ,d fujFkZdrk gSA 1988 esa gfj
flag cuke lq[kchj flag ,oa vU; (1988) 4 SCC 551 ds ekeys esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us
Lohdkj fd;k fd vkijkf/kd n.M lafgrk ds varxZr {kfriwfrZ ds izko/kkuksa dh lgk;rk
u ysuk U;k;ky; dh vlQyrk gSA
dqN vU; fu.kZ;ksa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ekuk fd vkijkf/kd n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk
357ds ds varxZr {kfriwfrZ iznku djus dh “kfDr vU; n.M ds v/khu ugha gS cfYd
blds vfrfjDr gSA ¼cyjkt cuke ;wih jkT; (1994) 4 SCC 29½ fnyhi ,l- /kuqdj
cuke dksVd efganzk dEiuh yfeVsM ,oa vU; (2006) 6 SCC 528) dks i<+sa½A vadq”k
f”kokth xk;dokM cuke egkjk’Vª jkT; (2013) 6 SCC 770 ds ekeys esa loksZPp
U;k;ky; us ekuk fd lcls igys /kkjk 357 dk iz;ksx fd;k rkfd ihfM+rksa dks ;g
lqfuf”pr djk;k tk, fd vkijkf/kd U;kf;d iz.kkyh esa mudks Hkwyk;k ugha x;k gS vkSj
nwljk] tcfd izko/kku {kfriwfrZ dks iznku djus dk iz”u U;k;ky; ds foosd ij NksM+rk
gS] ysfdu ;g U;k;ky;ksa dks ,d ÑÙkO; ds lkFk “kfDr Hkh iznku djrk gS fd os izR;sd
vkijkf/kd ekeys esa {kfriwfrZ iznku djus ds iz”u dks muds eu esa j[ksaA vkijkf/kd
n.M lafgrk] 1973 ds varxZr {kfriwfrZ ds fy, izko/kkuksa dks bl nLrkost ds var esa
lyaXu fd;k x;k gS ¼lyaXu 1½A
13- U;k; ds fy, vius vf/kdkj dks izkIr djus esa mudh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dks l{ke
djus ds fy,] tgka Hkh vko';d gks] ihfM+rksa ds fy, fu'kqYd ,d
nqHkkf"k;k@vuqoknd dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djsaA
14- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r ;k vfHk;kstu i{k ls ,d ihfM+r çHkko oDrO; izkIr fd;k
tk, vkSj vfHk;qDr dh mifLFkfr esa vnkyr esa mls i<+us dh vuqefr feysA
15- gkykafd] cgkyh vkSj eqvkots ds fl)karksa ds rgr vf/kdkj ekeys ds urhts ij
fuHkZj gSa blfy, U;k; vkSj fu"i{k O;ogkj ds lkFk&lkFk lgk;rk ds vf/kdkj ds
fl)karksa ds varxZr vf/kdkj eqdnesa ds lHkh pj.kksa esa lqjf{kr gksus pkfg,A
16- ltk dh ek=k ;k tekur ;kfpdk dh lquokbZ djrs le; ihfM+r ij vijk/k ds
çHkko dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
17- ihfM+r dh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj] fo”ks’k :i ls ,sls ihfM+r ftudks f}rh; vkSj ckj
ckj ihfM+r gksus dk tksf[ke gS] ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"k mik;] fof”k’V lsokvksa vkSj
dkuwuh lqj{kk ds fy, vkns'k nsaA tksf[ke dh ç—fr ds vk/kkj ij ,slh lsokvksa esa
vkJ;] fpfdRlk mipkj] euksoSKkfud ijke'kZ] dkuwuh lykg vkSj iqfyl laj{k.k ds
çko/kku 'kkfey gksaxsA bl mís'; ds fy,] ftu ihfM+rksa dks tksf[ke vf/kd gS] muesa
56
?k`.kk ds ihfM+r] ekuo O;kikj] ;kSu fgalk] ?kjsyw fgalk] cPps vkSj fodykax yksx
“kkfey gSa] ysfdu ;g lwph ;gha rd lhfer ugha gSA
18- IkwNrkN ds mn~ns”; ds fy, tCr dh xbZ olwyh ;ksX; laifÙk dh le; ij okilh
ds fy, vkns'k nsa tc rd vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa blls foifjr djus dh
vko”;drk ugha gSA
19- ihfM+r vkSj mldh fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dh xksiuh;rk dks lqfuf”pr djsa tks ihfM+rksa
dks tksf[ke esa Mky ldrh gS
20- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd fo/kkf;dk vkSj mPp U;k;ikfydk }kjk cukbZ xbZ çfØ;k
vkSj fn'kkfunsZ'k fpÙk vkSj vkRek esa ykxw gksrs gksa vkSj mUgsa eu ls iz;ksx fd;k
tk,A
¼4½ LokLF; ns[kHkky deZpkjh

fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; iznkrkvksa dk vius jksfx;ksa ds izfr ftEesnkjhiw.kZ laca/k gksrk gSA muds
O;olk; dh izÑfr mUgsa ,d fo”ks’k LFkku ij rSukr djrh gS rkfd ihfM+r dh u dsoy
fpfdRlh; mipkj ds laca/k esa lgk;rk dh tk, cfYd muesa lqj{kk dh ,d Hkkouk dk
fodkl Hkh fd;k tk lds vkSj iquokZl dh izfØ;k esa mudh lgk;rk dh tk ldsA blds
vfrfjDr MkWDVj }kjk nh xbZ esfMdy fjiksVZ ij cgqr dqN fuHkZj gksrk gS tks eqdnesa ds
ifj.kkeksa dks cny ldrh gSA muds }kjk ihfM+r dks iznku fd, tkus okys fpfdRldh;
mipkj dh {kerk ds lkFk le>kSrk fd, fcuk LokLF;dehZ fuEu ds ek/;e ls U;k; dk
lqfuf”pr dj ldrs gSa%
fpfdRldh; lgk;rk vkSj mipkj%
1- v[kaMrk] d#.kk] ihfM+rksa dh xfjek vkSj O;fDxr çfrc)rk vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr
rjhds ls dk;Z djsaA
2- tgka ihfM+rksa dh fo'ks"k vko';drk,a gksa] tgka ihfM+r efgyk,a] cPps] fodykax O;fDr
gksa] ;kSu mRihM+u ds f'kdkj vkSj ekuo rLdjh ds f”kdkj gksa] ogka fo”ks’k ns[kHkky ds
lkFk dk;Z djsaA
3- lqfuf”pr djsa fd u dsoy izkFkfed mipkj ds laca/k esa cfYd ihfMr ij vijk/k ds
euks&lkekftd izHkko ds laca/k esa vkSj yEcs le; dh fpfdRldh; vkSj euksoSKkfud
vko”;drkvksa ds laca/k esa Hkh ihfM+r ds fgr loksZifj gSaA
4- mi;qZDr dh vuqikyu esa vkidks dsoy çkFkfed fpfdRlk mipkj gh ugha djuk
pkfg, cfYd çkFkfed ijke'kZ Hkh djuk pkfg,A tgka rd vko';d gks] vkidks
vijk/k ds çHkko ds ckn yacs le; rd fpfdRlk vkSj euksoSKkfud ijke”kZ iznku
djuk pkfg, A
5- vkidks dkuwuh :i ls ihfM+rksa dh pksVksa dh tkap djus vkSj bykt djus dh
vko';drk gS vkSj ogh vkidh çkFkfed ftEesnkjh gS] dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrk blds
ckn dk dk;Z gSA
6- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r ;k laj{kd dh lwfpr lgefr vkØked fpfdRlk
çfØ;kvksa dks ykxw djus ls igys yh xbZ gks] ysfdu vkikrdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ka
bldk viokn gSaA
57
7- ;g ekeyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl fjd‚MZ djus ds lkFk&lkFk pksVksa ds fooj.k dks

