Contents

1. Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction................................................................................................................... 4
3. Theory and Hypotheses ................................................................................................ 6

4. Quantitative Data and Measurements ....................................................................... 12

5. Quantitative Results .................................................................................................... 16

6. What is Europe? – A Qualitative analysis .................................................................. 20

7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 27
8. Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 28
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Theory and Hypotheses
3.1. Hypotheses

Individual background characteristics

Transnational activities

Politics
Ethnicity and identity
 4. Quantitative Data and Measurements

4.1. Data
 Frequency %
Gender Male 644 46.3
Female 747 53.7
Age 15-19 107 7.69
20-29 260 18.69
30-39 234 16.82
40-49 263 18.91
50-59 238 17.11
60-74 289 20.78
Education Primary 328 23.58
Basic 707 50.83
Higher 356 25.59
SES Lower 188 13.52
Lower- 241 17.33
Middle
Middle 360 25.88
Middle-High 310 22.29
Higher 292 20.99
Ethnicity Estonian 918 66
Russian 405 29.12
Other 68 4.89

Total Estonians Russians Other % non-Estonian

Harju county 523277 312042 169325 41910 40.37%
Hiiu county 10118 9955 99 64 1.61%
Ida-Viru county 170719 33668 121486 15565 80.28%
Jõgeva county 36922 33355 2783 784 9.66%
Järva county 36208 33865 1215 1128 6.47%
Lääne county 27552 24186 2488 878 12.22%
 Lääne-Viru county 67375 57406 6999 2970 14.80%
Põlva county 31175 29540 1253 382 5.24%
Pärnu county 88563 77559 8099 2905 12.43%
Rapla county 36684 34222 1449 1013 6.71%
Saare county 34845 34252 353 240 1.70%
Tartu county 149283 123835 20260 5188 17.05%
Valga county 34265 28322 4289 1654 17.34%
Viljandi county 55877 52684 1920 1273 5.71%
Võru county 38072 35994 1550 528 5.46%
Total 1340935 920885 343568 76482 31.33%

4.2. Measurements

Dependent variable
 Reported identification with… Post-national identification
All people living in Estonia 0.4225
Europeans 0.7151
The entire human race 0.5729
Nordic persons 0.6322

Independent variables

Mean Minimum Maximum Std. Deviation

Age (0=15) 28.417 0 59 16.668
Education (years) 12.886 2 23 3.128
SES (self-assessment) 2.199 0 4 1.318
Abroad in last 5 years 1.291 0 4 1.163
Friends abroad 0.561 0 2 0.635
Urbanization 2.582 0 5 2.028
Left - right (self-placement)* 3.210 0 6 1.045
Ethnic Estonian 0.660 0 1 0.474
Europhile** 0.003 -3.601 2.779 0.921
Proportion of Estonians in region*** 0.681 0.197 0.984 0.237
Nationalism**** 1.006 -1.391 2.315 0.812
N = 1391 through listwise deletion. * = Missing values are mean substituted, ** = Constructed on the
basis of a factor analysis of connotations with the EU, *** = Source: Statistics Estonia, **** = Factor 1
based on reported identifications; see above.
5. Quantitative Results

Estonians (9A) Russians (9B) Other groups (9C)

b se b se b se
Intercept -.033 (.222) -.339 (.217) -.922 (.707)
Age (0=15) -.005† (.002) -.004* (.002) .002 (.007)
Education (years) .030† (.010) .016 (.012) .035 (.033)
SES (self-assessment) .067† (.023) .095† (.030) .157 (.088)
Urbanization -.039* (.016) .038 (.024) .047 (.053)
Abroad in last 5 years .021 (.027) .073* (.032) .099 (.091)
Friends abroad .203‡ (.048) .071 (.056) .320* (.157)
Left - right (self-placement; 0 = left) .071* (.028) .025 (.034) -.057 (.094)
Europhile .095† (.032) .032 (.036) .177 (.104)
Proportion of Estonian population in -.251 (.167) -.345* (.162) -.198 (.437)
region
Nationalism -.253‡ (.048) -.600‡ (.053) -.600‡ (.144)
2
Adj. R .135 .319 .326
N 918 405 68
 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8
b se b se b se b se b se b se b se b se
Intercept -.442‡ (.109) -.425‡ (.109) -.542‡ (.110) -.567‡ (.130) -.633‡ (.133) -.562‡ (.149) -.442† (.143) -.581‡ (.152)
Age (0=15) -.007‡ (.001) -.007‡ (.001) -.005† (.001) -.004† (.001) -.004† (.001) -.004† (.001) -.004† (.001) -.004† (.001)
Education (years) .033‡ (.008) .035‡ (.008) .030‡ (.008) .028‡ (.008) .028‡ (.008) .028‡ (.008) .026‡ (.007) .026‡ (.007)
SES (self- .098‡ (.019) .096‡ (.019) .085‡ (.019) .074‡ (.019) .073‡ (.019) .073‡ (.019) .075‡ (.018) .079‡ (.018)
assessment)
Urbanization -.015 (.011) -.021 (.011) -.023* (.011) -.016 (.012) -.018 (.012) -.016 (.012) .035 (.022)
Abroad in last 5 .045* (.022) .039 (.022) .039 (.021) .039 (.021) .037 (.021) .039 (.021)
years
Friends abroad .187‡ (.038) .181‡ (.037) .189‡ (.037) .191‡ (.037) .171‡ (.036) .172‡ (.036)
Left - right (self-placement) .047* (.022) .037 (.022) .037 (.022) .046* (.021) .049* (.021)
Ethnic Estonian .070† (.025) .065† (.025) .067† (.025) .076† (.024) .077† (.024)
Europhile .117* (.051) .144* (.057) .597‡ (.067) .835‡ (.112)
Proportion of Estonian population in region -.118 (.112) -.156 (.107) -.271* (.115)
Nationalism -.401‡ (.035) -.396‡ (.035)
Urbanization * Estonian -.072† (.027)
2
Adj. R .069 .070 .091 .105 .108 .108 .184 .187
N=1391, * p<0.05, † p<0.01, ‡ p<0.001, standard errors in parentheses
 6. What is Europe? – A Qualitative analysis

6.1. Shifting boundaries in post-national Europe

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—
6.2. Europe as a cultural area
 —

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6.3. Europe as historical areas

—
 —

6.4. Experiencing Europe

Identification with Europe

Who are the Europeans?

 —

7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography