Introduction to

World Religions
and Belief
Systems
Quarter 2 – Module 14:
Shintoism
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 14: Shintoism
First Edition, 2020

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Introduction to
World Religions
and Belief
Systems
Quarter 2 – Module 14:
Shintoism
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you know the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices, and
related issues of Shintoism. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is about Shintoism.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explore the brief history of Shintoism;

2. analyze the Core Teachings of Shintoism;
3. list down examples of beliefs and practices of Shintoism; and
4. identify related issues of Shintoism.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What do you call the holy book in Shintoism?

A. Kami B. Kojiki C. Quran D. Shinto

2. In which country was Shintoism founded?

A. China B. India C. Japan D. Vietnam

3. What dou you call the people who follow Shintoism?

A. Bhudist B. Chinese C. Japanese D. Shintoists

4. What is the important symbol in Shintoism?

A. The Amaterasu C. The Kojiki
B. The Kami D. The Shrine

5. Who is the goddess of sun?

2
 A. Amaterasu B. Kami C. Kojiki D. Omamori

6. In Shinto beliefs, the most serious pollutants are _____.

A. blood and death C. blood and abortion
B. blood and pollution D. none of these

7. Misogi is a ritual of purification by_____.

A. Fire B. Salt C. Soap D. Water

8. What are the kami that are so important in Shinto belief?

A. They are religious writings of Shinto priest.
B. They are spirits and were believed to exist in things all around them by the
followers of Shinto.
C. These are the elected leaders of the Shinto communities.
D. The people who converted to Shintoism are referred to as Kami.

9. Hinduism and Shintoism both worship many gods and goddesses.This idea is
known as ________________.
A. Monotheistic B. Nontheistic C. Polytheistic D. None of these

10. How do the believers of Shinto practice their religion?

A. They pray at small altars in their home.
B. They attend Churches once a week.
C. They must pilgrimage to mecca.
D. They divide society into castes and work to limit contact between castes.

11. Shinto is essentially focused on the worship of _______.

A. a major prophet C. a single, omnipotent deity
B. a pantheon of strictly defined gods D. nature and ancestor spirits

12. Shinto does not recognize a single supreme deity, but arguably the most
important kami represents ______.
A. fire B. the moon C. the sun D. the Tide

13. The female "creator" goddess who is identified with the earth and, later with the
underworld and the dead.
A. Izanagi B. Izanami C. Kami D. Samurai

14. The male "creator" god, associated with the sky.

A. Izanagi B. Izanami C. Kami D. Samurai

15. One of the most important Japanese deities, associated with the sun and
considered as the "ancestor" of all Japanese Emperors.
A. Amaterasu B. Izagani C. Kami-Dana D. Samurai

3
Lesson

14 Elements of Shintoism

“If you understand everything, you must be misinformed.”

-Japanese Proverb

What’s In

In our previous lesson we learned about the elements of Daoism. This time,
we will explore and analyze the core teaching of Shintoism.

TRUE OR FALSE. Read carefully each statement below. Write T if you think the
statement it TRUE and write F if the statement is FALSE. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Shinto is a system of doctrines and creeds, not a system of ritual and devotion.
2. Folk Shinto is a strictly traditional practice and the most popular sect of the
religion.
3. There are festivals year-round in Japan, and it is possible to find one occurring
somewhere virtually every day of the year.
4. Cleaning one's home during Japanese New Year is seen as clearing away
physically and metaphorically the residue of the past year.
5. Shinto's system of ethics is written in their sacred texts called Kojaisan.

Notes to the Teacher

This Alternative Delivery Mode contains helpful tips and strategies

that will help you in guiding the learners.

4
 What’s New

Directions: List down at least three examples of Filipino practices that show belief
in unseen spirits. Compare it with the Japanese belief of erecting shrines for spirit -
worship. Do it in a separate sheet of paper.