,d&,d djds mudh fLFkfr] vuqekfur eki vkSj pksV ds çdkj dks fjd‚MZ djus ds
fy, mfpr gSA
8- ekeyksa ds funku ds lkFk gh rRdky iwokZuqeku dks ntZ djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
9- ekeys dk ntZ fd;k x;k bfrgkl fpfdRlk fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn
dksbZ folaxfr gks rks mldk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ejrs gq, O;fDr ds c;ku%
1- ejrs gq, O;fDr dk c;ku ntZ djrs le;] vkidks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd
ihfM+r mfpr euksfLFkfr esa gSA
2- ejrs gq, O;fDr dk c;ku ljy] vklku Hkk"kk esa iz”u vkSj mRrj izk:i esa ntZ
djuk pkfg, rkfd vklkuh ls le> esa vk ldsA
3- ejus dh ?kks"k.kk 'kCn'k% nks xokgksa dh mifLFkfr esa ntZ djsa vkSj ihfM+rksa ds
lkFk&lkFk xokgksa ds gLrk{kj ysuk lqfuf”pr djsaA
fpfdRlk tkap%
1- fpfdRldh;&dkuwuh tkap djus ls igys ihfM+rk dh lwfpr lgefr ;k tgka Hkh
vko';d gks] vfHkHkkod dh lwfpr lgefr ysuh vfuok;Z gSA
2- tgka ihfM+r ,d efgyk gS ogka ,d efgyk ifjpj dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djsaA
3- tgka ihfM+r efgyk gS] fpfdRldh;&dkuwuh ijh{kk dsoy ,d efgyk fpfdRld }kjk
vk;ksftr dh tkuh pkfg,A
4- xaHkhj@t?kU; vijk/kksa ds ekeyksa esa ;k tgka Hkh mi;qDr gks] fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh dks
iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds lkFk ,d O;kid fpfdRlk fjiksVZ ds fy, t:jh tSfod lcwr
bdëk djus ds fy, ?kVukLFky ij gksuk pkfg,A
5- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd fpfdRlkdh; dkuwuh fjiksVZ esa dsoy ljljh rkSj ij ntZ u
gks cfYd pksVksa] Qksjsafld fo'ys"k.k vkSj ç;ksx'kkyk ijh{k.kksa ds laca/k esa lHkh fu"d"kksaZ
vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks foLrkj ls ntZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- fpfdRldh;&dkuwuh fo'ys"k.k ds fy, uewus ,d= djrs gq, lqfuf'pr djsa fd
vkidks dkuwu] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa uohure ?kVukvksa ds laca/k esa
uohure tkudkjh gksA
7- nks maxyh ijh{k.k vkSj dkSek;Z dh fLFkfr dks ;kSu geys ds izek.k ds :i esa vc
ugha ekuk tkrk gS vkSj blfy, fpfdRldh; dkuwuh fjiksVZ dks ntZ djrs le;
bldk mYys[k ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd bu rF;ksa dks izk; U;k;ky; esa ihfM+r
dks cnuke djus ds fy;k mldk vieku djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
8- ;kSu vijk/kksa ds ekeyksa esa pksV dh vuqifLFkfr dks Hkh vc lgefr ds ,d izek.k ds
:i esa oS| ugha ekuk tkrk vkSj blfy, vkidks fpfdRldh; dkuwuh fjiksVZ esa
viuh jk; bl laca/k esa ugha nsuh pkfg,A
9- ;kn j[ksa fd fpfdRldh;&dkuwuh ijh{kk ds ekeyksa esa vki jkT; ds çfrfuf/k gSaA
gkykafd] bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd vki tkapdrkZ dks M‚DVj cuus ls jksd nsrs
gSaA tkapdrkZ ds :i esa vkids ikl vHkh Hkh lHkh drZO;ksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka gSa] tSlk
fd fdlh lkekU; jksxh ds izfr gksrs gSaA
58
10- vLirky@ç;ksx'kkyk dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ihfM+rk dh tkap djus
okys fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ijh{kk ds nkSjku fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh }kjk ,df=r fd, x,
çek.k ds ifj.kkeksa dh ,d çfr çkIr dj ys] rkfd mls viuh jk; cukus ;k
çekf.kr djus dh vuqefr fey ldsA
vU; dÙkZO; vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka
1- ?kjsyw 'kks"k.k vkSj fgalk ds ladsrksa ds fy, efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa tSls lHkh detksj
jksfx;ksa dh tkap
2- tgka ?kjsyw fgalk ds ladsr Li’V gkrs gSa vkSj vki le>rs gSa fd ihfM+r ds loksZÙke
fgr esa dkuwu çorZu ,tsafl;ksa 'kkfey djuk pkfg, ogka iqfyl dks lwfpr djuk
pkfg,A
3- vLirkyksa vkSj vU; LokLF; ns[kHkky laLFkkuksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd
muds deZpkfj;ksa dks ihfM+rksa dh t:jrksa ds çfr laosnu'khyrk ds fy, xq.koÙkkiw.kZ
vkSj le;≤ ij çf'k{k.k çkIr gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh bl fo"k; ij ljdkjh]
U;kf;d vkSj vU; fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds ckjs esa uohure tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg,A
¼5½ xSj&ljdkjh laxBu

