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Or anropa 7
1. Ieoruerpr.rfl Kopnyca cyAna 8
1.1.frasurre rrJrocKocrvr c cyAHoM
KoopAlrHar,cBt3aHH€uI
cy1lnaH cr.rcreMa 8
1.2. Teoperrqecxufi qeprex, rjraBHbreceqeHllsIarJIaBHbIe
pa3MepeHus.
cyilHa 9
1.3. XaparrepficrltKll QoprrmrcyAna 11
2. fl;lany'recrr t4
2.1. llonsrue nilaB1nlecru.flocaAxacy4na I{ [apaMeTpbl,ee olrpeAeJr;lloque l4
2.2.Mapxu yrrry6.neuur l5
2.3. Cutu,.4eftcrryrorqne HarrJraBarouee cyAuo.Ycroeu.fl LIypaBHeHI{tpaBHoBecvfi
cyl.Ha t7
2.4.HarpyzKacyAHaI,Iee pacrler 20
2.4.I. MaccosbtexapaKmepucmuKu cydua 20
2.4.2. O6ueuHbtexapaKmepucmuKu cydua 20
2.4.3. Pezucmpos(aeMecmututacmb 2l
2.4.4.Pac,aem Maccbtu xoopduuamUT cydua 22
2.4.5. VepmeJrc pa3MeuleHun zpy3os 23
2.5. Olrevrnoe BoAolI3MeIqeHHe H KoopALIHatuI-{B 25
2.5.l. Ofiryuesblpailceuun dnn ereueHmoerularyqecmu 25
2.5.2. BauaucneHue aneueHmos nnaeyqecmzt 26
2.5.3.Cmpoe*ueu ux ceof,tcmea 28
2.5-4.KpuabterumgyLtecmu u 2py3o6(nluKara, norb3ogaHueur'ttu 29
2.6. I4svieueHue oc4lKr.rcyAna 31
2.6.l. Ilpuea u pacxodoeaHuezpy3a 31
2.6.2.Ilepexode eodyuuoil nnomHocmu JJ

2.7.flocanra cyAHac an$$epentou 34

2.7.l. MacwmadEoutrcaua 34
2.7.2.,{uazpailMa ocadorcHocowu rcopuoit 36
It ero KoHTpoJIL
2.8. 3anactrJlaB1^recrl{ 38
2.8.1.Ilounmue3anacannasyqecmu, ezoHopn4uposaHue 38
2.8.2.fpysosan MapKa 39
3. Hacaflruar ocrofi.urBocrl' 4l
3.l. O6rqueuoHflTHffocroft'rueocrld 4I
3.2. Pannoo6reusueHaKJIoHeHItr. Teopeua3finepa 42
3.3. fleperraeilIeHHrUB upn HaruroHeHHsx. MeraueHTpblH MeralleHrpuqecKl,Ie paAldygbr 44
3.4. Ycrosne ocroftqusocrr.rcyAHa.MeraqenrpnqecKlleQopltynu ocrofi'Iusocll1 46
3.5. KoerlSurluenTrrocrofisurocru. MeraqeuTpr.rqecKlle BblcorblH nx pacqer 48
3.6. I,Isl,reHesneocrofiqllBocrl{ I4nocaAKlacyAHarrpn rpFa
nepeMeIIIeHHI'I 50
3.6.l. BepmuKcubHoe nepeMeu4eHue zpy3a 50
3.6.2. IlonepeqHoe nepeMet4eHue zpy3a 51
3.6.3. IlpodoltbHoenepeMet4eHue zpy3a 52
3.7. Bttustme ilo4BxxHbrxrpy3oBua ocrofiquBocrb )J
' 3.7.1.Ilodeeuteuudezpy3br 53
3.7.2.)KudKue?pysbr 54
3.7.3.Camyvuezpy3bt 58
3.8. HsN{eHeuNe ocroftquBocruor npl{eMaHnLrpacxoAoBalut rpy3a 59
3.8.1.IlpoussonbHan Qopua cydua 59
3.8.2.CnyuailnpnaocmeHHozo cydua 62
3.8.3. HeumpanbHbte llJlocKocmu 62
 3.9. HsMeHeHHe nocaAKr{cyAuarrpu [p]IeMe r{JI}IpacxoAoBaul,Ifi
rpy3a 64
3.9.1.Ilpueu Mcuozozpysa 64
3.9.2.fluazpcrJwna
u3MeHeHun ocadorcoKoHeqHocmeit om npuewa]00 m epysa 65
3.9.3.Ilpueu zpysanpou3lorrbHoil eenuquuut 66
3.10.BnzsHlleAnQ$eperrrana ocrofi.rr4Bocrb 67
3. I 1. Manue HepaBnoo6reunrreHaKroHer.r.s cyrna 68
3.l2.VIsueHegr,reocrofi.nrsocrl,ril [ocaAKr{npn nepexo.uecyAHaB BoIy Apyrofr flJrorHocr]t 73
3. I 3. .{narpaMMaMeraueHTpr.rqecKux Bbrcor 74
3. I 4. OnpeAeJreHue ocroftqrnnocrrrcyAHaolrbrrHbrMryreM 77
3, 15. HeroropbretracrHbre[pr.rKJraAnbre 3aAaqu 78
3.15.1.Ilocmauoexocyduae dox u daeneuueHaKopMoaoil rcunafnorc 78
3.15.2.3adala o cydueHoKrtvHe 79
3.15.3.Ifodueu oKoHeqHocmu cydua 80
4. OcrofiqnBocrb npu 6onrmlrx HaKJroH€HHrilx 82
4. 1. llpe,qnapr.rreJrbHrre
3aMeqaHr.rs 82
4.2. Acnor.Hrrenon{Tr,r-s a reoMerpu.n6onrruprxnaruronesufi 82
4.3. AsatruTr.rqecKr{e BbrpaxeHr.rsAJUI nreqa ocrofiqnnocrr.r 84
4 .4. fluarpauMa craruqecxofi ocrofi qlrBocrr,r 85
4.5. Oqrongbre3araqu craruqecKofiocrofiqasocru 88
4.6. fiuuaxtr{qecKarr ocrofi.{HsocrbcyAHa 89
4.6.1.O xapaKmepe deilcmeunnHewHtN MoJileHmor 89
4.6.2, Ocuoeuuesedaqu duuailurae cxottocmotrqugocmu 90
4.6.3.,\u azpailMa duua,vuqecrcoit ocmoilquBocmLt 92
4.6.4.PeweHueocHo*Hatx sadaqno duaepa"uue duuauuraecxoil
ocmoiluueocmu 93
4.7. Ilocrpoeuue Ar{alpaMMocrofiqrasocrr4 94
4.7.I . I,lumepnonnquoHHbre Kpusbr q
e nrye ocmoilvueo cmu Qopnat 94
4.7.2. Vuueep caJtbHbte duazpauuat ocmoilrtusocmu 97
4.8. Fo:reecJIo)KHbIe 3a4a'quocrofi.Ilrnocrfl 99
4.8.I. HsaeHeHue ocmoilqueocmu
duazpa.r,ur't npu cilet4eHuuzpy3os 99
4.8.2.,\eilcmrue utKaafiaua cyduo c KpeHoM 102
j.
4.8. Rpeunt4u{taoaeum, 3asuctt4uuom yzna KpeHa 104
4.8.4.Cyduoc ompuuamenuuoti uaqabuoil ocmoilqueocmbrc 107
4.8.5.fiuazpcuvtMa ocmoilqueocmucyona c nodsuilcubtwuzpy3a.^4u 110
4.9. HopuupoBaHue ocrofiqunocru lt5
4.9.I. Ilped*apumenbHbte s(MeqoHrw 115
4.9.2. Kpumepuilnozodut IT7
a cmamuqecKoit ocmoilvusocmu u MemoqeHmpuqecKafl 6u coma
4.9.3. fluazp aMJ/t r20
4.9.4. Vqemofnedeneuun t20
4.9.5.fiononHumenbHue mpe6oeanun x ocmottaurocmu 121
4.9.6.AnumepHamusHbte mpe6oeaHun K ocmoilqueocmu pauoua
cydoeHeozpaHwteuuoeo
nnagaHu.fl t23
4.9.7. fluazpat LManpedenauutxMoueHmor 124
4.9.8. I4uQopMoquno6 ocmoil,tuaocmuu npoqHocmucydna r26
4.9.9. Tpe6o6aHunx ocmoti,tulocmu npu nepesnKe sepHcl r27
5. HenorourseMocrb 130
5.1. O6qre roHrrut 130
5.2. Kateropull 3ararlnr4BaeMbrxorceKoB i30
5.3. KoeQQHrII,IeHrbInpoHrlllaeMocru t3l
5.4. Merolbr pacrrera asapuiruotrtrocaAKI{ cyAua t36
 5.4.1. Odqca xdpaKmepucmuKa
rwemodoe 136
npu 3amonneHuuomceKae cpedueil qacmu
asapuiluoilnocadrcu
5.4.2.Ilpuuep onpedeneHun
cvdua 1,37
5.5. Oqeura HenoronJrrreMocrr.r B cyAoBbrxycJIoBH{x 138
5.5.I. Cnoco6 uumepnonn4uuHe6n3oK 139
5.5.2. Bcnouo?omerbHaflma6nu4a x cnocofy HesxtoK t41
5. 5. 3.,\ua.pcrM^4bt oeapuiluatx nocadorc t42
5. 5.4. CuttuempuvHoe 3amoruteHueepynnbt omceKo6 t45
5. 5.5. 3 amonJteHueHecwuMempalHbtxomceKoB 146
5.5.6. fpanuubr Hazpy3orc,donycmuubtx no aeapuiluoil nocadrce 148
5.6. Tpe6onasng Perzcrpa CygoxoAcrBa rc arapuftnruvr [ocaAKe r.roctofi.*mocru cyAHa 149
5.7. HntpopMarlur o HerrororrJrteMocrl,IcyAHa 150
5.8. CnpxiraJreHr4e cyAHa ts2
6. Ilpovnocrl Kopryca cy.rlHa 15s
6.1. O6tqre rroHtr]I.r o npoqHocr]IKopryca 155
6.2. Cxervnpacrreranpoqnocrl,Ina rnxofi no4e 155
6.3. Konrporm o6rqefi uporrHocruB cygoBbrxycnoBusx r57
6.4.tIpu1m{xeuHbreSoprnrymrKoHTpoirro6rueftnpotruocrr.rno usrr6arotqeMyMoMeHTy
Ha
rNxofi Bore B MH,rIeJIeBoMceqeHHLI 161
6.5. Mecruar rporruocrb 163
6.6. Bu6pauvacyl;Ea t64
7. Ka.rrcacyAHa 166
7.1. OcHosubre [oHrrrrt r66
7.2. Ka,arca cyAHaHa ruxofi soAe r67
7.2.1.Kaqrcacydua6esconpomu*neHua 167
7.2.2. Ilpu6nu)rceHHoe onpedeneuuenepuodoeKoqKu 170
7.2.3.BnunHue cuJtconpomusneHut 172
7.2.4.3a-nreqaHun Kynpou4eHHoil meopuuKaqKu 173
7.3. Kaqrcacylua Ha BoJIHer{Hr.r t74
7.3.1.BnunnueznyduubtHanonHeHue t74
7.3.2.KaurcacydnaHapezyrnpHoM sotrHeHuu t77
7.3.3.BnunHue tEpca u cKopocmu xoda ua \aq*y cydua 180
7.3.4. Kasxa napq"MemputecKozo muna 183
7.3.5.HepezynnpHoe noJrHeHueu ezonpedcmqzneHue 185
7.3.6.KaqxqHa HepezyrnpHoM sonHeHuu r92
7.4. BonpocbrMopexoAuocru cyAoB t97
7.4.I. 3anueaeMocmb 191
7.4.2.Cneuuuz 199
7.4.3.Paszouzpe6uozo6uHmau dsuzamenn 200
7.4.4. Illmoptr,toeuteduazpaMMbt 201
7.5. Bog.uefi crBgeKatrKIt 209
7.5.1. VcxopeHut,sbaBauuarc rcaqxoil 209
7.5.2.Cuaat,deilcmeynt4ueHa meepdarczpy3bt 211
7.5.3.Cuaa4deilcmeynt4ue6 cbtnyqx zpy3ox 2t3
7.5.4.Bosdeilcmeue KaqKuHaMexdHu3Mu u npu6oput 215
7.5.5. @usuoJtozuHecKoe deilcmaueKeqKu 221
7.6. Ycnoxor,rreJrr.r
KarrKH 225
7.6.I. O1uaue ceedeuunu rcnaccuQuKa4un ycnoxoumeneil 22s
7.6.2. VcnoKoumenbHbte qucmepHbt 225
7.6.3. fudpoduuaMuqecKueycnoKoumenuKaqKLt 229
7.6.4. SfufieKmuzHocmb ycnoKoumeneil xavxu 230
8. ConporuBflenrre BoAbI ABrIlrceHHrocy,IIHa z3l
8.I. flonmr,rc colrporl,IBneullc BoAu u 6yrcupono'mofi MoIrIHocrI'I 231
8.2. Pas.qenenl{ecoupor}rBJlenlrt BoAbIHa cocraBHbleqacru 232
8.3. CouporHBJreHI{erpeHl'rt u ero pacrler ./-55

8.4. 3xcnepr{MeHTiurbrrrfi ueroA onpegeneHus colporl,IBreHuq Bo,qLIABIaxeH[Io cyAHa 235

8.5. Cnoco6u upu6mxeuuoro pacqera couporuBneHufl BoAbI 238
8.5. ConporlrBireHue r{ [pocaAKa cyAna npu.{Br{xeH}II{ Ha orpanuqeHuofi rrry6une 244
9. Cylonue ABrlxrtrerrrr 249
9.1. OcnoeHBIerlogtrl1s, [pI,IHqtIr Aeftcteus I{ T}IrIbI.4gl,rxurenefi 249
9.2. Ourosbl Teop[u E.zIeaJIbHoroABI'I]KLITeJUI 250
9.3. SnenreuTbl reoMerpunrpe6noroBuHra 252
9.4. Knnerraarr,rqecKHexapaKTepHcrurnrpe6noro BuHTa 254
9.5. Ocnourble IIoHtrHs reopuu Kpblna 254
9.6. Cropocrtrucltilbl Ha oJIeMeHre Jlofiacrrl 255
xapaKTepucruxnrpe6uoro Br.rHTa
9.7. flunanntraqecKr.te r xapaKTepnble ero pa6orrr
pe)KLIMbI 256
Ans pactlerarpe6nrx BI{HToB
9.8. ,{uarparr,rMbl 258
9.9. BsauMogeftcrnxeBlIHrarI KopuycacyAua 259
9.10.Kanaraqni rpe6urrx BLIHToB 261
9.11.OuroBHLIe3aAaqla pacuerarpe6nrx BHHToB 262
9.12. CoeN{ecTrrat pabota rpe6uoro BHHra,ABHraTentI,IKopnycacyAHa 264
9.13. fpe6nble BLIHTrI perynupyeMororlara 269

10. Vnpan.nfleMocrb cylHa 270

10. l. OcHosHrIe noH.grll-s 270
10.2. I{upryrsqur cyAna. Ilepuo.utt u sJIeMeHrbIuI{pKyJItuLIH 270
10.3. CnmI LI MoMeHTbI,Aeficrsylorque Ha cyAuo rlpu lrupKylrflIlkrr4 272
10.4. [narpaMMa yrpaBrteMocr]I cy.{Ha 273
10.5. Bru.srtue Berpa H BoJIHeHHtHa yflpaBnteMocrb cyAHa 275
10.6. Bgauuogeficteur cyAoB npu o6ronax u pacxox,qeHscx 277
10.7. HnepqnonHo-ropMo3Hble xapaKTepI{crI,IKI,I cy.IIHa 278
I 0.8. CpeacrBa aKrlrBrloro ylpaBnelrl4t cyAHoM 279
Cnncorc Jrrreparypbr 282
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3. CyaHo cI,IAI,ITnpflMo, Ho c
aurfQepeHroM (Pnc.2.3)- B
9TOM CJIrIae [ocaAKa
onpeAensercs TaKXe .{ByMt
napaMeTpaMl4, [pHrIeM
Hcnonb3yroTc{ pa3nl,IqHhle
Pucynox 2. 3. flocaAra cyaHanprMo c anrpQepeHrolt
ocaAKI{ HocoM TH
BeJTHTIHHbI:
14 roprrrofi T*, Il3MepeHHbIe coorBercrBeuHo Ha HOCOBOM U KOpMOBOM
uepleHAHKyntpax,oca.4KaHa MI4Aene:

t4
 Tcp=|@, *r.); (2.1)

ar,rQQepeHrcyAHa,onpeAeJlteMLlfipa3Hocrbrc ocaAoKHocoMfl KopMou:

d =Tu -Tx, (2.2)
nnu yrorl anQQepenra, rpeAcraBrltrculufi co6ofi yroJl MeXAy cneAoM BarepnnHuu
na.sI n ocrrc 0r :
d (2.3)
iE t//otgv=i.

Hs uepe.rucJleHHblxBe;rvrluH np6ue ABa He3aBHcHMbIX rlapaMeTpa Moryr 6rrru

)fl. Ha nrr6panu Ant 3aAaHI{flnocaAKI{.
f3oM,
4. Cy,qHo cvr4vrr c KpeHoM u
H H A 4uS$epenrou. 3ro o6rqnfi
cnyqaft nocaAKI4 n AJla ee
3aaaHufl. Heo6xoAuult rpu
,uxofi
rapaMeTpa.Ecnu yHIbI KpeHa
) r43
IOTCfl
ffi guQ$epenra MaJIbI, ro
HcnonE3yerct ABa KaKUX-
nu6o napaMerpa, 3aAaloql4x
t, Ha
ausQepenr LI yron r<Pena.B
)IHO
cnrrae 6onrurHx yDIOB
IAI{14T
T A
HAKJIOHCHH.'I B KAIICCTBE
napaMerpoB I4C[OJIb3)rrcTCf
KOCTb
;\.IHO
nolpy)KeHue T ocu Oz vr
- 3TO nocaAKyu o6ueM cryeae
yHrblvu0MexAyocf;Ml4
Pucynor 2.4. flapauerpbl, 3aAat.otune
Ox H Oy co cJIeAaMH
3TOM
:a.IKy Barepnr4Hr,rr4Ha Ar{aMerpanbHoft rrJlocKocrl{ n nJIocKocrLI MuAeJIt (puc.2.4).
3auetrnna,qTo B sToM cJrflae yilIbI V Ll d npe4craBJlflIor yrJIbI .qHSSepeHTaH
Kr.I"rb, KpeHa Jrurub ycJroBHo, T.K. r,r3MeptrrcTctHe B BepTI'IKaIIbHbIX,A HaKJIOHHbIX
3TOM rrJrocKocrrx. AHaloraqHoe 3aMeqaHl.{eorHocuTc.f,H K rlapaMerpy ocaAKI'IT octt' Oz,
teTcc Koropar raKxe He BeprgKurJrbHa. Ognaro, npu yrJlax ne 6nusrcI{x K 90o, etra
TpoB: rapaMerpbryAo6HbI.
0, a
aerc{
2.2. MAPKNYTNYENEHNfl
H O C gKcIIJryaTaI{}In cyAHa ero [ocaAKa onpe,{enf,eTcfl IIo MapKaM
B ilpoUecce
) B 6oprax HaHocy,KopMeu n pafioueMHAeJII'
HaHocflTcfl,Hao6onx
yruy6leu?It, KoTopble
ca.lKa
Mup*r ymy6neuur npeAcraBr-flrorco6oft qusprr, yKa3bIBaIoqI4eyrrry6leunx B
tB)'Mt nO
AeIII,IMeTpaX.BUCOTa HaHoCLIMbIXIII4op, rr3Mep€HHM
)HqCM

:+
triHble .rf
)\t TH

IOBOM :+
sL
norpyxeHue,T.e.r{pITbIBaeTTOJIIIII'IHyropLI3OHTaIIbHOroKVIIIfl,aecJII{HMeIOTC''TO}I
rIJIocKoc$. llepexoA or yrny6lesu-s
Apyrue qacrr{ cyAHa, Bbrcrynarculne 3a ocHoBHyIo
poenrtft KI'IJIb BblpaxaeTcq
K TeopeTuqecrofi ocaAKe npg IIocaAKe cyAHa Ha
paBeHcTBOM:
T =Ty-5,

rAe d - orcro fi:Hr4eHaquraorcarera yrny6neHprfl. or ourosHofi rIJIocKocrH.

flpu nocaAKe c ,{ussepeHToM AOJTXHaBBOAI4TbCf, AOrIonHI4TeJIbHaflnoIIpaBKa Ha
H c
HecoBIraAeHLreMapoK yrny6nenu{ c HocoBbrM rI KopMoBbIM neplreHAuKyntpaMu
c noMolqblo
nnocKogTblo MHAe;s. }ra rorpaBKa MoxeT 6urr o[peAeneHa rpaSraqecKl'I
qeprexa pacnonoxelkrfl, MapoK yruy6rennx (pwc.2.6), tu6o paccqnraHa flo
cJleAyloquu QoPrraYnau.
flycrs tw lK vt I ^r o6osua'rarcr
paccTotHI4rI OT MapoK, IIo KOTOpbTM
100 100
9E
96
YA
96 [porrnTaHu yrny6neHll.fl Ty* Ty* Lr TyM B
94 94
92
90
92
90 oKoHeqHocrtx t B cpe4Hefi rlacrla Ao
AN

cooTBercTBylou{I4x nepleHAl4KyrgpoB v
ad
86 do
84 84
82 dz
80 Ao MI4Aent (Puc.2.7). TorAa
Td
76
cooTBercTByloqne ocaAKlI Bblpa3sTcf
70
70
68 Qopuylauu:
T, =Tyu- l, tgrY- 6;
68
- ---8? 66

62
T* =Tyx -l* tgrY- 6;
t Y
Y 54
T* =Tyaa- I, tgY - 6 '
+
v 5 2
ffi
o *50 s,0r
4E :48
46
.14
6 a 46
44
E , A
- 4 4 (2.4)
r 42 o
: 42 dez
E
4.0 40
38
5 40
38
940
538
n,o6
F
Yrol 4ra$Sepeura ilo MapKaM
o o

G
36
34 o
36
i39
"Qsz
: ymy6neHrt onPeAenl4rct cneAytoIIIl4M
32
3,0 30
28 a) q)
:30
l6
3,00
nyreM.Ih (2.2) u (2.3) anr araQSepeHra
= 26 E26
24 ;o 2r t 4 HMECM:
o
!!
z,u sc €E tt 86 2.0
s 20
18 d=Tu-Tx:Ltgv,
16 l16
14
.12
.10
14
12
10.
a c gpyrofr cropoHbl ry xe Ben[qI4Hy
10
a I
6
8 ,
6J HafiAeu, BbIr{I4Tag B (2.4) Bropoe
6
4 4 4+
2. -2J paBeHcrBo vr3 nepBoro; B pe3ynbTaTe
noJrr{}IM:
Pr.rcynox2. 6. Cxeua uapox yrury6leHu.r L tgV =Ty, - Ty* - Q, - t * ) t s v ,
orKyAa HarAeM:

v o t g ' /= T ]":": '

L+lr-l*
flpra sroru Iu, lK Lr lM
CqHTaIOTCt IOJIOXfl.IT€JIbH6IMI'I,
ecJII{ [poqI4TbIBAeMAfi' MapKa
yrny6neHHff pacnoJloxeHa B
Hoc coorBercrBeHHo or HfI,
MI{,UEJI' LT K[,
yrrry6lenur
PNcyuor 2.7 . K onpeAeneHrloocaAoKno MapKaM

I6
r TO I,I oTpr4rlaTeJrbHhlMr.rB upoTHBonoJroxHbIX crryrq&"". Ecnn cyAHo I'IMeeT KpeH, To
\eHt{fl
yrrry6neHnfr. cne4yer rrpuH[Marb KaK cpeAHLIe3HatIeHI4-f,H3 BeJII4tIHH,npoql'ITaHHbIX Ha
aeTcg
o6oux 6oprax. Carnryron KpeHa Mo)Ker 6rmr oilpeAeneH no pa3Hocrn yrly6nenuit ua
rrpaBoM Trn u JIeBOMTrn6Optax" npoiIHTaHHErXHa MHAeJIe:
-Tvn
^ Trn (2.6)
tga:---,
IKA HA
rAe B -wnpuHa cyAHaB Mecre paclronoxe:ans.MapoKyrny6leurax.
u14c (2.4) IIo3BoJIf,Ior oIIpeAenI{TbcrpenKy AeQopMaIII4HKopuyca:
@@oprvrynn
OIIIbIO T, +T*
a n o f =7, (2.7)

4e$oprraaqulouporu6a, rtpvt f <0 LIMeer

Ecnu f >0, To Kopflyc r4crrbrrbrBaer
lqalor
neperH6a.
Mecro 4eQoprraarlH.rr
:opbIM
T...tt B
2.3.CUnH,qEnCTBY\OI4UE
HA 4nABA\OUIEECY4HO.
tlr AO ycnoBufl n vPABHEHnf, CYAHA
PABHOBECUf,
)oB u
TorAa Ha cygno, rrJraBar)rrleeHeno.qBr,rxHoB cocrosHrrl{ paBHoBecufl.Ha cnoKor4Hovt
13grc.fi :
BoAe,4eftcrnytor cneAytoulue cI4JIbI
cura rflxecru (neca) cyAHa, cocrorulafl H3 cHJI,geficrnyrorllnx Ha Bce ero qacrrl 14
Ha Bce fpy3br, HaxoA.rrqnecfl,Ha HeM. Curu rflxecrl{ trpnBoAflTc.s K oAHofi
panno4eftcrByrcUert P=gD, tcFI,rAe D - Macca cyAHa, T, g - ycKopeHl'IecHJIhI
L ' . Tflxecrn. 3ra cnra HanpaBJreuaBeprlrKrulbuo BHH3 I4 nplanoxeHa B TolIKe G
rleHrpe rxlKecrn (UT) cyAHa (qenrpe rvracc).KoopAnnarrr I{T gYmta B cucreMe
Q.4) C CyAHOU,
cB.fl3aHHbIX 6y4err{O6OgHa'IarrG(x, , /g, zg))
KOOpAr,rHar,
apKaM
TOIUIIM rHApocTarlilqecKHe AaBJIeHHs aaboptttofi BOAbr, paclpeAeJleHHble IIo Bcefi

?eHTa noABoAHOfinapyxHofi nonepxHocrlI cyAHa (crraoueuHofi nonepxnocrra).fianrteuue

p B KaxAofi TO.{KeIIoBepXHocTE paBHo p=g ph,rge p - nJIoTHocTb sa6oprHofr
BoAhr,h - rnyluHa norpyxeHur ror{Kn fioA cBo6o4uofi rloBepxnocrblo. Coruacuo
3aKOHy ApXUrrlega rHApocTaTurIecKEe .IIABJICHIIf, CBOAflTCfl oAHofi
I{r{HHy
rTopoe paBHoAeficrByroqefi - cnne rnaBy{ecrr{, paBuofi necy BbITecHeHHoficy,uttoMBoAbI
IIbTATE yv,rpe r=g p - y$etsnrrfi sec BoALI,v -o6seMHoe Bo,qoI43MeIrIeHI{e, T.e.o6beM
[olpyxeHHofi uoA BoAy qacrrr cyAHa. Cnna unaByrecru HanpaBJIeHa Beprl4KanbHo
'8U -
BBepxr4rrpunoxeHa B TorrKeC qeHrpe r.axecru BhlTecHeHuofi xu4xocrn (qeHrpe
'
Tsxecrg noABoAHoro o6reua), Ha3brBaeMbIMIIeHrpoM BeJII4qHHbI(IS).
f KoopAuuarurI-p 6ygeN,r o6o:saqars C (xr, ! c, zc) .
Ix
-l Tarnu o6parou, K cyAHy npuJroxeHbrABe BeprlIK€uIbHoHanpaBJIeHHbIe cuJIbI,

lM
leficrByrorrlne B nporr{BorroJroxnbrecropoHhl. ftx roro, rITo6bI uo.q AeficrBHeM3TI'IX
\4
c6n cyAHoHaxoAraJrocb B paBHoBec[H,Heo6xoAHMoBbIrIoJIHeHqe AByx yclonufi:
crlila Beca cyAHa no BeJII{rIriHeAoJrxGa 6urr paBHa cI,IJIe nJlaByrrecrn, qro
HbIMH,
\rapKa
paBHo3HaqHo paBeHcTBy MacccyAHaI{ BblTecHeunofiI,IMBOAbI;
BHA B
r{eHTp rf,xearu cyAHa vr IIeHTp BeJII4rIuHbIrlorpyxeHHoro o6reua AOJDKHbI
r FI[I,
pacnonafarbcf IIa oAHoftBeprI{K€UII'I.
n

t7
 3ru ycnoBtafi BblPaxalor
cooTBeTcTBeHHOpaBeHCTBOHynIO
TIaBHOTO BeKTOpa fi paBeHcrBo
Hynlo HIaBHO|O MOMeHTa 0I'IJI,
M
ruocxocma BJI
4eficrnyroqux Ha cyAHo, H
npeAoraBJltlor o6uINe YcnoBHs
paBHoBecr4.flTBepAoro reJla.
vEe flepnoe H3
A Ycnonrafi
BbrpaxaeTcs paBeHcTBOM :
P=TV, (2.8)
L4JMBBHAepaBeHCTBaMacc:
D =p V . (2.e)
Bropoe v3 YcJIoBHf B
o6uleu cny{ae noca.qKl{ cyAHa c
KpeHoM u an$QepeHroM Moxer
6rtrr [on]n{eHo aHaJII'ITHIIecKI'I,
ecJIHB ocflx Oxyz, cB.s3aHHbIXc
Pucynor 2. 8. K BrrBoAy ypaBHeHi'lfiIuocKocrl,t BarepJII{HI'II{ cyAHoM, 3alucarb ycJIoBI4e

nepIIeHAI,IKynqpHOCTI4 ilpsMoft,
upoxo4xlqeft qepe3 ToqKLI G 14 C, vr
oflpeAenseuofi ee
rrJrocKocrl,IBarepnIaHI4H,
cireAaMl{Ha ,[I vr Ha rIJIocKocrHMv4en .
nnx nroOofi ro.Iru M c rcoopAl4HaraMux
u y (puc.2.8) nlocKocrl4 BarepJIrIHuuee
ANTTJII,IKATA M'M CKJIAAbIBACTC' t43
oTpe3KoB MA1=7 AtAz = x tgy v\
A2M = y tg9, orKy,qatronf{aeM:
BarepnkrHr4vl :
yp aBHeHI4e TIJIOCKOCTI,I
z=T+xtgv+ytg9 HIIT4
tr *"
xtgv+YEe-z+T=0)
npxnaofi, npoxoA-sIqefiuepe:
ypaBHeHr,re
^l | ^/ \
T O T I K HG \ x g , ! g , z g ) H C\xrtlgrzc)l

xc-xg lc-!g ze-zg

ycJroBl,{eilepneHA}IKynspHocrl4IIptMofr
IIJIOCKOCTI4:
tgV tg9 -1
= _
xc-xg lc-lg zc-zg

l * , - * r = Q s- ' " ) t e v ;
krltvr - =Q, -
\r" ir 'r)tgo'

Plrcyuox 2. 9. K BbIBo.{yypaBHeHnt paBHoBecl'lt cy.[Ha

18
xAIOT Eonee HarJIfAHo9ro ycnoBue cneAyeTs3 prlc.2.9, rge G'C' - npOeKUI{toTpe3Ka
H)/JIIO cJIeAyBarepnnur4uAL, a G'C'
GC saAuaMerparrbnyronJrocKocrb,nepneHAuKyJlf,pH€rff
HCTBO npoeKrlrdr GC Ha [JrocKocrb Mr{AeJrq, [epneHAI,IKynspHarI cneAy AW - I'I3
cHJI, TpeyronbHI,IKoBG'C'K' 14G,C'K' cneAylor paBeHcrBa:,
o. 14 x c- x s = \ 1 r - t " ) . t g v ;
(2.10)
;IOBI{S
lc - !g =Vs -2")tg?.
YparHeHur (2.8) r4rrkr(2.9) vr (2.10) rBJrrrorc.a ypaBHeHHsMupaBHoBecl{t
nosnft
rrJraBaroqero cyAHa. Moxuo [oK€u]arL, rrro npu 3aAaHHofi Harpy3Ke cyAHa (r.e.
3a.qaHHbrxD,xg,!g n zf), ouu eAI,IHcTBeHHbIM o6pa:orvronpeAentloT BaTepJIHHIIIo
(2.8)
paBHoBecnf,.Ypanuenne (2.8), a raKxe roxAecrBeHuoe eMy (2.9), H€t3blBaercs
(2.e) ypaBHeHHeM rrnaBfrecru. OHo ycraHaBnrlBaer BerI4rIuHy [orpyxeHHoro noA
rroBepxHocrbBoAbro6seua cyAHa.YpanHeuun (2.10) orpeAeJltror HaKJIoHeHH.fl cyAHa
tit B
'.1H4 C noBepxHocrl,IBoAbr,Koropble paccMarplrBalorot e ocrofi.ruBocrn cyAHa.
orHocr,rreJrbHo
qepe3 X
rIO)K€T
PaseHcrsa (2.10) ruroxHo3arucarb B ApyroM BuAe.O6o3HarII,IM *Yr vr
npoBeAeHHbIX
roqeK nepeceqeHr{tBeprI,IKaJIefi,
Xc,Yc KoopAr,rHarbr qepe3 UT u I-F
TECKI,I,
HbIX C cyAHa,c ocHoBHofiunocrocrbro. 3ru xoop.quHarbloflpeAensrcgBbIpaxeHI4tMLI:
JOBHC X g = x, + z, tgtY; Xc = xc + z" tgtY;
(2.r1)
Yg = !g + zt tg?; Yg = lc + z" tg9;
rorAaBMecro(2.10)nonr{r{M:
xt=xs;
(2.12)
Yg =Y" '
3ru pareHcrBa npeAcraBr.flror ycnoBr4r coBrraAeHI4lIBeprl4xallefi, ilpoxoAflIrlux qepe3
G U C, T.e.TOXe BTOpOe
TOrrKr4 H3yCJIOAnftpanUOBeCI{t.
B qacrsux cnf{a.f,x rocaAKI{ycJIoBI,If(2.10) ynpoqruorct:
cyAHockr ur np.flMo(0 = 0), rorAa noryrll4M:
xc-xs:Vs-rr)tgv;
(2.r3)
lg = lc =0'
T.e KpeH orcyrcrByer, ecJrr4I{T cyana pacrroiroxeH B AraMerp€IJlbnofiulocxoctr'r;
qACTb CYAHA CI4MMETPI'TIHA
3TO OIICBHAHOCYCJIOBI,IC,T.K. B STOM CJIYIIAETIOABOAHEUT
orHocr{reJrbHo,{fI u I-p cy4ua HaxoAtITc{B nJIocKocTI{cHMMeTp}In;
cyAHocHAHrHapoBHbIfirPur (v, =0),
*8=*'i
, \ (2.r4)
lc - !g =Vs - z')tg9;
cyAHo cr4qurnptMo 14Ha poBHrrftxum (e = V/= 0)'
x, = xsi
(2.rs)
!g = lc =0'
rpr{ ee [apaMerpa otrpeAeJlflwrcs.I,I3Tpex ypaBHeHI'Iu
B o6uleru cJryqaenoca,qKr,r
paBHoBecr.rr
cyAHa.
VpanneHut paBHoBecl{scoAepxar BeJII{I{HHbI ABorKoro poAa:

c' l!{a
t9
 BeIHTII,IHbI D,xg,!g H zg, orIpeAeJIfftoIIII4e Harpy3Ky cyAHa' T'e' Maccy vI

troJroxeHl{e IIeHTpa r.flxecrl4 cyAHa;

BeJII,rII4HbrV, xs, lc v zc, 3aBucflIrlne or ifoprrau cyAHa, 3aAaBaeMofireoperHqecKl{M
lleprexoM, LI oT rrocaAKl{ cyAHa.

