1. For a 45 key keyboard, probability of hitting the right key regardless of the sentence is 1/45.

Let’s say
that a chimpanzee hits 5 keys randomly per second with uniform distribution. 5 keys pressed per second
equals to 5/45 = 0.11 correct keys pressed per second in average since the keys are accepted only when
the input is true. The sentence has 41 letters, if 0.11 true keys is pressed per second, for 41 keys,
41 372.7
= 372.2 seconds per chimp. So with 107 chimps pressing 5 times a second 𝑡 = ≈ 3.48
0.11 107
seconds.

2. For a measurable variable 〈𝐴〉 and a given probability distribution function P, 〈𝐴〉 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2

for a 2 state system. P function must satisfy the condition ∑ 𝑃𝑖 =1 since it s a probability distribution.
1 𝐾
Thus 𝑃1 = 1 − 𝑃2 , if we substitute 𝑃1 = in order for it to add up to 1, 𝑃2 = , here 1+K denotes
1+𝐾 1+𝐾
1 𝐾
the total probability space. This substitution gives the expression 〈𝐴〉 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 .
1+𝐾 1+𝐾

If we substitute 𝑃1 = 1 − 𝑃2 in 〈𝐴〉 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 , (1 − 𝑃2 )𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 = 〈𝐴〉

〈𝐴〉− 𝐴1
〈𝐴〉 − 𝐴1 = −𝑃2 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 𝐴2 → = 𝑃2 . We can rename the indices 1 ↔ 2 since they are
𝐴2 −𝐴1
interchangeable. Any two state systems can be described by this behaviour.

3. If ∆𝑈 = 0, then Q = W and the work is PV type only. Which gives q = 𝑃∆𝑉 and q = 𝑇∆𝑆 by the second
law. Combining them gives 𝑇∆𝑆 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇∆𝑉/𝑉 if we substitute P from the ideal gas equation. For small
changes, ∆𝑆, ∆𝑉 → 𝑑𝑆, 𝑑𝑉 and taking the integral from initial to final state for both sides give,
𝑉𝑓
∆𝑆= 𝑛𝑅𝑙𝑛( 𝑉 )
𝑖