xSj&ljdkjh laxBu fdlh vijk/k }kjk lh/ks çHkkfor yksxksa dks lsok,a çnku djds vkijkf/kd
U;k; ç.kkyh esa dbZ Hkwfedk,a vnk djrk gS] vFkkZr ihfM+rksa] xokgksa vkSj vfHk;qDr ,uthvks
}kjk miyC/k djkbZ xbZ lsokvksa] ijke'kZ] e/;LFkrk] i;Zos{k.k] tkx:drk c<+kus] dkuwuh f'k{kk
vkSj lgk;rk] vkokl vkSj iquokZl esa “kkfey gSa] ysfdu blds vykok dbZ vU; Hkwfedk,a Hkh
fuHkkrs gSaA ,slh fofHkUu lsokvksa ds lkFk] xSj ljdkjh laxBu ogka dne mBk ldrk gSa tgka
jkT; foQy gks tkrk gSA bl çdkj ,uthvks }kjk miyC/k djkbZ xbZ fo'ks"k lsokvksa ds vk/kkj
ij ;g nLrkost ihfM+rksa ds çfr ,uthvks ds fuEufyf[kr drZO;ksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS%
lkekU; drZO;%
1- v[kaMrk] d#.kk] ihfM+rksa dh xfjek vkSj O;fDxr çfrc)rk vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr
rjhds ls dk;Z djukA
2- ihfM+r ds lkFk ljy vkSj le>us okyh Hk’kk esa ckrphr djuk rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr
fd;k tk lds fd ihfM+r vkSj vki ,d nwljs dks le>saA
3- tgka ihfM+r LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dks ugha le>rk ;k fodykax yksxksa ds ekeyksa esa] ihfM+r
dks eq¶r esa ,d vuqoknd çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fpfdRlk vkSj dkuwuh lgk;rk%
1- vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd nksuksa esa lgk;rk] lykg vkSj visf{kr fpfdRlk
mipkj] euksoSKkfud
2- ijke'kZ vkSj laj{k.k çkIr djus ds fy, ihfM+r dh lgk;rk djsaA
3- vkikrdkyhu jsQjy ;k fpfdRlk ns[kHkky ds fy, rRdky O;oLFkk djsa] vkJ;]
Hkkstu vkSj ijke'kZ ds laca/k esa çR;{k lgk;rk çnku djsaA
4- ihfM+r dh vksj ls vijk/k dh lwpuk nsa ;fn ihfM+r vkidh lgk;rk ds fy, vkids
ikl vkrk gS vkSj iwjh çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls mldh lgk;rk djsaA
59
5- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r dks vijk/k dh lwpuk nsus ds ckjs esa ,d fyf[kr jlhn
izkIr gqbZ gSA
6- tgka Hkh vko';d gks] i;kZIr dkuwuh çfrfuf/kRo çnku djsaA
7- ihfM+rksa dks vius ekSfyd] laoS|kfud vkSj ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
8- ihfM+rksa dks {kfriwfrZ vkSj iqufuZekZ.k ds vf/kdkj ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
9- ihfM+rksa dks ijh{k.k ds nkSjku muds }kjk fd, x, [kpZ ds fy, çfriwfrZ çkIr djus
esa lgk;rk djsaA
10- ihfM+rksa dh iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj dkuwuh ,tsalh ds lkFk O;ogkj djus esa lgk;rk
djuk] tcfd ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd mudh xfjek vkSj ekSfyd vf/kdkj lqjf{kr
vkSj lEekfur jgsaA
11- ihfM+rksa dks vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh dh çfØ;k ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
12- tgka ihfM+r }kjk u le>s tkus okyh Hkk"kk esa vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh vk;ksftr dh
tkrh gS] ogka vnkyr dh dk;Zokgh ds vuqokn dks ihfM+r dks eq¶r esa miyC/k
djk;k tkuk pkfg,A
13- ihfM+r ds jkstxkj vkSj vkokl esa fujarjrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, futh chek nkoksa
dks izkIr djus esa lgk;rk djsaA
14- tgka Hkh vko';d gks ogka lqj{kk vkns'k tkjh djds ihfM+r dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djsaA
iathdj.k%
1- lqfuf'pr djsa fd vkidk laxBu lkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1860 ;k daiuh
vf/kfu;e] 2013 ds rgr iath—r gSA
2- lqfuf'pr djsa fd tgka Hkh vko”;d gks] vkidk laxBu fof'k"V vkSj LFkkuh; dkuwuksa
ds rgr lacaf/kr jkT; ljdkjksa ds lkFk iath—r gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ?kjsyw fgalk ls
efgykvksa dh lqj{kk vf/kfu;e] 2005 vkSj fd'kksj U;k; ¼cPpksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj
laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2015A
¼6½ ehfM;k
izk; ehfM;k dks yksdra= dk pkSFkk LraHk dgk tkrk gSA ehfM;k u dsoy lekt dh vijk/k ds
ckjs esa vo/kkj.kk dk fuekZ.k djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS cfYd ihfM+rksa ds lkFk lekt
ds O;ogkj ds rjhds dks Hkh vkdkj nsrk gSA dgus dh t:jr ugha gS fd ihfM+r dk vuqHko
mu uSfrd fu;eksa vkSj xq.kksa ij fuHkZj gS ftudh ikyuk ehfM;k gkml vkSj i=dkj djrs gSaA
lR; vkSj fu’i{k fooj.k dks izdkf”kr djuk ehfM;k dh ftEesnkjh gS] ysfdu i=dkjksa dh
ihfM+r ds izfr eq[; ftEesnkfj;ka fuEu gSa%
1- bZekunkjh] d#.kk] ihfM+rksa dh xfjek vkSj O;fDxr çfrc)rk vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr
rjhds ls dk;Z djsaA
2- ,lh fdlh Hkh rLohj] uke ;k irs tSlh tkudkjh ds çdk'ku ls cpsa ftlls ihfM+r
dh igpku gks ldrh gSA
3- vuqfpr le; ij ihfM+rksa dh rLohj vkSj lk{kkRdkj u ysaA
60
4- ;kSu mRihM+u ds lkFk&lkFk ;kSu vijk/kksa ls ihfMrksa ds :i esa QksVksxzkQ ;k
lk{kkRdkj u djsaA
5- lk{kkRdkj ds ckjs esa fdlh Hkh vuqjks/k ds fy, ihfM+r vius odhy ds ek/;e ls gh
ckr djsaA
6- lk{kkRdkj ds vuqjks/k ds lkFk lkFk ihfM+r dks iwNus ds fy, ç'uksa dh ,d lwph
lcfeV djsaA
7- ihfM+rksa dks lk{kkRdkj ds fy, ckj ckj vuqjks/k djds ijs'kku u djsa] vxj ihfM+r
blds fy, euk dj pqdk gSA
8- ihfM+rksa vkSj muds fj'rsnkjksa dh xksiuh;rk ds vf/kdkj dk lEeku djsaA
9- ihfM+r O;fDr ds lkFk d:.kk lfgr vkSj mudh xfjek dk lEeku djrs gq, muds
lkFk lk{kkRdkj djsaA
10- vuqfpr] vukSipkfjd] vHkæ ;k vkØked ç'uksa u iwNsaA
11- mu lk{kkRdkjksa ds LFkku ij ihfM+rksa }kjk fyf[kr c;ku Lohdkj djsa tgka ihfM+r dks
lk{kkRdkj nsus esa rdyhQ gksrh gSA
12- ihfM+rksa dks 'keZ djus ;k muds f[kykQ vijk/k ds fy, ihfM+r dks nks"k nsus ls cpsaA
13- ihfM+r dks rc rd cnuke u djsa tc rd fd ;g dkuwuh vnkyr esa fl) u gks
tk,A
14- bl ekeys ls lacaf/kr vuko';d tkudkjh ds çdk'ku ls cpsa ftlls fd ihfM+r
cnuke gks ldrk gSA
15- vijk/kh ;k vkjksih dk efgek e.Mu u djsaA
16- ihfM+r ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj eq[; inksa ij dk;Zjr O;olkf;;ksa dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks lHkh
:iksa vkSj Hkk’kkvksa esa izdkf”kr ,oa forfjr djsaA
¼7½ fu;ksDrk
dk;ZLFky ij fdlh Hkh nq?kZVuk dks jksdus dh ftEesnkjh ds vfrfjDr fjdojh ds nkSjku ihfM+r
dh lgk;rk djuk Hkh fu;ksDrk dh ftEesnkjh gSA ,slk djus esa ihfM+r d orZeku vkSj Hkkoh
fu;ksDrk iquokZl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA fu;ksDrk blds fy, fuEu dne mBk
ldrs gSa%
1- bZekunkjh] d#.kk] ihfM+rksa dh xfjek vkSj O;fDxr çfrc)rk vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr
rjhds ls dk;Z djsaA
2- lqfuf'pr djsa fd lHkh deZpkjh ihfM+rksa lkFk iwokZxzgksa ls jfgr rjhds ls lgkuqHkwfr
vkSj lEeku ds lkFk dke djsaA
3- vijk/kksa ds f'kdkj yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj t:jrksa ij lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,
le; le; ij laosnhdj.k çf'k{k.k dk lapkyu djsaA
4- le>sa fd ihfM+r dh dk;Z djus dh {kerk euksoSKkfud vk?kkr] fpfdRlk mipkj ;k
vnkyr dh lquokbZ ds dkj.k de gks ldrh gSA
61
fu;ksDrk vkSj ?kjsyw fgalk ds ihfM+r