2.4. HATPY3KACYAHAU EE PACLTET

I4s ypaBHeHHft paBHoBec[.fl cyAHa BIAHo, tITo [nn rIoJIb3oBaHHt ktl,0{{[vr
ueo6xoAraMo3Harb Maccy cyAHa H KoopAI4HarbIero ueHTpa rflxecrn (ueurpa rvracc)
vrlrl crarurrecKue MoMeHTbrMaccbr orHocI4TeJibHO KoopApIHarHbIXrlJlocKocreft, qepe3
cy.4Ha
Koropbre BbrpaxarcTcfloru KoopAlrHarut.3auetuM, rITo trpn la3yr{euvr AT4HaMHKI'I
.qonoJrHnreJrbHouorpe6yerct etrtre3HaHr4eMoMeHToBr.rHepIII{I{Macc orHocI{TeJIbHo
orIeHKunpor{Hocrn Heo6xolrrMo 3HarbeII{e3aKoHpacnpeAeJleHl{.fl
ocefi, a A6rfl. Macc ro
Anr{HecyAHa.

2.4.1. Maccoerle xapaKTepncruKlr cyAHa

llonuyro Maccy cyAHa rrpraHflTopiBAeJIf,Tb Ha ABe qacrn. K nepnoft LTaQTH
orHocflTcr Macc6r, KoTopbreBcef.uaHaxo.utTcfl Ha cyAHe Ir cocTaBJItIoTMaOCyCyAHa
nopoxHeM. B 3Ty qacrb BKJrroqaror Mer€uIJII4rIecKvrf4 Koplyc c o6opy4onaHl'IeM'
pr
cyAoBbleycrpoftcrBa, cHcreMbr,fJraBHbre BcnoMorareJrbHbleMexaHI,I3MbI I{ [ITarHOe
cga6xeuue. Cro.qaxe orHocsr MaccblBoAbI,TonJII{BaI{ MacJIa,HaxoA.slqHectB KorJIax,
MexaHu3Max vr rpy6onpoBoAax gHeprerHrIecKI,IXycraHoBoK, noAroroBJIeHHbIXK
3arrycKy, r{ ocrarKr,r xr{AKrax rpy3oB B I{HcrepHax, Koropble He MoryT 6rirr orKaqaHbl
(ueprnufi sanac), a raKlKe rBepAbrfi 6annact, ecJII{oH rlocroflHHo Haxo4krras'Ha cyAHe.
Ko nropoit .racru orHocrr [epeMeHHbrerpy3bl, T.€. rpy3bl, Maccbl Koropblx
MoryT 6rrrr pa3nI,IrIHbIMI{ or pefica r peficy, a raKxe ll3Menf,Tbc-flB TeqeHI4epefica. B
gTy tracrb BKrroqalor nepeBo3r4Mblfi BoAbI,cMa3or{HbIX
llpy3, 3afiacbl TorIJII,IBa, H Apyndx
pacxoAHbrx Marepr{aJroB,Korvran4y c 6araxoM, 3aflacbl [poBlI3pIH I{ npl4HllMaeurtfi
xu.qKgfi 6zurlacr. Bce oTH rrepeMeHHbre Maccbl cocraBJltlor AeABefiT cyl'Ha,
Ha3brBaeMufi rarxe nolsofi rpy3onoAbeMHocrblo.
,{e4nefir cyAHaorrpeAeJrflercrKaKpa3HocrbMexAy BoAoH3MeuIeHHeM cyAHarlo
ycTaHoBneHH)rroAnr Hero pacr{eTHyro rpy3oBylo BaTepnI{HI{ro nplr craugapruofi
rrJrorHocrr4BoAbr H Bo.qoH3MerrIeHHeM cyAHa [opoxlreM. Hapr4y c .qeAsefiToMlIJIl4
tlHcrofi
nonHofi rpy3orroAbeMHocrbro r{cnoJlb3yerct [oH{TI4e nonegnofi vrlrr
rpy3orloAbeMHocrl4, cocrortqeiauzMaccbr rpy3oB u naccaxupoB c 6araxou' [epeBo3Ka
Koroplrx .rrBrqercr Ha3HaqeHHeM cyAHa.Hucras. rpy3olloAbeMHocrb o[peAenflerct KaK
pa3HocrbMex,qy ,qeAneffroMr4 MaccofrneperueHHblxrpy3oB, pacxoAyeMblxB TeqeHne
peftca HJrHnppIHHMaeMbIX AJIflo6ec[eqeHl,Is 3KcnnyaTaryv cylna.

2.4.2. O6re*rrrcte xapaKTepI{crHKHcyAna

cyAna, Koropble e AanrHefiureu 6ylyr
xapaKTepncrr4Ku
Pacclaorpuu o6rerraHbre
trcrroJlb3oBaTbctnpu [paKTHqecKHx pacrleTax MopexoAHblx KarIecTB.

20
ccy kr
1. l'pysoeMecmuMocmbcydHa
ECKHM fpyronrvrecrr4MocrbroHa3brBaercrcyMMapnrrfi o6reu Bcex rroMelrleHl{ficyAHa,
rrpeAHa3HarreHHbrx Anfl pa3MeIrIeHHt IrepeBo3I,IMLIX rpy3oB. Pagruqarcr
fpy3oBMecTHMocTb HacbrnHyrcnnu 3epHoByron lpy3oBMecTHMOCTb nO reHepUUIbHOMy
rpy3y HJIHKI4rIOBytO.
3epHonar BMecrgMocrb rpy3oBoro noMerrleHl{fl olrpeAeJlterct KaK ero
reoperr{rrecrrafio6rerra(r.e. o6reM, orlpeAereHHufi rro reopernqecKoMy rreprexy) ga
LIMH
BbrrreroM o6reua HaxoA-rrqbrocs B HeM Ha6opa LI ApyrI,Ix KoHcTpyKt\ttir,u cncreM.
vacc) O6rFrHo 3epHoBarr BMecrnMocrb cocraBJl-f,er 95-96% Teoperl,IqecKoro o6reua
qepe3
rroMeuleHI{f.
c)'AHa Kuuoeat BMecrr{Mocrb MeHrrne sepnonoft, oHa rron) Iaerct BblqeroM Ll3
fe_.IbHo 11ocne,qHefio6rerraoBMe)KAyrrrrraHroyraux, 6uucaMl4,ctofircauu nepe6opoK,Koropble
acc no He MoryT 6utr ncrroilb3oBaHblAnfl pa3MeIrIeHI{{IxTytIHEIXrpy3oB.
Cy4uo xapaKrepr43yercr rarcr(e yAenrnofi lpy3oBMecTliMocrblo X, Koropat
npeAcTaBJrreT orHorxeHuerpy3oBMecTuMocTl{ rloMelrleHutrtAtn [epeBo3uMoro rpy3a K
.rucrofi rpy3onoAbeMHocruH lrMeer pa3HytoBernqnny B 3aBHcI4MocrH or Ha3HalIeHWfl'
qACTH
cyAHa.V-cy,UoeAns reHep€rnbHblx .pyto" X:I,g-2,2 *3ir; y necoBo3oB X =2,3'2,7 vt3h;
c)'IHa
rpy3oB I:I
), cyAoBAJrflMaccoBbrx ,4-I,6 *' lr; y raHKepoBI:l,l'l ,4 rut3
/r,
lHHeM,
taTHoe
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OTJAX,
IbIX K iltrx o4noo6pa^rnofi orleHKr.rpa3MepoB cyAoB B MexAyHapogttofi npaKruKe
:aqaHbI
npprHfTo xapaKTepr,r3oBaTbcyAa perl{cTpoBofi BMecTLIMocTbIo.Perucrponax
:)'.fHe.
BMecrrrMocrr (perucrpoBbrfi roHuaN) rrpeAcraBJlflerco6oft ronHblfi o6leu cy,qoBblx
[noMeuleHuitt s Kopilyce E HaAcrpofixax 3a HcKJIIoqeHHeM oco6o oroBapl'IBaeMblxB
TOpbIX
fica, B
flpanurax o6rvrepacyAoB(HeaffiovaeMblenoueqenua).
Mex4ynapoAHbre flpanuna o6rraepacyAoB 6:'lrru paapa6oraHbl B 1873 rogy u
tp]'fI4x
aelrrtil ,leficrBoB?LJr1lAo 1982 r. flo errEu [paBranaMperucrpoBar BMecruMocrb BblpaxaJlacbB
c)'.lHa,
perl{crpoBblxroHHax(1 per.r: 100 6yt' : 2,83 u').
Pasrra.rarcr BanoByro BMecrr{Mocrb (6pymo) BRT ,r qncr}ro BMecrnMocrb
{riemo) NRT, ronyraeMyn r43BRT BbrrrI,ITaHIrIeM oroBopeHHbIXflpanranauu o6naepa
lHA TIO
rprHofi o6reN{osraK Ha3bIBaeMbIx noMelrleHufi, no4lexalqux Bblqery.
}f AJII{
C 1.07.\982 r BcrynLUIaB clany MexgynapoAHall KonneHqut no o6Mepy cy4oB
1969 r, rro Koropofi naroearr BMecrr,rMocrb GT (gross tonnage) vqvcras. BMecrHMocrb
nrcrofi
eBo3Ka NT (net tonnage) orpeAeJurrorc.flno $oprrayJlaM,B Koropbre BXo,qI4ro6qerft o6reu
C.fl KAK
3aKpbrTbrx npocTpaHcTB Ha cyAHe, a TarcKe TII,ICIO [accaxl4poB Ha cyAHe, v
:qeHI{e
o6osHa.ratorcr rrl4craMn6 er yr<asaHl,Itp a3MepHocrll.
Pesy.nrratbl o6MepayK€r3blBarorcr B Mepr{TenbHoM cBLIAereJIbcrBe, BbIAaBaeMoM
HacyAHo KJIaccr4QHKaIII{oHHbrM o6rqecrBoM,no KoropoMy LlcqllcJltrorcqB3I4MaeMbIe c
cyAHapa3rurrHbrec6oprr rr norrrJluHbr:floproBble, JIoIIMaHcKI4e, 3a npoxoA KaHaIIoBLI
.Ip 3inaernrra, qTo npr4 rrpoxoAe cyeqxurra pr llasaucxl,tlt KaHaJIaMIaC6OpU
5i'.uyr
HctrncJrrrorcrno BMecrnMocrr.r, olpegerxeuofr no oco6rtu flpaeunaru o6uepa.

21
z.4.4.PacqerMaccblrr KoopAnnarIIT cyAna
IrlcxoAnHe AaHHbreAn-[ pacqera Hafpy3KlftCyAHa,T.e. MaccbrcyAHa,I4KOOpAHHaT
erc rIeHTpa rsxecrr.r coAepxaTcr B tpy3oBoM IIJIaHecyAHa, B KOTOpOM npl{BoArrrct
pacnpeAeJreHr{e [epeBo3r,rMbrxfpy3oB I,I CyAOBbrX 3anacoB no fpy3oBbrM IToMeIIIeHHtM
u rII{cTepHaMc yKa3aHr{eMMaccFIB KaxAoM I43HIlx. Macca I'I KoopAI{HarbII{T cy4na
ropoxHeM yK€BaHbrB cyAoBoM AoKyMeHre<<I4HSopMaIIuto6 octoftquBocrpl cyAHD)'
Tarraxe npuBoAl4rcr $oprraara6II4I{bI, peKoMeHAyeMofiAnt pacqera Harpy3KI4cyAHa
(ra6n.2.1.).
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TTOJIHSM rpy3y, TaK I4 npl{ u3pacXoAoBaHHbIX3anacax (o6hI'IHo c I0o/o sanacoe),
coorBercrByroulux Harrzuy Lt KoHrIy peirca, qenecoo6pil3Ho cocraBJlflTb ra6rI'IIIbI
Halpy3Kr orAenbHo AJr{ cyAoBhrx3alacoB, pacxoAyeMblxn pefice, u AIrs'nepeBo3HMoro
uarpy3Kl{ cyAHa.
lpy3a, a 3areM cocraBuTb cBoAHbrera6[I4IrbI ,{nfl pa3Hbixcocrof,Hufi

Ta6;rurn2.1. - Pac.{erHarpv3Ku nuufi

Ng]''lb Macca IIo,tr[I{He IIo Bhrcore
Crarru Hafpy3KI4 m xrTM z.M mz,TM
nln ffitT I'M

I 2 3 4 ) 6 7
mt'xt fft t'Z t
I fpys B TproMe]"lb I fll t Xt
Xz Z2 lllZ'ZZ
2 fpys B rBuHAeKeJ\it I ll4t fllZ'XZ
lTls'ZS
3 fpyg B rploMe Ne 2 lllj Xj f/ls'XS u)

CYMMbI m:Zm, M,:Zmfri Mr:Lm;zi

B cron6qe 2 raflnrr{br rrepeqr4cJrflrorcfiBce npl{Htrble K nepeBo3Kefpy3bl' B

cron6qax 3,4 u 6 - coorsercrBerruo r4x Maccbl I,I KoopAlIHarbIIIeHTpoBTtxecrl{ ilo
5 vl 7
AnHHe or MuAeJrfl ?r 11o Blrcore or ocnosHofi nJrocKocrl'I. B crol6qax
BbITIHCJIflIOTC' CTATHTIECKHE MOMEHTbI MACC OTHOCI{TEJIbHO TCX XC KOOPAHHATHbIX
I4
nJrocKocreft. fpyru, pacnonoxeHHbre B Hoc or MHAens, I4MeIOTnoJIox(HTeJIbHbIex
m x, paerroJroxeHHbre B KopMy or MI{AeJLfl- orpnllareJlbHble. Ec.nn B oAHo I-py3oBoe
floMerrleHne npHHI,IMaeTcfl HecKoJIbKo piBnHqHbIX rpy3oB' To xaxAufi u3 HUX
3aHocnrct e'ra6nraqy Halpy3KH or4enbHofi crpoxofi .
Moruenru Macc [o ruHpI{He cyAHa KaK npaBHJIo He paccqrlTblBaloTcf, TaK KaK
fpy3br yKnaAbrBarorcs cHMMerpHqHo oTHocI4TeJIbHoAllaMerp€trlrHofi nJIocKocTPril [nfl'
HLtx li = 0. Bo BcrKoM cJrf{ae, cyMMapHblfi Iraouenr M, or Hec[MMerpLIrIHo [pI4H{TbIX
rpy3oB
rpy3oB AOn}KeH 6srrr MaJrbrM' qro6rr
AOCTaTOLiH0 M€LIIbIM.
ObITb AOCTATOIIHO 'truu-br ue 6rtlo 3aMeTHOfOyrna KpeHa,

rcoropufi HeAoIrycrHMrlpn HopM€rnbHoft srccnnyar a\uv -

Ta6nuqn Harpy3Kr{, coAep)r(arquecyAoBbre pacxoAyeMble 3anacbr, vr cBoAHat
-
ra6nnqa raMerorry xe Qopry, rrro H ra6n2.1, uo cocraBJltlorct B AByx BapriaHTax
Ha Haq€urotr KoHerIpefica, a B HeKoropbrxcn)qaxx vr Alrfl,npoMexyrorrHoro cocrotHl'It
Harpy3Kr4.flocle cyMMr{poBaHr,rx ceoAHofi ra6rIEIlrr no cron6qa*r 3, 5 w 7 I4cKoMbIe
BeII,IqIaHbIAJI' KaXAoro coaToflHuf,Harpy3KI4onpeAentloTct no Soprraynaru:

22
 N
IHHAT cyAHa
BOAOrr3MerrIeHlre D = D o* Z ^ i ;
x'lrTcfl. I
:HH,IM
c)'AHa
a6cquccaI{T cyana ,, =*[ro'ro
.t*,.,), (2.r6)
rJHa)).
c)..{Ha annrrlrKaraIIT cyAHa ,, =*(o o ,ro .t*,,,),
KAK B rAe N - qncro crarefi Harpy3Kr{,cocraBJrrrc}rrllx.qeABeftT
cyAHa.
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i.rlrqu u Dg zg0 BHocsrct B KaqecrBe nepBofi crpoKl4 n ra6n2.1, ro flepBble cJraraeMbreB
E\rofo
(2.16)eofi4yr B nroroBbrecyr{MbrH BbrpaKewun(2.16)
Qoprurynax npuuyr BuA:
AHA.
N
D=Lmr; ,, =Lf^,t,t ",=!f,^,,,. (2.17)
0
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r.TM I 2,4.5.rleprex pa3Merqenufl rpy3oB
'7
t
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l llpu 3anoJrHeHlrr{ Ta6n[IIbr Harpy3K]I BcnoMorareJrbHbrM cpeAcrBoM AJII
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I
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(puc.2.10). Bnn:y pa3MerqeHarrrKanapaccrorHufi or MHAeirt B Hoc I{ B KopMy, a no
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i u 7
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te -{ I,I orMeqeHHbrxHa ruKaJreAnx erofi KpHBoft.
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I HI4X
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Pncyxox 2. 10. 9eprex piBMeIueHHn
23
 qepTexe pa3MeuIeHI'Isrpy3oB orcyTcTByroT
,{,nr nexoropblx cepufi cyAoB Ha
o6reuon, a c
KpHBbrec. Bruecro HnX Ha KpI,IBbIx/ c ognofi ctopoHbl cTpoHTcflIuKaJIa
HaA ocnoeHofi tlJlocKocrblo'
4pyroft - rrrKaJraz Bo3Bbrruonr4l l,rx IIeHTpoBTDKecTLI
Tarcofitleprex( uao6paxen na puc.2.10.
flpla non*oBaHpru qeprexoM pa3MeuIeHI,Iflrpy3oB cJleAyer o6parurr BHITMaHI{e
Ecrtn IUKaJIbIo6seNaos
AJrfl KaKoft rpyronMecrriMocrri nocrpoeHbr ruKzrrrblo6teMoe.
IIOnb3ygCb
nocTpoeHbrArlfi reHepanbHblxrpy3oB, a nepeBo3l4Tccnacunnofi rpy3, To'
umanofi o6tevlon, cneAyeTBXoAHrbB Heeno,ycnoBHonay (upraBe.{eHHoMy) o6leuy:
vnp=KV)

rAe r<oaQSHqHeHT npHBeAeHH{ k ecrb oruolueHl4e rpy3oBMecruruocrefrAaHHoro

Anfl,feHepanbHblxrpy3oB vze, V Ant cblnrlvlx vcdni
fpy3oBoro rToMerqeHns,
L.
k='2e'<l'
Vrorn
B nporunorroJroxHoM cnr{ae, KorAa TTIKtLIIbI [OCTpOeHhIAng HacbllrHoro !py3a, a
nepeBo3l,trct renepalrHrtft rPY3, roeQ$HIIHeHT npuBeAeHu-a 6y4er o6patnstu
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coorHorxeHl4eM. Ha ueprelKe pa3MerrleHprx rpy3oB tscerAa yK€L3blBaercf Ant
rpy3oBMecTI4MoaTI4noCTpoeHbl IIIKIUIbI o6leuoe, a TaKXe lia6o roe0$iaqueHTbl
pI Bcex lpy3oBblx
rrpl4BeAegvfl, rru6o BMecrnMocrr41.Jrfl HacbInHbIX reHepzLrIbHbIXrpy3oB
norraeulesnfi.
Paccrrlorpr.rMnpLrMepbrrionb3oBaHurlqepTexoM pa3MeIIIeHLIfl fpy3oB.
1. B rproM npr,rHr4Maercsrenepa$Hrtfi rpy3 trlaccofi m c yAenbHbIM
norpy3orlHblM o6teuOrra I. Onpe4enxeu o6reu,
gaHrarrtaenarrfirpy3oM B TpIOMe:
v = )( m. Ecln IIIKanbIO6rerUOnilocTpoeHblAJIf,reHepaJIbHbIX !py3oB, To IIo o6beMy Ha
'r }t
rIIKane c HaxoAr{MrroJroxeHr{erIeHTpar.rIXecrLIrpy3a I4 Oflpe.{eflqeMKoopAI4HaTbI
z. Ecln IuKaJIbI o6telaos nocTpoeHbl p.ns chlflyqux rpy3oB' To o[peAenteM
rrpnBeAeHnrtfio6teM H rro HeInryonpeAeJltreMI u z \euTpa T,IXecTI'I'
2. llonepx 1py3a o6reuovt v1 c anrJll4Karofi zl IIpI{Hsr rpys o6teMoM vZ c
annnuxary I-{T z2
Apyrr,rM y,qenbHbrMilorpy3orrHbrM o6relraou. Tpe6yercn Haf4TH
BepxHero rpFa r4 annJrr{KaryI-{T z Bcefo rpFa. IIo ruxale c onpeAeJl-f,eM anIIJIHKary
IIT "u cyMMapHoroo6beMa v = v1+ v2, frOCJre UerOnaftgeu :

"2=y:fl:!. (2.18)
v2
Anrrnxara z IfT Bceroryyra 6Yler:
, =!J3Jj!23L, (2.re)
ml+mz
rAe m1 V m2 - MacCbIIII4xHerO 14BepXIIero fpy3oB'
Anarorn.rHo BbrqncJrf,ercr annJlr4Kara UT HeQKoiIbKI{x rpy3oB, pacrIoJIoxeHHbIX
MaJTIO
paBHoMepHbrMn cJrorMtr Ha prrHofi BbrcoTe. llpu erorr,r, ecr'vt cnofi rpFa IIMeeT
Bblcorbl
Bbrcory, ro UT groro rpy3a MoxHo npHHr.rMarb pacnoJloxeHHblM Ha cepeALIHe
cJrofl.

24
 n KOOPEnHATbI
2.5.OEbEMHOEBOAOU3MEUEHUE UB
IBITOT
0B:ac
2.5.1. O6que Bbrpa?I(eHnnAilfl aJIeMeHToB flJlaByqecrlr
rcTbIo.
.ftx nsr.rncreHr{q o6reunoro BoAorl3MerrleHutI{ KoopAI4HarIIeHTpaBenEtIrIHbI
MAH14E HcrroJrr3yercsreoperr.rqecKl4ft crroco5atvra[poI43BoA[Tb
ueprex. Moxuo p€r3rHaIHbIMI,I
belIoB 3Tr4xBeruquH. Brr4ernrt H3 rroABoAHoroo6reua cyAHa3JIeMeHT
BbrrrprcreHr.r.rr o6reua
b3)'f,cb AByrlu rrJrocKocrrMlrurraHroyroB B paccro{Hrarx x Lr x+dx or MuAenf, (puc.2.11).
n': O6rcr*r ororo sJreMeHra6y4er ot(r)at, rr€ ,(r) - rorpyx(eHHafl B EroAy TIJIoIIIaAL
unanroyra c a6cqnccoft x. TorAa norpyxeHHblft o6rell cy,4Ha onpeAeJII4Tc{
BbIpa)KeHr4eM:
|}rHoro
V_
Ir6)a*, (2.20)
L
rAe r4HTerpar6epercs no Bcefi AJII{He
L o6reua V. [w, orpeAeneHnr
p\'3a,a a6cqnccrt IIeHTpa BeJII{rIrIHhI xc
ATHbIM BocrroJrb3yeMcc reopeuofi o roM, qro
xarofi PacyHor 2. I l. K olpeAeneHnlosiIeMeHToB
noABoAHoro craru.recrr4fi MoMeHT o6reua V
IreHTbI o6reua oTHOCHTeJTbHO MH.qeJIt paBeH
3OBbIX clMMapHoMy MoMeHTy efo 3JIeMeHToB,T.e. BbIpaxeHI,IeM:
M x =v x" = lx a(x)ax, (2.21)
/ \ ,
L
;IbHbIM rAe x alx)dx - craruqecK[frMoMeHT
BbrAeJreHHoro o6reua. OruoAa
DJIeMeHTapHoro
proMe: nonrrr4M:
e\fy Ha
rbl .r lI
"=?=f,F'6)d*' (2.22)
Ie.-IteM
BrrAelnna rellepb gJIeMeHTo6reua, npoBe.qr ABe rrnocKocrll BarepIIHHuit va
paccro'rHranz vr z+dz or ocHoBHofinnocKocrtr (puc.2.ll). O6rcrvr BbrAeneHHoro
lr'zc
3rreMeHra6y4er S(z)az, rA€ S(r) - nnoulalb BarepnnHvrr4 c aunluxarofi z . Torga
IIrzz
rofpyxeHnrrfi o6leM cyAHano BarepnHHHIoc ocaAKofi T 6yget:
illrKaTy
T
v = !s(z)dz. (2.23)
(2.18) 0
Aunnurara zc rIeHTpa BernrrlrHbr onpeAeJrnrclr aHaJIortMHo [peAbIAyIrIeMy qepe3
ocHonuofi tIJIocKocrLI:
crarnqecKnfi rvrorrrenro6reua orHocI,ITeJIbHo
(2.1e) (2.24)

B nonfreHHbre BbrpaxeHnfl BXoArr nnoulaAn rulraHroyroB vr nnoulaAl4

eHHblx
BarepnuHrlfi, xoropble BbIrII,IcJItlorc{ rro l,rx opAuHaraM !, cHf,TbIMc reoperplrlecKoro
rraJIyIo
qepTexa:
,brc0T6I
T
o t = 2 l y Q ) d t ; s =z !y(x)dx
. (2.2s)
0

25
 noCTotIIHoM x' Anq KUtuPUr\
Arltr KOTOpOTo
B uepnofi n3 3TIIx Qopr'nyn yA 6epetcx npu
Koroporo BbIqI'IcJI{erc'tl
rcfl o, a Bo ntopofi y(r) - npu nocroffrr'oM z ' AIrfl
BbrrlrrcJlge
na gAI'IH6opr' A6cqncca IIT
S; Asofira BBeAeHa,TaK KaK y H3MepsercfloT [[
rrIrOIIIaAnBaTepnuHlII{aHaJIorErIHoonpeAeJIeHHIO xc nafiAerCc no BEIpaXeHnIo:

*r=? rG1*, (2.26)

!" MoMeHT nnoulaAl4
rAe yAnoeHHUfi H11Telpan [peAcTaBJI.geTco6ofi crafla'Iecrufi
Barepn I,IHI4IiI OTHOCI{TeJIbHO M I'IAe JI-tl.