Example:

Tabi – tabi po! The Filipino Way of Giving Respect to the Elementals

1. ____________________ ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________ ____________________________________________________

3. ____________________ ____________________________________________________

Guide Question:

Do you think this aspect of animis (belief in nature as the abode of spirits) still
persists despite the fact that most Filipinos nowadays practice Christianity? Can
you say the same for Japan? Explain your answer in at least two to three
sentences.
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

5
 What is It

CONCEPT MAP

Worship and
Observances

Selected Beliefs and

Issues Doctrines

Shintoism

Sacred and
Subdivisions
Scriptures

SYMBOL

Source: https://ar.pinterest.com/pin/456130268506455486/?nic_v2=1a35sEGjb

The Torii Gate is the most common symbol for Shintoism. It is a sacred
gateway supposed to represent a gate upon which a cock crew on the occasion
when Amaterasu emerged from the rock cave and relighted the world. It marks the
entrance to a sacred space which is the Shinto shrine. It represents the transition
between the world of humans and the world of the gods and goddesses. It is
believed to help prepare the visitors for their interaction with the spirits by

6
signifying the sacredness of the location. It is traditionally made of wood or stone,
but now most toriis are made of concrete and steel. (Jose and Ong, 2016 p. 2014)

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

According to Jose and Ong (2016), Shintoism is considered as the essence of

Japanese devotion to unseen spiritual beings and powers. It is a very local kind of
religion that is focused on the land of Japan, hence an “ethnic religion” that is not
interested in missionary activities so as to spread it outside Japan. Shintoism
espouses the belief that “human beings are basically good and has no concept of
original sin.” Unlike other religions, it has no known founder nor god, and it may
be practiced with other religions such as Buddhism and Daoism.

According to Cartwright (2017), unlike many other religions, Shinto has no

recognized founder. The people of ancient Japan had long held animistic beliefs,
worshipped divine ancestors and communicated with the spirit world via shamans.
Some elements of these beliefs were incorporated into the first recognized religion
practiced in Japan, the Shinto, which began during the period of the Yayoi culture
(c. 300 BCE - 300 CE). For example, certain natural phenomena and geographical
features were given an attribution of divinity. Most obvious among these are the
sun goddess Amaterasu and the wind god Susanoo. Rivers and mountains were
especially important, none more so than Mt. Fuji, whose name derives from the
Ainu name 'Fuchi,' the god of the volcano.

He also mentioned that in Shinto, the gods, spirits, supernatural forces and
essences are known as kami. The kami are governing the nature in all its forms,
and are thought to inhabit places of particular and natural beauty. In contrast, evil
spirits or demons (oni) are mostly invisible. Some are envisioned as giants with
horns and three eyes. Their power is usually temporary, and they do not represent
an inherent evil force. Ghosts are known as obake and require certain rituals for
them to be sent away before they can cause harm. Some spirits of dead animals
can even possess humans, the worst being the fox, and these possessed individuals
must be exorcised by a priest.

SACRED SCRIPTURES

In Shintoism, the Kojiki and Nihongi are considered as the sacred scriptures
but it’s not only for shinto because it also contains extensive information from
Buddhism and Confucianism. The books are compilations of ancient myths and
traditional teachings with a dual purpose (Moral and Political).

According to Jose and Ong (2016), its political purpose is to establish the
supremacy of Japan over all the countries in the world by legitimizing the divine
authority of the ruling families and to establish the political supremacy of the
Yamato. Its moral purpose is to explain the relationship between the kami and
human beings by establishing that the Japanese are special people chosen by the
kami, who have many humanlike characteristics. It also emphasizes purification as
both a creative and cleansing act. Death is considered as the ultimate impurity.

7
The following scriputures are discussed and elaborated by Jose and Ong (2016):

1. KOJIKI
➢ Most important texts in Shintoism
➢ Composed of three books
1. First is the Age of Kami – narrates the mythology
2. Second book discusses the imperial lineage that narrates the events
concerning the imperial family up to the death of the thirty-third ruler,
Empress Suiko.
3. The third book is also about the imperial lineage but it is concerned
mainly with revolts and love stories of successive rulers intertwined in a
song-story format.
➢ The establishment of the three orders are reflected in the three books: the
establishment of the order of the universe, the establishment of the order of
humanity, and the establishment of the order of history.
➢ Even though it was written at the onset of the spread of Buddhism in Japan
and despite the fact that Emperor Genmei, to whom the Kojiki was
presented, was a Buddhist, there was no mention of Buddhism in the Kojiki.
It just goes to show that Kojiki is based on the eternal and cyclical world of
mythology.