,d fu;ksDrk dks vius deZpkfj;ksa vkSj muds O;ogkj esa ?kjsyw fgalk ds fuEu ladsrdksa
dks ns[kuk pkfg,%
 [kjksap] vka[kksa dk dkykiu] VwVh gqbZ gfM~M;ka] lquus dh “kfDr dk pys tkuk]
vkfn ftudk dkj.k ihfM+r }kjk ugha crk;k tkrk] tks budk dkj.k izk;
Bksdj yxuk] fxjuk] ykijokgh ;k ^nq?kZVuk* crkrs gSaA
 bl izdkj dh pksVksa dk etkd cukus ;k euk djus dh dkSf”k”k djukA
 ,sls diM+s iguuk ftlls pksVsa fNi ldrh gSa tcfd bl izdkj ds diM+s
lhtu ds vuqlkj ugha gksrsA
 fu;fer osru Hkqxrku ds ckotwn iSls dh dehA
 dk;Z fu’iknu esa deh vkSj dk;Z dh vfu;fer xq.koRrkA
 fujarj vuqifLFkr jguk vkSj dk;Z ij le; ij u vkukA
 dk;ZLFky ls tkus dk eu u djukA
 HkkoukRed ijs”kkuh ;k fujk”kkA
 vU; deZpkfj;ksa ls vyx jgukA
 ?kjsyw thou ij ppkZ ds izfr laosnu”khy gksuk vkSj bl eqn~ns ls cpukA
 vkRe&lEeku dh deh ds lkFk vf/kd nCcwiu vkSj [ksniw.kZ O;ogkjA
 mRihM+d ds O;ogkj ;k mRihM+u dh izÑfr ds ckjs esa vpsru :i ls ladsr
djukA
bl izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa deZpkjh dks ;g lqfuf”pr djuk pkfg, fd ihfM+r dks
ekufld] “kkjhfjd vkSj vkfFkZd lqj{kk dh xkjaVh nh tk,A bl mn~ns”; ls fuEu
dk;Zokgh djuh pkfg,%
 ;fn mRihM+u djus okyk dk;ZLFky ij ck/kk igwapkus vkrk gS vkSj vkØked
O;ogkj iznf”kZr djrk gS rks iqfyl dks lwfpr djsaA
 ;g le>uk pkfg, fd ihfM+r dkQh ncko esa gS tks mlds dk;Z fu’iknu dks
izHkkfor dj ldrk gS vkSj mls rlYyh nsa fd iquokZl dh vof/k ds fy,
mldh ukSdjh lqjf{kr gSA
 mRihM+d ds O;ogkj ds fy, ihfM+r ds ckjs esa vuqeku u yxk,a ;k mls nks’k
u nsaA
 ihfM+r dks laxBu ds ihfM+r lgk;rk dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa crk,aA
62
5- le>sa fd Lo;a dk iquokZl djus ds fy, ihfM+rksa dks vius vkfFkZd vktknh ds Lrj
dks cuk, j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] blfy, mUgsa ukSdjh iznku djsa tks iquokZl
esa mudh lgk;rk djsxhA
6- ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r dh dk;Z {kerk de gksus ds dkj.k mlds f[kykQ dksbZ
vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ u djsa ;k mls ukSdjh ls u fudkysa D;ksafd ihfM+r ds
iquokZl ds fy, ;g t:jh gS dh mls mfpr le; fn;k tk,A
7- lqfuf'pr djsa fd ihfM+r dks fdlh Hkh rjg ls dke ij ijs'kku ugha fd;k tk,]
mlds lkFk HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk, ;k mls cnuke u fd;k tk,A
8- deZpkfj;ksa dks HkrhZ djrs le; vijk/k ds ihfM+rksa ds lkFk HksnHkko u djsa
9- ihfM+rksa dh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj ihfM+rksa ds dke dh vuqlwph dks la'kksf/kr djsa ;k
cnysa rkfd mRikndrk lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA
10- tgka Hkh t:jh gks ihfM+r O;fDr dks eq¶r vkokl ;k mfpr dher ij vkokl çnku
djsaA
11- lHkh mfpr fcanqvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vijk/kksa ds f'kdkj gq, deZpkfj;ksa ds fy,
ykHk] lqj{kk vkSj deZpkjh lgk;rk dk;ZØeksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, ,d O;kid
uhfr cuk,aA
63
lanHkZ ,oa vuq”kaf’kr iBu
3- lanHkZ ,oa vuq”kaf’kr iBu