2.5,2 BrrqncleHne 3fl eMeHToBrr.llaByrlecrlr

flonyreuurre Bbrrrre BbrpaxeHus, Anfl SJIeMeHTOB IIOABOAIIOToo6reua I4 er.o
rpaSu'recKl4 B BIIAe
ce.reHufi coAepxar prHrerparrbror $ynrurafi, Koropble 3aAalorcf,
BO3MOXHOJIlllUb
TeopeTruecKoro rrepTexa. flosror"ry BbIqI4CJIeHUeI'IHTefpuInoB
3aMeHe [oAblHTerpanbHofi
npu6ruxeHH6 6AHLIM H3 cnOco6os, oCHoBaHHbIxHa
[pocTefirrrHMlr JIIIHLI'MLI. B cyAoBblx pacqeTax Hau6o$Uree
QynrUun
pacflpocTpageHrre noJryqr,rJrcnoco6 rpanequfi, trPH KOTOpOM AyrU KpLrBbIxMexAy
ceqeHI,IflMI{ 3aMeHflrorct rIpf,MbIMLr JIUHI4'MI{'

Pucytlox 2. 12.K pacqery rlrtoluaAl'lBarepJIlIHI{I{

Ha rrpllMepe pacqeTa
Paccuorpr,ttr,r Bbrr{PrcJIeHLIeonpeAeneHHO1O HHTerpana
6yryr opAI'IHarbI
nJrorrlaAr{BarepraHnu S (puc.2.12). flycrb !0tllt!2r...,./18 t!19ty20
IloJlyuupoTbl' 3aN{eHsc
BaTepnr{HHH, r43MepeHrrbre Ha TeopeTI4rIeCKI4XIIInaHroyTax
r{acTKuA}rrrBaTepJIHHI4uMeXAycoceAHLIMlI[InaHroyTaMI4oTpe3KaMnnp'MbIX'
Ha reopeTHalecKoM ueprexe)'
pffio6beM rJrorqaAb HA 20 tpun"u"fi (no uuc.uy urallufi
Bblpa3llrcx cyuuofr:
B coorsercTBtrH c 3THM nnoulaAb S upu6nuxeHHo
l.s = v 0 + v rM + v. r : v z A z + . .+. 42t : f J 2 - * * r t g ! ! z2 o LL.
. / . L L
B
qTO rpafinue opAI{HarbI BXOA'gT
BrrHocs o6unfi MHOXUTe na LL u 3aMeqUUI,
BbrpaxeHl4e C KOeQQUUHeHTaMI4 Y2, a Bce ocTuUIbHbIe,KaK f{acTByIoIIIHe B AByx
cJraraeMblx,c roeQ$zqueHtauu l, MoxHo 3alllcarb:
-*+-),
s=2M(rl=rr, (2.27)

lICnpaBI'ITbpe3yn6TaT Ha
T.e. cHaq€ura[pocyMMt4poBaTb Bce opAHHaTbI,a noToM
B paccMorpeHHoM cn)qae
lr3JrlrrrrHe3acqnraHHylo nonycyMMy rpafinHx opAlaHar'
Bareprrungfi' O'reBr{AHo
noAbrHrerparlbHarl$y"*u"" , ; f $i rrpi4.tu" IrflIraypaBHeHLIe

26
0poro Hnrrro He u3MeHvrrcfl, ecJrr{ f(*) 6yaer BbIpDKarb nro6yro Apyrfo HenpepblBlrylo
g,erc
$ynxqraro nepeMeHHoit x , HanpuMep,BcrpeqaBrrwecfl.B6IIIIe * y(*) wnu a(x) I'{ Apyrl4e.
a IIT flpn nrruncrenr4u rrHTerpana, Bbrpaxarculero crarnqecKIail uoueHT nnolqaAH
BarepngH?rl{ r4lru o6teuHoro BoAoIi3MeIrIeHufl orHocureJlbHo MnAeJIt, MoxHo
yllpocrl{Tb BbrrlllcJleHprt, Bocnonb3oBaBIIII4cb TeM, rITo a6cquccu lunaHroyroB'
(2.26)
paBHooTcTosr{prx oT MprAenr, paBHbr IIo BeiIHtIvIHe 14 npoTI{BOnoJIOX(HbIIIO 3HaKy.
o6ogHaqas qepe3 m HoMep runaHfoyTa, qc'vTas or MI{AeJIL, a6cJluccbl HocoBbIX I,I
)uIaAU
KopMoBbIX rrnaHroyToB 6yXyt coorBercrBeHHo m M u -m M, a Sopuyna rpaneqnfi
,{r-f, Bbrrrr4cJreHhrcrarl,IqecKoro MoMeHTaIrJrorqaA[ Bareptulcluit' 6yaer:

H efo
Ms =s*.r=2Mzlif (y,*- y**)-5(yo- rro)], (2.28)
I Br{Ae
a6ulucca x s.
orKyAau olrrpeAenterc.s
.-II4IIIb
rrbHoft llo asaloru.rHofi Sopuyne BbrqucJrrercf,HHTerp€uI,BxoAqulnfi n Sopnryrry 4m
xc, ToJrbKo opAuHaTbr nareprunnft Ha.qo 3aMeHI{Tb nofpyXeHHbrMLI llnoqa,qtMll
IIblIIee
{exAy rurraHroyron ray6parr 4nofiry repeA cxo6rauH.
flpu Huril.unu 6onrurofi KprrBrr3nbr o6noAos B oKoHetlHocrtx pr s6rusu
cKynoBoro 3aKpynlenyrfl,a rarcKe Kpr{BoJrlrHefiHorooqepraHut rrrreBHefi,tfoprraaabHoe
[oJrb3oBaur4ec[oco6ovr rpaneqnfi Moxer [plrBecrl4 K 3aMerHbIMnorpeluHocrsl\a. B
B pacrrer BBoA-rrr[pr4BeAeHHbIeopAHHarbLHa puc.2.13 npuneAeuu 4
TaKr4xctqyr.lm.sx
TaKUXCJrrrar:
a) ropuoBarl oKoHerlHocrb BarepJII,IHI{H
rrMeer 6omuryo KpIaBlI3Iry I4 He AoxoAI4T
AO rurraHfoyra Ha paccTotHue MeHee
noJroBHHbITeoperl4rrecxofi runaIIIlH;
6) ro xe, Ho [epexo.qur 3a III[aHroyr Ha
paccTorHHe MeHee [oJIoB]IHbI IUIaIIHLI;
acqeTa
n) HocoBat oKoHeqHocrb Barepnl{Hl{I4
EHATbI
uanofi KpIaBIa3HbI He AoxoAur Ao
L\teHqfl rurraHroyTa MeHee noJryIunallnl{; 3AeCb
)fl\,TbIX, npr4BeAeHH€uIopAl4Hara orpllqareJlbHa I4
nexe). [llonrlaeTct yKa3aHHbIM HA pHCyHKe
nocrpoeHHeM, rAe rlp.f,Mble,oTMeqeHHbIe
3HaKaMI4:, flapallJlenbHbl;
r) cKyJIoBoe 3aKpyrneHue Ir[raHroyra
o.f.gr B !*o HMeer 6onrnryo KpI4BI43Hy.
I 2
r .rByx Bce nocrpoeHut npHBeAeHHbIX
Pucynox 2. 13. OupeaeJIeHI{e npItBeAeHHEtx opAI{I{ar opAr4Har npoBoAtrc.fi H3 ycnoBHrl
paBencrBa 3aIurplIxoBaHHbIX nnorqa4efi ,
t2.27)
a cawu npprBe4eHHbre opAraHarbro6osHaqarorc.fi3Be3AoqKon(y*). Ecnu 6onrruas
TAT HA
KpHBlr3Hao6soAos 3axBarbrBaerABe ra6oree urnauufi, To Ant yroqHeHl4t srFlHcreHufi
c--r\-qae npo6nnaror [poMe)KyrorrHbre ceqeur{r. B 3ToM cn}rqae Hapyilaerct paBeHcrBO
lBrl.xHo paccrotHnfi vrexAy ceqeHurMn, rrro frnTbrBaerc{ BBeAeHpIeM ro:SSnuHeHToB, Ha
KOTOpbIe y!IHOXaIoTC{ OpAUHaTbr KaK AOnOIHI{TeJIbHOFO CerIeHVIs., TAr. 14 CMeXHbIX C

27
 rooQSuUHeHr' pannufi
nnna.flpuqeM Kax,qas Hs yKa3auHbx opALIHaTyMHoxaerct Ha
oT
oTHOTUeHnIO paccToflHvrfl,MexAy ceqeHl{flMl{' pacnoJIoxeHHbIMI'ICnpaBa u cJIeBa
K yABOeHHofiurnaIIHI{ MeXAy ocHOBHrIMI'IceqeHI'IcMI'I'
paCcMaTpI{BaeMOro,
BbIAaeTCg 3a
B HeKoTopbIXcnyqarx, KorAa, HalpgMep, KopMoBofino4rop AzuIeKo
21'fi H
ropuonofi nepneHAll*y*p (20-i4 urnanroyr), rpo6uBalor AonoJIHI{reJIbHo
cpt"ry c
npoMexyroqHble runaHroyrbl u I{x opAI4HarbI BKJIroqaIor B o6uryn
cooTBeTcTByrorrIHMH KaKyKa3aHo Bblrue.
ro:s QrnqpregTaMr,r,

2.5.3.Crpoenue n nx ceofrcrsa
o6teunoro
flpnregenHbre Bbrrue Bbrpaxenw (2.20) u (2.23) Ant Bblrrl{cIreHvrfl,
BoAorr3MeIrIeHHscoAepxar roAblHrerpiulbHble QynrUnn ,6) ^ S(z)' fpa$ra'recnne
no
neo6paxeHHfl gTtrx $yHrrlufi Ha3brBaroTcscTpoeBofrno ilnaHroyTau v cTpoeBol{
BaTepnI4HI,IrrM COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
Crpoena,flrro rurraHroyrav (pnc.Z.14) upeacraBilter 3aBuclaMocrbIrorpyxeHsoft
nJrOrrIaAlIIlnaHIOyTa oT ero nOJIO)KeHH.fl IIO AJII'IH€cyAHa' HHarIe IOBOpg, AaeT
paC[peAeJIeHI,IeBOAOII3MeuIeHHx IIo .4nI,IHecyAHa. flo ropusOHTaJIIa OTJIOx(eHaI.nId'Ha
cy,4Ha,a no BepruKurhT- nnouaAl4 IIIrraHrOyrgBno paccMarpllBaeMytoBarepnHHnlo'
O.renr,IAHH cxeAyloulue
cBoficrBa crPoenofi ro rurlaHroyraM:
unoulaAb crpoeBoft flo
tl)r ur0 )\ IUnaHroyTaM c yqeroM uacurra6a
/,
,h-r I
l\
I urn-
paBHa o6reunovrY
(n-t)'
(n t' 1-l tt BOAOr{3MeIrIeHHIOCyAHa v, 3TO
in' , H kr3
HerrocpeAcTBeHHO Cne'{yer
PncyHox2. 14. Crpoenat tro unaHroyraM
BblpaxeHun (2.20);
a6cqracca UT ctPoenofi no
rurraHroyTaMc yqeToM uacrura6a paBHa a6cUncCeIF xc, 3To cneAyer V3
BblpaxeHnfir(2.21)u (2.22);
roes$HIII{eHr noJIHoTbI ctpoenofi uo uraHroyraM paBeH r<osSSnqrleHry
npoAonbHofiuomrorbr cYI.Ha(p.
Crpoenar no BarepnI4HHsM (pnc.2.15)
rE/t uso6paxaer 3aBl{c[Mocrb rinoqa.qn BarepnuHl4ll
or ee rroJloxteHl4g no Bblcore, T.e. Aaer
ft-Dan Sn-r pacnpeAeJleHHe BOAOI'I3MeIrIeHI'{ff I]O OCaAKe
cy.qHa. flo nepruK{uln orJloxeHa oca.qKa cy4na, a
no ropH3oHTaulu IJIOIIIaAI'I BarepJIHHHfi Ha
cooTBeTcTByloqnx BblcoTax.
Crpoenar tro BarepnrHntM o6naAaer
cneAylouutrtucnoficrBaMI{:
nnou{aAbcrpoenofi no BarepnlannflMc }rqeroM
uacurra6a PaBHa o6teIraHouY
Pncynor 2. 15. Crpoearulno BarepJIlIHI'ItM BoAor,[3MerrleHlla cYAHa V, 3To
HerIocpeAcrBeHHO CneAyeT H3 BblpaxeHar
(2.23);

28
mrtfi
annJrr{KaraI$ c freroM Macllrra6a paBHaaIIIIJIuKare
crpoeuofi no BarepnHHH.rrM
aoT
Lg z";
cfl,3a xoe$Suqr4eHT noJrHorbl crpoenofi ilo BarepnrrHrrtM paBeH KooQQHqaeHry
-fr, 14 nonHorbrcyl.Haz .
BeprlrK€urrnofr
ryc 2.5.4. Kpunrre flraByqecrrr u rpy3oBafl rrrKaJra,rroJrb3oBaHlre
lrMlt
Ecln B BbrpoKeuuu (2.23) ans o6reusoro BoAorr3MerrleHr,rfy HHrerpala MeHtrb
nepxHr,rfinpeAen T ,to MbrnoJrfruM 3aBlrcnMocrbBoAou3MerqeHr{r or ocaAKn.Tar rar
HOro noAbrHTerparrbna.s, Qynrcqnx groro HHTerp€rnaecr6 crpoeBaf, no BarepJII{HIllIM,To
f,KUe KpHBiur, uso6paxaloqax 3aBr4cr4Mocrb v(T) (rpnnaa BoAou3Merqenna) ecrb
ftno uHTerpanbn€urKpnBar no orHorrreHrrro K crpoenoft tro BarepJIHHrrrIM.fpysonrrrra
p€BMepoMHiBhrBaeTcrrKpr4Ba.f,, Aarouajr 3aBr{cHMocTb MaccoBoro BoAOI,I3MeIIIeHus, D
nuofi or ocaAKr{cyAHa.Ona nonyraercs. yMHoxeHr4eM opArHar Kpr,rBo4"oao"tteuleHl,It Ha
.f,aeT nJrorHocrusa6oprnofi eoArt H crpouTcs o6rr.IHo Anfl p:1,025 rlv-'.
,xv}la Z c r Z ^
rc.
RIo-2 Ix.1o-3 Iyr.1o-5
)iul4e
IM: 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 10 8 6 4 2 0,

TO
na6a
rroMy
3TO
u3

TO
l'T 113

reHry

2 . 1s )
TlHVIT4
.f,aer
;a.f,Ke
IHa.'4 3000 4aoo v
ii Ha
-
TeoperrrlecKoro qeprexa
PucyHox 2. 16. Kpnerte 3JIeMeHToB
a.ilaeT
Kpunrre V u D, TaK xe KaK u paccMorpeHHble BbIIIre BeJrHr{lrHbIS,x-f ,xc Ll zc,
ICTOM paccqnTbrBaroTcf, no TeopeTHqecKoMy qeprexy upH [poeKTr,lpoBaHHH cyAHa u
HoMy uso6paNarorcx B Br,rAe KplrBbrx B QyHxuun ocaAKH T (puc.2.l6). Srra KpHBbIe
3TO rIo3BoJIf,Ior H€txoAI,ITb 3Harrenu.f, Berr,IrrHH npu nro6ofi ocaAKe. Ecru H3BecrHo
TCHI,IS BoAoH3MeIqeHHe,To cHarIErJIarro Kpr{Butv. V vtttu D onpeAenrror ocaAKy, a 3areM no
Heft - Bce HyxHbIe Benr{ql{Hbr. Ecru uJrorHocrb BoAbI p orJrurrHa or craHAaprHofi

29
p:1,025 rlvr3,Am Koropofi crpor{rcr rpy3osofi pa3Mep,ro noJlB3ytorcsKpI4BoirV, n

v = 2.
IIo BEIptDKeHIaIo
BErqucrr.f,o6reuHoe BoAoH3MeIIIeHI{e
rrpeABapureJrbHo o
p :l

B cy,uonux ycnoBr4rx Anr onpeAeneHr4rr BoAo[3MeIIreHI{flno saAaHuofi ocaAKeu \'

perueHr.rso6parnofi 3aAarru HaxoxAeHI4JIocaAKLr, ecrv I43BecrHoBoAolI3MeIqeHVe,
noJrb3yrorcs rpy3onofi urxanoft, Ha Koropofi no BeprI/tK€IrIHB KarlecrBe ocHoBIrbIX
HaHeceHbrpaBHoMepHar ruKana ocaAoK Lr HepaBHoMepHaflIuKana BoAoI'I3MeUIeUUfi.
Boo6ule, Her eAHHofi $opr"rbr npeAcraBreHu.s rpysoaoft IUK€uIrIu Ha cyAax MoxHo
Bcrpernrb pa3irntrHbreee BapHaHTbr.O,qr,rnr43BI,IAoBcoBpeMeHnofirpyeosofi IUKaIIrI
npHBeAeH Ha puc.2.l7. Ifrr. BoAolr3Merrleuuf,npoBoAurct HecKoJIbKo ITIKaJI,
coorBercrByroulrdx pirnr,rqHbrM nirorHocrf,M ra6optHofi BoAbI' 14 Tor{KI4'
cooTBeTcTByIOqUe OAHITM 14 TeM xe 3HaaIeHrItM BOAOH3MeITIeHH'' COeAHH'IOTC'
HaKJTOHHbIMI{ nptMbIMH, trO
KOTOpbTM uHTepnonupyeTas.
=i BOAOH3MeIIIeHI,Ie [nA n]oool4
x r rrJrorHocrla. Kporrae IITKaJI
- t
BO,4OI'I3MCIUEHI{.'I npoBoA.flTC{
AeAseftra, noJDrqalorl1nect
rrrK€rrrbr
3
cMerrIeHI4eM Ha BCII,IqHHY
J
BOAOII3MeuleHlltf, cyAHa
rropoxHeM. Kporr,re yKa3aHHbIX
HaHOCtrCt raKxe ruK€LJIbIq
4
qLICIa TOHH' H3MeH'IOU{EX
ocaAKyua 1 cvt, vt M - MoMeHTa,
au$sepeuryroqero cy.qHoHa I
cM, Koropue 6y.uyr paccMorpeHbl
s AanrHeftIueM,a raKxe IIIKIIIILIB
Qyronoft Mepe.
B rex cn;rlasx, KorAa
rpe6yercx onpeAeJII4Tb E
T
BOAOI43MeIIIeHI4e C BO3MOXHO
6olrureft TorrHoarbro, Ha[pI4Mep, T
IIpLI ollpeAeneHuu Maccbl
npl{HsToro I{JIII CAaBaeMOfOtpy3a
no H3MeHeHI{IOBOAOH3MeIIIeHI4.g,
K ero BelI4qI,IHe, cHtTofi c
rpyaonofi IIIKUUIsI, BBoMTct
rtonpaBKu, fpyronar IrlKzlra
Pncyuor 2. 17. fpy:oriu IrIKilIa
crpor4Tct AJrs [ocaAKLI CyAHa Ha t

ponnrrft KI4JIIrI B rrpeAnoJloxeHl,tna6conrotroft xecrKocrH Koprryca, B To BpeMf, KaK I

cyAHo Moxer HMerb 4rE$Sepenr, a Kopryc - geQoprr,rnpoBarbct.3rn npuvurnbr H

Bbr3brBarorueo6xoAtrMocrb BBeAeHrurlonpaBoK ua 4n$$epeHr u usrtr6 roprryca. flpn r
guQQepeure ocaAKr{ Ha nep[eHAnKyJuprx He coBraAalor c ocaAKaMr,
uporrlrrbrBaeMbrMr,rHa MapKax yrny6neunx, KpoMe roro, cMelrlaerct ceqeHxe

30
tfrV, r,rHapoBHufirulr
uraHroyra, rro ocaAKeKoroporo BoAou3MerrleHrre
npu AI4SOepeHTe
oAr4HaKoBo. Bce 3To rpI{BoAHr K [onpaBKe Ha 4IrS$epenr K BoAoH3MeqeHI4K),
uaftAesHoMy no rpysonofr ruKarre Anr cpeAHefi oca4Ku, onpeAenennofr no MapKaM
ru(epI yrrry6nenux:
eHHe,
BHbIX
=too
d,Daueq('+ +xr +*#)#fi, (2.2e)
lHufi.
rAe MH pr MK - MoMeHtrr, 4r,rSQepeHTyroque cyAHo Ha 1 cvr, cHI4MaeMbIe c
O;KHO
XA'IbI
rpyronofi ruKlrJrbrnpl4 ocaArax HocoMn ropnaofrcoorBercrBeHHo;
lIXaJI,
dM - glaSQepeHr,ollpeAenennsrfi ro MapKaMyrrry6neuHr.
DqKI4, flpoucxoxAeHrae [onpaBoK, BbrpaxaeMbrx.qByMrr nocJIeAHuMr{cJraraeMbrMl{
n cro6rax,
IOTC.'I 6y4er paccMorpeHoB pa3AeJre ocrofi.runocru.
ilo ,{ouonuureJrbHrur [onpaBKa sa ugru6 Kop[yca npu6nuxeHHo onpeAefl.uerc.s
yeTc{ BbIpa)KeHneM:
o6ofi LD,B.=0,74qf, (2.30)
TIIK€LII rAe / - crpenra nporH6aKoprycaB caHruMerpax:
il.'TCfl.
f =V, *r"o)too, (2.3r)
IHECf
a TM onpeAeiurercr no Mr4AeJreBbrMMapKaM yrny6nerirrq KaK cpeAHtfl oca,4Kano
r{HHy
r)'.fHa
oTcqeTaMnpaBoro u JreBorooopTa.
tIHbIX
Ha neroropbrx rpy3oBbrx rrlK€r.Jra^x Aaerct IuKaJraBoAolr3MeuleHr4rronbKo AJUI
q craHAaprsofr n.norHocru p--1,025 t/Ir,t'. B eroM cryqae BBoAI{Tc.rr
etqe [oupaBKa Ha
)iunx Sarru.recKylorJrorHocrbaa6oprnoirno4st p q :
EHTA, P'i-P
LDru,- - D. (2.32)
H a l p
peHbI OxoHqarenbHoe 3Haqenne BoAoI,BMerrIeHnr nafiger ct KaK cyMMa :
L'IbI B D = D** I ADaufr+ LD*, + LD*, (2.33)
rAe D** - BOAOr{3MerrIeHr4e, no rpy3oBor.IIuKane.
OnpeAeneHrroe
cofAa
:.-IHTb
H nocJreAHs,A
Bce nonpaBK[ cyMMrrpyrorcr co cBoHMr.I3HaKaMr4 Lr3HI4x yqurbrBaercr,
0xHo
ToJrbKoecJrr{ D** onpeAeneHoHe Anr Qarcruuecxoft, a Anr craHAapruofr [JlorHocru
N€P, krlrkrAnfl.npecHofi Bo.qbr.
IaccbI
I-py3a
2.6.n3MEHEHnEOCMKH CYEHA
elll4fl,
F r c
I'TEfr 2.6.1.Ilpuervru pacxoAoBaHuerpy3a
Ihana Eclpr Ha cyAHo npl4ur4Maerc{ rpy3 laaccoft m ) To oqeBHAHo,r{To ero ocaAKa
ta Ha yBenr{r{HBaercs HacroilbKo, qro6rr AorIonHI{TeJIbHonoure4uufi B soAy o6lervt
T KAK BbITeCHLIJITaKyIO )Ke Maccy BoAbI.
EbI H PaccrraorpuMcHarrara npueM Mtlrroro rpy3a. fIoA rvralnrra6y4ervrnoHuMarb rpy3,
IIpu raxoe lr3MeHeHI{eocaAKH,B rrpeAerax Koroporo 6opra cy,qHaMoxrHo
Brr3brBaroulprfr
IA\IH, CIIUTATb IP,f,MOCTCHHbIMI4 V IJIOIIIAAb BATCPXHHI,IU NOCTO.TTUOfi. B TAKOM CNTIAC
reHKC 6y4er npeAcraBlsm co6ofi
BorueArrrr{fin no4y Ao6asoqHrrfi crofi BoAor.{3\{euleHr,rr
Beprr,lK€rnrnrrfiqunr{HAp c [Jrorr{aAbroocHoBauvrs,,
paauoft nnoIqaAlI BarepJluHnu S , u

3l
Bbrcorofi, pannoft r,r3MeHeHuroocaAKH EI . O6rena gToro qI,IJII4HApa5V = S 6T , a
Macca BoAbr,BbrrecHeHnoftcygnou, 6y4er p S 6r. flpnpanHHBarlee
Ao[oJrr{r{TeJrbHafl (
Macce npl4Hf,Tororpy3a, noJrr{LIM: n
m=pSff, (2.34) l

orKyAa naftAeIuI,I3MeHeHueocaAKu:
6I=
ffi (2.3s) 1
pS
PageHcreo(23Q no3Borlter nafina Maccy rPY3a Q, [pI{eM KOTOpO|OH3MeHter ocaAKy
cyAHa na 1 crra.flonaras 6r = + M, noJIf{I4M:
100
q =100
4. (2.36)

3ra eennqtlHaHa3brBaercff rrncJroM ToHH Ha caHTLIMerp ocaAKIa. llocrolrxyS ganncut

uplIBoArTC{
q TarcKerBJrreTcasyHxqnefi ocaArn H ee 3HarleHr4g.
oT oca,qKr{,BeJrr4r{r,rHa
Ha rpy3oBoft ruXa-ne CyAHa. 3Ha.s q, LI3MeHeHHeocaAKI,I oT rIpI4eMa rpy3a I'faccbl m
Moxffio rrafiru no BblpaxeHuro:
m (2.37)
dI =-CM.
q
BenH.rI,IHofi q noJlb3yrcTcf, rtpu Marlbrx Il3MeHeHLtflx ocaAKI/I, npl4 Koropblx
noJrb3oBaHueocHonnofi rpysonofi uraroft [pIaBoAIaTK 3HaqI{TeJIbHofi orHocl{Telurofi
[orperuHocTl4.
Ecnn rrpneM rppa npoucxoArar B rrpoLl3BonbHoM Mecre, ro, soo6ue, cyAHo
H3MeHIrr He roJrbKo oca.qry, Ho H rron1nrl{T HaKJIoHeHLIe. HafiAerrr ycJIoBI{e, rrpu
KoropoM rrpueM rpysa Bbr3oBer roJrbKo nap€rnJleJlbHoe norpyxeHl4e cyAHa. llocle
[pr,reMa rpy3a K ypaBHoBerueHHbrM crrJIaMBeca u nnaBylrecrvt Ao6assrct eIIIe ABe
cr,rJlbr:Bec rrpnHrroro rpFa u Ao6anoqHauctrlra rIJIaBfIecru. llpu MarIoMgo6aeouHov
o6rerrae, o6pasonaHHoMBeprr.rK€uIbHbIM rlorpyxeHI4eM cyAHa, UT ero Haxol.Yrrcfl Ha
BepruKzrflu,rpoxoAsrlefr qepe3 I{T moruagtvr Bareprrrnvrt1 oilpeAeJlf,eurtfi a6cquccofi
xy. Cne1oBarenbHo,ulo6u Ao6aBoqHbrecHJIbI He co3AaBaJILI rapbl, HaruoH.flrolqefi
cyAHo, I{T npuHr{MaeMoro rppa raKxe AoJIIKeHHaxoAurbcfl. Ha eroft BeprnK€Lrlu.
Taruu o6pasou, qro6H npn npr{eMe MtrJrofolpy:a cyAuo He ronyql{Jlo HaKJIoueHufi,
neo6xoAuMo rpy3 nplrHlrMarb Ha oAHofi neprnraln c I{T nnoulaAll BarepJIHHlIH.
B clyrae npr4eMa6olruroro rpFa rl3MeHeHr4e ocaAKHMoxer 6rtrr onpeAeJleHo
nn6o ro rpy3oBoMy pa3Mepy, nrE6o no rpysonofi IUK€uIeKaK p€t3Hocrb MexAy
ocaAKaMIr,cooTBeTcTByroqnMuBoAou3MerrIeHHsM nocJle npl4eMarpFa 14Ao nprleMa.
Vcronue [apzuurenbHoro flolpylKeHvfl cy4na npu rrpneue 6onrruoro rpy3a cocrouT
TaKlr(eB npgeMe rppa na oAnofi BeprlrKarln c I-{T Ao6aBoqHorocJlot Bo.qoH3Meu{eHI{.s,
Ho ero noJloxeHueollpeAeJltercffa6cqnccofi:
Vl r"l -V x"
x'v = (2.38)
\_V
rAe V1 Ll xct OTHOCflTCS K BOAOLBMeIII€HI'Irc rrocJre[ppleMa rpy3a, a V v xc - Ao
npneMa.

32
,T, A
Eclu npr.rHuMaercr HecKoJrbKorpy3oB, To cneAyer paccMarpl,IBarb rIplIeM
a5,ee oAHoro gKBLrBaireHTHororpy3a cyurraapnofi Maccbl c o6ulIarvr IIT Bcex rpy3oB.
flonyreunue Qopr"ryJrbrc[paBeAnnBbrH Arrfr,cJryqaf,cwflTus.HnI4pacxoAoBaHl{srpy3a,
2.34) npn aroM ToJIbKo Maccy m cJreAyer arrr.rrarb orpl{rlarenrnofi BerIa.ruHofi v[,
cneAoBareJrbHo,dI rarxe 6yaer orpLIIIareJIbHbIM.

,?.35) 2.6.2.Ilepexoq B BoAy Hnofi nJlorHocrrr

;a.f,rcy flpr,r nepexoAe cy,qHaB BoAy unofi nJrorHocrr,r,Korop€ul3aBucLITor coneHocrkrv
TeMrreparypbr, u3MeH{ercs ero ocaAKa. [pt, oupeAeJreHl{lt 3Toro [I3MeHeH]It
BOCnOnb3yeMCSTeM, rITO MACCACyAHa H, CJIeAOBareJrbHO,MaCCa BbITeCHeHUOfi nO4rt
:
OCTAIOTC' HCLT3MEHHbIMH
"2.36) D=pZ=Const.
,IICI'IT HgMeHeHHe nnorHocrr4 BoAhI npaKTHqecKH M€trro pr He npeBblluaer 3Yo ee BeJII{qPIHLI,
Jfr"TCfl rrpuparrleHufi uoxso 3anncarb Bblpaxeu'ue Anfl rIoJIHoro
rrooroMy Arrs BbrrrucJreHr{f,
)bl m anS@epeHunafiaMaccbr BbrrecHeHnofinogu 14 [pupaBHtrb ero HyJIro, T.K. Macca
ocraercr nocrosnsoff:
d D= Q d p+ 9 M = a .
"2.37) 0p AV
opbIX llo4craugg [poH3BoAHbIX,tIoJryqI{M:
3HarreHr4ir
V5p+pM:0, (2.3e)
rrHofi
oTKyAa LIMeeM:
:)-IHo dv=-fur,
p
.
npH
Iocre Ho Ans o6reua M 6snro noJlyreHo:
S IBE M=557,
19HOM rrosToMy:
CA HA
6 r=- qp L . (2.40)
rccofi S'
orueft H B OTHOCHTCJIbHbIX BEJIi4qPIHAX:
5T 6p
xanl4. - = - ^ / L
* (2.4r)
T p '
enuir,
rAe 7 - ross$nqueHr BeprnKaJlrHofitIoJIHorbIcyAHa(1.5);
}JCHO 6p = pt - p - IIpHpaIqeHI4eIJIOTHOCTI{BOAbIIIpI4 nepexoAe cy4lIa I43 BoAbI
rex/Iy nJIOTHOCTI4p B ETOAYC IIJIOTHOCTbTOp1 .
HCMA. Ws Q.aQ Br{AHo,rrro rtpu uepexoAeB BoAy c 6olrurefi nnorHocrblo, HanpLIMep,
9TO14T r.r3npecHofieoArr B coneHylo,KorAa 6p>0,6yAer 6T<0, T.€.cyAHo BcnJIbIBer, 14
eHus., uao6opor. [nx oqeHKr.rseruquHrr df rpr nepexoAe H3 rpecHofr soAH B MopcKylo
An
(Y=0,025) npLrMeMI =O,8.TorAauz (2.4I) nonyquM 6T =0,027 , T.e. ocaAKacyAHa
p
,:.38)
yMeHblrlurcs.na 2o/a.
-IO
@oprwynyAJrf,r43MeHeHurocaAKr4npr{ uepexoAe I{3 MopcKofi soAH B trpecnylo
MoxHo npe.qcTaBr{Tb B ApyfoM Br4Ae,ecilll ucnoJrb3oBaTbBblpaxeHue (2.36) npn
roAcraHoBKeB Q.aQ:

a1
JJ
 D
t = - Ep (2.42)
l00q trt
5 p 1 UL
flpnnrauar - d - -
lI Bbrpa)Kafl H3MeHeHHe OCaAKLIB CaHTUMeTpaX, [OJrytII4M:
p 4 0 BA
UC
ar=2- ' (2.43)
:o
4o q'
r4e q o[peAeJrrerctno rpyeonoftrrrKane. )T
IB
BC
2.7. 1OCA4KA CYAHAC EUOOEPEHTOM r-r

Buure paccMarpuBaJrucEcJry.rau uocaAKr{ cyAHa npsMo u Ha poenufi KI4JII,

o
\:
KorAa noJro)KeHHecyAHa onpeAenrercr oAHlrM [apaMerpoM oca.qrofi T. 3ro
rIo3BoJrIJro[pocrbrna o6pa:oM cB.rr3arb3JreMeHTbrnJraBfrecrl4 cyAHa c ero nocaAroft,
nso6pasuB3aBr,rcr{Mocrra r,rKoopAHHar[-p B BnAe KpuBbIXor ocaAKr{.
BoAotrcMerrlenr4r
T;
Sruuu 3aBr4cHMocrfMHnpu6rnxeHHo [oJrb3yrorcf, rrpu ne6onrurnx auSrfepenrax, l
BHocs coorBercrByroque nonpaBKr{. O6parnucx reflepb K cnflaru 6olrurnx
anSQepeHToB 14 paccMorplrM, KaK onpeAenrrorcs re xe gJIeMeHTbInJlaByrrecrlr,
Koropbre 6ylyr 3aBr{cerbyxe or AByx napaMerpoB,3a.qaloqlaxrlocaAKy cyAHa B 3ToM
cJrrrae.

2.7.1. Macurra6 Eonxana

Macura6 EoHxasanpeAcraBnserco6ofi 1uarpauMy,Ha roropofi H3o6paxeHhl
KpnBhre3aBncr{MocrnnorpyxeHHbrxnronlaAefi rurraHroyroBor HX ocaAKH.fun C
KaxAoro TeopeTprqecKoro unaHroyTa TaKa.fl KpHBaff cTpoHTct oT BepTHK€uIH,
fI,
rBJr-nrculeficscleAoM rrJrocKocrr,rsroro unauroyra ua ffI.,{m coxpaIIIeHI,If,p€BMepoB rl.
rreprexa uacuna6 no AJrr,IHeBbl6upaerc{ MeHbru}rM, qeM rlo Bhlcore, TaK qro I .U

AuaMerpanbHaf,nnHr4s, ra:o6paxaerct Ha HeMB lrcKaxeHHoMBHAe(puc.2.18).