2. NIHON SHOKI/NIHONGI
➢ Nihon shoki or Nihongi records the descent of the Yamato rulers of Japan
from the gods. It represents a combination of a political purpose with
folklores and myths.
➢ It is composed of 30 books, the first two of which discuss the “age of the
kami” while the remaining books chronicle the events pertaining to the
rulers up to the 41st emperor.

WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES

Unlike other religions, Shintoism has

no weekly service; instead, people visit
shrines at their own convenience. Proper
performances of rites and ceremonies is the
important aspect of Shintoism. They hold
most of their rituals at the shrines, which
they believe are the abode of the kami or
spirits. At first, shrines were normal things
that can be found in nature such as
mountains, rivers, trees, rocks, etc., but

later on they built shrines dedicated to their Shinto Shrine

deities. Such shrines are often wooden
structures that feature the natural beauty
Source:
https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/
shinto-shrine-seems-to-open-part-time-positions-for-
male-shrine-maidens

8
of the surroundings, which basically expresses Shintoism’s profound veneration of
the environment (for example, woods used in shrines are often left unpainted). For
Shintoists, the performance of rituals will give them the blessings they expect from
the kami. Below are some of the rituals performed by the Shintoists. (Jose and
Ong, 2016 p. 217).

Similar to other religions, Shintoism also has different forms of worship and
observances that they strictly follow. Let us take a look to each of these categories
as stated by Jose and Ong:

Table 1. Shinto Rites of Passage from birth to death

1. Hatsumiyamairi ➢ Newborn children are taken to the shrine to seek
(First Shrine Visit) protection from the kami; traditionally, the newborn
is taken by the grandmother because the mother is
deemed impure from childbirth; the ritual takes
place on the second day after birth for a boy, and
third day for a girl;
2. Shichi-go-san ➢ Festival observed every 15th of November by boys of
(Seven-Five-Three) five years and girls of three and seven years of age,
who visit the shrine to give thanks for the protection
provided by the kami and to ask for their healthy
growth
3. Adult’s Day (Seijin ➢ Observed every 15th of January by the Japanese
Shiki) who had their 20th birthday the previous year by
visiting the shrine to express gratitude to the kami
(20 being the legal age of adulthood in Japan)
4. Wedding Rites ➢ Patterned after the wedding of Crown Prince
Yoshihito and Princess Sado in 1900;
5. Funeral rites ➢ Since death is considered impure, most Japanese
funerals are Buddhist in nature; Shintoism’s
funeral practices are called sosai.

Table 2. Ritual Purification (Meditative Practices)

1. MISOGI, OR ➢ Considered as the very ancient ceremonies
ABLUTIONS (the performed after funeral ceremonies, when all
act of washing members of the family go into the water together to
one’s body part or cleanse themselves in a purification bath. Today,
part of it, usually this can be done privately with water and salt, or
for religious with water alone. Its purpose is to cleanse the body
purposes) of minor contaminations associated with the dead.
2. Harai or exorcism ➢ Performed usually by a priest by swinging a
(the expulsion of an purification wand over the people and the objects
evil spirit from a to be exorcised
person or place),
3. Imi or abstentions ➢ These are practices performed against impurity.
(the act of

9
 restraining oneself
from indulging in
something),

Table 3. Types of Worship

1. At Home ➢ Shintoists often place a small altar (“kami shelf”)
(kamidana) inside their houses and this is where they perform
the following rituals: purification; offertory; clapping
their hands to the kami (who, they believe, could
see and hear what they are doing); and offering of
prayers.
2. At Shinto Shrine ➢ Also called ceremonial worship, this includes a visit
to a Shinto shrine which detaches a worshipper
from his or her ordinary environment. In this type of
worship, trees in Shinto shrines, particularly the
oldest and most revered ones, have ropes tied to
them to signify reverence to the presence of kami.
➢ Shrine visits usually take the following steps:
a. First, one is advised to behave respectfully and
calmly (there are prohibitions for the sick, wounded, or
in mourning from visiting shrines because these people
are considered impure).
b. Take the ladle at the purification fountain, rinse
both hands then transfer some water to rinse one’s
mouth, then spit the water beside the fountain (one
should not transfer the water directly from the ladle
to the mouth or swallow the water).
c. Then throw a coin at the offering box upon
entering the offering hall, bow deeply twice, then
clap hands twice, bow deeply again, use the gong,
and pray for a while. It is believed that using the
gong before praying attracts the attention of the
kami.