varjkZ’Vªh; laf/k;ka%
 ekuokf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfrd ?kks’k.kk] 1948
 ukxfjd ,oa jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ij varjkZ’Vªh; fu;e i=] 1966
 vijk/k vkSj “kfDr ds nq#i;ksx ls ihfM+rksa ds fy, U;k; ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)krksa dh
;w,uth, ?kks’k.kk] 1985A
 jkse lafof/k vkWQ baVjuS”kuy fØfeuy dksVZ] 1998
 ihfM+rksa ds fy, U;k; ij gSaMcqd% vijk/k vkSj “kfDr ds nq#i;ksx ds ihfM+rksa ds fy,
U;k; ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)karksa dh ?kks’k.kk dk iz;ksx vkSj vuqiz;ksx] varjkZ’Vªh; vijk/k
fuokj.k dasnz] ;w,uvksMhlhlhih] 1999
 vijk/k vkSj “kfDr ds nq#i;ksx ds ihfM+rksa ds fy, U;k; vkSj lgk;rk ij ;w,u
lEesyu Mªk¶V] 2010
 vijk/k ds ihfM+rksa ds vf/kdkjksa] lgk;rk vkSj lqj{kk ij U;wure ekun.Mksa dks
LFkkfir djrs gq, ;wjksih; laln ds funsZ”k 2012@29@bZ;w
 vijk/k ds ihfM+rksa ds fy, O;ogkfjd fu;ekoyh] U;k; ea=ky;] l;aqDr jkT;] 2015
jk’Vªh; dkuwu%
 Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860
 Hkkjrh; izek.k vf/kfu;e] 1872
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] 1950
 vijkf/k;ksa ij izfrca/k vf/kfu;e] 1958
 n.MkRed dk;Zokgh fu;ekokyh 1983
 efgykvksa ds izfr v”yhyrk ¼izfrca/k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986
vkijkf/kd dkuwu la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1993
 lwpuk rduhdh vf/kfu;e] 2000
?kjsyw fgalk fuokj.k vf/kfu;e] 2005
 ;kSu vijk/kksa ls cPpksa dh lqj{k vf/kfu;e] 2012
 vkijkf/kd dkuwu la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 2013
64
 dk;ZLFky ij efgyk ;kSu mRihMu ¼jksdFkke] izfrca/k ,oa fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2013
 cky U;k; ¼cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ,oa lqj{kk½ vf/kfu;e] 2015
fjiksVZ%
 Mk- U;k;/kh”k oh-,l- efyekFk ¼2013½] vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh lq/kkj lehfr
 U;k/kh”k ts-,l- oekZ ¼2013½] ßvkijkf/kd dkuwu esa la”kks/kuksa ij cuh lehfr dh
fjiksVZÞ
Hkkjrh; dkuwu vk;ksx] cykRdkj vkSj lacaf/kr vijk/kksa ij 84oha fjiksVZ &ewyHkwr
dkuwu] izfØ;k vkSj lk{; ij dqN iz”u
 Hkkjrh; dkuwu vk;ksx] cykRdkj ds dkuwuksa ij 172oha fjiksVZ
ekeys
 v/kjh ?kkj.k nkj cuke if”peh caxky ljdkj (2005) 4 SCC 303
 vadq”k f”kokth xk;dokM+ cuke egjk’Vª ljdkj (2013) 6 SCC 770
 cyjkt cuke mRrj izns”k ljdkj (1994) 4 SCC 29
 HkkLdj.k cuke ladju oS/;ku ckyu] AIR 1999 SC 3762
 Hkxoku ,oa vU; cuke gfj;k.kk ljdkj] 1986 Cri LJ 1860 (P&H HC)
 Hkhe flag cuke tEew ,oa dk”ehj ljdkj] AIR 1986 SC 498
 lhchvkbZ cuke gksilu fuaxlu (2010) 5 SCC 115
 ps;jeSu] jsyos cksMZ cuke pafnzek nkl] AIR 2000 SC 988
 Mh-ds- cklq cuke if”peh caxky ljdkj] (1997) 1 SCC 416
 fnYyh dkedkth ?kjsyw efgyk Qksje cuke Hkkjr ljdkj (1995) 1 SCC 14
 fnyhi ,l- /kuqdj cuke dksVd efganzk dEiuh fyfeVsM (2007) 6 SCC 528
 MkW- tSdc tkWt cuke dsjy ljdkj (1994) 3 SCC 430
 ?ku”;ke cuke e/; izns”k ljdkj] (2006) 10 SCC 473
 gfj flax cuke lq[kchj flag] AIR 1979 SC 1177
 banz flax cuke iatkc ljdkj] (1995) 3 SCC 702
 tkfd;k ulhe vgslu cuke xqtjkr jkT;] (2011) 12 SCC 302
 ds-, vCckl cuke lcq tkslsQ] (2010) 6 SCC 230
 dLrwjhyky jfy;k jke tSu cuke ;w-ih- ljdkj] AIR 1965 SC 1039
 dqekjh ¼Jherh½ ,- cuke rfeyukMq ljdkj] AIR 1992 SC 2096
 yfyrk dqekjh cuke mRrj izns”k ljdkj ,oa vU;] (2008) 8 SCC 225
65
 fyyq ÅQZ jkts'k cuke gfj;k.kk ljdkj ,oa vU;] (2013) 14 SCC 643
 eaxhyky cuke e/; çns'k ljdkj] AIR 2004 SC 1280
 euh"k tkyku cuke dukZVd ljdkj] (2008) 8 SCC 225
 egewn u¸;j vkte cuke NÙkhlx<+ ljdkj] AIR 2012 SC 2573
 eksbuqíhu eqa'kh cuke eksgEen fljkt ,oa vU;] (2008) 8 SCC 434
 ujflag cuke gfj;k.kk ljdkj] (2014) SCC online SC 892
 ukjk;.kEek ¼dqekjh½ cuke dukZVd ljdkj] (1994) 5 SCC 728
 fuykckrh csgjk cuke mM+hlk ljdkj] AIR 1993 SC 1960
 iykuhIik xkSaMj cuke rfeyukMq ljdkj] AIR 1977 SC 1323
 ih- jfFkue cuke xqtjkr ljdkj] 1994 SCC (Cri) 1163
 vkj- Mh- mik/;k; cuke vka/kz izns”k jkT;] (2001) 1 SCC 437
 vkj- eksgu cuke ,- ds- fot; dqekj] (2012) 8 SCC 721
 vkj- ,l- feJk cuke mM+hlk ljdkj] (2011) 2 SCC 689
 jNiky flag cuke iatkc ljdkj] 2002 Cri. LJ 3540 SC
 jru flag cuke iatkc ljdkj] AIR 1990 SC 84
 j‚; QukaZMhl cuke xksok ljdkj] AIR 2012 SC 1030
 :nky 'kkg cuke fcgkj ljdkj] (1983) 4 SCC 141
 ufyuh ckgksr ds ek/;e ls lgsyh cuke fnYyh iqfyl eq[;ky; ,oa vU;] AIR
1990 SC 513
 lyhy ckyh cuke Hkkjr ljdkj] AIR 2013 SC 3743
 lk{kh cuke Hkkjr ljdkj] AIR 2004 SC 3566
 ljou flag ,oa vU; cuke iatkc ljdkj] (1978) 4 SCC 111
 'kSys'k tloarHkkbZ cuke xqtjkr ljdkj] (2006) 2 SCC 359
 f'ko dqekj cuke gqde pan] (1999) 7 SCC 467
 ';ke ukjk;.k cuke fnYyh ljdkj ¼fnYyh ,ulhVh½] (2013) 7 SCC 77
 gfj;k.kk ljdkj cuke Hktu yky] 1992 Supp. (1) SCC 335
 egkjk"Vª ljdkj cuke bZlkbZ leqnk; dY;k.k ifj"kn] Hkkjr] (AIR 2004 SC 7)
 e/; izns”k ljdkj cuke ckcw ckdZj] (2005) 5 SCC 413
 e/; izns”k ljdkj cuke lyhe] (2005) 5 SCC 554
 e/; izns”k ljdkj cuke ';ke lqanj f=osnh ,oa vU;] (1995) 4 SCC 262
 e/; izns”k ljdkj cuke latho uank] (2012) 8 SCC 450
66
 iatkc ljdkj cuke vtk;c flag] (1995) 2 SCC 486
 ;w-ih- ljdkj cuke eqU'kh] (2008) 9 SCC 390
 lqxafr lqjs'k dqekj cuke txnh'kku] (2002) 2 SCC 420
 lq'khy eqewZ cuke >kj[kaM ljdkj] (2004) 2 SCC 338
 Lo.kZ flag cuke iatkc ljdkj] AIR 2000 SC 2017
 tfgjk gchcqYyk ,p- 'ks[k cuke xqtjkr ljdkj] (2004) 4 SCC 158
67
lyaXud% ¼1½ vkijkf/kd izfØ;k lafgrk ds varxZ ihfM+r ds vf/kdkj
4- lyaXud
¼1½ vkijkf/kd izfØ;k lafgrk ds varxZ ihfM+r ds vf/kdkj
/kkjk 357% eqvkotk nsus dk vkns”k%&¼1½ tc dksVZ tqekZuk yxkrk gS ;k ltk nsrk gS ¼ftlesa
e`R;qn.M Hkh “kkfey gS½ tqekZuk ftldk ,d fgLlk gksrk gS] dksVZ fu.kZ; djrs le; iwjk ;k
vkaf”kd tqekZuk Hkqxrku djus dk vkns”k nsrk gS tks fuEu ij iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS%
¼d½ eqdnesa esa vk, [kpZ dks pqdkus esa
¼[k½ vijk/k ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh uqdlku ;k pksV ds fy, eqvkots ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks
Hkqxrku esa] tc eqvkotk vnkyr dh jk; esa gS ml O;fDr }kjk ukxfjd U;k;ky;
esa olwyh ;ksX; gksA
¼x½ tc fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh vU; O;fDr dh e`R;q dk dkj.k le>k tkrk gS] ,sls
vijk/k ds fd, tkus fy, fdlh Hkh vijk/k ds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gS] rks
?kkrd nq?kZVuk vf/kfu;e 1855 ¼1855 dk 13½ ds rgr] mu yksxksa dks eqvkots dk