3:

a(

[(
OI

tl
\1
nl

Bi
Pncvsor 2. 18.Macrura6Eorxawa c]
34
 (2.42) Macurra6 Eouxana no3BoJrrer BbrrrrfrcJr.grb 14KoopAI,IHarbII{R
BoAor.r3MeIIIeHI,Ie
rpa rocaAKe cyAHac ruo6rru anQsepeHrorvr.llpu rlcrroJrb3oBantrrr uacma6a Eosxaua
lro 3aAaHHbrMocaAKaMHocoM r{ KopMofi nponoAcr [p{Mylo, uto6paxarc[tylo cileA
BarepJrrrHnvrHa.[I. Tourrr rrepeceqenurs. grofi nprrrrofi c BeprHKrlx.aMI,I
ortpeAenlrlr
lorpylKeHue KalKAoro H3 rrrrraHroyros. I,Igrvreprr no ropu3ouTanv Ha ypoBHe 3Tux
(2.43)
roqeK opAuHarbrcoorBercrByroqux KpHBbrx,KaKnoKa3aHoHa puc.2.l8, nonyralor c
yqeroM llacuna6a [orpyxeHubre nnoulaAu ruflaHroyroB. HaftAensrte nnou{aAla
$yHxr{H}r Bbrpa)Keuux(2.20) ans o6reunoro
rBJr.rrrorcr3HaqeHnfMr.rrroAbrHTerpaJrbHofi
BoAor{3MerrleHr{flyrlrvr, qro ro xo, op,qr,rHaraMracrpoenofi ilo ulraHroyraM AIrfl
npo6urofi BarepJrnHvr414rro3Boirmor xafirn BoAor{3MetgenueV u a6a\uccy I$ xr.

KI,IJIb,
roAHa 4ra ruo6ofi uocaArv cy4na. Heo6xoAHMhIepacqerbl
@oprwyna(2.20) oqeBr.rAHo
. 3ro y4o6HoBecrlrB cneAyrouleft (ra6t.2.2).
ra6nuqsofi(poprrae
aJrofi,
caAKH.
a6mlqa 2.2. - Pac.rer BoAorrsMeuleHnrr n a6cqnccu I-llJ Iro Macuna6 EouxaHA
NsJtl!uuaHroyroB florpyxeHHble nnoulaAl{ ru[aHroyroB flpou:ne4e:akra
CHTAX,
IIbIIIIIX oT MVlAeIIfl, m HOCOBbIe a,im KOpMOBbI9 0J** m (ah^-ah)
r{ecTI{, 0 Os 0
B 3TOM 1 (Dul (Drl l'(rrl"t - cu*r)
2 (Dn2 O)12 2'(a"z- 0*z)

9 0Jn9 (0x9 9'(co"s- o*s)

I/r(EHbI 10 Onl0 (Dxlo - o)rro)
10'(rrr"1s
t [nx Ir 2z
Cyrrauu
NKAJIH,
llon 14 6t = Yz(o:"ro* ol*ro) o2:5'(corro-0rro)
repoB
14cnpanneHHbre
ti r{To Xl r.no: Xt - ot X2 n.np: Ez- 6z
CYMMbI

3Aecr 11 - clMMa rnorqa,qeft ncex rnnaHroyron;

E2 - anre6paurlecKat cyMMalrpoll3Be,qelauit.
flo ucnpaBJIeHHbIM cyMMaMHaxoALIM :
BoAoH3MeIIIeHue V = //It ucnpl
t^
i!IP-.
IdB x" = al il
a6cqncca
L7 wcnp
Macrura6 FonxaHa no3Bonfler onpeAeJr.[Tb u a[nJIHKary IS zu oAHaKo3TI4MHe
ronmyrorcs BBr4Ay cJroxHocrr,r pacrleroB, rpe6ytoullrx onpeAensrb nJIoIrIaAI4,
orpaHr,rqeHHbreKpHBbrMI4naacrura6aEosxana, AnflKax,qoro unaHf oyTa.
B garncnMocrlr or xapaKTepao6eogoB B oKoHerrHocr.rrx Ha Macrura6e EonxaHa
Moryr nso6paxarrcx KpHBbIe [pLIBeAeHHbIX uroulaAefi, frI,IThIBaIoupIe rarcKe
ycJroBHbre nJrorrlaAn Bblcrynarcrllux qacrefi. B raKl4x cJr5nrzutxAns pacqeroB
nonb3yrorcr [pnBeAeHHbrMI,InJrorrIaArMH,Koropble MoryT 6rttr orpI4I{areJIbHbIMI4.
Ecnn rrpu pacqeTax xeJraTeJrbHoyqecrb 4eQoprvraqnrcKop[yca cyAHa, To cneA
BarepJrnHr4vrHa f$ ruuepquBaercr B Br,rAexpuaofi yupyrofi lrvIHvrvno rraBectnofr
crperrKenporn6a vkrcMepflIor norpyxeHHbre trnorr1aAnIu[aHroyroB tro 3Ty JI]IHviIo.
35
2.7.2.finarparuMaocaAonlrocoMn noprvrofi ll
3ra 4UarpaMMa, I,IMeHyeMa-f,raKxe Al4arpaMMof ,quQ$epeHToB, cJIyxnT Ant
3aAaq npH [OCaAKe cyAHa
onepaTHBHofo perxeHr{s pa3nr{r{HblxsKcrrnyaTaur,IoHHblx
nprMo w c .qH$$epeHToM. Cyruecrnyer HecKonbKo BHAoB TaKIax AI4arpaMM. f
PaccrraorpurranocrpoeHrde u r{cnonb3oBaur{e oAuofo vr3 Irau6olee YAo6nux ee
BapHaHTOB.
B
Haueruu Ha Macrlrra6e 6oHxaHapfl.LpaBHoorcro{Iql,Ix ocaAoK HocoM I4 KopMoI{,
E
nepeKpbrBarorrluxBecb x(eJraevufi Ar4ana3oHnocaAoK. (Drarcrapyt KaKoe-Jlpr6osHa'IeHI4e
T* npoBeAeM rrepe3 oTy TOrrKy nyrIOK eareplHHufi, UpoXOAxIIIHX rlep€3 BCe
E

HaMeqeHHbreroqKn Ha KopMoBoM nepneHAr4Kynrpaon Ant KaxAofi ns unx naft4eu

cl
BoAoLr3MerrreHr{eV 14 ero craru.recxuft MoMeHT orHocI4TeJIbHo MI4Aent V x". flo
iloJIrIeHHbrM 3Haqe:f]]frfrMHaHeCeMTOtrKrlI,OTKJIaAbrBatno BepTl4KansHofr ocu D= PV ,
E

v
a rlo fopl,I3oHT€ulbHofi - craruqecrnft MoMeHT M x = pV xc IrpH craHAaprHoM 3Har{eHI4I'I
rrJrorHocr[ p. flolyreHurre roqKlr olpeAenrr KpHByIo, Bce ror{Kl4 xoropofr
f
coorBercrByror nocaAKaM cyAHa c oAHofi *r r.oir xe ocaAKofi Hocotvt Tr. floctynafl
o
TaKI{M Xe O6paSorvlCO BCeMI,IHaMeTIeHHbIMI,I3Haqel/.krfl}/lLrTn U I*, UOlytI4M CeTKy
E
KptrBbrx rlocro.f,HHblx 3Haqeunfi ocaAoK HocoM lr xopwrofi, onpeAeJltloulnx nocaAKy
cyAHa. Buecre c reM, npf,MoyfoJrbHbre KoopAr{Harbl D vr M x Tor{eK orlpeAeJlttor
HarpFKy cyAHa, ecJrr4upu6rr,rxeHHo noJIo)KLITbxq =xc, v '
npene6perafi
r
B IIepBoM rI3 r
6

paeHonecun(2.10) nrrpaxeHueMV, - t")tgv

ypaBHeHHff KaKMalofi serllquHofi npH
t

o6H.rHnx au0QepeHrax. Taxuu o6pasou, AHalpaMMaanQSepeHroB(puc.2.I9)

rpeAcraBJurer co6oft H€rJroxeHHbreApyr Ha Apyra ABe cltcreMbl KoopAuHar: E
rrpsMoyronbHyro c ocflMr4 D H M*, onpeAenflIolttyto Harpy3Ky cyAHa, H L
c nr4HI4tMuTn u ?n*,onpegenslouylo [ocaAKy cyAHa.
KpHBoJrLrHefiHyro
Paccuorpuu pelueHl{e
flugQepenm na xopuy A',M gugQepeum na
- HeKOTOpbTX[paKTI4qecK]IX 34.[aq c
rroMorrlbro ArlarpaMMrr gu$SepeHroB.
1. llo cocraBJIeHHoMy I
fpy3oBoMy nnaHy paccqrraHa
Harpy3Ka cyAHa: BoAou3MelqeHue D u
F
crarr4rrecKnfi uoueHT Bo.IIoH3Me[IeHHfl
A
orHocI4TeJIbHo MnAen-fl M x - D *s. I

a)
Onpegenuts nocaAKy cyAHa.
I
o Orxra4unax no BeprllKanrsofi oci.I
Ar,rafpaMMbl BOAOI{3MeIIIeHHe, A nO
-:l-fu+w-w&@-3oo@-2w00 -lono
o 1W M0 30cf0400N
ropr43oHTanruofi - MoMeHT, HaxoAHM
uudenaM', t'u
Moienm uaccatcyOnaomuocumentxo
TOr{Ky, USO6paNaroqylo Harpy3Ky
ocaAoKHocoMI,Iropuoft
Prncynox2. 19. ,{uarparraMa
cy[Ha. flonssyxcr cemofi xpnnux T,
u T*, ilo uafi4eHuofi rovxe, npn ueo6xoAuMocrr4HHTepnonupyflMexAy KpI{BhrMpI,
nporlrdrbrBaeMocaAKLI HocoM tt xopuofr Anr paccqnraHHoro cocrotHl4t Harpy3KI{.
O6parHas 3aplaqa(no sa4aHuoft noca4Ke TH u I* onpeAeJIHTbBoAoll3MetgenueD u

36
 MoMeHT M*) pettaerc.f, o o6parHoM rrop.flAKe:tro TH u TK onpeAeJlteM TorIKy Ha
rT Ant uo xoropoft rrporrnTbrBaeuD v M *.
AHarpaMMe,
c)'AHa
2. OupeaeJlr{rb nocaAKy cyAna rrocJrenpr{eMa rpFa vraccoir, m c a6cquccofi
paMM.
rIeHTpa TtxecTI4 xm. TO.Ky, H3O6paXarcrrMO nepBoHaqanbHyro Harpy3Ky ultv
hrx ee
coorBeTcTByroqFo nepBoHarraJrbHylonocaAKy, cMeulaeM no BepTr{KaJIlIBBepx Ha
BenI4rMy m VI ilO IOpI{3OHTaJIH Ha BenHqHIIy m xm BIrpaBO, €CJII{ OHa IIOJIOXHT€JIEHa,
rprrof,
lqeH14e raJruBJIeBo,ecJru oHa orplruarenbHa. IIo nonfleHHofi Hosofi TorrKe npoarr4TbrBaeM
3 BCe HoByronocaAKyno KprdBbruT, u T*.
:afiAevt 3. llepeuoc rpy3a rro AJTHHecyAua. Cy4Ho riMeer rocaAKy, onpeAeJrteMylo
tc. llo ocaAKaMI{T, u T* >T* r.e. c ara$QepeHroMHa KopMy.Oupe4ennrb cKoJlbxo6arracra
=PV, HaAorrepeKararbrr3axreprr4Kan Sopnur, paccrorHr.reMexAy KoropblMu(nrrr,repeHHoe
F{CHII}I
MexAy t4x r{eHTpaMHTs}Kecrn)panHo/, uro6br rrocaAr,rrb
cyAHoHa poBHbIfixunr. llo
ocaAKaMTH H TK HaxoAHMHa AnarpaMMenso6paxarcqfo roqKy. Tar rar npu
rropoft
nepeKarKe6anracra BoAor.r3MerqeHue cyAHaMerurrbcr He 6y4er, u:o6paxaroula-t{ TorIKa
}TVTIA.'I
6y.uer nepeMerrlarbcf, ToJrbKono ropr,r3oHT€lJru
H ee HaAo rrepeMecrrarbAo lrlawurrl
cerKy HyneBoroau$Sepenra.flpour,rraBAnr erofr TorrKHMoMeHTM'r, a raKxe uoveut M,
)caAKy rovxu, Hafr4ervrMoMeHTLM, = Mi - M *, xoropufr uago co3.qarb
AJrr nepBoHarratrbHoft
C.UIIOT
lo]"{ I43 laJ.lilacra,uo[peAeIHM Maccy oarlacta m6 =YJ-
nepeMeIrIeHLIeM
I
rir npu 4. OnpegeJrr,rrbMaccy u a6cquccy rleHrpa rflxecrl4 npraHrroro lpy3a, ecJII{ Ao
:.2.19) ero [pueMa ocaAKu 6r;'nu T, v T*, a rrocJrenpveMa crarrr Trutv Z*t.flo ocaAKaM
IHHAT: Haxo.qr4M D LI MoMeHTM x AO npHeMa rpy3a H D1 v M xt nocJle
Bo.{oH3MerqeHr,Ie
H&, kl ripHeMa,oTKyAaorrpeAenreMMaccy rpFa m = Dl - D w a6cquccy efo rIeHTpar.f,xecTH

*- m -- -M
' xl-Mx
tuCHHE m
f,aq c Kax yxe 6rrlo yKa3aHo,3aAarrnno Ar{arpaMMeanQ$epeHToBperualorcfl. Ha
:HTOB. ocHoBe3aMeHbrnepBoro n3 ypaBHeunfipabHoBecl{t(2.10) paBeucrBou a6cqucc IfT n
HHOMy I{R cy4Ha.B cnyrae nocaAKncyAHac 6omurrEurur$SepeHroM
Moxer norpe6onarbct
I[ITAHA yroqHeHHe pe3ynbTaTa rryTeM HcnpaBneHEr MoMeHra no BbIpaxeHLIrc.
rcDu M * n"np = M x * D Q - -'L B Koroporra npu6JIHXeHHo rll,IrblBaercq npaB afl. .rracrb
s r r)+,
\ O
UCHHfl
,Dxo. repBoro ypaBHeHr.rx (2.19), tgv 3aMeHeHero BbIpaxeHHeMuepe3 anQ$epeu'r d, a

c)'.lHa. aaSQepenr HaxoAraTcr H3 npeABapI{TeJIbHoro orpeAeJleHl{fl rrocaAKr.r Ann

-a BoAoH3MerrIeHHfl D u lrotuerTa Mx.
ocu
:
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= yt;:' gI
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pa3nr{rrHoro upld rrJraBaHHI{B pul3rnrrHbrx pafioHax H B pa3Hoe BpeMfl roAa.

38
LVMbI Tpe6yroruuitcs,MuHnMErrrrHrrfi 6opr ycranaBJll{BaercsruaccuQuKaIIIaoHHbIM
HaABo,qHbrfi
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KoJrbuo HapyxuhrM .{r,raMerpoM 300 MM Lt rurapunoft 25 MM, nepeceKaloqeect
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OCA.IIKH.

39
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PaccroqHue MexAy rpy3oBbrMrr MapKaMHfI n JI onpeAen-ter AorrycKaeMoe

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ToJrbKoAJIx nepeBo3Ku ualY6uoro
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sa 6-70/o.
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nJraBaHI{tcyAHaAo rlpnxoAa B rlopr HiBHaqeHHt.

40
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t{l4BOCTb
3. HAt{AnbHAfi OCTO]4

l:Hrtft 3,1. O6UUE nOHflTnfl OCTOHT|UBOCTU

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, Ecrn geficrnuu Ha cyAno MoMeHTackrrkrnn npocro MoMeHTa.llpu AeficrBuu MoMeHTacyA-
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roftqnsocrb [pr{MeHrerc.f, Ant xapaKTepl{crnKn HaKJIoHenuitIls noJloxeHnr paBHoBe- Ff
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5a'

3.2. PABHOO6bEMH6IE HAKNAHEHUfl. TEOPEMA SNNEPA.

--'
,{eficrnne Ha cyAHo rrapbr cHJI, orreBn.qHo, He I43MeHger ero BoAoH3MeIIIeHI4f,. :E
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uoo6reuuoM HaKJIoHeHLIU. :f

42
 flycru lTolo 14 Yf/L Ha
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sg oTHocHTeJrbHo ocn HaKJroneunxo(:
L
I rIpI4- 1 4 a s =J 0 ? s , (3.2)
TIIIb B
t,
rAe rys - KOOpAVT}IUIA
rIeHTpa rrxeCTlr nJIOrrIaAnBarepnHHHrr.
JX /f- Tarcnu o6pa:ou, MbrrroJrfraeM:
IBOCTb M = So rts dd . (3.3.)
{fl \o- 5V =0, orKyAa cJreAyer,qro AonxHo 6urr
flpn panHoo6reusoM HaKJroHeHLryr
H. rro- ?, = 0. OrcroAaBbrreKaerreopeMa3ftrepa: npu 6ecronerrHoMulrrbrx
parHoo6reMHbrx
rI{. HaKJTOHeHHTXCyAHa OCb TIOBOpOTanpOXOAHT qepe3 rIeHTp TS)KeCTH IJTOTIIaAU Ae[rCT-
nyroqefi Barepnl{Hnr.r.
I,Ie paneucrra (3.3) cJreAyerrarxe, qro npu 6ecroneqHo MaJrhrxHaKJroHeHr,r.fix
cyAHaorHocuTeJrbHonpour3BonrHoftroprl3oHTamHofiocu, Jrex(aulefis nJrocKocrkrBa-
TCHI4f,. Tepnr{H}ru,ero o6teMHoe BoAoI43MerrIeHHe H3MeH;lercflHaBenuquHy,paBHyIocrarr4qe-
tu Ha- cKoMyMoMeHTyrrnorqaAHBaTepnHHHr{ oTHoc}rTeJrbHoocn HaKJIoHeHHt, yMHoxeHHoMy
HbIMLI Hayron HaKJroHeHr,r.s.3aNaerHM,rITo,xou reopeMa3finepa H paBeHcrno(3.3) cnpaBeA-
oo6t- JrHBbr4na 6ecrouetrHo MaJrbrxHaKJroHeHuir(uz-za He[psMocreHHocrr,r6opror), urrara
noJrb3yrorcfl.n npr KoHeqHbIx,Ho MaJrbrxyrnax HaKJroHeHus..
B cJrfrae [prMocreHHblx
I paB- o6no4on, KaKreopervra3finepa, raK ra Qopr'ryna(3.3) BepHbrArs mo6rrx yrnoB HaKJro-
neHnfi B npeAeJrax[ptMocreHHocrr.r6opron.

43
 UB nPU HAKnOHEHnflX.
33. nEPEMEI4EHUfl U META-
META|IEHTPaI ]
PMHYC6|.
UEHTPWqECKUE -L!

Vlz pvtc.3.l nn.qHo,rrro xapaKrep ocroftquBocrll cyAHa 3aBHcLITor B3auMHoro

pacnoJrox(ennfl,IlT u Lp n HaKJroHeHHoM cyAna, nogroMy seo6xoAnlvto
rroJro)KeHlar{
paccr\doTpeTb,KaKIlepeMelr{aeTctTIR cygHa npu ero HaKroHeHHcx.
O6parurr,rcconr{Tbr puc.3.2 H rrycTb C6 €cTbrlonoxeHl4e I{8, cooTBercTByroil{ee
BarepJrrHun l(gLgr d C - Barepnrisuu WL, T.e. uocJreHaKJroHeH?It cyAHasa da. 06-
nepeuerqeHue Lp Coe pa3noxuM Ha cocraBJr.nroqr4eBAonb oceft KoopArrHar:
qtr1ee
d€", d4" n d(c. llpnpauentrfl crarr4rrecKuxMoMeHToBiloABogHoro o6teua orHocn-
octrM €, 4 s ( 6ygyr:
reJrbHo[JrocKocrefi, uepneuAl,IKyJl.flpHbrx
dMg =V dlr; dMrt =V dq"; dM( =V d€". (3.4)
C 4pyrofi cropoHbr, grn npuparrleHlrrrcrarr{qecK}rx MoMeHToBMoxHo BhIrIuc- te
iIHTbKaKnpor4cxoA.rrulr{e or [epeHoca paBHoBeJrr,rKlrx o6teuon - BbIIueAIrIe-
KJTLTHoBbIX i:!1

ro r{3 BoAbIkI Bolue,qlueFoB soAY. s

IIeury Trxecrr,r BbrAeJreHHoroHaMr,rrlnnr{H,{puna o6leuowr dv (pnc.3.2) I,IMeer s
KoopAuHarbr€,ryv+ryda.IloarorvryLrcKoMbrenpapalqe:nvfl.crarwlecKnxMoMeHToB tl
c
onpeAemrc.rrBbrpax"i^"* ,
t?
dMl= Itar=da !4rtdt,
,90 ,S0 u
d M n = [ r y a u = d oI r t z d r , (3.s)
,S0 ,S0

dM(-- I € a,=!(a")2 |,ryz

a'.
^90 Jo
B 3TI{ BblpaxeHu{, I4MeIorcneAyrcIr{ufi curtcl:
Ho raxrerparrbr,BxoA-rrrrlue
= - qenrpo6exsufi MoMeHTLIHepIITI [noqaALI BarepJII{HIAI{ OTHOCI'ITeJIbHO
I€ ,t at I6rl
so o
oceft (r7; G]
r )
lry' ds
- I
I MoMeHT uHepIdlII4 nJIoIIIaAH BaTOpJIHHI{HoTHocI'ITeJIbHo ocl4 HaKJIOHeHI{.I. m
,s0
floAcrasrflA oru Bblpa)KeHutn (3.4) AJrt repeMerqeHufiIdB, uolyrnrra:

d€"=t 5l-aot rlrtc=9 ao, d(c=if AA' . (3.6)

PI: nonyreHHbrx BbrpaxeHraficnegyer, qro rIpLI HaKJIoHeHHT{ cyAHa I{B nepeue-

rrlaerct uo rpaeKTopr4r4,r{e Jlexaulefi s nrocKocrl.I HaKnoHenug.3ro BLIAHoH3 Toro,
qro nMeercfl cMerrleHzeLr BAoJIbocr.rHaKJroHeHnflO{ . fIpoeKlln.a erofi TpaeKTopr4r4
Ha
Hul3blBaercf,KpHBofi tF. BnAgo raK)Ke, qro [epeMeIrIeHI4e
rrJrocKocrb HaKJroHeHkrfl.
d(", nepneHAr4KynrpHoe[nocKocrr{ Barepnhrl{Ilr4,ecrb BeJI}IqHHaBToporo [optAKa M
M€rirocrurro cpaBHeHuroc d€c v dr7r. CnegoBareJrbHo,KacareJlbnasK TpaeKTopranI-p []
u ct4ra rloA.qepxaHl,It,KaK
rrJrocKocrr,I€Orl , T.e. nJlocKocrr{ Barepnr{Hr4r4
napzrnJrenbHa r

44
=TA. [epneHA]IKyJUIpHaqK rInOCKOCTr,r
BarepJrVIHI,dVt,
nO HalpaBJreHr{n coB[aAaeT c HopMa-
JrbroK rpaeKropnu I[R.
lps gurstrefiurero Ha[oMHHMHeKoroprre csoficrna MoMeHToBr,rHeprlr,rn
[noua-
trrHofo
4efinrocrux Suryp:
0.lHMo
a) uz Bcex ltreHTpaJrbHblx
ocefi raueerc{ ocb, orHocraTeJrbHo
roropofi MoMeHTl{Hepllfir.r
nnoulaAu Aocrldraer Hau6onrruero 3Haqenvrfl,H ocE, orHocLITeJrbHoxoropofi uo-
noqee
MeHT I,IHepIIEn HMeeT HaI{MeHbIrIee 3HarleHr4e; STkr OCH Ha3bIBarOTCt HIaBHbTMH OCr-
r. 06- Mrr r4Heprlnu;
IHHAT: b) rnarHrre ocn LrHeprlrar4 B3ar,rMHo
nepneHAuKynrpHbr;
tHocI,l- c) eclu $urypa nMeer ocb crlMMerpurr4, To gra ocb rBirflercr rleHTpalruoft u o1nofi uz
ruIaBHbrxoceft r{Heprlu}I;
d) qeHTpo6exnrtfi MoMeHTIaHeprILrH orHocr4TeJrbHo rJraBHbrxocefi paBeHHynro.
(3.4)
Tar rar nJIoIrIaArBarepnrrHr{Hr{Meer ocb cuMMerpuu, [apa[nenbHyro OX , ro uo
tblqI4C-
croficrey c) em ocb.xBr.sercs HraBHofiocrrc uneprlnu nJrorrlaAr{BarepJruHraz.O.resr,rA-
:e.lixe- Ho, rlro oHa xe IleHrpanbHarrocb. flo csoficrny b) apyrofi uanuofi r{eHrp€LJrbnofi ocrrc
tBJlf,erc.flocb, rlapaJlneJlbHagOY .lTnocKocrpr, nepneHArrKynrpHhreruraBHbrM octrM, Ha-
H},ICET 3blBalorc"flTJIaBHrIMI4 IrJIocKocr.aMH
HaKJloneuuficyAua. 3ruun [JlocKocrfiMrarBJItIor-
TCHTOB ctlr IrJiocKocrb turlaHroyra l{ AnaMerpirnbHarilnocKocrr. Haxlouenur B 3TI4xnJrocKo-
crtx Ha3hlBalorcf,KpeHoMn au$$epeHToM cyAua n coorBercrByrouu4eyrnbr HaKJroHe-
nufi o6osHaqanrct 0 u V. flo cnofrcrny d) npLrKpeHewftr ar.rQQepeHre nepeMerrleHuf,
I-p upoucxoAqr B lrJrocKocrrxHaKJrosesufi(I ry =0).
Onpe4enuM paAr.rycbrKpI4Br43HbI
KplrBbrxI-p [pr4 Har(noHeHlrflxB rJraBHbrxnJroc-
(3.s)
Kocrsx. Tar rax nepeMerlleHHedr, - MaJras.
BToporo flop.rrAKa,To Anr eleueHrapHofi
Ayrrd ds xpr.rnofiI-F n coorBercrBr4vra (3.6) MoxHo Hantrcarb:
Anr,rHhr
npn KpeHe dr=!]-do.
V
'e--rbHo * =? o, .
upnausgepeHre
Orcro4a, B coorBercrBul{ c o[pe.qeJIeHHeM paqryca KpHBH3Hbr xpuaofi KaK [pe.qena
orHotueHl,It AJTHHbI AyrH K yury MexAy HopMErnrMr4 nplr yrure, cTpeMrrqeMc.fiK rryJrro,
IEHHfl. IIOJrr{r,rM AJrr p aAr{ycoB Kpr4Btr3Hbr Bbrpax eHpr.fl
:
rrpl,r HaKJIoHeHI,Lfl
x B nouepeqnoft nro cKocrr,t ,="', (3.7)
V '

(3.6) npl{ HaKJroHeHr4qxB rrpoAoJnnofi IIJIocKocrrr n =Vb (3.8)

rpeMe-
TOtO, 3ua pa4uycbr KpI{BrI3HbrKpr{BbIXI[B uasrrnarorcfl coorBercrBeHHo [ouepeirHbrM
IIIH HA H npoAonbHblMMeTarIeHTpHrrecKHMH paAr{ycaMr.r.
UCHHE Tar xar IuHpI,IHacyAHaBcerAaMeHbrueero Inr4Hbr,To I * BcerAauenrure 1, u
pt,IIKa uo csoftcrBy a) I, nnrrxer.c.s a I y - nau6onrurr{M }r3 MoMeHToBI{HeprIHrd
Har4MeHbrrrHM,
ur TIR [nouIaAH Barepnl,IHlruIorHocuTeJrbHoBcex qeuTpaJrbHbrxocefi. lloeronay ,, Ha3brBaror
fl. KAK a R - 6omurnu MerarIeHTpHrrecKHM
M€urbrM, u pa1kryaawv.

45
 OrrnaAuBarr no Beprr{KaJrr{or I-p palnycbr r v R, MhI [orytII4M rIoJIoxeHLrs r!(
qeHTpoBKplrBlr3HbrKpHBbrxIIB npu rtonepetlHblx H [poAonbHblx HaKJlonenprcx.3ru 3e
rleHTpbrKptrBr43Hbr
HrBbrBurK)TcrcooTBeTcTBeHHo uo[epeqHblM IIJII{ MaiIbIMMeTaUeH- r€
TpoM Lr rpoAoJrbnbrMurn 6om[rprM MeraIIeHTpoMId o6osna.Ialorcr. m u M .I'Ix Bog- ill

Ha.qocHoBuoft ruocKocrblo paBHbI:

BhrIrreHIa.rI .ffi(

zm=zc+r, AT
(3.e)
zM=zr+R' F
]l
Hs cra3aHHoro paHee flcHo, qro rtonepeunrrft MeraIIeHTprBJrflerct caMbIMHH3-
KIIM, a [poAoJrbHuft - caMbrMBbIcoKI{MH3 MeraIIeHTpoB,coorBercrBylouux BceBo3-
5t
MoxHbrMrurocKocrrM HaKJIoHenufi .
s
Bce nonfteHHbre BbrpaxeHr4f,cflpaBe.qJrrlBbr4nx 6ecroHeqHo MarIbIXHaKJIoHe'
Hr,rficyAHa, o.UHaKonpu peueHl4r4IIpaKTI{rIecKHx3aAarrI4Mr,rrroJlb3yarcfl LrrrpktKoHeq-
HrIX, Ho MaJrbrx,yilrax HaKJroHeHufi,3ro gBJlf,erct ocHoBHbIMAorryueHlleM rIpI4 pac-
cMorpeHnrr BonpocoB Harr€umnofiocroffqrasocrn. OHo panHocHJIbHoAoIIyqeHHIo, rrro
rpnnue I-p ecrb AyrH oKpyxHocteft, ovepqeHHbleMe-
npr,rManbrx yrJrax HaKJroHeHHfi
paA}rycaMr4,c ueHTpaMHB MeTarIeHTpax.3to uogsoJl{eT nonrII,ITb
TaqeHTpr{rrecKr,rMr.r
flpocrbre peureHr4r MHorHx BonpocoB ocrofitrnsocrl,I c Aocraro.rnofi AJI{ trpaKTHK]I
TOIIHOCTbIO.
B Aalrnefiurena 6y4err,rpaccMarpnBarb HaqarbHyro ocrofiall4Bocrb roJIbKo npil HaKJIo-
HeHI{rrxB fJIaBHbrxnJrocxocrrx, TaK KaK rrapy cr{Jr B nro6ofi 4pyroft Beprl{Kzulrnoft
MO)KHO pUl3nOx(HTb Ha COCTaBI'IOUU,Ie B fJIaBHbIX nJIOCKOCTf,Xlr OTAeJIbHO
nJIOCKOCTLT t*
paccMaTpl{BaTb HaKJIoHeHI,It B 3THX nTOCKOCTqX. F:

BoccTAHABIIn
9.4.vcnoBnEocTonquBocTn?YAHA. n
BAIOIqU Tr
AOPMYnH OCTOUqWBOCTU
MOMEHT.METAqEHTPWqECKnE IT

Zcnonreyr nonfreHHbreBbrrrrepe3ynbraru, cQopvryr[pyeM ycIroBvrs.,

Koropble
Ans rofo, qro6rt cyAHo6rtlo ocroiqlEnrtNd.
AonxHbrBbrrroJrH.rrrbcfl
PaccvrorpnMrrorrepeqHEre kr AonycrnM,qro cyAHoHaKJIoHeHo
HaKJroHeHr4fl Ha 'llt:

uarufi yrorr 0 nanpanufi 6opr (pHc.3.3).

ru
3Aecr u B AanbHefiureuycnoBlrMcr nso6paxarb cyAHo B npflMoM rIoJIoxeHHH,a
HaKJroHflTr 6yaeivrcJreABarepnIIHrInraK, qro Ha prac.3.3WoLocoorBercrByer Barepnn-
cy,{Ha B nprMoM rroJroxeuvIn,a WL - eatepnr4Hvtr4
Hr.rr4 cy4ua, HaKpeHeHHoroHa yron
0 . Acuo, rrro Beprr{KaJrbHbre B HaKJroHeHHoM
cr4Jrbr floJloxegr,ru 6ygyr uso6paxarscx
BeKTOpaMr,r,
HaKJTOHHbTMI4
IIep IIe HAI'IKyntpHbIMLI
ypoBHro sop,st WL.
ComacHo c.IIeJIaH-
L
HOMy AonylqeHnro o roM,
'X---;-"
uro Ayra Coe ecrb Ayra
oKpyxHocrl{ c IIeHrpoM B
a )
MeTaIIeHTpe m CJIeAyer,
r{To Arrr roro, uro6n npn
Pncynor 3. 3. K ycnoBnlo ocroftqr'leoctfi I{ BbIBoAyMeraUegTp6tlecr<oftQop- nepeMerrlennu I-p uepe-
uylu ocrofrunBocru,tIJIx fionepeqHblx HaKIIoHeHnficygna

46
,xeHI{.s Irren JIHHIITo.qeftcrnwr cvrlrbrr.rrxecru u o6pasoBaJrcfl.
BoccraHaBnnBaloulufi uorraeur,
x, 3na ueo6xo4utr,to,uto6sr MeraUeHTpm pacfioJlaraJrc.fl BblrrreI{T cy4na G, xalc ero uso6pa-
|,raLIeH- xeHo na pac.3.3 a). Ecnu xe MerarleHrp m paailonaraercr HHXe UT c (puc.3.3 6))
Ix Bog- I{JIprcoBna,qaerc H}rM,ro o6pasyrorquficr MoMeHT6y4er Apyroro 3HaKannl4 paBeu r{y-
mo. 3to no3BoJlserycraHoBnTb cJreAyroqeeycnosue ocrofiqrlBocrrr cy4Ha: AJr{ Toro,
qro6u cyAHo 6rtno ocrofi.runtrru, ueo6xo.qr4Mo,qro6u ero rrorrepeqnrrfi MeraueHTp m
(3.e) pac[oJrarilllcr Bbrrre I]T G .Ecnu xe MerarleHTpm pacnoiloxeu H]rxe IIT C r,rJrucoB-
Ir HH3- naAaer c HIaM,To cyAHoneocrofiquno.
!ceB03- I,Is toro, qro nouepevnufi MerarleHTpcaurrfi nusrr.rfi LrsBcex MerarIeHTpoBcyA-
Ha cJreAyer,qro ecJnr cyAHo ocrofiqnno B [onepe.rHofi nJrocKocra, To oHo ocrofi.ruso
IC-rOHe-
noo6rqe, r.e. ocrofiqr4Bo rrpr{ HaKJroHeHHf,xBo Bcex ApyrHX rrJrocKocr.rrx.
KOHeq-
Beru.{Llna BoccraHaBnr4Baroulero MoMeura M, oflpeAenrercr npolr3BeAeHueM
M pac- cHJIbIBecacyAHa P sa flreqo [apbr Crc (puc.3.3.a), Koropoe Ha3brBaercrrrerroM cra-
IO, rITO ru.Iecxoft ocrofi.rneocru :
bre Me- Me=PCK' (3.10)
rr\'r{14T6 B cnoro oqepe.qb,H3TpeyronbHllKa mGK Attx rrJreara ocrofiqusocrpr nafiAerra:
IKTPIKI4 GK = mG sin? . ( 3 .I 1 )
Orperorc mG, pannrrfi norsHlueHr,fio rotrepertHoro MerarleHTpanaa IfT cyAHa,
HAKJIO.
o6oaHa.{aercch 14Ha3brBaercf,tlottepeuHofi IIII,I MzlrrofiueraqegrpuqecKofi nrrcorofi:
rrrHoft (3.r2)
rnG= h.
IEIbHO
I,Icuonrsyx sro o6osHaqeHrie,Anfl BoccrauaBJrnBarouleroMoMeHTanpu [oneperrHblx
HaKJTOHeHHTTX nOnrrHM BbrpaxeHHe:
Me=Phsin?' (3.13)
'nn HaAorrylrleurrno Marrocrr{yrJra g, To,3aMeHrrAnr ra-
Tax rar sra Sopuyna ocHoBaHa
I Kr{xyrnoBsind cauuMyrnoM0 (ypaguaHax),nonfrr,rM:
Me=Ph0' (3.r4)
rTOpbIe
3ra $opvryJia Ha3brBaercflMerar{eHTpn-{ecroft{opuynofi ocrofiqr4Bocrn AJrr no-
[epeqHblx HaKJIoHeHufi.Ona Aaer 3aBncr4MocrbBoccraHaBJrr4Baroqero MoMeHTaor yr-
:HO HA
na KpeHaB Br4Aeruanefiuofi $yHrqnu i4 ee npnMeHeHr4e olpaHrlqr.rBaercf roJrbKoMaJrbr-
Mr{yrnaMr{KpeHa.3auerNu,rrro Altr nnaBaloqrrxrer BparqeHr4r
Soplayna(3.13)crpa-
uH, a
BeAnuBaAnr ruo6rrx yrnoB
spJrH-
KpeHaprnro6oftocar{Kr4,
T.K.B
rron
SToM cnf{ae I x kr r0 ocra-
rbct
IOTCf, IIOCTO.fiHHbTMI{npkr JrIO-
L\lu,
6orvr yrne KpeHa r{ TpaeKTo-
I
pnx I-p ecrb oKpyx(Hocrb.
llpu npoAoJrbHbrxHa-
IEJAH-
KroHeHr4sx(puc.3.4) anaro-
) TOM,
u4rrHo rpeAblAyrrleMy IJIfl.
' .lyra
nlneqa octofi.Iueocrla p^afi-
PoM B AEM:
e,T,veT, Pncyrox 3. 4. K nuro,ry MeralleHTplrqecrofirlopmyarr ocrofqusoc'ru GK = MG siny (3.15)
r rpH .tlJrrnpoJlonbHbrx
HaKJroHeuufi cy.uua
nepe-
47
 Orpesor MG , pasmrfi nogsrrrueHlllo npoAoJlbHoroMeralleHrpa M sM {f cy4na,
o6ogna.raetcs.H H Hl[rbrBaercrrrpoAolurofi prrtu6olruofi uetaqeHTpxrlecKoftertcotoft:
MG=H. (3.16)
Irlcnonrsyx oro o6o3HarreHue,AJII BoccraHaBJll4BaloqeroMOMeHTa rIpU npOAOJIbHbrX
HaKJTOHeHT{fi HafrAeM:
Mru=PHsinY' (3.r7)
!rJr[, 3aMeHrsorrrrb sinr4 xB yroJl ry (n paynauax), noJIf{LIM:
Mv=PHv' ( 3 . 18 )
3ra SopuyJra HznbrBaercrMeraqeHrpuqecrofi Soprwyrofi octoft'ruBocrl,I .qnt upoAoJlb-
Hbrx HaKJrouesufi.Oua rar xe cnpaBeAJrlrBa roJrbKoAJII MzuIbIXyrnoB An$$epeHra.
(Doprvrynu(3.14) H (3.18) rnmrorcff ocHoBHbrMIr Sopvrylaun Har{€ulbnofiocrofr-
qI{BOCTI4.

n SOCrn.
3.5.KOgOAn+nEHTbtOCTOUq
BblCOTbtU UX PACqET
METAIIEHTPU.IECKUE
MoMeHroM
MexAy BoccraHaBJII{BaIo[rylM
KoeSQuqr4eHTbrrrponoprlrroHzrrrbHocrr4
pr yrnoM HaKJroHeHL4fl.,
ycra1aBJrraBaeMEleMeraIIeHTpI,ItIecKI4MHQopr"rylauu ocrofi'rn-
BocTH, H€BbIBaIorcx roeQ QHIIHeHTaMHocrofi .ruBocTrl I'I 06 o3Har{aloTct :
k = Pft - ros$rpulrueHr [onepeqHofi ocroftqllBocrpl,
K = P.FI - xoeQQuqueHrrlpoAoJlbHofiocrofi'IuBocrn.
trc\
Ouu xapaKTeprcyroTnporr.rBoAeficrsHecyAHa BHeIIIHHMHaKJIoHtIoquMMoMeH-
EO
TaM H B gToMcMbrcJref,BJrrrorcr rraepofiero HarlaJlurofi ocroft.{nsocru. f[nr upaxrnue-
cKHx pacqeroB o6HqHo Hcnonb3yror3HarreHnsMoMeHToB, BbIrIucneHHbIe Anf eAI4HHq-
-:m
HbIX BeJII{qHH, Onpe.qeJItrouIHX HaKiIOH e}ll,j,fl CyAHa.
floAcrasnru.s(3.14) nvrecrod yrol 1o:0,0175 (pa4)' ronfruM MoMeHr,Kpe-
n-srqnficyAHona 1o:
Mt =0 ,0175 P h. (3.1e)
,{nx npoaoJrbHbrxHaKJroHeHrftnrr.rucil-rllor MoMeHT,anQSepeHTyIoIuI4ficyAHo Ha I cM
:0,01 u. Tar rar:
A
xv,
1=tg'tt
rAe A - AHOOepeHr,
ro no (3.18) norryrlllM:
Mcm=o,uP!. (3.20)
L
Ocrofi.rueocrb cyAHa fipr4 pa3nr.rqHbrxcocroflHnfx 3arpy3Kl{ xapaKTepu3yercs'BeJrvl.rv'
Bblcorbl.
Hoft naeraqeHTpl,Ivecxofi
,{4r pacvera MerarreHTpr4irecKofi errcorrr o6paudMct r puc.3.5, Ha KoropoM Ha-
HeceHopacrronoxeHueLF, IIT r{ MerarIeHTpoBm vt M, a raKxe yKa3aHbIo6osHa're-
BerHrIHH.Irlcnonrrya stu o6osHa'rrenvls,Ant nonepevuofi ft u upo4o-
HV14gs.pa3nvrqHhrx
nrsofi .F/ueraqeHTpuqecKHxBblcor MoxHo HanHcarbcJreAyloquepaBeHcrBa:

48
ry'.4H4, h=z*-zg =zc+r-zg,
nofi: G.2I)
H=zM-zg=zr+R-zg.
(3.16) B ,bop,"tynu (3.21) Bxo.qtr
TbHbIX
BEIHIII,IHbI ABOSKOTOPOAA. O.qNU
I43 HI,[X, A HMCHHO
(3.17) zm, zM s zslf 7R; onpeAeJlgloTcc

Qopruofi Kopnyca 14Anfl,AaHHoro

( 3 .18 ) cyAHa 3aBr{cgT oT ero ocaAKLI.
),IIOnb- OHu erur4cJlflrorc.fl rro reoperla-
ra. qecKoMy qepTexy rpl4 [poeKT]I-
rcrofr- poBaHHHcyAHa n uso6paxalorc.a
rpa$u'recrra B Br{.qe KpHBEIx B
QyHnquH or ocaAKLIT sa AI4ar-
paMMe KprrBbIXSJIeMeHTOB TeO-
perr4qecKoro qeprexa (prEc.3.6).
flomryxcb srnMn Kpr{BbIMI4,Bce
yKa3aHHbIe BbIIrIe BenI{rI}IHbr MO-
CHTOM
ofr.Iu- ryr 6um olpeAeneHbr.qJrrJrro-
6ofi ocaAru cy4*a.
Pucynox3. 5. K pacqery MeralreHrplrtlecxlo(
Bblcor AnnnurcaraIIeHTpar{xec-
TLI cyAHa zg onpe4en.treTcffpac-

OMEH.
noJroxeHr,reM rpy3oB no Bhrcore H paccqr{TrrBaercss ra6rr.rrle Harpy3KI4rlo cocraBnen-
rrHqe- HoMyrpy3oBoMy rnaHy ua pefrc.
flonrsonaHne Anarpauuofi oJreMeHToB TeoperuqecKoro qeprexa H pacr{er ra6-
F{HI4r{-
JrlrrlbrHarpy3Kr46rrnn paccMorpeHblB pa3AenenJIaBfIecrH cyAHa.
r. Kpe-

(3.1e)
a i ctvt 13

12

11

10

T I
(3 20)
7

)-tllql4-

)\r Ha-
3Haqe-
Po,qo-
35 ,10
c a H l f f x e t p H
Kpauc x" x l nocpocxbr @ @il Mlll

PncyHox3. 6. ,{uarpauMa Kpr.rBbrx reoperlrqecKoroqeprexa

3JreMeHToB 49
 gasucfiT or HIaBHbTL
3HarreHns MerarleHTpuqecKrax nrrcor h u H
gucletrHrre
pa3nl4r{Hbl Ant cy-
pa3MepeHraft cyAHa, r{x coornoruerrprfi u Qoprvru Kop[yca, Koropble
BLICOTyTarcKe cyuIecTBeHHO
AOB pa3Hbrx THroB. Ha nouepeqHylo MeTaUeHTpI,IqecKyIo
BJrHreTpoA nepeBO3lIMOrOrpy3a, ero KoJIHTISCTB9 I4 pa3MeuIeHLIeIIO BbIcOTe' Aaxe '4Iq
BbICOTa3HalII'ITeJIbHoI43Me-
oAHOTOn roro xe cyAHa nouepeqHafl MerarleHTpr{qecKajl
HreTctr oT cocTof,Hllf ero Harpy3Kll'
pa3HbIX TI4noB
CpegHue 3HaqeHr,rr noileperrHofi rraeraqeHTpuvecKoft srrcorbl Ant
cyAoB HaxoAflTct B cneAytoilIl4x rlpeAeJlax:
MOpCKpIenaccaxl4pcKl4ecyAa 1,0- 1,8rra;
[accaxupcKl,Ie cy,qanpu6pexHoro [naBaHI{t 0,6- 1,0na;
cyxorpy3HLle cyAa A,4- 1,6tr,l;
rpy3oBblelafinePrt 0,6 - 0,9 tvt;
TaHKepbI 1 , 0- 2 , 5u ;
ue$repyaoBo3bI 2,0 - 5,0 l,r;
necoBo3bI 0,15- 1,0rrl;
pu6ononHblerpayJrepbl 0,7- 1,4*r;
JICAOKOJIbI
1,5- 2,5 vr;
ayI.a clacareJll'I 0,8- 1,0rvr.
flpo4onurafl MerarlellTplaqecKafl BbIcora JIexHT B npeAeilax lr
s = (t.o-r:) L, JI
rAe L -[nusa cyAHa, E
H vtnser He3HaqI4TeJIbHo'
Ha cyAHefpy3oB no BbIcoTeHa BeJII4qHHy
u pacnpe.4eJreHlre
I

g.6,n3MEHEHUEocTonqneocTlt u nocMKu cyAHA :(

nPu nEPEMEL4EHUU rPv3A
qTo lpy3 BecoM P = mg , HoXoAuswuitcfl' B Tor{Ke '11(x1,ll' zl)
flpe4uonoxllM, F
[nepeHeceHB TorrKy AZQZTl,t zZ). OnpeaeJIHM,KaK r43MeHHTcs
ocTofi'{Heocrr H nocaA- s
o6qnfi cnyrafi [peAcra- f,i
Ka cyAHa BcneAcrBr4e raKoro rrepeMeIIIeHI{t. BcerAa Mo)ICHo
Br.rTbB Br4AeTpex noCJIeAoBaTeJI6HbIX [epeMeUIeuwit BAonb KoopAHHaTHbIXocefi' cB'[-
HIIX' llpu srou y'4o6no na-
3aHHbrX c cyAHoM, I{ paccMaTpuBaTb OTAeJIbHOKax1oe H3
qaTb c nepeMeuleHr4s.rpy3a no BeprllK€rnu'

3.6.1.BeprunarrbHoerepeMeluenlrerpy3a
I,I3roqKrr 46t, y1;zl) a rcury Ai(q, y1, zz)' KaK
flepeueceMrpp rro Beprr.rK€ull4
3TO nOKa3aHOHa pwc,3.7. Tar rax BoAoH3MerqeHLIe OCTaeTCtnocTo{HHbIM, TO IIeHTp
TarXe HeI43MeHHbIMI'I
BeJrr4qI,IHbIC n UeraIIeHTp m He MeHIIOT CBoerO nOJIOXOHI'Ifl'
ocTaI{yTC{ IOpH3OHTaJIbHbIe KOOpAHHaT9Tx8 s !8I{eHTpa Tf,XecTI'ICyAHa' [ocKonbKy
Inulb KoopAHHaTa
IlepeHoc [po?lcXOAI4T nepneH.qnKyJlflpHo3TI4M octM' I'IsMeHHrcs
v
6

d zg qeHTpa TflXecTI4 cyAHA, 3aMeTHM'

,{,nr roro, urO6rr sailru nepeMeIIIeHI4e
TI3MEHI,ITC'
IIT' cTaTla.Iecxufi MoMeHT ero Maccbl oTHocIITeJIbHo ocrrogHOfi TIJIOCKOCTI4
-
Ha BeJrI4q[ny 6 M, = * (tz tt)'orKyAa noJIy{IaM:

50
TBHbIX
^ - 5--=!-
M . =!Q2 -
w cy- d zn
U r) (3.22)
D D "
BCHHO
OqernAno, qro Ha raKyp xe BeJru-
(e ,4J1t .iuHy H3MeHqTCtH MeTarleHTpr4tre-
tr3lue- CKUE BbICOT6I:

11{nOB
6h=5H - -6rs =-fi(t, - den)
Taxxe o,qprHaKoBbrMu6yayr no-
rrpaBKr,rr roe$QnqpleHTaMocrofi.rn-
BOCTI{:
5k=5K--msGz-") (3.24)
trro, uprr
I4s Qoprrayw(3.23) BraAHo,
nepeHocerpy3a BBepx(rz, z1),we-
B6rcoTbryMeHbrxa-
Tar{eHTpr{qecKr..re
(tz . tt)
rorct, a ilpu [epeHoce BHI,r3
Pucyrox 3. 7. Beprnxalunril nepeuocrpy3a
MeTarleHTpr{lrecKHe BbrcoTbrBo3pac-
TAIOT.
Ha nparrurce 5 zg peI.Ko EpeBbrruaernop{AoK Aecrrbrx Aonefi Merpa, trogroMy
rronpaBKaoT nepeHocafpy3a cyuIecTBeHHa ToJrbKoAnr [olepeuuofi Merar{eHTpurre-
crofi Bblcorbl I,I erc MoxHo npeue6peqb upr4 pacrrere rrpoAonbHofiueraqeHrpuvecrcofi
BbICOTbI BCJIeACTBIIeOTHOCITTeJIbHOIIMETJIOCTII
nolpaBKr.r IIO CpaBHenKto C H .
r.-1bHO.

3,6.2.[ouepeunoe nepeMerrleHue rpy3a

flepeneceMreneps rpy3 no ropHsoHTaJrr4
B rtonepeqHofirtrocKocrlr cyAHar{3
rolIKI{ Ai(q, h, z2) B roqKy Ai(*t, !2r 22) prac.3.8.Kar 6rtno cKzl:laHo Bbrrrre,
ropu3oH-
ralrnlrfi IlepeHoc rpy3a paBHocHneHnprrJroxeH]rroK cyAHy napbr crirJr,MoMeHTKoro-
' ,1,zt) pofi n paccMarpl4BaeMoMcnyqae pacnonox(eH B rrouepevHoft nJrocKocrra.Tar<ofi rrao-
rocaA- MeHTBhI3oBerKpeH cyAHa, no3ToMy oH Ha3brBaercfl. KpeHrullrM MoMeHToM.Benu.{HHa
eJcra- KpeHrrrreroMoMeHTaor rrepeHocarpy3a 6y4er:
i. csg'- 74*p = m g ( yz- y1 ) cosdx m I 6z - y t)
HO HA- (3.2s)
34ecr cosd 3aMeHeHeAuHnrlefi,TaK
p A 1 tt
KaK paccMaTpl{BaloTcf,Manbre yltrbr
-l
T Kpeua. flpu HaxnoHeHr{r{cyAHa no{-
| ), rcar tojr-E J
I
BrITcr BoccraHaBJrr4Balorqnftuouegt
ueHTp Mu, onpeAen.fleurrfi Qopruylofi
IHbIMI,I .v t, l l
|+t (3.14). O.lenu4no, qro cylHo Ha-
iorbKy
!2 Kpenlrrcfl ua raxoft yron d, npn ro-
u1r{aTa TopoM BoccraHaBJrunaroqprft MoMeHT
ypaBHoBecr{rKpeHrrquft:
leTlIM, 0 7[*p = Mu unu
,HUTCfl, P s & + d n ) e ,( 3 . 2 6 )
ms ( v z - v t ) =
Pncyuor 3. 8. fopnsonrarrbHo-nonepeqsrrfinepeHocfpy3a OTKyAa OnpgAeJILITCt yfqn KpeHa:

5l
 s =D^l hq+z5 -h v) Q . (3.27)
OI

flpra upunflToM noJroxr{TeJrbHoM HanpaBJIeHIIH ocn 4 sa npanufi 6opr noJlo- EC

fit
xrarerrbHblfiyron KpeHa6yaer raKxe Ha [paBblft 6opr.
3aueruu, arro ecJrr46rr uu cHaq€ulapaccMarpl,IBuulurlepeHoc rpy3a BAorIb ocl4 It
@ , a noToMno ocu oz , To B 3HaMeHareJre Qoprraynrr(3.27) cTos]Ia6rt sencnpaBneH-
HarrMerar{eHTpr4qecKaflBbrcora, 14yron KpeHa61116rr gpyrulvr. Ho [p]1 [ocJIeAyIouIeM
rpenaulufi uouenT' TaK
nepeHocerpFa BAonb oc*t oz rrorBr.rJrcs6rt AononHI,ITeJIbHbrfi
*u* o"u Oz 6sna 6u yxe HaKJroHHofi. Y.rer 3Toro MoMeHTanpIIBen 6rr r roMy xe ca-
MoMy yrJry KpeHa,roropnfi onpeAeJrrercflBbIpaxeHHeM(3.27) no I4crpannenuofi ue-
TarleHTplltlecKofiBblcore.

3.6.3. IlpoAo.nsHoe repeMelrleHne rpy3a

flepeHoc rppa ro Fopr{3oHruurrBAonb cyAHa I43ToTIKHAi$v !2, 22) n roury
Az(tz,y2,zz) pnc.3.9 paBHocHJreH rpHJroxeHHIonapbl cnJI B rlpoAoJrrHofinlocrocrll'
Korop€urBbr3oBerauSQepeHT cyAHa, B cBfl3r c rreM ee MoMeHTHa3blBaercr4nS-
BbIpa)KeHI'IeM:
$epenrylolUldM. B efiu.{ltHa 3Toro MoMeHTaOnpeAenllTct

tr
'!I

a;
.a"l

3.

Pr.rcynor3. 9. fopr,rronriltbHo-npoAolrHulfinepeHocrpy3a

M audt= m I Gz - *) cos'4x m g 6z * t)' (3.28)

AgarorraqHo rrpeAbrrfrrleuy, ycnoBr4eMpaBHoBecwt,6yterpaBeHcrBoAI{SQe-
peHTyroqeroI4upoAonbHoroBOCCTaHaBJIHBaTOIUe|O MoMeHToB :
MduQ= M ev vrrrr4 -
m g (xz xt)= o I H V, (3.2e)
orKyAa naft4ercx yron AuQ$ePeura:
m(x2- x)
"' - --:---=-- (3.30)
' DH

52
 (3,27) flpn npoAonrHbrx HaKJroHeHHrxKpoMe yrna au$$epesra neo6xoAl,IMo raKxe
orpeAeJrprrbr,BMeHeHrae oca.4oKHocoMn ropuoft. Cornacno reopeMe 3finepa ocb paB-
noJIo- uoo6reuHoro HaKJroHeHUs. upoxoAr.rrqepe3 roqKy r (UT rIJIouIa,uHBarepnl4nnu), a6c-
rlncca roropofi xJr o[peAeJrnTcr rro Ar{arpaMMe3neMeHToBTeoperurlecKoro qeprexa.
Ib ocl4 I4s rpeyroJIbHLIKoBFLLI ta FWWI HafiAeu:
aBneH- (r )
57, =
rcUIeM [ t - ' f ,/] v ' (3.3r)
IT. TAK (r )
xe ca- 6T* = 1 t + x 7
cft ve-
)v'
H HoBbreocaAKHHocoMraropuofi 6y.qyr:
Tul =Tu + 6T*
Trcl=Trc+57*,

TOr{Ky a r.BMeHeHne4raQSepeHra 6y,4er:

5L=6Tu-dT*=LV.
xocrll,
r ;ra$-
3,7.BnnfrHnEnOEBnilffibtXrPv3OBHA OCTOnqUBOCT,
BesAe paHee flpe,quonaraJrocb, qro npr4 HaKJroHeHuflxcy4na Bce rpy3hl Ha HeM
ocralorct HerroABHXHbrMlr. OAnaxo B cocraBe rrafpy3Ku BcerAa I,IMeIorcf rpy3hl, Koro-
pble cMeularorcf, B cropoHy HaKJroHeHEq.Taroebl, HarIpEMep, [oABeIueHHbIe, xHAKI'Ie
H HeKOTOpbIeApyrue rpy3bl.
Cueu{enue rpy3oB co3Aaer AorronHurenruufi MoMeHT,roroprrfi H3MeHrer yron
HaKJroHeHlas.cyp.Ha or eosAeficrBu.r BHeruHr{x MoMeHToB n no3ToMy paccMarpr4Baercfl.
KaK BJIH*ouIufi sa octofiqr,IBocrb cyAHa, To ecrb yMeHbluarcquft ero BoccraHaBJIl{-
earcIIIufi MoMeHT. PaccIraorpllM ocHoBHbIe BI4.4bITaKI'IXfpy3oB.
.L
I
I L 3.7"1.IloAneureHubre
rpy3bl
I

Ecnu rpy3 Maccoir m noABeIrIeHB

ToqKe A, To npI,I HaKnoHeHI{Ia cyAHa B
rrporr3BonruofinJrocKocru IrHHr4A
Aeficr-
BLrfl.CVIIIbIT'IKeCTH !PY3a, OCTaBa.gCbBep-
Tr.rKEUrbHofi, nce BpeMr 6y,uer upoxoAI4Tb
qepe3 TorrKy rroABeca, KaK ecirla 6u n neft
HaX0AI{JIC' I{eHTp Ttx(ecTlt 3TOro rpFa
(puc.3.10).
(3.28) OrcrcAa cJleAyer, qro Brrvrfly.ue
$e- rroABe[reHHororppa ua ocrofiql,IBocrb
sKBr4BaleHTHO llepeMellleHruo fpy3a rlo
G.2e) BepTHKtLiIH BBepXHa paccTo-flHluleoT ero
rIeHTparflKecru Ao rotIKI,I noAeeca. flo-
3ToMy lrirr. MeralleHTpH'Iecrofi Bblcorbl
(3 . 3 0 ) hl, rrc[paBJreHHofiHa BJIHflHI4enOABe-

Pncynox3. |0. flonseuJennufirpyr

53
rreHHoro rPY3a,coruIacHoQopr"ryle (3-23) cpa3y MoxeM Hanncarb:
m , (3.32)
1 4= n
Dt",
nOABeCa'
rAe l, - \ttuuanoABecKr4, r43MepseMaj{or IIeHTpa rsxecrl4 rpFa Ao rotIKI4
rpys
Tor xe pe3yJrbrar MoxHo rron1nrurb, ecJrlr paccMarpl{Barb rloABelueHuufi
rpy3a
KaK nepeMeularoulnficf, rrpr4 KpeHe cyAHa, 3aMeHt-finepeMelrtreHl'IerIoABeIIreHHolo
ee MOMeHTLI3 BOCCTaHaBJIIIBaIoue-
napofi cLIJIC ITJIeqOMgK = I, sin I ^3I, 0 U, BbITII4T€Uf,
HenoABI4XHOMyrpy3y, noJIr{I'IM paBeHcTBO:
ro MoMeHTa, COOTBeTCTByIOqeTo
P\0=PhA-P1"0,
r43Koroporo cneAyer ro )Ke paBeHcrBo (3.32).
or-
KorAa cyAonofi KpaH noAHHMaer !py3, HaxoArlllnitcn' na cyAHe, To B MoMeHT
Bblcora
pbrBa ero or uany6rr fpy3 craHoBr{Tcf, rroABeIrreHHbIM I4 MeraIIeHTpI'IqecKat
cpa3y r43MeH.flerctAo 3HaqeHllt fu, o1lp€.{eJlteMoro Soprvrylroil (3.32). flpn 4anrHefi-
Ecln or-
rueM ero noAbeMe MerarleHTpnqecK€rfl Bblcora coxpaHf,er cBoto BenI'FIpIHy.
yfJla
KJTOHeHUe rpFa orpaHl{qeHo, To ero cneAyer cqurarb noABeIUeHHbIM JILlrUbAo
HaKJIoHeH vIfl, r|pk| KoTopoM oH cTaHoBI,ITc,'IHeIIo.qBHxHbIM
,{nr npo4olrnofi ocrofi.runocrpr BJrrd.flHae IIoABerueHHoro rpFa Bblpaxaercs reM
cn1rtlasx
xe cJraraeMbrM, qro u Anr nogepevnofi octofi.Iggocrg. OAnaro B o6ul'IHrtx
OHOOTHOCI,ITEJIbHO MAJIOI,I I4M MO)KHONPEUC6PCUT.
rlnaB) {HX
cyrqecrneHHoe 3HarreHue BnHsHHe noABelrreHHoro rpy3a nMeer Ant
a roqKa
KpaHoB,y Koroprrx Bec [oAHHMaeMofo rpFa Aocrl,Iraer 10% eolol'I3MeuleHvIfl,
rroABecaMoxer HaxoAllTbcfl Ha oomurofi Bblcore.

3.7.2,XnArcne rPY3bI
B narpyeKe cyAHa BCerAanplrcyTcTByloTnoABLIXHbIerpy3bl B BI{Ie }KHAKOCTeH.
Taxonlr, HaIIpHMep,3aflacbrupecnofi BoAbI,ToIIJII,IBa, cMa3oqHbrxMaceJIu 4pyrue' ,ftx
Huurr4BHbrxcyAoB xlrAKHe rpy3br cocraBJl.arcT ocHoBHyIoqacrb AeAeefita. llosrouy npn
paCrIeTaXOCTOfi.IU3OCTpI Bger.4anp14XOAnTCfl OnpeAeJUITb BiIH.gHHeCMeUIeHI4flXHAKHx
rpy3oB.
Paccuorpr{M cyAoByro rlr4cTepHy,qacrr{t{Ho 3anOJIHeHHyIO XpIAKI{Mfpy3oM AO
alro ee cno6oA-
ypoBgs wgl6 (pnc.3.11 a). flpu xpene cyAHa)KHAKocrbnepereqer raK,
w1L1'flpn
H€urnoBepxHocrbsafiNrernonoxeHpre wh napannenbHot{oBofi nareplnuuu
sToM rIeHTpTtXecTI4XIIAKOSTI4 CMecTLITCfl B cTopOHyKpeHaIa3TorIKn 8O n 8t ' Pac-
cMaTpl,rBag MaJIbIeyrnbl HaKJIoHeHI4s, KpHByIOgg!1 IvIoxHo npI,IHtTb3a Ayry oKpy)KHO-
crlr c rIeHTpoMB ToqKe l, vepes Koropyro B npoqecce IraKIIoHeHkrfl. Bce BpeMx6yler
Taxuwt o6pa:ovt, B orHolrreHl{rr
Aeftcrsu.fl cr.IJIhrrrxecrla )ICI4AKocrI,I.
flpoxoArlTb Iry1g1LrA
ocrofi.rusocrr4 xnArraft rpy3 3KBI{B€IJIeHTeH Heno,qBI4xHoMyrpFy rofi xe Maccbl, Ho c
nO BepTIIKaJIn Ha pac-
IIeHTpOM T.slKecTI,IpaCnOnoXeHHbIM B TOtIKe A, T.e. nOAHtTOMy
crosHlle pa4wyca A.

