Q1. What do you mean by Network?

A network, in computing, is a group of two or more devices or nodes that can communicate.

Q2. What do you mean by Node?

A node is a connection point inside a network that can receive, send, create, or store data. Each node
requires you to provide some form of identification to receive access, like an IP address. A few examples
of nodes include computers, printers, modems, bridges, and switches.

Q4. What is Routers?

The router is a physical or virtual internetworking device that is designed to receive, analyze, and
forward data packets between computer networks.

Q5. What is the OSI model?

 OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes how
information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical medium to
the software application in another computer.
 OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function.
 OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984,
and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-computer communications.
 OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks. Each layer is
assigned a particular task.
 Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be performed
independently.

Q6. Explain the Different layers of the OSI model

1. Physical Layer: The lowest layer of the OSI Model is concerned with electrically or optically
transmitting raw unstructured data bits across the network from the physical layer of the
sending device to the physical layer of the receiving device. It can include specifications such as
voltages, pin layout, cabling, and radio frequencies. At the physical layer, one might find
“physical” resources such as network hubs, cabling, repeaters, network adapters or modems.
2. Data Link Layer: At the data link layer, directly connected nodes are used to perform node-to-
node data transfer where data is packaged into frames. The data link layer also corrects errors
that may have occurred at the physical layer.

The data link layer encompasses two sub-layers of its own. The first, media access control
(MAC), provides flow control and multiplexing for device transmissions over a network. The
second, the logical link control (LLC), provides flow and error control over the physical medium
as well as identifies line protocols.

3. Network Layer: The network layer is responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer,
and delivering them to their intended destinations among based on the addresses contained
 inside the frame. The network layer finds the destination by using logical addresses, such as IP
(internet protocol). At this layer, routers are a crucial component used to quite literally route
information where it needs to go between networks.
4. Transport Layer: The transport layer manages the delivery and error checking of data packets. It
regulates the size, sequencing, and ultimately the transfer of data between systems and hosts.
One of the most common examples of the transport layer is TCP or the Transmission Control
Protocol.
5. Session Layer: The session layer controls the conversations between different computers. A
session or connection between machines is set up, managed, and termined at layer 5. Session
layer services also include authentication and reconnections.
6. Presentation Layer: The presentation layer formats or translates data for the application layer
based on the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also
called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption required by the
application layer.
7. Application Layer: At this layer, both the end user and the application layer interact directly
with the software application. This layer sees network services provided to end-user
applications such as a web browser or Office 365. The application layer identifies
communication partners, resource availability, and synchronizes communication.

Q7. Describe Hub, Switch and Router?

Hub

Hub is commonly used to connect segments of a LAN (Local Area Network). A hub contains multiple
ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN
can see all packets. Hub acts as a common connection point for devices in a network.

Switch

A switch operates at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model and therefore support any packet protocol. LANs that
use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet networks, switched
Ethernet LANs. In networks, the switch is the device that filters and forwards packets between LAN
segments. See more information on Network Switch and Selection Suggestions.

Router

A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs (Wide Area Networks) or
a LAN and its ISP.s (Internet Service Provider’s) network. The router is generally located at gateways, the
places where two or more networks connect. Using headers and forwarding tables, router determines
the best path to forward the packets. In addition, router uses protocols such as ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol) to communicate with each other and configures the best route between any two
hosts. In a word, router forwards data packets along with networks.

Q8. Difference between Hub, Switch and Router?

Attributes Hub Switch Router

Layer Architecture Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer

Functionality Connects two or more Ethernet devices Connect two or more LAN devices Can connect devices or a LAN and WAN

Data Transmission Mode Half Duplex Half /Full Duplex Full Duplex

Speed 10 Mbps 10/100Mbps 100mbps – 1gbps Wired

Device Type Broadcast Device Multicast Device Routing Device

Q9. What do you mean by DNS?

The domain name system (DNS) connects URLs with their IP address. ... When you search for a domain
name in a browser, it sends a query over the internet to match the domain with its corresponding IP.
Once located, it uses the IP to retrieve the website's content.

Q10. What do you mean by Classes of Network?

Network addressing architecture divides the address space for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) into
five address classes. Each class, coded in the first four bits of the address, defines either a different
network size, i.e. number of hosts for unicast addresses (classes A, B, C), or multicast network (class D).
The fifth class (E) address range is reserved for future or experimental purposes. Knowing network
classes becomes an issue when you deal with routing.

Q11. What are the types of mode available in Network?

SIMPLEX Mode

In this type of transmission mode, data can be sent only in one direction i.e. communication is
unidirectional. We cannot send a message back to the sender. Unidirectional communication is done in
Simplex Systems where we just need to send a command/signal, and do not expect any response back.

HALF DUPLEX Mode

Half-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal carrier,
but not at the same time.

FULL DUPLEX Mode

In full duplex system we can send data in both the directions as it is bidirectional at the same time in
other words, data can be sent in both directions simultaneously.
Q12. Difference between IPv4 and IPv6.

IPv4 is 32-Bit IP address whereas IPv6 is a 128-Bit IP address.

IPv4 is a numeric addressing method whereas IPv6 is an alphanumeric addressing method.

IPv4 binary bits are separated by a dot(.) whereas IPv6 binary bits are separated by a colon(:).

IPv4 offers 12 header fields whereas IPv6 offers 8 header fields.

IPv4 supports broadcast whereas IPv6 doesn’t support broadcast.