Hkqxrku djus esa tks bl rjg dh e`R;q ls mRiUu gksus okys uqdlku ds fy, ltk
lquk, x, O;fä ls {kfriwfrZ ds gdnkj gSaA
¼?k½ tc fdlh O;fä dks fdlh vijk/k ds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gS ftlesa pksjh]
vkijkf/kd dnkpkj] vkijkf/kd mYya?ku] /kks[kk/kM+h] ;k csbZekuh ls çkIr /ku “kkfey
gS] ;k ,slk fo”okl fd;k tkrk gS fd mlds fuiVku esa LosPNk ls lgk;rk] pksjh
fd, x, laifÙk dks fBdkus yxkus esa lgk;rk dh xbZ gS] rks bl lEifRr dh gkfu
ds fy, fdlh Hkh [kjhnkj dks eqvkotk nsus esa] ;fn bl izdkj dh lEifRr dks
mlds okLrfod ekfyd dks yksVk fn;k tkrk gSA
¼2½ ;fn tqekZuk fdlh ,sls ekeys esa fd;k tkrk gS tks ;kfpdk ij fuHkZj gS] bl izdkj
Hkqxrku ;kfpdk dh vof/k lekIr gksus rd ugha fd;k tk,xk] ;k ;fn ,d ;kfpdk ds fu.kZ;
ls igys ,d ;kfpdk nk;j dh tkrh gSA
¼3½ tc ,d dksVZ ltk nsrk gS] tgka tqekZuk ltk dk fgLlk ugha gksrk] rks dksVZ fu.kZ;
djrs le; vjksih O;fDr dks vkns”k esa fu/kkZfjr jkf”k dk Hkqxrku eqvkots ds :i esa ml
O;fDr dks djsu dk vkns”k ns ldrk gS ftldks nf.Mr O;fDr ds vijk/k ds dkj.k gkfu ;k
pksV igwaph gSA
¼4½ bl /kkjk ds varxZr ,d ;kfpdk dksVZ ;k mPp U;k;ky; ;k l= U;k;ky; }kjk
leh{kk dh “kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼5½ mlh ekeys ls laacaf/kr ckn esa fd, x, ukxfjd eqdnes esa eqvkots dk vkns”k nsrs
le; U;k;ky; bl /kkjk ds varxZr eqvkots ds :i esa Hkqxrku dh xbZ ;k yksVkbZ xbZ jkf”k
dks /;ku esa j[ksxkA
68
/kkjk 357% ihfMr {kfriwfrZ ;kstuk%&¼1½ izR;sd jkT; ljdkj dsanz ljdkj ds lgk;ksx ls
ihfM+r ;k mlds vkfJrksa dks ftUgsa vijk/k ds ifj.kke Lo:i gkfu ;k pksV igwaph gS vkSj
ftUgsa iuokZl dh vko”;drk gS] dks {kfriwfrZ iznku djus ds fy, ,d ;kstuk dks rS;kj
djsxhA
¼2½ tc Hkh U;k;ky; }kjk eqvkotk nsus dh flQkfj”k djrk gS] rks ftyk dkuwuh lsok
izkf/kdj.k ;k jkT; dkuwuh lsok izkf/kdj.k] tks Hkh ekeyk gks] mi&/kkjk ¼1½ esa of.kZr ;kstuk
ds varxZr eqvkots dh ek=k dk fu/kkZj.k djsxkA
¼3½ ;fn Vªk;y dksVZ dks eqdnek [kRe gksus ij yxrk gS fd /kkjk 357 ds varxZr fn,
tkus okyk eqvkotk bl izdkj ds iuokZl ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gS] ;k tgka eqdnes vkjksih ds
cjh gksus ;k NwV tkus ds lkFk [kRe gksrs gSa vkSj ihfM+r dk iuokZl djus dh t:jr gksrh gS]
ogka blds }kjk eqvkots dh flQkfj”k dh tk ldrh gSA
¼4½ tgka vijk/kh idM+k ugha tkrk ;k igpkuk ugha tkrk] ysfdu ihfM+r dks igpku fy;k
tkrk gS] vkSj tgka eqdnek pyrk gS] ihfM+r ;k mlds vkfJr eqvkots ds fy, jkT; ;k
ftyk dkuwuh lsok izkf/kdkj ds ikl vkosnu dj ldrs gSaA
¼5½ bl izdkj dh flQkfjl izkIr gksus ij ;k mi /kkjk ¼4½ ds varxZr vkosnu izkIr gksus
ij jkT; ;k ftyk dkuwuh lsok izkf/kdkj nks ekg ds vanj tkap dks iwjk djds i;kZIr eqvkotk
nsus dk fu.kZ; nsxkA
¼6½ jkT; ;k ftyk dkuwuh lsok izkf/kdkj] tks Hkh ekey gks] ihfM+r dh ihM+k dks de djus
ds fy, iqfyl Fkkuk izHkkjh ;k mlls vf/kd jSad ds vf/kdkjh ;k laacaf/kr {ks= ds eftLVªsV]
;k fdlh vU; mfpr varfje jkgr izkf/kdkj ls izek.ki= feyus ij rqjar fcuk fdlh ykxr
ds izkFkfed mipkj lqfo/kk ;k fpfdRlk ykHk miyC/k djus dk vkns”k ns ldrk gSA
/kkjk 357x% ihfM+r dk mipkj%&lHkh ljdkjh vkSj izkbosV vLirky ftUgsa dsanz ljdkj] jkT;
ljdkj] LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gS] Hkkjrh; n.M
lafgrk /kkjk 326d] 376] 376d] 376x] 376?k ;k /kkjk 376M+ ds varxZr fdlh Hkh vijk/k ls
ihfM+r O;fDr dks eq¶r izkFkfed fpfdRlk ;k fpfdRlk mipkj iznku djsaxs] vkSj rqjar bl
izdkj dh ?kVuk ds ckjs esa iqfyl dks lwfpr djsaxsA
/kkjk 358% ,sls O;fDr dks eqvkotk ftls fcuk vk/kkj ds fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk gS%&¼1½ tc Hkh
dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds dkj.k iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk idM+k tkrk gS] vkSj ;fn
eftLVªsV dks yxrk gS fd bl izdkj dh fxj¶rkjh dk dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gS] rks ,sls esa
eftLVªsV ,d gtkj ls de jkf”k dk eqvkotk ml O;fDr dks nsus dk vkns”k ns ldrk gS
ftldk Hkqxrku mls idM+okus okys O;fDr dks djuk gksxk] rkfd mlds le; dh gkfu vkSj
[kpksZa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA
¼2½ bl izdkj ds ekeyksa esa ;fn ,d ls vf/kd yksx fxj¶rkj fd, tkrs gSa] rks U;k;/kh”k
lHkh dks ,d gtkj ;k blls de jkf”k eqvkots ds :i esa nsus dk vkns”k ns ldrk gSA
¼3½ bl /kkjk ds varxZr fn, tkus okys lHkh eqvkots ,d tqekZus ds :i esa izkIr fd, tk
ldrs gSa] vkSj ;fn bls izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] rks og O;fDr tks bldk Hkqxrku djus
ds fy, ftEesnkj gS] dks eftLVªsV }kjk 30 fnu ;k mlls de dh tsy dh tk ldrh gSA
/kkjk 359% xSj&laKs; vijk/kksa esa ykxrksa ds Hkqxrku dk vkns”k%&¼1½ tc U;k;ky; dks ,d
xSj&laKs; vijk/k dh f”kdk;r dh tkrh gS] rks U;k;ky; vxj vjksih dks dlwjokj ikrk gS
69
rks ml ij vfrfjDr tqekZuk Hkh yxk ldrk gS] f”kdk;rdrkZ dks mls vk, [kpZ dks iwjk djus
ds fy, iwjk ;k vkaf”kd eqvkotk nsus dk vkns”k ns ldrk gS] vkSj blds vykok ;g vkns”k ns
ldrk gS fd Hkqxrku u djus ij nks’kh dks rhl fnu dh ltk gks ldrh gS vkSj bl izdkj
dh ykxrksa esa izfØ;k “kqYd] xokgksa vkSj vihydrkZ ds “kqYd ds [kpZ “kkfey gks ldrs gSa]
ftUgsa U;k;ky; mfpr le>rk gSA
¼2½ bl /kkjk ds varxZr ,d vihy; U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; ;k l= U;k;ky; }kjk
viuh leh{kk dh “kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkh vkns”k fn, tk ldrs gSaA
70
¼2½ ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k ds fy, vuq”kaf’kr izk:i
izkFkfed ihfM+r dk uke vkjksih dk uke
c;ku nsus okys O;fDr dk uke ¼;fn og izkFkfed ihfM+r ls vyx gS½
ihfM+r ds lkFk ml O;fDr dk laca/k ¼;fn izkFkfed ihfM+r ls vyx gS½
vkijkf/kd vksjki%
U;k;ky;%
U;k;ky; esa frfFk%
fuEu [kkyh LFkku dks eqdnesa ds rF;ksa dks vjksih ds vf/kdkjksa dks cuk, j[krs gq, laf{kIr esa
fy[kus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS%
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vijk/k ds izHkko ds :i esa xSj “kkjhfjd ihM+k ¼tSls] euksoSKkfud@HkkoukRed@foRrh;
gkfu@ruko@Hk;@nq[k@ijs”kkuh@fujk”kk vkfn½
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
71
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vijk/k ds izHkko ds :i esa “kkjhfjd pksVsa ¼ftuesa izkIr fd, x, mipkj dk fooj.k] fiNys ;k
py jgs fpfdRlk mipkj dh ykxr] nSfud dk;ksZa vkfn ds fy, fodykaxrk vkfn “kkfey gSa½
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
72
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vU; mfpr tkudkjh%