54
 Ecnu relepb paccMor-
',3'32)
perb nnaBaloilIyrcqucreprry
teca.
roft xe Soprrau(puc.3.11.6),
norpyx(eHrryrcilo BaTepnH-
i rpyg
L HHIO WI COOTBETCTBEHHO
rpFa m
rcue-
w
l+'f- T_
-l \ ,
^----,,
,
ypoBHro rpy3a B uracTepHe,
ro HerpyAHo y6egrarrcr B
w TOM, IITO npu HaKJTOHeHU.SX
P;, 1_
C,
)r,
[epeMerrleHEs.qeHTpa Ttxe-
v crpr xr4AKofo lpy3a B rlr{c-
0
I{T OT. TepHe n rIeHTpa BeJrHrrrrHbr
brcoTa a) a cyAHa-rlucrepHbl 6yxyt ro-
rrueft- Pucynox 3. I 1. BrutsHlrecso6oAnofinoBepxgocrr{n<lraKororpy3a Haoc- xAecrBeHHbI, TaK KaK o6e
III OT. rofrurnocrr cynua TOqKU {BJI'TOTCS UeHTpaMn
) ,Y-fna Ttxecru o.[I,IHaKoBuxo6le-
von. flosror"ry ToqKy I rvroxHopaccMaTplrBaTbKaKMeTar{eHTpxr4,4Kororpy3a, a l. *
]' TEM KaKMeralleHrprqecxuir paguyc, Koroprrfi e coorBercrBr4vc Qopuynofi (3.7) 6y4er:
D-t{aJIx ) "= L ,
v
By-rrux -
rAe i, rleHTpzurrnrrfiMoMeHTr,rHeprluurrJrorrlaAr{ceo6oAHofi nonepxHocrr.rxLIAKo-
TOIIKA (naparuem-
crr{ B rlr.rcrepHeorHocrareJrbHoocr{, napaJrnenbnofiocr,rHaKJroHeHr,rrI
uoir.ocu Ox),
v - o6leu xI{AKocrH B rdr.rcrepHe.
BocnomsyeMcfl onarb Qopir.rynoi4 (3.23). TorAa Ans MerarleHrpurrecrcofisrrcorrr
ocrel{. r{cnpaBneHHofiHa BJrr4rrHI{exffiAKoro rpy3a, [onyquM:
e.nrs
q'tlpld
h.r : h - * D ) . .
u-lKI4X flo4crauxtr rrro MaccaxnAKocrl{ B qucrepHa m: px v r 6y-
3HarIeHI,IeI u Jrqr,ITbIBa{,
.IICM HMETb:
ro\t Ao
aoSoA- ht=h-ryL=h-ry, (3.33)
t, llppl fAe pcrc - IJIOTHOCTb XTTAKOCTHB IIHCTepHe.
1 .P a c - I4r nonl.veHHoro BblpaxeHu.rrBHAHo, rITo HaJrurryrcHa cyAHe xr,rAKoro rpy3a,
t\-xHo- r4Merouleroceo6oAHyro [oBepxHocrb, yMeHbrrraerocrofiqnBocrb. lloupanra K Mera-
5yaer rleHTpnqecrofi Bbrcore He 3aBncur or KonulrecrBa xllAKoro rpy3a, a onpe,uentercr ero
IUEHHU flJrorHocrblo H MoMeHToMr{Heprluu nnoulaAr4ceo6oAuofi noeepxHocru. Ecnu qrlcrep-
'I. HO C Ha 3anoJrueHa)KuAKocrbroqenlrxoM (aanpeccoeana)TaK,qro cno6ogHar noBepxHocrb
ra pac- orcyrcrByer v ix: 0, To cMerrleHr.rrxr.rAKocrLrrrprl HaKJIoHeHHsx He 6y4er. B grona
cJryqaeocrofi.Iusocrb cyAHa6y4er raroft xe, KaKecJII,I6u rpys 6ur rnepAbrM.
flo anarorr4u Ans,rrpo,uonrHoft ueraqeHTp[qecroft nrrcorbr, ncrrpanrenHofi Ha
Brrr4flHvexllAKoro rpy3a, [oJrrr]rM :
rr rr P*r y
r a '1 = n D (3.34)

))
rAe nnolqaAll cso6oAHofi nonepxHocrll xl4.qKo-
i/ - rleHTpa.nrnrrfiMoMeHTr4Heprlrar4
ro lpy3a oTHocI4TeJIbHoocu' uapaJlnelrUoft Qr '
qucrepH c
Eclu Ha cyAHe r,rMeercsHecKoJrlKoHe coo6utraloull4xctMexAy co6ofi
X(T4AKHMHrpy3aMH, TO nO[paBKr{ K MeTaIIeHTpI{qeCKI4M BbICOTaM CiIeAyeT cyI![MUpO-
Barb 11oBceMrrrrcrepHaM,LrMeroquracso6oAHylo [oBepxHocrr. Ecma qucrepHbl coo6-
rrlarorcr HHX9 yponHefi )KuAKocrE B Hux, To trpu HaKJIoHeHnxx6y.uet na6nroAatrcs
rrepereKagr4e)Kr4AKocrHMexAy rlucrepHaMu, H noBepxHocrl4 xlIAKocrLI B HI'IX6ylyr
HaXoAI{TbctHa oAHoMrOpn3oHTtuIbHoM ypoBHe.B stON'ICJIfIae nnoulaAu cno6OAurtx
noBepxHocreft rarnx qncrepH cJre,{yer paccMarpllBarb KaK oAHy rIJIoIrIaAbu rtoA ir
uttu i, tIoHI,IMarb cyNfMapHblfi tt'lo-
MeHT nHepuull nnoulaAefi orHocu-
TeJrbHo ocefi, npoxoAflIqux qepe3
ux o6rqzfrueHrp Ttxecrl4.
PaccuorPuu rarofi clYtafi
Ha npl,IMepeABYxIIHcrePH.IIYcru
4ne 6optoBbleIIlIcrepHbI p.;rruuotrt
I
rr ruupuHofi b coo6qatorcs MexAY
co6oft [poroKoM c :a4anxxofi
(puc.3.12). llpu sarplrrofi 3aABIlX-
Ke rIepeTeKaHI4e XIIIAKOCTII npH
KpeHe 6yAer, KaK noKiraHo Ha
puc.3.I2 a v rrpr4 BbIqHcJIeHI4IitIro-
rrpaBKLI K nortepetlHofi MeraIIeH-
Tpr{qecKofi sslcore B KaqecrBe ix
cneAyer npHHI,IMarb Berl{r{uHy :
bt
l; x _
= /1 r -= , ! _ - (\ -3. .- 3. 5 )
n 6
Ecru xe 3aABnx{KaorKPbITa'To ne-
pereKaHl4e6y.qer coorBeTcrBoBarb
neperoKaxtlAKoro rpy3a
Pncyuor 3.12.Brl,:usrme
puc.3.12 6 uB KarlecrBeir cJleAyer
Haocrolt'IttBocrb rrpLIHI4MaTb BenaquHy:

=+ .'(i-')'
ix=2l+.,u(ry)' (3.36)

h
] [' ],
rAe f =1.
b
qro ocHoBHoe3Haqenne,oco6eHHoAJI' y3KHxI{HcrepH'HMeer
I,Is (3.36) Br,rAHo,
nepenocHgft MoMeHT HHeprILru,rrrpaxaeurtfi BTopbIM cJIaraeMbIMB KBa,qparHbIX
a*o6*u*. Hanprarvrep,ecJIHIuHpI{Ha IIHcTepHbIcocraBnter 20o/oruI'IpI4HbIcyAHa' IIo-
qncrepHaMl'IB
[paBKa K MerarleHTprrqecKofrsHcore or nepereKaHn{ xHAKocrI{ Mex,{y
49 pn npeBbrruaerrorpaBKy rpn paao6rqenHblxIIlICTepHax.

56
H-IKO- I4s upeguAyulero qcHo, qro c IIeJIbIo
yMeHbIrreHI,LgnonpaBKH Ha BJII4fHIIe XCLIA-
KOrO rpFa cneAyer olpaHI4tIrIBaTb BO3-
€pH c
Mo)KHocrb ero nepereKanus' 3to ,{ocrura-
r{Hpo-
erc.f, ycraHoerofi npoAoJIbHEIx HenpoHI{-
coo6-
qaeMbrx nepe6opox, qro I,IMeer oco6oe
LATbCfl.
Anfl raHKepoB.Ha pnc.3.13 Eso-
3HAIICHUE
61'ayr
6paxeusl BLtAbr [epereKaHl{s X{HAKOTO
)JIIbIX
rpy3a IIpH OTCyTCTBLIUY ilpU HaIIHtrHH OA-
o.d ix
sofi npo4onrHofi nepe6oprn. B uepBoM
fi vo- cxflae s Oopl"ryry(3.33) sofiAer BerrtII'I-
HOCI{- Ha i*, paBHat:
rIepe3 a

. lb'
^ t 2
l v - -
t

rrytait a\pkr oAnoftcpe4uefinepe6opxecyMMap-

[Iycrr ix 6y4er:
Has BeJlr.rqr4:Ha
troit I npoAorbuor
Pncluox3. 13.Pa:aelerulerrlcrepH l
rexAy ,( a ) '
unxofi i^- : 2 ' G ) - = t u tL .
IIBIdX- 12 124'
rrpI4 T.e. nonpaBKa Ha BJrlrsHlrexr4AKoro rppa yMeHblrrllTc.f,B 4 paza. Herpygno ycraHo-
IO HA 81116,qro npu n paBHoMepHopaccraBneHHblxnpoAonbHslx nepe6opKax BerI4rrHHano-
tlr IIo- npaBKr{K rroflepe.rHofi MerarleHTpn.recKofiBblcore yMeHbIxHTct B @*t)z pa.r. flparru-
iaueH- qecKH Ha coBpeMeHHbrxTaHKepExycTaHaBnr{BaaTABe IIpOAOJIbHbIe HenpOHUqaeMbIe
Be ix aITo
uepe6opxu, Aocrarorrno cHraxaer BJrH-flHI{e xI4AKoro rpy3a Ha ocrofirlnBocrb.
i: Kar yxe orMeqEurocbBbrrue,uonpaBKa K MeraqeHTp[qecKofrelIcore Ha BJIH{-
Hne xuAKoro rpy3a He 3aBHcr{Tor ero KoJll{qecrsa.O.{HaKoecJII{B III4crepHeI{Me-
( 3 . s3 )
ercx JII{Iur He6olrurofi cnofi xLI,uKocrI,Iprrr*reclrr4oHa 3aIroJIHeHa
nor{Tl4noJlHocrblo,
TOne- To y)Ke[pr{ MEUrbrx yrnax KpeHarxupuHa ceo6oAuofi nonepxHocru pe3KocoKparqa-
!oBaTb ercf I,I rIpH Aanbnefirueu HaKJIoHeHunBlrrrflrrue[epereKaHllt craHoBaTct He3HaqI4-
re.fyer rerrbHbrM (pnc.3.l4). Tarue cnfralr uHorAa Ha3bIBaIorHeAeficrBeHHbIM BJII{xH}IeM
xr{AKofo rpy3a.

(3.36)
-A
be ,/

npe0

HMCET
ATHbIX
.a. IIo-
IAMI,I B i 0
norepuoctoftqusocu
Pncynor3. I 4. Crfrau HeAeilctsenuofi

57
3,7.3. Curuy.ruerpy3bl
qro oH HaqHHaer cMelrlarbcfl
Oco6eggocrb cbrrrfrero rpy3a 3aKJlroqaerct B ToM,
(nepecuna6cr) roirbKo nocJre rofo, KaK IraKJroHnoBepxHocrll rpy3a K ropu3oHTy rlpe-
"rri"t HeKoTopbrfi yron a, Ha3brBaeurtft yuloM ecTecTBeHHOfOOTKOCa,rOrOprrfi I4Me-
eT pzr3nuqHble 3HaqeHus AJLflpa3Hbrx cblnr{ux fpy3oB.
O6rr.rHo npraHr{Maror, qro rrepecblnaHue rpy3a cneAyer 3a HaKJToHeHLIeM cy4Hau
IIOCJIEHAII€UIAICPCCbIIAHI4' CIO NOBEPXHOCTb BCE BPEMf,HAKJIOHEHA K |OPII3OHTY HA E
yron d (puc.3.l5). Tar<ax oxeMa noBeAeHI4srpy3a 6rngrca r 4eftcreurenbHocrll Ant -.1

MHOrI:fx3epHoBbIX rpy3oB.
0(
I4cxoAs I43yKa3aHHoronpeAcraBJreHI4,I,
MoMeHTor repecbrnaulrs rpy3a Mo)Ker 6rrts
BbIYnCJIeH TaK Xe' KaK oT nepeTeKaHlLf, XI4AKo-
ro lpy3a, Ho Ha yron, uenrrunfi yrna KpeHaHa
BenuquHy d:
6 M =Tei* 0 =Tzix(e-o), (3.37)
rAe Tz -Yn:eLrnuft Bec cblny{efo rpy3a'
,ix uenrPalrHufi MoMeHT I{HePIInta
rrnoqaAl4 ceo6o4nofi nonepxHocrl{ rpy3a B or-
ceKe, 3.
Pncynor 3. 15. Cxeua nepecbltraHlltcblrl] iero - yron nepecbIIraHHJI
fpFa F = 0 -a rpy3a'
fIpH erou 6M + 0 ronrxo \pu P >0, r.e. upu
0 > a. flpu yrne KpeHaMeHbrueMyrna ecrecrBeHHoroorKoca crruyrnfr rpy3 BeAer ce-
yron
6s xar HeuoABldxnrtft. llpn 4eficTBHlI 11[ xp > P h s, T.e. 1rpnIlepecblnaHvv rpy3a,
KpeHacyAHa uafi4ercx I,I3paBeHcrBa:
=M
11rIrcp+5 P he,
(3-37), nafi4eu:
5M I'I3BbIpaxeHI'I.f,
orKyAa,rroAcraBJlss,
-Tz ix a.
6 =M*p (3.3g)
P h-y, i*
flpn sronarpF repecblrirercrl Hayron p , pavuwit:
Mun-Pha
'B = 0 - d =
(3.3e)
p h-r, i"

flocle npeKparqenun geficrBhrrKpeHsrrleroMoMeHTacyAHo yx{e He Beplrercs B rlptMoe

kr
rrOJrOlr(eHI{e,TaK KaK UepeCbInaBIUHfiCxrpyS He BepHeTCt B HCXOAHOenOJIOXeHVIo'
CyAHo 6y4er nilaBaTb c HeKoTopbIM OcTaToqHbIMyHIoM xpeHa dg '
IIpo-
Ecrur p€l3Hocrb f -00 <a, ro o6parHoro repecbl.ilaHvfl, rpFa noo6ule He
r,r3oft,rlerH ocrarorlHuft yron KpeHa 6yaer paBeH:

to=#0. (3.40)
yc-
OAnaro ocrarorrHsrfi yrol He Moxer uperaofiru HeKoropoenpeAenbHoe3Har{eHLIe,
TaHaBJII4BaeMoepaBeHcTBo.Mp_eto=cr'KoTopoeonpeAeJI.'IeTznalevue0(p:

58
 eKp
v
==*3 . a, (3.4r)
a-Tbcfl P h-r, i,
I npe- Ir rIpeAeJIbHoe3HarleHueyrna [epecbrrraHr{r, npr{ KoropoM He 6yger o6pauroro nepe-
I{ME- CbIlaHLIgrppa nOCJIeauflTnfl.Aeitcrnux BHeIIrHeroKpeHrrrrleroMoMeHTa:
oh
;J.Ha14 'B t t P = o. (3.42)
P h-Y, i*
T)' Ha Ecln eHerrrHl4firpenxqnfi MoMeHTBrBoBer rrepecbrnaHr{erpy3a Ha yron 6onrruufi
V, Mfl pnP, ro flocJle cnrtrnfl,qeficrBu-f,MoMeHTaH BbrnpffMJreHurcyAHa rpy3 lepecbrrrJrercr B

"e}lr4fl.) oopaTHyrocropoHy Ao ynra fnP vrycraHoBlrrcr ocraroquufi KpeH cygua 0{p .

6utr gna.reHr4fi
o6pa:onaHue ocTaToqHofoyrna Kpewa0g u HaJruquenpeAeJrLHErx
H,f,KO-
rHa Ha
eto , fr'P swrsercqxaparrepnofi oco6eHnocrbrcBrrnslne,cbrryqero rppa sa ocrofi-
r{r,rBocTbcyAHa.
(3.37)
a, 3,8, N3MEHEHUEOCTONqUBOCTU
OT NPUEMA
)pqpII4 unu PAcxoAoBAHurt
.PYSA
,BOT-

3.8.1.[ponraoJrbHafl Qopua cyAna

B.
Ecln Ha cy.qHortpplH.flrrpy3 BecoM p , To troflBJrrercr paBHar eMy ckrra nnaB)nre-
:. rpl4
arn y 5V , rge 6V - o6reu BorueArueroB BoAy cnof, BoAor{3Merr{eHr,r.rr MexAy Barepnu-
er ce-
HluIMr4AOLInOCJreflpr{eMarpFa.
, yfoJl
Curu p 14y 5V npu KpeHeo6pasyror ilapy, MoMeHTroropofi Ao6annxercrK
BoccraHaBJIHBaIouIeMy MoMeury P h0, peircrByroqeMy Ha cyAHo Ao npr{eMa rpy3a.
{4.4 nrrvncJleHl{fl AorIonHrITeJIbHoroMoMeHTao6parunr BHHMaHHe,rrro rrpll HaKJIo-
HgHI4rI CyAHa rIeHTp BeJrUqHHbr CJIOfl
BOAOlr3MerqeHr4r rrepeMerrlaeTcfl. rro
(3 38)
HeKoropoftrpunoft, Koropyro npr4Ma-
nhIX yfJrax HaKJroHeHutMoxHo npH-
Hsrb 3a Ayry oKpy)KHocrHc rIeHTpoM
(3.3e) p, HUt3bIBaeMbIM [OneperIHbIM MeTa-
rIeHTpoM cJIOt BOAOprcMeIrIeHnr, H AO-
prMoe
noJIHI,ITeJr
bnar. cura nnaByrrecrn 6y Aer
I.'de'' *l
BCe BpeMfl [poxoAr4Tb qepe3 MeTa-
UeHrp 1t (puc.3.16). floeroMy MoMeHr
r I1po-
AorroJrHr,rremsofi napbr olpeAerurcs
paBeHcTBoM:
(3.40) 6Ms= pVp-rp)e,
rAe zI'v zp -BoSBbIrueHHeHa,qoc-
re.yc-
nonnoft [nocKocrbro nonepeqHoro Me-
PncyHox3. 16. K onpeAeneHnroocrofqngocrlr rrpn npr.reMe
TaIIeHrpa cros vr ueHTpa TsxecTlr
rpy3a npl4HsTorofpy3a cooTBeTcTBeHHo.

59
llonnnfi BoccTaHaBnuBaloqufiuoluenr IIocJIenplileMarpFa 6y4et:
(r + p )( n+ 5 h)o = P h g + p\, o - ' r ) e, (3.43)
rAe P + p - P1 BOAOLI3MeITIeHI{e,
h+ 5 h = hl BbICoTacyAHa IIocJIe npueMa rpFa.
MeTaIIeHTpI,rtIecK€UI
I4g eroro paBencrBa HaxoAlrM r43MeHeHr,reilonepeunofi MeralleHTpu'Iecroft srr- f

coTEroT rpHeMa fpy3a:

a h = * i Qo - r - , o ) . (3.44)

npoAonrnofi MeralIeHTpn'recroft ert-

AHaroru.rHbrM rryTeM orrpe,qerrfrercfl.r{3MeHeHI,Ie
COTbI:

6H= & Q , - , - , 0 ) , (3.45) n

ts

rAe zv - Bo3BbtrIIeHI{eIpOAOJIbHOTOMeTaIIeHTpaCJIos HaA ocHoBnofi nlocKOcTbIO'

HaXOArrCt I{3 rIOCJIeAHefo cJlafae-
IrlsN,reHeHI{xroos$rErl]reHToB OCTOfiqT4BOCTUT
Moro paBeHcrBa (3.43), a raKxteaHarorvqHoropaBeHcrBa AIrfr [poAoJIbHbIX HaKJIOHe-
rtuir prcoorBercrBeHrro
paB'br:
6 k = p Vt, _, pI (3.46)
5K=pQr_rp\
cJlos BoAopI3MeIqeHI4fl
,,{lr OnpeAeneHnff BrICOTrI zp nlilepeqHofo MeTaIIeHTpa
cocraBlrM ypaBHeHr{e MoMeHTOB Qr4Jr[naByqecru cyAHa OTHOCnTeJIbHOOCrrOBnofr
I4
trJlocKocrvt, sqr4Tafl.I{x llpunoxeHHblMtl B MerarleHTpax m0 v t?11coorB€TcTBeHHOAO
rITOMeTaIIeHTp He MeH-geT[oJIoxeHLIt
[ocJle [pneMa lpy3a Ha ocHoBaHHLrAOnyUIeHI{t,
- pI
(xpunax IP - AyFa oKpyxnocna). flycrr Vg H zypg o6reusoe BoAoI'I3MeIrIeHHe Bo3-
- Te )Ke BeJILI-
BbrrueHraeMeraueHTpa cyAHa HaA ocHosuofi Ao upueMa rpy3a, v1 v z*1
qr.rHbrnocJre [pl{eMa rpFa. TorAa ypaBHeHI4eMoMeHToB3arllaruerct B BI'IA€:
fVl zmt = yvy zmy* y 5V z1t,
orKyAa HaxoAI4M:
, t""
rr=\@fu, (3.47)
5v
fAe 6V =Vt-VO.
AnarorH.rHbrM rryTeu naftAerc{ Bbrcora zv ilpo,}IlbHoro MerarleHTpacnot BoAoI{3Me-
IUCHI{.'I:

,,=@#%, (3.48)
Benrrqunrr, BXoA.guII4e 3JIeMeHToB
B B6lpaxeHl4.rr"p v zv, oilpe4eJlslorcq IIo KpI4BBIM
Teoperr,lrrecKoroqepre)Ka.O.unaro yAo6gee [ocrpouTb 3aBl4cnMocrHV z* n Y 214 xo,K
.rorga BbrcoThrMerarIeHTpoBcJlot uaitgyrct KaK orHolueHl/ts pasnocrefi
$yHrrlura V ,
=Vl-Zg. flocne-
op,qprHarsrlrx KpuBbrx K pa3Hocru a6cqncc, npe.qcraBJlstoqeia6V
[yro1r1eepa3Br,rrue3Toro cuoco6a npr4BenoK AHarpaMMeMeraIIeHTpuqecKI'IXBblcor'
Koropat 6y,uerpaccMorpeHaHI{xe.

60
 vurr cHarvfl,rppa $opvrynu (3.44) - (3.48) ocralorcf, B
B cnyrae pacxoAoBanvrfl
(3,43) cr4JIe,cJle.qyer roJIbKo BenuquHy p cl.{.urarb orpl{Ilareltruofi, a Beflfirltlust V1, zmt v
2141 oTHocHTb K CocTO{HIIrc Harpy3KI{ nocJle C}JATHA
rpFa.
Ecnu ryW p MaJr, To MoxHo [onb3oBamcx $oprvryJraMlr, uonfreHubrMr4 B npe-
rfi srt- AenbHoMcrrf{ae, KorAa 5V -+0.llprE 3roM Qopuymr (3.47) u (3.48) o6paqarorcfl B
cJreAyroqrre:
dV r*)
(3.44) zp'=
d V ,
lri err- dV:-M)-.
' -d v
,,,,
.ftr eu.rucJleHnt 3TIIX BeJIIIqIIH paccMorpl,IM flepByto H3 HrIX, orHocru5fioc.fl K uolre-
(3.4s) peqHbrMHaKJIoHeHusru.
Tar rax
I/
:bro. V , * = V \ 2 "+ r ) = M i + I x , (3.4e)
L/
:--rafae- rAe ML =V ,, - crarl{rlecKIafiruoueur o6reuuoro BoAorr3MerlleHrrt
OTHOCI4TCJIbHO
LtoHe-
ocHonnofinJrocKocrr,r.
TO:

(3.46) dMY dr,-

'P'- -
dv dv'
rJJlEHVTfl Ho
r/
roeHoft dMi
- = 1 .

oIoH dV
)IiEHI,Ifl
Kpoueroro, o6osHa.ruNl:
dI* __,_I il*
H BO3.
dV SdT
i BCJII,I-
Tor4a rroirf{uM:
zP'=T+r" (3.s0)
H au€LrroruqHo
Anlt npoAonbHlrx HaKJroneHuft:
z v ' - T * R ', (3.51)
G.47) dl,, r dl,
r-IIe R'---!--'-.
dV SdT
rpeAenbHoMcJrfrae rrpu 5V -+0 narepnuHr,ru,
B paccnaarpuBaeMoM olpanr'rtvr-
)H3Me- coBlaAyr kr KpprBas.I{eHTpa
BaroIrIHecrofi BoAoLr3MeIrIeHlr.f,, Beill/tlrr{Hbrcnof, [peBparuT-
cf, B Kpr,rByrorIeHTpoBrflxecrrr nJrorr{aAefinareplprslrfi. llpoexqux erofi rpusofi Ha
(3.48) rrnocKocrb rrrrraHroyranpeAcraBJrrerco6ofi reoMerprqecxoe Mecro I$ nnoqa4efi par-
noo6relanblx Bareprruttuito r.e. oru6aroqyro cneAoB pannoo6reMHbrx BarepirnHuit sa
iCHTOB rrJrocKocrr{HaKJroHeHHs. Karf,ulefics rpnnofi (xpunofi F),Paatryc K.pHBr.r3'
Lr Hur3brBaercr
HH srofi rpunofi r' Ha3brBaercr4raSSepeHrluarrbHblM MerarIeHTpuqecKI,IM paAr{ycoM,a
-11 KaK
r{eHTpSpr{Br.r3HLr p' - ilvb$epeHqualbHbrM MeraueHTporra. Taxofi xe cMbrcJrnueror i?'
rocrefi
H v' , orHocsrr1lrecsK npoAoJrbHbrM HaKJroHeHrlrrM. Taxuru o6parou, AJrr cJrf{ar tlplaeMa
focne-
HrrHpacxoAoBaHurM€rrrororpFa n Sopuynax (3.44) - (3.46) BerII{tII4HbIzu v zv cneAy-
BbICOT,
eT 3aMeHr,rTbHa z u, v zv,, vpe$cTaBJrsroqHe Bo3BbIIIIeHI,IflaIEsQepeHrIH€rJIbHbrxMeTa-
rIeHTpoBHaAocHoBHofinrocKocrbro H Bbrpa)KaeMbre (3.50) u (3.51).
Qoprvrylarrau

6l
3.8.2.Cnyuafi rpflMocreuHoro cyAua
..{,nrnprrvrocTeHHorocyAHanoJr1nleHHueo6rqne $oprrayng ynpou1aloTc.fl . E

I4a $oprvrylsr (3.49) AJrr nonepeqHbrx HaKrroneHnit,vtaH€ulorl{qHoAnt npoAonb- B

HbIX HAKJIOHEHI4I4 I'IMEEM :

V z*=V z"*Ix, VzM=V zr+1, tr
B
,{4x uprlnoereHHoro cyAHa I, vt I, ilocrornHu, 4nS$epeHltrnaJlbnbre MeraIIeHTpHqe-
o
cKue paAllycbr r' : R'= 0 H, KpoMeToro, IIeHTpBeJILIqLIHbI pac'
cnot BoAoI43MeIrIeHr4g'
noiro)KeHHa cepeAuHeero Bblcorbr 57, noeroruy-6yaevrxMerb:
(
V t z 6 = V 0 z c y + 6 V l,T5t 7 \
t ).
Q.a7) u (3.48), naftAeu:
floAcrasrrf,{ non}qeHHble3HaqeHIlrIn Qoprurynl";.
z r t=z v= T* + , (3.s2)
rocJreqero !r3 (3.44) n Q.a|)nafiAenr I43MeHeHI{"li.ruu"nrpl4qecKux Bblcor:
' 6 T , )
6h= P lT+: o
P +p \ t-n-zP )' (3.s3)
p (r*!L-n-r.\,
6H=, 'I
P+p\ 2
rcos$$uqueHroBocrofi'Innocru:
a nz (3 .46) - nsI\aeHeHI,Ie n

(3-s4) z
6k=5K=p(r.4-"o1.
\ 4 / a
3aueruu, qro rrpoAoJrbHa{MeraqeHTprrqecKalBblcora H so MHoro pa3 [peBoc-
5T .'
xoAlrr BeruquHy , *?- t p, npene6perailKoropofi uorryuuu:
tl

6H=- P n. (3.5s) F
P+p
I
14COOTBCTCTBCHHO:
p
Hl=H+6H=-H' (3.56)
P+p
C roff xe roqHocrblo MoxtHorloJlararb Kl= K, T.e. AJISnptMocreHHoro cyAHa IIpr4eM
Manoro rppa npaKTr,rqecKn npoAonbHofi ocrofi'IplBocrl4.
He BJtr.rrerua TcoeSQHIII{eHT
IlpuueueHr.re ronfreHHbrx 3Aecb Qopr"ryn olpaHuquBaercfl [peAeJIaMHnptMo-
creHHocru 6opron cyAHa.

3.8.3. Hefi rpa.nbnble nJrocnocru

14: Qoprraynrr (3.44) grx 6h BKAHo, r{ro ecJrn rpya rpl4Hrlrb c annrrrlKarol'I
zp="p-hrto 5h=A v 4--h,'t.e. B eroM crry4aenonepeqHiu{MeraUeHTpHqecKaf BbI-
cora He ra3MeHlrrcq. flogroMy nJrocKocrb,pacrronoxeHHyrcHa Bblcore zh=zo-h ua-
3brBaloruefirpalrHofi nlocKocrblo AJII nonepeqnofi MeralleHTpu'recrcofiBblcorhl. -flcno
qTOeCJIIIzp<zho to dh>0, a ecJIlItprrh, to dh<0, T'e. npHeMIpFa HI{Xe
TaKII(e,
ypoBgr Hefirpalrnofi nnocKocrlr yBenuqHBaer MeraI{eHTpHqecKyIoBbIcorY, d npl{eM
rpy3a BbIIue Hee YMeHantaer h.

62
 flpu pacxoAoBaHlturppa KapruHa 6yaer o6paruofi, T.e. lrprr cnflTr4r4 rpy3a HHxe
neftrpalrsoft nlocKocru MerarleHTpnqecKulrr Bbrcora 6y4er y6rrnarro a [prr cnflTvru
).fOiIb- BbrrueHee- Bo3pacTar6.
ConeprueHHoaHarlorr,rrrHo ycraHaBnlrBaroTcrnoHrrnr u cgoficrsa nefirpanbHbrx
nJlocKocreit.Ans.npoAoJlsHofiueraqeHTpr,Frecxofiarrcorbrrr xoeQSuqlrenToB ocroft.rH-
pHqe- BocrI-I.I4s $opruryn(3.45) u Q.aQ Ar.s npupauqeuufi errrx r,r3Meplrrelefi ocrofirruBocrrd
o[peAenrrorc.f, cJreAyroq[e ypoBHHuefirpalrHbrx rrJrocrocrefi:
r pac- zH=zv-H; z1r=zpi ZK=zv,
rAe I4HAeKcbI npu z B JIeBbrxqacr"f,xpaBeHcrBo6oguaqaror I{3MepI{TeJrb ocroftqunoctu
AJIg KoTopofo AaHHoe3HarIeHI/Ie z Bbrpax(aerBbrcory HeftTpanbnofinnocKocrla.
B .ractHoM cnf{ae [psMocreHHoro cyAHaypoBHHTex )KeHefirpanrHbrx nJrocKo-
crefi oupeAelf,rcTcr Bbrpax(eH H,xwvr:
(3,s2) 5T 5T 5T
z h = T* i - o t zH=T+-- H i z k= z K - , *
,
Y rpancnoprHblx cyAoB nefirpannHbrerJrocKocru AJrr r{3Mepurenefiuonepevuofi
ocrofi.{ueocrl{ h u k pac[onaramcq e6rra:r{ Barepnunnuurrpr4 rppoBbrx orreparlr4flx
(3.53) [pI,IeM lpysa ocyqecrBJlaercs KaKBbrrrre,TaKr{ Hnxe 3THXunocxocrefi.
ftx npo4o:nnofi MeralleHTpxtrecKofiBbrcorbruefirpanrHar rrJrocKocrbHaxoAur-
cr rny6oro HHxe Kvurs,u rno6ofi rpr4eM rpFa Ha cyAHo yrueHbruaer H. [trx roetp$n-
IILIeHTanpoAonbHoft ocrofitllrlBocrlfl uefirpanrH€rs nJrocKocrb, KaK rrpaBHJro,pacrloJlo-
(3.s4) xeHa BbIIIreBcex rpy3oBblx noMeuleHwitu nppreMrpFa nplrBoAHTK Bo3pacrauwto K,
a, cJleAoBareJrbHo, H MoMeHTdMr* au$QepeHTyroqero cyAHorra I cu.
peBoc- flonyreHuble pesyilbrarbl no3BoJlf,rorrrpocneAurb 3a r,r3MeHeHneM MerartrenTpu-
.Iecroft Bhrcorbr cyAHa B npoqecce ero 3arpy3Ku. ,{onycrnrr,r, rrro cyAHo rrocraBJreHo
rIoA rIofpY3KY, Hl/:es.MeTarleHTpmecKyroBbrcoTy h0, u uro uefirparrbH€rflnJrocKocTb
(3 . 5 s ) pacrloJloxeHa Bbrlue HarrrurbnoroypoBHr nplreMa rpy3a. B arou cJrf{ae B HarraJrerro-
rpy3Kll rpy3 npI4HI,IMaercrHuxe uefirpanrrrofi nrocKocrr{ u MerarleHTputrecKairBbrcora
Bo3pacraer. B AamHefinreu, Ko-
(3.s6) rAa BbIcoTa yKJraAKr4rpy3a yBe-
hto htt Jrr{rrl4Baercflu npu6nnxaercs, K
IpI4eM
ypoBHrouefirpamnofr n.nocKocrrd,
CTH. pocr MerarleHTpu.recKofi
Bbrcorbr
PqMo- 3aMeAJrf,eTCrV OHa AOCTHfaeT
MaKCHMyUa,Kor,qaypoBHr{ upue-
Ma rpy3a n ueftrpanrnofi nJrocKo-
cTr.r coBlaAaroT. flprr Aa-rrtnefi-
niarofi lueft norpy3Ke rpy3 npr,rHr,rMaerct
ilarvarbHbtu
zu BbI- yxe Bhrruenefirpa.urgofi rrJrocKo-
-h H&- cru n ft ylreHruraercr B[Jrorb Ao
..f,cso oKoHqaHr,r.strolpy3Ku. OrcrcAa
cJIeAyeT, rITO HaUMeHbIUee 3Harle-
IHI{XE
nue h nppr paBHouepuofi 3arpy3-
trpHeM
Pncyror 3. 17. I4srvreHeHue
Merauerilpn.recKoftBbrcorbrB rrpoqecce Ke cy.qHaMo)KeTcooTBeTcTBoBaTL
3arov3rfl,f cvIIHa nn6o ftg B Haealre nolpy3Kvr, rrl,il-

63
6o h1B KoHrIenorpy3Kr{,Ho He Moxer 6rtrr non;nreHoB npouecce [orpy3Kpr.Ecnu xe
nefirpanruafl nJrocKocrb pacflonaraercr HI{xe Halln}IbHoroypoBHt npueMa rpy3a, rITo
cl
Mox(er raMerr Mecro y oqeHbocrofiqueoro ayAHa,To Bo Bce BpeMr norpy3KlI h 6yaer
E{
yMeHbIIIaTbcr.vr ee HatlMeHb[ree 3HatIeHHe cooTBeTcTByeT oKoHYaHI{IO nOfpy3KI4.
3arrneruu,rrTo B npoqecce 3arpy3Klr cyAHa caMaHefirpanrHarl tIJIocKocTbcMelltra-
ercr BcJIeAcrBI,IeH3MeHeH[s, T n h.
O6a paccMorpeHHbrxcnfraf, Hnnrocrpr{pyrorct puc.3.l7, na KoropoM no Beprl4-
r:
K€uruorJrox(eHypoBeHbrrpneMarpysa , p, d rro ropu3orTaJrr4 - 3HaqeHueh .Kpunax a B
}T
coorBercrByer cnlqaro, KorAa ypoBeHb Har{zuanorpy3Kl{ HaxoAHTcflHI4xe uefirpalr-
Hofi [nocKocrtr, aKpvBar, b - uporuBoroJro]KHoMycny{aro. flpn pa3rpy3KecyAHaKap-
TnHaH3MeHeHI4g, h ilpoLrcxoAl4Tn o6parHoM HanpaBlrenvrvr.
t{
3.9.U3MEHEHUE nOCMKn CYEHAnPn nPUEME
ufiu PACXOEOBAHUUrPvSA o
tr
PacciuorpuM cHaqiua crryuait npr4eMaMalroro rpy3a, ,qnt Koroporo Mo)KHono-
ny{}rrb rrpocrbre npu6nnxeHHbre Soprr,rynu, a 3areM IIpI{eM rppa [pol{3BonlHofi se-
Jrlrrrl4Hbr,rge rpe6yeTcq LIc[oJIb3oBaHLIeo6rUux MeToAoBpacqeTa.