Magical Charms and Amulets - Aside from

worshipping the kami at the shrines, one of the main
attractions at the shrines are the sale and distribution
of charms or amulets. Shintoists believe that these
amulets provide protection and can even be a source
of magic. They often carry personal amulets and their

homes are guarded by magical charms in the form of

https://www.tofugu.com/japan
lintel placards or different talismanic symbols placed /omamori/
on the altars for their deities. The most common
Japanese designation for charm is mamori, which they believe provides them with

10
protection and may include a wide range of objects. Shimpu (god ticket or sacred
ticket) is the term they use to refer to the magico-religious objects obtained at the
Shinto shrines. These charms vary in sizes and shapes. Private amulets are often
small in size and worn by the person in a specially constructed charm bag, in the
purse or sash which is placed in close contact with the body, and these amulets are
considered as a means of bringing the individual under a close supervision of a
particular deity. (Jose and Ong, 2016 p. 219-220)

Seasonal Festivals

As stated by Ong and Jose (2016), Japan celebrates numerous festivals (called
matsuri) since almost every shrine has its own festival. Festivals are usually held
once a year to celebrate the shrine’s kami or a seasonal/historical event.

1. Processions – the figure of the local kami carried through dashi or decorated
floats around town.
2. Great Purification Festival - celebrated in shrines all over Japan every
June and December, with priests waving a cleansing wand over the people,
who rub paper dolls on their bodies to symbolize the transfer of impurities
from their bodies to the dolls, then these dolls are thrown away by the priest.
3. New Year Festival – considered the most extravagant festival in Japan,
which begins on the first day of January and just like other festivals in
Japan, lasts for several days.

BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES

Like other religions Shintoism also has beliefs and one of their beliefs is
worshipping kami or spirits. According to Jose and Ong (2016), scholars agree
that the concept of kami is difficult to explain, and that even the Japanese
themselves who are Shinto believers cannot provide a definite definition of kami.

The kami is classified into three categories:

1. the ujigami or clan ancestors;
2. kami who resides in elements and forces of nature; and
3. the souls of exceptional human beings who died

Mentioned by Jose and Ong (2016), Shintoism has a concept of yao yoruzu
no kami, or eight hundred myriads of kami. Some of them are tutelary deities of
clans who were later elevated to tutelary deities of their respective communities
while some have no direct connection with the Shinto faith. Here are some of
the most important kami in Japan:

Kami Description/Association
Amaterasu-o-mi- Sun Goddess; greatest of the kami; kami of the Ise
kami shrine; ancestor of the imperial family
Benten music and the arts
Ebisu Prosperity; abandoned leech-child of Izanami and Izanagi

11
 Hachiman Archery and war
Izanami Sky god
Izanagi Earth goddess
Susanoo Wind/storm; Amterasu’s brother
Tenjin Education

Concept of Pure and Impure

Shintoism, unlike other religions, does not have a clear distinction between
what is right and what is wrong. However, since its most important concept is
purity, there are acts or things which are considered as evil since they cause or
signify impurity. It is very important in Shintoism to maintain physical, external,
and material purity. (Jose and Ong, 2016 p. 222)

For example:
1. Blood is regarded as impure. Shintoism strongly disapproved the pollution
of blood.
➢ Women who menstruate,
➢ women after child-birth,
➢ Even at present, in some remote areas of Japan, the aforementioned
women are prohibited from living together with their family and
sharing meals with them.
➢ They built houses where women who have their period or who have
recently given birth are expected to live alone and cook their own food.
In these so-called “menstruation houses” (called Taya), visitations by
men were prohibited.

2. Concept of “Sin” - another concept mentioned is the concept of “sin”. This

was simply of a physical or external nature which can easily be purified with
the necessary rituals.

➢ Illnesses are seen as caused by natural powers and are listed as

“sins” since they cause unpleasant feelings in other people (e.g.
leprosy), which made the kami to dislike them also.
➢ Struck by a thunderbolt
➢ Being bitten by an insect
➢ Having sexual relations with one’s parent or one’s child
➢ Having sexual relations with animals.