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vki vius izHkko fooj.k dks U;k;ky; esa i<+s tkus ds fy, dgrs gSa] ;k vki fdlh nwljs dks
izHkko fooj.k i<+us dh vuqefr ns ldrs gSa%
D;k vki pkgsaxs vkidk ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k dks U;k;ky; esa i<k tk,% gka ugha
;fn gka] rks D;k vki fooj.k dks [kqn i<+uk pkgsaxs% gka ugha
73
;fn vki pkgrs gSa fd fooj.k dks tksj ls u i<k;k tk,] rks bls U;k;ky; dks ns fn;k
tk,xkA
U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh esa eSa bl fooj.k ds fy, lgefr nsrk@nsrh gwaA
esjs Kku ds vuqlkj ;g dFku lR; gS%

gLrk{kj%
fnukad%
tgka ;g c;ku nsus okyk O;fDr izkFkfed ihfM+r ugha gksrk] tgka Hkh laHko gks] izkFkfed ihfM+r
dh lgefr dh vko”;drk gksrh gS%
eSa] izkFkfed ihfM+r gwa] vkSj eq>s mDr O;fDr }kjk ;g izHkko fooj.k nsus ij dksbZ vkifRr
ugha gSA
gLrk{kj%
fnukad%
74
CENTRE FOR CRIMINOLOGY
& VICTIMOLOGY (CCV)
The National Law University Delhi has set up an exclusive Centre for
Advanced Research Training, Policy Analysis and Consultancy in the
broader fields of Criminal Law, Criminal Justice and Victimology.
Objectives:
The Centre will have the following key objectives:
1. Promoting research and action in this selected areas of criminal
justice and victimology.
2. To undertake specific research projects in the said areas.
3. To propose training programmes to the various wings of criminal
justice system including the stakeholders in the field of Juvenile
justice.
4. To analyse and critically examine the laws, policy and programmes
from the stand point of victim protection, rehabilitation,
participation and justice.
5. To strive for providing a Victimological thrust in the legal
education at graduate and under graduate level.
6. To organize students centric initiatives in the form of victim
advocacy, legal clinic and outreach programme for extending
victims support services.
7. To undertake publications and coordinate with various National and
International agencies working in the broader areas of victimology
and criminology.
Activities:
The Centre for Criminology & Victimology was set up to contribute to
fundamental and applied objectives dealing with Criminology and
Victimology. In a setting of law University the activities of this Centre to
bring important interdisciplinarity in Research and Learning. The Centre
has already taken up a series of Training and Research programmes in some
exciting areas dealing with Juvenile Justice, Gender Justice and
Victimology.
75
Publications:
1. Victim Justice: A Paradigm shift in Criminal Justice System in
India: published by Thomson Reuters Legal, New Delhi (2016)
2. Judgements that shaped the Indian Jurisprudence: Supreme Court
rulings in perspective: published by Thomson Reuters Legal, New
Delhi (2016)
3. Pre-Trial Process & Policing, Case Analysis & Judicial Discourse:
published by National Law University Delhi Press (2017)
4. Perspectives of Justice: Restorative Justice and Child Sexual Abuse
in India: published in collaboration of NLU Delhi and CSJ
(Counsel to Secure Justice) (2018)
Contact: ccv@nludelhi.ac.in
76

Duty of Frontline Professionals Towards Securing Justice For Victims

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Duty of Frontline Professionals Towards Securing Justice For Victims

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DUT F FRON

PROFF. (DR.) G.S. BAJPAI

Prof. (Dr.) G.S. Bajpai

VICTIMS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

VICTIMS AND THEIR RIGHTS

1. Hereinafter referred to as the UN Declaration.

Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly. The declaration identified

SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR VICTIMS

(c) Principle of Compensation

COMPENSATION AND THE STATE

(d) Principle of Assistance

OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW OF THE DOCUMENT

II. FRONT LINE PROFESSIONALS—DUTIES

First Aid and Ancillary Response:

VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION OF FIR

(iii) Immediately provide a copy of the FIR as well as a written

B. ADVOCATES AND PUBLIC PROSECUTORS

C. JUDGES AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS

VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT

COURTS AND COMPENSATION

(xiii) Ensure the presence of an interpreter/translator, free of charge to the

D. HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

EMPLOYERS AND VICTIMS

III. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012

 Kasturilal Ralia Ram Jain v. State of U.P., AIR 1965 SC 1039

 State v. Sanjeev Nanda, (2012) 8 SCC 450

Section 358: Compensation to persons groundlessly arrested.—(1) Whenever

B. SUGGESTED FORMAT FOR VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT

Non physical Trauma suffered as an impact of the crime (e.g. psychological/

Physical injuries suffered as an impact of the crime (including description of

Other Relevant Information:

To the best of my knowledge, this statement in true:

ihfM+r vkSj vkijkf/kd U;k; iz.kkyh

ihfM+r vkSj muds vf/kdkj

ßihfM+rÞ dk vFkZ gS og O;fDr ftlus O;fDrxr :i ls ;k lkewfgd :i ls {kfr dks

ß---vijk/k ds ihfM+rksa dh igpku djuh pkfg, vkSj muds lkFk lEekutud]

1- bls ;gka ij ;w,l ?kks’k.kki= Hkh dgk x;k gSA

ihfM+r dkSu gksrk gS\

efgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/kksa ds ihfM+rksa

2- U;k; dh miyC/krk dk vf/kdkj

{kfriwfrZ vkSj jkT;

nLrkost ds míss”; ,oa leh{kk

2- eq[; inksa ij dk;Zjr O;olk;h&

;kSu geys ds ihfM+r

,QvkbZvkj dks ntZ djuk

izkFkfedh ntZ djus dh izfØ;k

iz”u iwNuk ,oa tkap%

ihfM+r dks lwpuk] lgk;rk vkSj enn%

¼2½ odhy vkSj ljdkjh odhy

¼3½ U;k;/kh”k vkSj U;kf;d vf/kdkjh

ihfM+r ij izHkko dk fooj.k

U;k;ky; vkSj {kfriwfrZ

¼4½ LokLF; ns[kHkky deZpkjh

7- ;g ekeyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl fjd‚MZ djus ds lkFk&lkFk pksVksa ds fooj.k dks

¼5½ xSj&ljdkjh laxBu

fu;ksDrk vkSj ?kjsyw fgalk ds ihfM+r

3- lanHkZ ,oa vuq”kaf’kr iBu

¼2½ ihfM+r izHkko fooj.k ds fy, vuq”kaf’kr izk:i

izkFkfed ihfM+r dk uke vkjksih dk uke

ihfM+r ds lkFk ml O;fDr dk laca/k ¼;fn izkFkfed ihfM+r ls vyx gS½

U;k;ky; esa frfFk%