3.9.1.Ilpueu MaJIororpy3a
flpnevr fpy3a c rdeHTpoMTrlr(ecrra B 3aAaHlryto rorlKy c KoopAI4HaraMH x p, / pt zp
paso6rerrrHa ABeouepaIII4I{:
c rIeHTpoMrqxecrl4 nnoilIaAu 4eficrnytoulefi na-
a) npr,reMrppa na oAnofr Beprr4Kzrnu
TepJII{HH}I, T.e. B TorIKy c KOOpAI'IHaTaMI{x7 r0, z p)
TOtIKy.
B.{onbI4nonepeK cyAHaB 3aAaHrryIO
b) nepeHoc rpy3a no ropH3oHT€rirH
fleprar BoAolI3MeIrIeHuti4 coorBercrBytoqee
onepar.Ir4;rBbBoBer yBenr4qeHr4e
ilone-
yBeflrrqeHr.reocaAKu 6ez r43MeHeHLrrguSQepeHTa I4 KpeHa, a raKxe I43MeHeHIae
pevHofi MerarleHrpra.recxofiBbrcorbr; roeQQuqLIeHrrlpoAonbHofrocrofiql4Bocrl'I trpH
lpr,reMe MaJrororppa MoXHo cqLITaTbHe MeHtIoqI{Mc{. Bropaa onepallllt BbI3oBeT
r{3MeneHrre au$$epeHra u KpeHacy.qHa.O6e eru orepallrl4 6:.;'ttnpaccMorpeHblB lrpe-
AbrAyrrlflxpa3AeJlax.
BocuongyeMcr nonyqenHbrMupaHeeSopr"rynaun.TorAa Anfl.H3MeHeHIlfi napa-
MeTpoB,onpeAeirrroqr4x rrocaAKyay4Ka,or rrPkleMarpy3a uoJIr{LIM BblpaxeHl4fl:
m *Vr_xf)(L )
d l u"= - T - _ - - ; _--t _ - X f' ) l ,
pS DH \2
(3.s7)
m 'vY^ .
60=
44
fAe m - I'{.acc,anpI4HflTOfOrpy3a;
Dl = D + m V /l1 - BO,{OI,I3MeII{eHH9
I4 nOnepeqHat MeTaIIeHTpI'IqecKaf BbIcOTaflo-
cne rpLIeMa rpy3a

64
:JIU XE
B QoprraynaxAns 67, vr 5T* repBbre cJraraeMbrerrpeAcraBJltlor IrcMeHeHI4e
EI, qTO
cpe4nefi oca4Ku or npr,reMarpy3a, a BTopbre- u3MeHeHHs.ocailoK oKoHe.Inocrefi
5,v,uer
BcJIe,EcrBrre
auQSepeHTa.
Oron.rareJrbHbreocaAKr,ru yroJr KpeHanocJrenprreMarppa 6ygy't:
IreIIIa-
T u l= 7 , + 6 7 * T x l= T * + 6 7 * , 0 I = 0 + 6 0 , (3.s8)
BepTI4- TH.TK,0 -nenurlI4Hhr, orHoc.rrulnecr K cocrorHr4ro Harpy3Kl,t.UorlprleMa fpFa.
aBafl a B cnyuae cnflrvrfl.Irnu pacxoAoBaHur rppa Qopurynu (3.57) ocralorct B cnJle, roJIbKo
Maccym cHuruaeMoro
rppa cJreAyercqr{Tarborpr{rlarenrnofi seruquuofr.
TpaJIb-
ra Kap- 3,9,2,.{narparvrMa
H3MeHeHHs or rrp[eMa 100T rpy3a
ocaAoKoKoHeqHocrefi
qro oru BerrlrqlrHblnponopqlloHtulbHbl
14: Qopnryn(3.57) gnx 67, n 6T* Br4AHo,
Macce m \puunMaeMoro rppa u nnnefiHo 3aBrrcrr or a6cqnccbr ero qer{rpa rnKecrra
BXoA{rqHee $oprray.nu(s, x7 , DH ), zanucm or ocaAKIdnI,I-
xr. OcrwtbHbreBeJrnrrprHbr,
6o roHcraHTbr. Ha oronr ocHoBaHaAr4arpaMMalr3MeHeHr{floca4oK oKoHe'IHocrefi or
HO nO- [pneMa 100 r lpy3a, cnyxaqar AJr.flonepar]rBHoro onpeAeireHraflI,BMeHeHI{qnocaAKI{
roft ee- cyAHanpH [JraHHpyeMbrxrpy3oBbrx onepardHsx.

) P t zO

IeIl Ba-
xtH
un
[bgqax IBxNnsHUnacq|i.t oxorc,ttocmei nocae npucxa l00r apwa
Lx,t*,cn
!.iouee t0 1n
alt,
I no[]e- n
a 1 tltl
4I)
t0
rrr rpl4
bI3OBET t0 t0
B rrpe- 0 0
-t(t I-ln T.7x
t-6r 1.6x. ,0
?-5a T-'il
I-4n 1.4il
rapa- T-3*
T-2x
7.!tt
T-2a

Pncyuox3. 18.flnarpauMar.trMeHeHur
rroca,[Kr.r
cy,uHa
or npr{eMa
rpy3a

(3.s7)
Ha 4narpaMMepnc.3.18cxeuaruqecKnuso6paxaercflnpoAomurrftpa3pe3cyl-
Ha c yKuBaHr4eM [oMerrleHuit Ans,rpy3oB, 3arlacoBu 6annacra, a rroA HI{M pacloiloxe-
HFr.qBaceMeficrsanprMLrx, oAHorr3 Koropbrx onpeAeJueru3MeHeHlIeocaAKHHocoM,a
Apyroe - H3MeHeHr{e ocaAKHKopMoft or npnenaa100 T rpy3a B 3aBHcHMocrLI or a6c-
rllrccbr rIeHTparfiKecrn gToro rppa. OrAemHrre rrpflMbreKaxAoro ng ceueficrB coor-
oTa tlo-
BercrByror pa3HbrMcpeAHI{MocaAKaM.llkanu r,r3MeHeHuft ocaAor B caHTI,IMerpaxHa-
HeceHbI Ha BepTI4Ka.JIf,X,tBJurOrqUXCr npOAOJIXeHVTMH HOCOBOTOU KOpMOBOTOnep-
neH,u.IKyntpoB.flpu nonb3oBaHur.rAuarpaMMoit us rIeHTpa rrxecrll npuHl{MaeMoro
65
rpFa npoBoArT Beprr4Ka.n6Ao nepeceqeHr4flc rrprMbrMH,coorBeTcTByroqHMVHaI'.a'Jrb-
nofi cpe4uefi oca4Ke cyAHa r.r no ruKiure nporr{B ToqeK nepecerleHllt npoqr4TblBalor
T
3HaqeHu{H3MeHeHr.rft ocaAor HocoM rn H KopMoit t* or rrpueMa 100 T lpy3a, no Koro-
' j
pbrMo[pe,qeJrsrcTn3MeHeHHrocaAoKor [ppreMaFpy3auaccoit m:
6TH=*rr, 6 T * = 2 r * .^ (3.59) -I
luu 100
B crryuae c:nflTnr rpy3a Maccy m cneqyer crrnrarb orpl,Illaremnofi nsnaxu 67, 3
g'r
tt 6T* 6ylyr o6patHrrurr 3HaKaMtH vr tK, cHsrlrx c ArdarpaMurr. Ecru rpy3 rrepeMe-
IrIeHrro AJrr{Hecyqna, To ,rsMeHeHI{tocaAoK 67, u d?'* onpeAeJrrrcTctreMH xe Sop- -
J

MyJIaMI,I(3.59), Ho B KarrecrBetH u tK cJre1yer6parr anre6pauqecKyropa3Hocrb: t

tu = tu2-tul , irc= tx2 -trc7,

I o6osHa.reHrr3HarIeHHttH n tK, clurrbrec AnarpaMMbrnpu a6cqucceMec-
fAe r,rHAeKcarvna
ra, orrcyAarpy3 crrrrr, a r[HAeKcbr2 coornercrByror a6cigcce Mecra, rVAa rpy3 npl{Htr.

3.9.3. Ilpueu rpy3a rrporrsBoJnnofi BeJrHrr

lrHbr
1
OcnonHuMr,r cJIf{€uIMI4,KorAa rrplrxoAurcfl vuerb Aeno c [prreMou 6olluroro fr
tPY38,,IBJrf,rOTCrpaCr{eTbrTIOCaAKH CyAHarrpu COCTaBJreHr,rUlpy3OBOfOrIJIaHaHa rlpeA-
crocluufi peitc, a rarxe rtpr4.qorpy3Kaxr4nHpa3rpy3KaxB flpoMexyroqHblx noprax 3a-
ti
xoAa. Hau6oree qacro npr,rMeurercf,cnoco6 pacuera uocaAKrr,ocHoBaHHrtitsa uc-
rroJrb3
oBaHI{r{KpHBhrx3JIeMeHToBTeopeTur{ecKo ro qepTex{a.
llocre4oeareJrbHocrb pacrrera cocror{T B cneAyrouleM. Cocrasfl.serc.s ra6rutqa
rroJrHofiHarpy3KHcyAHa, co.qepxarq€rrKaKMaccy cyAna [opox(HeM, TaKH Maccbl Bcex
HaxoArrqrrxcfl,Ha cyAHe r4rrpnHnMaeMbrx3alacoB lr [epeBosrrMbrxrpy3oB. Pac.Ier ra6-
nnrlbr Harpy3Kr46un paccMorpeH B purAeire, ornocflrrleMcf, K rrJraBfrecrr4cyAHa. B pe-
3ynbrare pacqera ra6nr4rlbr HaxoAf,TcflBoAoI,I3MerrIeHr,Ie
cy.{Ha D rExoop.qr4Harblero
rIeHTpar{xecrr,r xg,!g.,zg nocre nppreMarpy3oB. I4cxols H3 BoAoI43MeIqeHIrfl D,no
rpy3oBoMy pa3MepyEJrHrpy3oeofi mKare o[peAeJrnor cpeAHroroocaAKy T, gtrx Koro-
TeoperrayecKororreprelKa HaxoAsr 3HaqeHLIxneo6xo-
pofi no Ar4arpaMMe3JreMeHToB
AI{MbIX AI.fl paoqeTa nOCaAKUBgIIHV.I4Hxstxf , zm; zM .
IIo uafigenHbrMAaHHbrMonpeAeJrrrorMerarleHTpuqecKr{eBbrcorst h fr H, Koro-
1:
[oABKXHbrx rpy3oB H paccqHTblBalor:
pbre l,rcnpaBJrflrorHa BJILI'HT4e
-
yroJl gn$Qepenra (n pa4raaHax)
cl
xg-x,
V= (3.60)
H
ocaAKH oKoHeqHocTeH

r , = r . ( + -" * r ) v ,
\z ) (3.61)
(t t{
T r c'=, -- [ t
)
**f E
)r,
yron KpeHa(n rpagycax)
v, rrpr4Heo6xoArEMocrLI, FI

e =57,3!8 (3.62)
n
h lf

66
all.aJIb-
bIBAIOT {pyrofi cuoco6 cocrollT B Hcnonb3oBaHuu ArralpaMMbrocaAoKHocoMu ropuofi.
B srou cJryrlaeMox(Ho I,Icrorrb3oBarLraHHhre yKa3aHnofiBEIrrrera6nuqu nonnofi Ha-
r KOTO-
rpy3Kll cyAHa LI, orKJla,qblBuur
no ocrM ArrarpaMMbrBoAora3MeuleHrae D u cywuapnuft
crarHtlecKr,rfiuoueur orHocI4TeJIbHoMu4eirt Mr, uairrv Ha nefi ro.my, uao6paxaro-
(3.s9) ulyro cocroflHlle Hafpy3KLICy.4Ha,rIO KOTOpOfi,nO$SyXCr CerrcOfiKpr,rBbIX
TTOCTO{HHIrX
u 67, sHa'IeHI'IfiocaAoK HocoM l,t xoprvroft,npoqrararb ocaAKLrT, v 7*, coornercrB)rrorrlr4e
oTMerIeHHOMy COCTO.fl
HHrO Hafpy3KH.
3peMe-
B Hexoropblx cn)rqarx y4o6Hee cocraBJrrrb ra6nu{y roJrbKo AonoJrHprrenbHo
e 00p- rlprrnuMaeMbrx3anacoBH rpy3oB, rorAa ra6nu\a Aacr cyrlruaprryro Maccy grHX rpy3oB
m I4 ee crarn.IecKllft MoMeHTorHoc[rreJlbHo Mn,qent ffi xm. Ha ern Berr4rruubl HaAo
yBenuqI4TBKoop.qllHarrr roqKra nepBoHaqalurofi Harpy3KHHnr4rrocaAKr,rcyAHa u no
le Mec- HOSOftTOrlKe[poqr,rrarb ucKoMbre3HaqeHaf,T, u T* nocne [pueMa fpy3a.
t. Ecnu [JlorHocrb sa6optnofi noAu pu, Arrflroropofi onpeAeJrflercr nocaAKa,or-
-luqaerct or nJlorHocrpl 1,025 r/u3, 4rr xoropofi o6rrqso crpor{Tcs ruarpaMMa, To
BXOAHTb B AI,IalpaMMyHa.qoc BoAorr3MerrIeHHeM yMHo-
r{ MoMeHToM,HcrrpaBJreHHbrMr.r
brxofo xeHueMHa orHorueHueI,0251pu.
tIIpeA-
Otuernna eIII€, rITo rlpn 3narrr{TeJrbHoM
gr,rSQepeHTe,rroJtf{eHHbrMrlo AprarpaM-
tax 3a-
M€, rrocaAKy cyAHa cneAyer yroqHlrb, Ao6aBrflfl, K MoMeHTy Mx rroqpaBKy
HA 'IC-
_( td
6Mx:Dlzo-2.11
^ \ a ", LI 3aHoBoBxoAt B AI,IarpaMMy c BoAou3MeutreHr4eM
H uclpaBneH-
L
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bI BCCX
Crryraft cHflTnfr(pacxo4oaaHna) rpy3oB paccrrr4rbrBaercrreMr.r )Ke cnoco6avrn,
:r ra6-
npHcBallBafl MaccaM cHHMaeMbrx fpy3oB orplrllareJrbHbre 3HaKn flprr BKnroqeHnr4 r,rx B
.Bpe-
ra6ruqy Harpy3KH.
tbr efo
D, r lo
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flpra nanuvun an$$epeHTa no[epeqHbreHaKJroHeHnr npo]rcxoA{T He B [JrocKo-
cTI{ IlrnaHfoyra, a B BeprHranblroff rIJIocKocrI,r,cocraBrxroulefi c IlJlocKocrblo IIIIIaHro-
, KOTO- yra yron p', paBHbIfiyrny au$Sepesra.Tax KaKrrpu paBHoBecurcyAHaIIB,IIT H Me-
TaqeHTpbIpacnoJlararorc.flna o.qHofi Beprr{K€r.[H,To AJr{ nolepevnofi MerarleHTpuqe-
croft BbrcorbrnoJry{arcTcr Bblpax ennfl.
(3.60) ,
'm og zg -zc
ft=-=fut (3.63)
cos(r/ coslrl
-MeTalleHTpHtlecrulfipa4vryc,coorBercrnyroqufi Barepirr,rHuu
c gu$SepeHroM.
ryl
flocaAra cy,4ua c AH$SepeHroMonpeAenrerct no.qr{arpaMMeoc4AoKHocoMH Kop-
(3.61) rraofi(pnc.z.Ig), na erofi )I(e AI4aIpaMMeo6rrsHo HaHoc{rcq n \pLrBbrerocrosHHbrx 3Haqe-
rilafi sogsHIIreHLItnoneperlHoro MerarleHTpazm) rto KOTopbrM rrHTepuoJrrrrluefiMoxHo orr-
peAeJIHrb
zm Nrfl rno6ofi rocaAKI,Ic Ar{$SepenroM,
a no Qopvryne(3.63) onpe4em,rrrft.
llptI Naarbx yffIax all0$eperra Mox(Hocr&rrarb cospr=l n norusoBarbcr o6rrunofi Qop-
t3.62) lryloft h = t* - z,, oilpa$eirflt zm c ) {eroM ara$Sepenra,KaKyK€BaHo
Bbrltle.

67
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Tax rcaxo6rr.{Ho npn anQ$epenTeHa KopMyBarepnlaHnurlMetor 6olee noJIHbIe E3

o6pasoaaHut,To gTo rlp?lBo.qurK pocTy h , tro MoXHo BLIAerbu Ha pnc.3.19. :o

yroqHeHr4e
ftix npo.uonbnoftocrofirrr4Bocrr,r // necyqecrBeHHo,Kpo-
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Buure urr par6nBzlJrunpr{eM rppa B npo}I3BoJrbHyroror{Ky Ha ABe onepaunll:
rrepB€rrr
Bbr3brBarraflapa[nenbHoe norpyxeHr{e cyAHaI,II,I3MeHeHHe BTO-
ocTofiqLIBocTI4,
pas conpoBoxAarracb paBHoo6reunrrvu{ HaKJIoHeHrrtMI,I I{ rrotBJIeHHeMKpeHaH AIIQ-
Qepeum. O.usaro Anr peueHlur HeKoropbrx3aAaq qerecoo6pa3Hee cpa3y paccMarpll-
HepaBHoo6reunrre HaKroHeupl.f,
Barb M€r.Irbre .
B grou cJryrraeHaqairo KoopAHHar y.uo6uee coBMecruTr c IIeHTpoM T{xecrl4
[nouIaAH BarepJruur{ra rotlKoit f (puc.3.20).,{ouycrHr"r, qro Ha cyAuo rpl4Hrr rpy3
uaccoft m c Koop[y.Hara[u rIeHTpar{xecrH xp,lprzr.Tor4a u3MeHeHne nocaAKI4
y lraMu:
o[npeAeJllircxS oprra

68
 m . ffixo mv^
5T= : O U/ - __:_. 50=#, (3.64)
pS '
Kp' KD
rAe Kp = D H i k D = D h
MaccoBble ros$SurlueHrhr oc-
tofi.runocrll, orHoctluuecf K co-
cTosHr.rronocJle npr{eMarpFa.
Ocr OO HaKJroHeHr{q
cyAHa Ha puc.3.20 - nvntrfl ne-
peceqeHus nnocrocrefi Barep-
tnus;auirWOLOH WL coorBercr-
BeHHO.{O r4rrOCJre nprreMarpFa.
flycm x0 14 y0 - KoopAI,IHaTbI
TOqeKUepeceare}Jldfoal.dHaKiIo-
HeHprsc oc.rrMr{Fx kr Fy. Torga
Pucyuox 3. 20. Manue nepanHoo6teMHbre HaKJroHeHr.rs:
pacrroJroxe-
nne ocefi KoopArrHar
HenocpeAcTBeHHo BuAHo,qTo:
d T = _ x 0d V = _ ! 0 d 0 ,
orKyAa,frlrrbrBar (3 .64), uoJryrrr,rM
:
VH Vh
x o x p= _ _ s ; l0 lp = (3.6s)
s
I4g srnx paBeHcrBHerlocpeAcrBeHHo BbrreKarorcneAyroque cnoficrBa MaJrbrx
HepaBHoodreuHux naruoueHuft.
Csofrcrno l. KooplnHarbr rleHTparf,xecrrl nplrHnMaeMoro
rppa r{ KoopAr,rHarhr
TOTIeK
[epeceqeHncocu HaKJroHeHrr{ c oc{Mr4KoopAr.IHaTHMeroTrrpoTl4BononoxHbre
3HAKV.,I,IHarIe rOBOpr, COOTBeTCTByIOITIHerOqKI{ Ha OCfX KOOp.qLIHar paClOnOXeHbr rIO
pa3HbrecropoHbr or Haq€uraKoopAHHar(rouxu F ).
Csoficrno 2. MeN4y noJIoxeHI,ItMHueHTparsxecrrr npr,rHr{MaeMoro rppa Lr ocu
o-lHbre HaKJIoHeHI{rIcyqecrByer B3anMHooAHo3HaqHoecoorBercrBue. I4na.re roBop.s,xaxAoft
rorlKe (xprlp), onpegenxroqefi UT rpysa, coorBercrByer rrprMafl, 3aqaBaevrafl,
Koop-
l. Kpo- AHHaTaMH x0 v y0 ToqeKrtepeceqennfla octrMHKoopAHHarraHao6opor. Tarne rorrKu H
rptMble, cBt3anHbreypaBHeHvsur4(3.65), 6yaevr Ha3brBarbconp.rrxeHHhrMn.
flaparr.rerpu xp,!p Lr
x}t!0 BXoArr n (3.65) cuMMer-
pKtIHO, OTCTOAa
BbITeKaeT:

)aLIIdLr:
Csoficrno3. Koop.uraHarbr
qeHTpa rsxecTll lpy3a LI oTpe3-
II. BTO.
KH, O[peAeJrflrorrlHe ocb HaKJIo-
r anQ-
ffirpu- HeHr{r, o6naAaror cnoficrnou
B3ar,rMHoc
tpt. I4na,teroBopr, ec-
N(ECTH
JII'I rpFy c KoopAI4HaraMIrt
r rpy3 xp, ! p (rouxa A, puc.3.2l) co-
PncyHox3. 21. CgoftcrBoB3ar{MHocrr{
xoop.lrHar rpaeMa npy3ar{
'caAKH NOJIO}(EHI,I' OCI{ HAK'TOHCHI,If,CV]IHA oTBercrByeT ocb HaKJIoHeHHt,

69
 orpe3KaM*rxQtyg(nparvraxaa),ro rpFy c KoopALIHaraMux}tr:0 (rourca
onpeAeJureMafl
B) coornercrByer ocb c orpe3KaMr xprlp (npnuat, bb). n
B orpe3Kax: 3
3anurue*r ypaBHeHI,Ie
ocn HaKJIoHeHLIt
xxp ri
*!lP =-, (3.66)
vH/ vh/
/S /S ft
-KOOpI.I'-HA-
3Aecr x 14y -TeKyrrlr4eKoopAr,rHaTbrnpxrraofiocI,IHaKJIOHeHUfl,,A
xp14yp

rbr rpy3a. Ho no cr.rMMerplru ypaBHeHut (3.66) Moxclro cqllTarb x u y KoopAlrHaraMl4

rpy3a, TorAa [ocTorHHar ToqKa xp, ! p 6y4er Bce BpeMt [pI{HaAneXaTb OcH HaKJIOHe-
nns. OrqoAa BbITeKaer:
Csoficreo 4. Ecntt ilPIaHI4-
Marb rpy3 B pa3[HrrHbIXTOqKaX,
irexalrlnx na oAnofi npxuofi, to
coorBercrByloqfie ocu HaKJIo-
HeHHrr6yayr rpoxoAplrb qePe3
OAHy H Ty )Ke TOtIKy, CO[pt]I(eH-
Hyro c Aassoft npxIr,tofi.Tax, Ha-
npuMep, eclrrr MbI rpy3 6Y.4eIvI
npI4HI,IMaTbnocne,qoBaTeJlbHoB
TorIKax A1,A2, A3,A4, A5, IIQX&-
PncyHox3. 22 - Pacnoroxesre oceft HaKnoHeHI4.fl
npl{ npueMerpFa u1nx Ha oAnofi uPxIvrofi
sa oanoft npruofi (puc.3.22),ro coorBercrBylotuue
OCII HAKJIOHCHHS

OlOyOzOz,OlOz,O4O4,OsOs 6y[yt npoxoAurbtlepesoArryI4Ty xe roqKy -8, conpr-

tLt
xeHHyIoc npwoir, A. 5'
MoueHr, Aeficrsyroulrft s raxofi-ru6o reprnranrnoft rIJIocKocrH,Ha[pI{Mep, q
uepeHocarpy3a no nptMoir MM (puc.3.23),MoI(HorpeAcraBurr xarco6-
BcrreAcrBr4e
ot
pA3oBaHHufi gnyrrar BepTIaKa.nbHbIMI,I IpOTI{BOIOJIOXHO HanpaBneHHbIMLI paBHbIMLI IIO
TJ
BejIHIITIHe QVIIaMvI,npI4noXeHHbIMI,I B TOI{KAX, XEXAIUHX HA rtPflMOiI MM. HO TOTAA OCb
HaKJroHeHprs AoJrxGanpofiua qepe3 conpsxeHl{ylo c nefi toury A ra,raK xax npu gefi-
4
STBHHMoMeHTaHaKJroHeHus.6ygyr paenoo6reMHblM!1, To ocb AoJIXHanpoftrn v qepe3
6y4er fipflvrafl lF. O'reekIAHo,qro Arlfl
TorrKy /r. Tarcuu o6pasona,ocbrc HaKiroHeHrax r
MoMeHToB,4eficrnytoqrlx B JIro-
6oit nJlocKocrn, napaJlneJlrnoft
MM, ocbro HaKnoHeHLIt 6yger
oAHa vr ra )Ke rrptMafl AF , tax
KaK co[pDKeHHbIe ToqKI4 Ans
ilprMhlx, naparnenbHblx MM, H
6yayr Jlexarr na oAHofinpxruoft -t
AF. Orcrcna v Ha ocHoBaHHI,I
CI
csoficrsa 3 cne4yer raKxe, rrro
ecJrr4rpy3 rIpLIHnMarLHa upnraoft,
Pncyuox 3.23 - Ocr HarutoneHrul
nplt AeficrnunMoMeHra npoxoAflIrlefi uepes IIeHTp rtxe-

70
(roura cru rrJrorqaAlrBareplrvHnr F, To ocr,rHaKJroHeHrar Mex.4y co6ofi.
6ylyr nap€urneJrbHbr
flpr.r erou, ecJrr4rpys 6y.qer uprn6nuxarbcc K TolrKe F , ocv 6yayr y4ursrbcf, or Hee H
B npeAene, KorAa rpy: 6y4er npr{Hrr B TorrKy F, coornercrByroqar ocb HaKiroHeHHt
yfi4er n 6ecxoneqHocrb. 3rc 6yaer cnyrafi napaJrnenrHorouolpyx(euns, cy4Ha.
(3.66)
flpegcmnJl{er HHTepecraKx(e yron HaKJroHeHufl, cyll*a np}r flpneMe rpy3a B iIIo-
6oft ro.me. 3ror yron Moxer 6rrrr onpeAexeHuo SopMyne:
P.rHHa- ,=+=h, e.6i)
IATAMU
IC-rOHe-
rtre d - orcrorHl,Ie rorIKH F or ocn HaKJroHeHurr.
YrnsI KpeHaraauQQepeHTacBfl3aHFrc yruroM d r{ yrJroM e MeKAy ocbro HaKJro-
HeH}I' }I ocblo FX zaswcHMocT{MI,I:
rpHHI{-
\)qKax,
0 = a cose; v = d srnp. (3.68)
B KaqecrBe npr4MeHeHnt
toft, to
ycraHoBneHHbrx ceoficrn pac-
HAKJIO-
qepe3 cMorpr,rMcyAHo, nMeroulee 3aKpe-
rJreHHyro rotrKy A Qnc.3.24), n
)t)KeH-
onpeAenr{M ero HaKJroHeHne[plr
aK, Ha-
Syaena npl{eMe rpFa BecoM p = I m. Ta-
IbHO B Kat cxeMa coorBercrByer, Ha[pH-
Jexa- Mep, cJrrraro cyAHa nocJre efo no-
caAKuHa KaMeHb.
rpaivrofi
floa Ieftcrsnei\4 cLIJIII p,
i"rorrIHe
Pucyxox npl{noXeHHofr s TorIKe B, cyguo
3.24-HaxronenuecyAHac3aKperuerruoftro.{xofi
)HEHI{g
HaKJIoHI,ITcr,rIpHqeM no Heo6xo-
corps-
AHMocr?Iocb HaKJroHeHr4ff upofi4er rrepe3 Toqxy l, n rotopoft eoaul{Kaer pearqne R .
Ey.qeu crluTarb cyAHo ceo6oAHnrM,Ho B ToqKe A nputoxr,rM clrJry R. Panuo4eficr-
pr{Mep,
Bylolqar{ Q cun p u R 6y4er Jrer(arb Ha rrtrnvruAB .f7o cnoficrny 4 saxroseHre cyAHa
rar o6-
I}TH fIO
oKoJroocn, npoxoA.srqefiqepe3 ToqKy l, uoxer 6rrrr ocyqecrBJreHo Jrr{rubnpr.Inoxe-
HueM cuJrbrHa nprMofi NN, conp.f,xennofi c A. OrcroAa cJre.qyer,rrro paBHoAeftcr-
t.f,aocb
lr.rAefi- Byroqar p 4onxna 6rrm npunoxeHa B roqKe C nepecerreHnflnprMrrx AB u NN. flo-
r qepe3 crpollB rrprMyro OO , conp.flxeuFryroc C, troropax upofiAer rrepe3 A, nairgeM ocb Ha-
no AJUI KJroHeHLrr cyAHa.Peaxqns l,tyron HaKnoHeHufl. cyrHa Hafi4yrcx lts paBeHcrB:
mb
B JIIO- R=b-' p, a- (3.6e)
g-rlHofi c pScd'
5y,uer rAe b =,48r, =7d, d - pacctoflHne
or rotrKr{F Ao ocu OO.
F, tax
}t Anfl I{s (3.69)crreAyer:ecrll{b>c (cunu p u R JIeXaT rro piBHbIe cTopoHbr or npr-
MM, vtofi NN ), ro pearqlrr HMeerHa[paBneHLIe cI{JIhrp; B nporuBHoMcnrrae (cn.xu p r.r
rpxuofi
) pear<qurl{MeerHanpaBnenne
R lexar tro oA]rycropoHy or rrprMoft ,nnrr o6parnae p;
)BAHI,II4
ecnu p JIexI,ITHa nptrMoil NN, To R = 0.
(e, gTo
pxvofi, YcranonreHHbre pe3yJlbrarbl MoryT 6urr ucnonb3oBaHbrnpu panpa6orre Mep no
CHIIXeHUTOpeaKrlr4r4rpyHTa B CJrr{ae nocaAKHcyArra Ha MeJrb.3nas rorrKy A npuno-
T')I(C-
xeHI,It panuo4efi crnyroqefi peaKIIHLrfpyHra, cTpoIIM uprMyro NN, conprx(eHHyroc

