M w M i −M f

ω (%)= = ×100 %
M s M f −M c
Mt
M s=
1+ω
M w =M t −M s

V t =V a +V s +V w

Ms Ms
V s= =
G s ρ w ρs
Mw
V w=
ρw
Vw
S= × 100 %
Vv
Vv
n= ×100 %
Vt
Vv
e=
Vs
V v =V a +V w

Md
Gs =
M 1−M 2 + M d
Where,

 M w = Mass of Water = M i−M f (g)

 M s= Mass of dry Sample = M f −M c(g)
 M i= Mass of container + moist sample (g)
 M f = Mass of container + dry sample (g)
 M c= Mass of empty container (g)
 M t = Average total wet sample mass (g)
 M a= Mass of air in the sample (g)
 V t = Total volume of the sample (75 cm3)
 V s = Volume of soil in sample (cm 3)
M
 M d = Mass of dry soil =
1+ ω
 M 1= Mass of pycnometer + 500ml slurry of soil sample and water = M d + M 1 +V s γ w
 V v = Volume of voids (cm 3)
 V w = Volume of water in the sample (cm3)
 V a= Volume of air in the sample (cm3)
 ρ s= Density of soil ¿
 ρw = Density of water ¿
 S= Degree of saturation (%)
 n = Porosity
 e = Void ratio (Unitless, decimal form)
 M 1= Mass of pycnometer + 500ml distilled, de aired water