It is believed that to compensate for committing the sins mentioned above,

they are required to make offerings to the deities. (Jose and Ong, 2016, p. 223)

Concept of Death

12
 As mentioned by Jose and Ong (2016), death is considered as the worst form
of impurity in Shintoism. When a person dies, his or her body is considered as the
most impure thing. That is why they perform ritual bathing after a funeral
ceremony wherein all family members do a ritual bathing in the river. Also, it is
believed that the Shinto kami greatly dislike death, that those who have been in
contact with the dead are prohibited from participating in the rites performed at the
shrines. They are considered as impure and cannot participate in the rites for 30
days after contact with a dead body; seven days after child-birth; and five days
after contact with the death of certain domestic animals; furthermore, those who
paid a visit to the dead or participated in memorial services cannot visit the
Imperial Palace, and even those who miscarried after more than a four-month
pregnancy cannot participate in the rite for a certain number of days. Although
death is considered as the ultimate manifestation of impurity, death is not to be
feared of according to Shintoism. Shintoists believe that death is but the
continuation of life, and that even if one dies he or she will continue to receive the
blessings of the kami. However, the dead lives in the world of darkness while the
living lives in the world of light. In the contrary, they believe that even the dead are
allowed to visit the world of the living and this happens during Shinto festivals.

De/Virtue

The way to appease the kami or the spirits, according to Shinto, is through
purification. Proper observance of rituals is necessary in order to purify oneself and
be deserving of the blessings from the deities. Living in harmony with nature,
which is inhabited by the kami or spirits, is encouraged. In line with this,
Shintoists value the virtues of beauty, truth, goodness, and morality. Sincerity in
everything that we do is also valued, for it implies a pure heart. To achieve this,
purity rituals often involve cleansing with water, such as rinsing the mouth,
washing the hands, taking a bath, standing under waterfalls, and it is better if
these activities are performed at the shrine. Hence, cleanliness is also valued by the
Shintoists for it is through cleansing that purity can be achieved. (Jose and Ong,
2016, p. 224)

SUBDIVISIONS

According to Jose and Ong (2016), there are three main types of Shintoism:
The Shrine (Jinja) Shinto, the Sect (Kyoha) Shinto, and the Folk/Popular (Minzoku)
Shinto.

1. The Shrine Shinto is considered as the purified/traditional type under which

the State and Imperial Shinto belong.
2. The Sect Shinto refers to the 13-government organized independent sects
formed during the 19th century, focusing on human welfare in this earthly life.
3. Folk or Popular Shinto is the type of Shintoism practiced in local shrines and
considered to be more ingrained to the people’s rite of passage. It is considered
as a Japanese folk religion.

13
MODERN ISSUES

According to weebly, the world has many unresolved issues today, and many
people have been unable to find a solution to those said issues. Some of these
issues include pollution, hunger, overpopulation, etc. And if left unresolved, they
may lead to even bigger problems in the future. The religion of Shintoism and its
beliefs may be able to resolve the problem of pollution. Some of these pollutions are
air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, nuclear pollution, and many more.
Shintoists believe in physical purity and cleanliness, and those beliefs encounter
pollution. Shintoists try to prevent pollution, as they clean their cities to purify it.
And thus, reducing pollution to those cities. Another world issue is the damaging of
nature and the destruction of the habitats of animals. One of Shintoism's main
principles is respecting and loving nature, whatever it may be. Thefore, following
Shintoism will allow others to learn how to respect and preserve the wildlife as well
as expanding their religion. This will lead to less environment harm and will likely
reduce the amount of pollution.

What’s More

Word Hunt

There are 10 words given below which are related to Shintoism. Look for these
words in the box. Answers may appear in any directions horizontally, vertically, or
diagonally. Do it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. SHINTOISM C Q W D F G G H H L
N A Z X V B N M L P
2. AMATERASU B R M A S D F G Y R
A R R A N I M I S M
3. SPIRITS M S I O T N I H S I
C G Q W A E W E T U
4. KAMI K H S I D W R R T U
O N D M F S K A M I
5. KOJIKI
J B F P H A W Q S P
I V G U B Q D S P U
6. IMPURITY
K F H R V D Y Z I O
7. NIHONGI I D J I X P T S R E
B R K T L I R E I L
8. TEMPLES M E K Y O Y G L T P
N A C V B N M P S M
9. ANIMISM N I H O N G I M F A
I A Z C X U Y E P X
10. SHRINE S H R I N E S T T E

14
 What I Have Learned

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Direction: Read carefully the paragraph below and fill in the blank(s) with the
correct answer.

