Exercise 7.

Identify the processes of specialization or

generalization of meaning in the following English and
Ukrainian words:
English: arrive, pipe, meat, room, season, deer, hound, house,
hooligan, starve, girl, lady, wife, place, fruit, voyage;
Ukrainian: бігун, вихователь, обвинувач, плавець, слухач, квас,
гарант, висуванець, зав’язати, доносити, смертник, коктейль,
стріляти.
Exercise 8. Identify the processes of elevation or degradation
of meaning in the following Ukrainian and English words:
Ukrainian: сатрап, королева, лицедій, лицар, клоун, халтура,
вітрогін;
English: poison, marshal, idiot, knight, knave, villain, fond, Tory,
clown, lord, gossip, nice, silly, queen.
Exercise 3. Identify types of idealized cognitive models that
underlie the English and Ukrainian lexical items:
English: to summer in Paris; driver; to porch the newspaper; the pen;
to hear the whistle; camembert; Waterloo; Cambridge won’t publish the
book.
Ukrainian: кулі просвистіли; бордо; почути дзвін; Іловайськ;
мати Форд; включити тепло; одружитися на грошах; молоко впало.