Shrine/Toriis are built to honor the (1)_____________ which are believed to be

found in nature. (2)_____________ is the Japanese word for spirits or deities. Kami
means (3)_____________ and (4)_____________ is a mixture of traditions, magic, and
other practices of the common people.

Aside from worshipping the kami at the shrines, one of the main attractions
in the place is the sale and distribution of (5)_____________. The Shintoists also
believe in (6)_____________ the most important concept in Shintoism. In addition,
for them, (7)_____________ is considered as the worst form of impurity in Shintoism.

Shintoism has different beliefs and one of their beliefs is worshipping kami
or spirit. It is clasiffied into three categories,(8)_____________,(9)_____________,and
(10)_____________.

What I Can Do

ESSAY

Write an essay discussing why Shintoism is considered not only as a religion but a
way of life for the Japanese.

Rubric for Scoring

CRITERIA POINTS POINTS OBTAINED

Organization 5
Originality 5

15
Content 5
Total 15

Assessment

Identification

Directions: Choose the word(s) of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

AMATERASU DEATH HARAI IZAGANI

IZINAMI KAMI MISOGI
NEW YEAR SRINE SHINTO TORII GATE

______________1. Who is the sky god according to Japanese mythology?

______________2. This is considered as the purified/traditional type under which the

State and Imperial Shinto belong.

______________3. It is considered as the worst form of impurity in Shintoism.

______________4. The earth mother in the Japanese mythology.

______________5. This is considered the most extravagant festival in Japan, which

begins on the first day of January and just like other festivals in the country,
lasts for several days.

______________6. Who is the sun goddess in the Japanese mythology?

______________7. It represents the transition between the world of humans and the
world of the gods and goddesses.

______________8. It is also known as ablutions and it is practiced in Shintoism for

purification.

______________9. It refers to spirits or deities in Shintoism.

______________10. It is the practiced in Shintoism to rid the body of evil spirits.

16
 Additional Activities

SLOGAN MAKING

From the lesson that you have learned about Shintoism, create your slogan about
the importance of purification of sins. Do it on a separate sheet of paper.

Rubric for Scoring

CRITERIA POINTS POINTS OBTAINED

Relevance to the Theme 5
Originality 5
Creativity 5
Total 15

17
 18
Assessment
1. IZINAMI
2. SHRINE SHINTO
3. DEATH
4. IZANAMI
5. NEW YEAR
6. AMATERASU
7. TORII GATE
8. MISOGI
9. KAMI
10. HARAI
What I Know What’s In What I Have
1. B 1. FALSE Learned
2. C 2. FALSE
3. D 3. TRUE 1. SPIRITS
4. D 4. TRUE 2. KAMI
5. A 5. FALSE 3. SHINTO
6. A 4. FOLK/POPULAR
7. D SHINTO
8. B 5. AMULETS/CHARM
9. C 6. PURIFICATION
10. A 7. DEATH
11. D 8. UJIGAMI/CLAN
12. C ANCESTORS
13. A 9. ELEMENTS AND
14. B FORCES OF
15. A NATURE
10. THE SOULS
Answer Key
References

Books

Ong, Jerome A. & Jose, Mary Dorothy DL. (2016) Introduction to World Religions
and Belief Systems. Araneta Ave., Quezon City. Vibal Group Inc.

Internet

Cartwright, Mark. Shinto. Retrieved September 25, 2020

https://www.ancient.eu/Shinto/, 2017

Pinterest. Religious Symbol. Retrieved September 23, 2020

https://ar.pinterest.com/pin/456130268506455486/?nic_v2=1a35sEGjb

Weebly. Shintoism. Retrieved September 25, 2020

http://www.francislewissocialstudies.com/shintoism.html

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