7T
 ro.moft A, AeJII,IMpaccrotHl{e I
Mex(Ayro.mofi .4 u npruofi NN (
Ha HecKoJILKOpaBHbIX I{HTepBa.nOB
lr TaKHe xe HHTepB€uIH oTKJIaAbI-
BaeM no ApyI-Fo cropoHy upxvtoft
NN. rlepea rronfreHHble rotIKH
IrpoBoAI4M IIpflMbIe, napEIJIJIeJIb-
HbIe NN, Ha Koropblx HaATII{c6rBa-
]., M
eM rosoQrEqI,IeHrbI, o6osHaqalo-
que r43MeHeHr,repeaKIIHrI R or
Pncynox 3.25 - Haxlouesns cyAHac 3aKperrreHuofi
rourofi npr.r [pr,reMa Ha AaHHyro IlptMylo e.qH-
nepeHocefpy3a
HHYHororpFa (puc.3.25). llps-
ivrofi NN coorBercrnyer xoe$@u-
III{eHr 0, a upxuofi, upoxoA.nlrleftyepe3 roqKy I , - xoe$Snquenr 1; uprrrlrrM Me)K,qy
A n NN coorBercrByror[oJroxuTeJrbHbre
rcos$SuqueHrbr(upueir,rHa Hux rppa yBe- t
.r
flI4uuBaerpearqnro), a rrpf,MbrMIIo Apyrfo cropoHy ffN - orpr{uareJrbHbrenoe$$raqu-
eHrbr (npraenarppa yMeHbruaerpearqnro). flpu nepeHocerppa H3MeHeHrre peaKrg4r{
orleHr4Baercr pa3Hocrbro xoe$$qr{eHToB, cooTBeTcTByroqr4xMecry npHeMa rpy3a 14
MecTyefo cH-rrTH.s.
PaccuorpuM HaKJroHeHr.re cyAna [ppr IlepeHocerpy3a, rrTopaBHocI4JIbHo IIp[Ino-
xeHI4Io K cyAHy MoMeHra. flycrr rprnnfi MM (puc.3.26) ecrr aneA Beprr{K€Lrrruofi
rlJlocKocrt4MoMeHTaM .3Aecr raKxe ocb HaKJroHeHHr AojrxHa upofirn qepe33aKpen-
neHHyrcToqKy A, cte[aBareilbHo, paBHoAeficrnyrouluur MoMeHra M H peaKrlr{n R s
rollKe I gorNHa nexarb Ha collpflNenHofi c A npxwtofi Nlrr. O.reeraAHo,
trro Hr,rqero
He I{3MeHrrrcs,,ecJII4MoMeHTnpranoxuTb B rrJrocKocrn,rlapanJlenbHoftMM, Ho npoxo-
4xrqefi qepe3rorrKy A.Ho rorAa panno4eficrByroqaflpeaKrlr4uR n uorrae:araM 6y5er
HaxoAuTbcse orofi xe [JrocKocrr4. OrcroAa cneAyer rrpocroe [ocrpoeHrre ocu HaKJro-
HeHHfl:rrepe3ToqKy I npoBoAHMnp.rrMyK),napaJurenbHyroMM ; B uepeceqewuLrc NN
nafiAenarotlKy C, n rotopoft 6y,{eT [punox(eHa paBHo,4eficteyroularMoMeura M H pe-
aKql{u R . flocrpol4B nptlryro, co[prxeHHyro c C, Koropar ilo Heo6xoAuMocrLrnpofi-
Aer qepe3 TotIKy A, nonytrrM r4cKoMyroocb OO naxnonenufl. cyAHa noA AefrcrBHeM
MoMeHTaM. PeaxUws.R LI yroJr HaKnoHeHutrcyhlila a olpeAeJrrrorcf, BbrpaxeHvflMvr:

L
M R
R="'; d=-:+-, (3.70)
c gpJa
F
rAe c= AC;d paccTorHHe
or roqKr4 F to ocu OO.
Lls (3.70) crreAyer, qro
np]/, saAaHHoff BeJrr{quHeMo-
uerrra M peaKqr{s 6y4er nara-
6oruuefi TorAa, KorAa paccros-
t y HvIec 6y.qer Hal,rMeHrrunru.3ro
cooTBeTcTByeTcnyqalo, Kor,qa
Pucynor 3 . 26 - HstreHeguepeaKuuaB 3aKperureHuoft
roqxe or nJrocKocrb MoMeHTa M nep-
npxeMarpFa B p€r3Hbrx
MecTax rreHAvKyJrrpHa npxuofi //l/.
72
DgHI,IE Ectu xe MM napzunenrHa Aft', To R = 0, TaK KaK upr{ gToM c = @. B grou crryqae
I rVN ocblo HaKlIoHeHur.6y Aer rtptMuurAF tt HaKJroHeH we 6y Aer paeuoo6reMHBrM.
BAJIOB 3auetHu, tITo ecJIlIcyAHoHcnhrrbrB€uropeaKrIHIo3aKpeunennofiTorIKrl.qoupue-
iraAbI- Ma LrrrrllrepeHocalpy3a, ro SoprwynH(3.69) u (3 .70) Aalor npHparrleHrire
peaKrlr4uLryr-
lguofi JIa HaKJIOHeHV,S.
CyAHa.
TOqKI4
Ir'IeJIb-
3,12.nSMEHEHUE
OCTOnqUBOCTH nPn ryEqEXOEE
n ryOCAIIKU CyE-
cbIBa-
HAB BO4YgPyron nnOTUOCTU
aqato-
R O T B sroNl cnyrae Macca u [onoxeuue L{T cyAHa ocrarorcf, Hen3MeHHbrMH, Ho rr3-
) eApI- MeHxercfl noABoAHbIfio6reu H, cJleAoBareJrbHo, rI3MeHtIorc.rIBblcorbr MerarIeHTpoBH
llps- xoop4uHaru I-p.
4Q"- lJlx nonepevuoft ocrofi.ruaocrr.r [onpaBKa K MeraqeHrpr4rrecKofinrrcore 6yler
rexAy 6h=62m, KOTOpyTO MO)KHO OnpeAeJrHTb rro rpUnOfi zm HA AHarpaMMegJIeMeHTOB TeO-
a )tse- peTEqecKol'oqepTe>Kaurrw rro Ar4atpaMMeMeTarIeHTpr{YecKr4x BbrcoT,HcxoA-sr43H3-
fiuun-
AKIIHH
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BecrHoro I43MeHeHI,[{ o6rerrgoro BoAoIrcMeIrIe-
p1
))'34 I,I 3n
Hufl,5V =-"v V ,rge pl - rrJrorHocrbBoAbr,B Koropylo nepellJJro
cyAHo.3uar 6h sa-
pr
Prno- Bucprror xapaKTepa3aBucrrMocrrr ,*V): B Auana3oHe,r.qe zm c pocroM ocaAKu y6rt-
rrsofi
lKpen- Baer,3HaKpr6p u 6h o4nnaKoBbr,r.e. flepexoA B BoAy 6onrmeft [norHocru(6p>0)
H R s yBenuql,IBaer (5hr0) u nao6opor. B 4uana:oHe,rAe zm Bospacraer,
ocrofirrr.rBocrb
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6y.uero6parHofi,r.o.npu 5p>0 6yger 6h<0 ra Hao6opor.Han6oJrbruero
rpoxo- t ^ , 1
3HaqeHHr ldhl AocTlrraeT npr{ ocaAKe, cooTBeTcTByroqeu MaKcr4MyMyBeJrHr[rHbr
61,'.uer ,1-

IAKIIO. x r ry H Moxer rrpeBbrruarb

3HaqeHu
e 6T .
dT
c ,Vly'
.{m npo4omnoft ocrofrrrraBocrucoorBercrByloqatr nonpaBKaBbrrrl{cJrrercsaHa-
r{ pe- ilorHr{HbrMrIyTeM,o,{HaKooHa HecyIqecTBeHHa.
npofi-
{uQQepeHr cyAHa npr{ repexoAe B BoAy apyrofi nJlorHocrrr Bo3HnKaerBcJreAcr-
TBHCM
t\{H: a6cquccu I-p dx, rlro Bbr3oBeryroJl gllQQepeura 6y=-+.
BHe r{3MeHenr4s, ' H [srx
ollrpeAenenux 6x, cocraBI,IMypaBHeHlreMoMeHToso6nel\,rHblxBoAou3Me[IeHufi orno-
(3.70) cuTenbHo[JrocKocrLr MuAeIrg,cqvrafl BBHAyMiL]IocrI46T , uro I-p cnox BoAorircMelrle-
HHflJrexfl4THa oAHofi neprnrarH c I-{T [JrorrlaAu Barepnr4Hr{r,r:
O,qHI,IE
(v + av)(x" + 6x")- V xc + 6V x s .

:. IITO Orcro4a HaxoAr4McMerrleHr,re

lF:
I MO-
^
dx'=v*MVf-
5v ' *r)=-6e-6, - rr), (3.7r)
p\J
I HAH-
ccTos- r{ yroJr4uQQepenra:
u. ?ro . 5P xf-xc
Olt/ = -:- (3.72)
xofAa p H
nep- I,IgMeneHH-s
ocaAoKoKoHeqHocrefior auQQepenra 6y.4yr:
\'\I

73
 lr \
| r H - -i -l ' f l a l ,
\2. )

(r (3.73)
\
i l * = - l ; n x f- l 6 W ,
\.2 )
u ocaAKr,InocJle nepexoAa B BoAy Apyroft flIrorHocrr,rolpeAeJrsrcfl Bbrpa)KeHHrMLr:

rnt=r,-Tlrr-ryG-,r)1,
(3.74)
rx,=r.-+lrr.ry[*.")]
Hs Qoprraymt(3.72) nuano, llro snar 4raQQepenra,Bbr3BaHHorora3MeueHr4eM
tIJIorHocrH BoAbI,orrpeAefirercr B3auMHbrMpacrroJrox(eHueM4T unoqaAu Bareprrkr:rlur
ra tp cyAHa. Ans 6onruuncrBa cy.qoB B Auana3oue gKcnJryararluoHHbx ocaAoK
*.f < *", nosroMy Ant raKlIX cyAoB repexoA H3 coJleHofrao4rr B [pecHyro (6p.0) co-
npoBoxAaercflAI4OQepeHroM nepexoAe- 4HQQepeu-
HaHoc(6v r 0), a npu o6parHoru
ToM Ha Kopl'{y(5V.0). Eciln ".f >xr, ro upH nepexoAe}r3 coJreHofinoAu B npecHyro
rlorBl4rctgrSSepeHrHaKopMy,arrpvro6panrou repexoAe- An$QepeHrHasoc. Ecma
xe 6yger *.f =*r, ro 4u@QepeHTHe H3MeHHrcrr
rrpn repexoAe cyAHa B Bo,qyApyrofi
nJIOTHOCTI{, a H3MeH}ITC{ TOJIbKOOCa.{Ka.
VcrauoelaM ycnoBlle, trpu BLInoJrHeHr{r{Koroporo nau6oJrbrrreeyrny6nenue B
colenofi BoAe6yaer 6olrtue, rIeM B npecnofi. 3ro uoxer ripor{3ofirra,eclH yBerutre-
HI4eocaAKHor au$SepeHTa npeBbrcraree yr!{eHbrrreHrre or BcnJrbrrur,T.e. ecJrr{6yger
BbrtroJrHeHo
HepaBeHcTBo :
L
/ \;- x"f
l\ xJ r - x w" ll ! _ > 7 7 .
H

Oqenuraxnpu6luxeHno:
L
;-*f I
=--r,
rIoJIyqrIM ]lcKoMoe yciroBne B BnAe HepaBeHcTBa:
-*"1>2zT
,
l*I
Koropoe Anx o6H.{HbrxrpaHcrroprHhrx cyAoB He B6r[oJrH.f,ercr.

3.13. flnArpAMMA META4EHT2ULTECKUX

BbtCOT
.{narparvlvra crpol4Tct B [p.sMoyroJrbHbrx Koop.qr{Harax, ro rop}r3oHTalrnofi ocu
oTKJIaAbIBaercfl BoAoI43MeIrIeHI{e D, no BepTnKanrgofr - cTaTuqecxuft Mrouenr M
,o
Macc cyAHa orHocureJlbHo ropl,I3oHTamnofi nJrocKocrr,r,pacnoJroxesnofi Ha srtcor" ,0
or ocHoBHofi. Brrcora ,0 BcerAa yKa3brBaerc.rrHa ArralpaMMe. Koop,Uunarbl D u M
ro
onpeAeJItIoT TorIKy Ha ALIafpaMMe, KoTOp€Ur
COOTBeTCTByeT STlrM napaMeTpaM Halpy3Kr{
H HeKoTopoMy 3HaqeHLIrcMeTaIIeHTpH.IecKofi BbrcoTrr, onpeAeJrreuofi STHMEXe napa-

74
 MerpaMI'I. Ils' ee onpeAeneHl{t Ha AHalpaMMe HaHeceHo ceueftcrno KprrBbrx
(3.73) rlocro{xHrlblx3HaqeHufi
h c I4HTepBanonr
Al=0,1 M.

tH:

fluarpaunra MeraqeHTp[rrecKnx Bbrcor Ars zo : 8,0 tt

=
(3.74) F-
A

E
EEHUEM
):fi4Hr4l,{
ocaAoK
< 0 )c o -

$epeu-
)ecHyIo
c.Ecru.r
apyroft

EHHE B
rc.-IHqe-
r 6yter

ou ocr,I
r Mro
or" ,0
u 'vro
fpy3KH Pucyxor 3.27 - fiaarpauua Merarlen.rp[qecKn(Bbrcorr.rpetrrenne:aAaq no nefi

r napa-

t)
 flycrr B pe3ynbrare pacqera ra6ruqbl Hafpy3Kr{Anfl npr{Hrroro rpy3oBoro rJra-
Ha noryqeHo BoAoH3MerrIeHue Dg r.r cTaTHqecxnftMoMeHToTHocHTeJrbHo ocHosHofi n
[nJlocKocrvM r. llpnne4eM MoMeHTK rrJrocKocrrrHa s"rcore ,0 :
I
Mo=Mz-Dzo.
flo Dg n MO HaxoAEMHa AI{arpaMMeroqKy Ag (phc.3.27),to xoropofi r4Hrepnontqu-
eH MeXAy KpI{BbIMHh = corlstOIIpeAeJUIeM
MeTaIIeHTpHrIeCKyrc
BbIcotY hO, COOTBeTOT-
ol
Byroryyro npHHrroMy lpy3oBoMy nnaHy.
:l
.rBr-flercr yAo6HrrM cpeAcrBoM Anr oneparnBHofr oqenKu ocrofi.rn-
n{I,rarpaurraa
BOCTH t&
CyAHanpH H3MeHeHrrrx efo Halpy3KHB npon3BoJrbHbrx npeAenax.
PaccuotpuM HcnoJlb3oBanr,re ArrarpaMMbrAnr perueHuffHeKoropbrx npr4KnaAHbrx
3aI:av, rrprlHtB 3a ncxoAHoe cocrofllaue Harpy3Kr{ cyAHa, rasodpaxaeMoenaftAennofi
Bhrrrlerouxofi 19.
1. Oupe4eJII4Tb MerallenTpprrrecKyro Bbrcory nocJrenepeHocarppa Maccbr m Ha
paccTo{H]/la22-e1. Bo4oH3MerrIeHHe Dg ocTseTcflHeu3MeHHbrM, cJreAoBareJrbHo,
u3o-
rl
6paxaroruat roqKa nepeMecrnTcr roirbKo no Bepnrr(aJrr4Ha Berrwqr,rHy MoMeHTarrepe-
HocarpFa A,M1*^(tz - -k
11) anepxB ror{Ky Ai ectw LM1>0, uxvrBHr{3,ecnu AM1<0.
3i
To.rxa A1 Lr onpeAenEr MeTarleHTpr4qecKyro BbrcoTyrrocJrenepeHocarpFa.
AHaroru.IHo y{I{ThlBaerc-flBJII4xHT{e xr{AKoro rpy3a cMerrleHueMToqKIaBBepxHa
!{
=
Benaql4HyLM pcrcix.
2. OnpeaeJII{Tbu3MeHeHr.Ie
h or rrpHeMarpFa Maccbrm Ha Bbrcore.zp o^r,oc-
CT
nonnofi. Llso6paxarculuu roqKa npu 3roM cMecrrrrcfl Ha m BrrpaBovr Ha mQ - t0 no
o )
BepTHK€tiII{B TOqKy 42, KOTOpa{ 14OIIpeAenHT HoBOe 3Har{eHUe h. fTpu cHflTLrHrpFa
HanpaBneHH{cMelllennfi nso6paxaroqeft ro.rrcw 6y gyr [porprBorroiroxubrMr4.
na xarofi Bblcore cireAyer npuHrrb rpy3 Maccbrm, qro6u Mera-
3. OnpeaeJIHTb, :i

UeHTpI4qeCKat BbIcoTa He H3MeHLIJIacr(Hnave roBopt, o[pe.4enuTb BbtcoTy zh Heir- q

rparruofi rIJIocKocrH Anfl.rpFa Maccbr n ). OrruaAbrBaeM rro ropr{3oHT€lJrHMaccy m kr
HaXOAHMTotIKy 13 , CooTBeTcTByIoIIMo BoAoI43MeqeHI4IODg +m u nexaqyro Ha Tofi ;

xe KpI4Bofi hr, rrTo r4 TorrKa lg. OnpeAenHM prBHocTb MoMeHToBLM3=74At-Mh,

+
cooTBeTcTByIouux TorrKaM A3 w Ag, rro KoTopoil onpe4g|rkrM z|i 1C

-- __0 , LM3
.h - L
!(
.fr
4. OnpeaeJll{rb Maccy m6 6antacra, Koropyro HaAo rpHHf,Tb Ha Bbrcore 26 or -]E

ocIrosHofr,uto6u yBenuqHTbMeralleHTpr,rqecKyro Bbrcory Ao BenHquusth6. O'rrna4u- 3a

Bafl, IIO rOpH3OHTanHOT Ag npOH3BOnbHyroMaCCy m ) rro BepTlrKzrJrH - MoMeHT
* iv p - z"o )l I4 [pOBOAr-rM
-np{MytO
-
AgA4, KOTOpa{B nepeceqeH*rH c rpnnofr, cooTBeTcT-
eyroqeft 3HaqeHr,rrch6 , onpeAeJrFrr rorrKy A6 , Pazyocrr a6cqucc rorreK A6 v Ag u ort-
peAenI{THeo6xo4r,IMoeKoJrurlecrBof/atlracta m6. Ecnu [pr4Hr{Maerc{xr.rAKufi 6u-
Jlacr, ro rlo BeprlrK€rnH
orKJla.qbrBaercr
MoMeHT*lro-ro)*pxix, rrprrbrBaroqraft
Brl4.rrHue
cno6o4uofi nonepxHocrr{xr4Arocru.

76
p [JIa- 5. onpe.{eJlnTb MeraIIeHTpHrrecKyIoBbrcory cyala, ecJur nrorHocrb Bo,qbrpr, B
roeHofi roropofi nJlaBaercyAHo,orJruqHaor craHAaprnofi nJrorHocrr4p : 1,025 r/u3,
An, Ko-
ropofi nocrpoeHa Al{arpaMrraa. B oroM cJryr{aeBXoAr.rM
B AHaIpaMMyno [pHBeAeHHbrM
BOAOPI3M€III9HI,IO IiI MOM€HTV:

O-lqqu- =Y ru
Dnp =ff r0,
Mnp
IBCTCT-
orlpeAentloul4M nso6paxatoqylo rorlKy A5 - ?ra roqKa onpeAenrer MerarleHTpgqe-
cKylo BbIcoTy &5 nocne nepexo.{a cyAHa I,I3BoAbInnoTHocru 1,025 r/M3 s BoAy rrrroT-
roirav-
HOCTTT A U pa3lJoCrr ft5- ft4 onpeAenHTee r,r3MeHeHr{e.
IAJHbIX
teHHofi 3,14. ONPEAENEHUE
OCTONqUBOCTH
CYAHAONbITHHM NWEM
r{ro6u [poBepplTr
I m H A $arrnuecxylo ocroftqrasocrb cyAxa, KoToparrMoxer pa3HrarE-
o. H30- cs c npoextsofi BcJIeAcrBHepa3nuqlat Harpy3Ktr, 3arro)KeunofiB [poeKTe r{ pean6Ho
r nepe- ocylqecrBneunofi rIpH nocrpofixe cyAHa,nonepeqHar r\{erarleHTpnqecKuurBbrcora 1411o-
JloxeHrre I{T cy4na otrpeAeJullorct eKcneprrMeHT€urbHonyreM rrpoBeAeHnronbrra Kpe-
. l / 1< 0 .
HOBaHUT.
CyqHocrb ofiblTa cocrol,IT B npr{Jro)KennnK cyArry r/BBecrHoro KpeHrrrlero Mo-
tepxHa MeHTatr'I*p V I'I3MepeHI'LtI
IloJlyqarcIlleroc.flIIpH 9TOMynla r(peHa0,nlc'lle qef6 MeTa-
IIeHTpEqeCKatBbrcora onpeAeJII,ITCr
rro BbrpD(eHHro,noJrrreHHoMy r,r3MerarleHTpHye-
or oc-
crofi Sopuynrr ocrofi.rt,tnocrn:
:'/ no M*p
h- (3.75)
r rpy3a PO
B coorBercrBun c llpanunannn Perncrpa Cy4oxo4crna onhrry KpeHoBaHris
,I \leTa- .qoJIXHbr6urr [oABeprHyrhl cneAyIOIqHecyAa: np]r cepufinofi uocrpofixe - roJroBHoe
cyAHo PIKax(.qoerulToe pI3nocJleAyroqr4xcyAoB ceprM; cyfta Hecepufiuofi uocrpofiru;
1, Heir-
cyAa [llocre KarII{T€trIbHoro
peMoHTa,nepeo6opy4oBanufl r,rnr{yKJraAxn6allacra; cyg,a,
c\mLI
ocroftqusocTb Korophrx HeI43BecrHa I{JIABbr3hlBaerCOMHeHr4e.
HA TOfi
floprgox u ycnoBl,It npoBe,{eHl{rrorrbrra KpeHoBaHvrfl,,
a TaKXe o6pa6orra pe-
- 'vt
I T

4, 3ynbraroB' pernaMeHrl{pyrcrct l{HcrpyKquefi Perucrpa. Harpyera cyAHa, npeAHa3ga-

qeHHoroAnt KpeHoBaIIYIfl, nO BO3MOXHOCTH COOTBercrBoBarb
AOJDKHa coaro{HHlo no-
poxHeM. Coctasrserc.s ra6nHIIa HeAocraroulux rpy3oB c yKa3aHHeMr{x Maccbrr{ Koop-
AHHar IIeHTpa rtxecrlI, a TaKXe ta6lnqa I,I3JrprIuHnxlpy3oB, HaxoA.f,rrltrxcfl,
Ha cyAHe
::5 Q'l IIpH onblTe. Bce rpy3bl, MoryIqne [pr{ HaKJroHeH}rn cyAHa cMerr{arbcr, AoJrx(Hrr6rrrt
K-raAbI- 3aKpenJleHlt.Bce XIIAKI{e rpy3bl AonxHbr 6urr npr6o orKarreHbr, ttu6a noJrHocrbro3a-
dOMEHT rroJrHflTbeMKocrH.BoAorasMerrleHne cyAHa paccqu-
ThrBarorno MacruTa6y6ouxaHa, I,IcxoAtr u3 3aMe-
TBCTCT-
poB ocaAoK oKoHe.{Hocreft14Ha MuAeJrec o6oux
g LI o[- 6oproa, a rrJrorHocru:a6oprHoft no4u o[peAensror
u"r6a;r- PncyHor3.28 - CxeruapacnoJroxeHxrr
apeoMeTpoM.
rpeuOamacra Ha cy.(He Kpeuxlqnfi MoMeHT co3Aaror rrorrepeyHhrM
uounfi
nepeHocoM cllerlHuurbHo [p]rHl{MaeMoro Ha cyAHo
I PY3a, Ha3bIBaeMoI'o KpeH6alnacroM, Maccy l(oroporo onpeAenrror B3BeruutBaqkreMn

77
 nn6nparor rarofi, qro6rr rroJqrqsmyroJr KpeHaB npeAenax
I - 4". Kpen6annacrpa3AeJnrorHa or.qenbnbrenpu6nHsra-
TeJrLHopaBHbrenapruur H yKJraAhrB€tror Ha orKpbrrofi uarry6e
BAoJrb6opron, pacnoJrarafr,Ha lrn*vriIx, naparrJrenbHbrxAHa-
MerpanbHofinlocxocru (puc.3.28), paccronntre MexAy Ko-
TopbrMHprcMeprrorpylemofr .
Ourn KpeHoBaHr4r rrpoBoArr npu orcyrcrBr{H Berpa r,r
BOJIHeHr4,I, C OTAaHHbrMr4 rIrBapTOB€tMI{, Ha AocTaTOtIIIo rny-
6oroft BoAe.
Yrurr KpeHa[pr4 nepeHocexpen6annacra rrcMepflrorc
noMoulEro orBecoB (puc.3.29) rurranofi4 * 6 M, xlrAKocrHhrx
KpeHoMerpoBurrkr r{HKrrr4HorpaSaun(puc.3.30). O6rrrHo
ycraHaBnr{Baercs2 - 3 r.r3MepuTer.sKpena B pa3HbrxMecrax
- )
cyAHa.
Pacyror3.29 - Hsuepenue CE
.{nr xoHrpors u [oBbrrueHr,rrrotrHocrl,I otrbrra nepe-
VTJIA KDEHA OTBCCOM gi!\
Hoc naprr4firpen6anJracrac oAHoro6opra Ha Apyrofi npo-
BoAtr HecKoJIbKo pa3 B IrocJleAoBareJrbHocrra,.oroBopeHHoft
r{HcrpyKllnefi rlo npoBeAe- m
HIIIo orlbtra KpeHoBaHvIfl.,
onpeAeffs raxArrfi pa3 KpeHtulufr tr,lolaeHTKaK npor,r3BeAe- s ia

HHeBecanepeHocl,Iruoftnapruu rcpen6aJrnacraHa rrJrerronepeHoca.

O6pa6orxape3yxbraroBonbrra Kpe-
HOBaHHT ilpOI,I3BO,4I".ITC[, MeTOAOM HAH-
MeHbrulltxKBaApaToB,onpeAenqs Hal'r6onee
BepoflTnoe 3HaqeHHeMerarleHTpu.{ecrofi
BbrcoTbrI{ cpeAHeeKBaApaTr,rqecKoe oTKJro-
HeHHe.flo HafiAeHHoMyl,t3 orrbrra 3Haqe-
nnto h paccqurbrBaercf, Bo3BbrrueHr.Ie IIeH-
Tpa TsxecTr4cy.4HaAJr.f,ero Harpy3Kr4B yc-
noBl{lrx o[brTa, KoTopoe3aTeMflepecquTbr-
BaeTcs Arrfl crryI'.afl,Harpy3Kpr cyAHa no-
Pncynox3. 30 - HurnunorpaScucreMLr
AMaesa
poxHeM, yr{r{TblBag He.qocTaIoIIIHeu r43- rn!;

JrHruHI,Ierpy3hr. il7n

flonyrenuble 3Haqenttn h il ,g npuHuMarorc-rrB KaqecrBeoKoHqarenbnhrxnpn

cocraBneHun I4HQopMauuI4o6 ocrofiql,IBocrlr cy4na, a raKxe upu pacqerax ocrofiqu-
BocrprArs ruo6ux cocro-flHufinarpysKlr cyAHa.

3.15,HEKOTOPbIE'IACTHHE NPUKNANHHESMAqN
+;
IK
3.15.1.[ocraHoBKa cyAHa B AoK Ir AaBreHr{eHa KopMoBofitcn.ns6non !a-

CyaHo BBoAsr B AoK c auQ{epeHroM Ha KopMy (4m y4o6crsa qeurponru), u

BcneAcrBueqero flppl orKatlKe BoAbI r€ AoKa cyAHo cHaqalraKacaercr n.arrofi axrep-
IureBHt KopMoBoroxunr6lora (pac.3.31), r4e nolrBJr-rrercs
cocpeAoroqeHHarpeaKrlr4r,
KOTOpafl BOspaCTaeTnO Mepe naAeHur ypoBHf,BoAbrB.4oKeH cooTBercTBeHHo yMeHb-
IueHnrc flolpy)KeuHoro o6teua cyAHa.IIpn erolr cyAHo 4n$$epenryercr Ha Hoc, noKa

78
t€Aenax
ero KI{JIEHe KocHerct Bcex rulr6loroB, [ocJre qero peaKrlEspacnpeAeJrrerc.flIro BceM
16nnsr-
rulr6norau. llparruqecKoe 3HaqeHHer.rMeernapr6olruree AaBneHr4e cyAHa Ha KopMo-
na.uy6e
sofi Knnr6norc.
rx AI{a-
KrTy KO-
Ouenu4uo, rrro R Aocrr,rraer
nara6omruero3HarreHr{tr
nepeAconpu-
KocHoBeHHeM KlrJIt co sceft nraHuefi
BeTpa H
rz.nr6lorop. Ecru gTa Jrlrr{Hfi rrMeer
Ho rny-
HaKJroHrr K ropn3oHTy (o ,0 npu tro-
}rr"dlKe}Jr4lrTTHHI"IH
OT KOpMhr B HOCCyA-
:prlroT c
Ha), To Kacaur.re KrrJrr c rnlr6noKaMn
OCTHbIX PNcyHox3. 3l - K onpeAuenHroAaBJreHur
ua ropmooofi npousoft4er, KonAayron 4uQ$epeHra
)6uqHo rmr6lox
cyAHa LI3MeHI,ITcI
na (W0-d), rAe ,/O
\{ecTax
- yron auQ$epeHra cyAHa rIpH BBoAeB
AoK, .{u$SepeHryroqnfi MoMeHr o6pa:yercr
cunofi R u pannofi efi [oreptHHoft nnanyrecrbro cy1na u pannofi BoAor{3MerqeHnrc)
a nepe-
cJlot, BbllrreAlueroI43BoAbI,c ro.Ixofr npnJro)Kennfl.Ha BepruKanr{,[poxopulefi repea
rfi npo-
poBeAe- Idf nnoruaAn Bareprrunnu. Tarnu o6pa.rou, nprapaBHr4rarau$SepenTyroqnfi H eoc-
craHaBJrunapquft MoMeHTbI,noJD II{M:
n3BeAe- (r \
R l i * ' r'l = P H ( o - w i l ,
Ta Kpe- \2 )
t HavI- oTKyAaHaxoAr.rM
nau6olruee AaBireHHe Ha xopuonofi rHln6lox:
ur6oree p - P. H (Lo - w o )
r.{ecrofi
OTKJIO- tn'f
3Haqe- IllsNIeHeHnenolepequofi uetalleHTpuqecnoft BhrcorbrcyAHa or peaKrluu ft rvrox-
He qeH- uo safirra, cc^trras peaKrlr,rn cHflTbrMrpy3oM c Bhlcorbr z n = 0. TorAa no Soprvryne
c.r B yc- (3.44) uafiAeu:
)cqI4TbI-
ht=ho-=+ G,- ho\,
r{a no- r-K
V I43- rAe zv - arrnilr4KaraMeraIIeHTpacJlot BoAoI{3MerrIeHHg
6V , onpeAeJr.rreMoro
peaK-
unefi R,
brx npn R
=-.
OY
:rofiqu- r
3,15.2.3aAa.rao cyAHeHa KaMHe
Ecnu cyAHo ceJlo Ha KaMeHb,To Bo3HrlKaer3aAaqa:rto I{3MeHueueficx trocaAKe
cyAHa onpeAennrb peaKrluro KaMH.rr14KoopArrHarhrroqKH ee nprdnoxeHr,r.fl (ptac.3.32).
I4cxoAHrrMIaAaHHITMHflBntlorcr H3MepeHHbre B Harype r{3MeHeHLIrnapaMerpoB rro-
caAKHcyAHa (oca4ru HocoM dlr, , roplaofi - 6T* r,Iyrna KpeHa 0) u napauerpbr rrocaA-
poerz), KI{ cyAHa Ao aBapHH. Hsuenenvfl fiapauerpoB nocaAKH 6y4erra cyr,marb MaJrbrMH.
axrep-
gaKIIUr{,
\-\{eHb-
)c. tloKa

79
 TFl

Err

Pr.lcyuox3.32 - K saAaqeo cyAHe Ha KaMHe

cpe4Hefi ocaAKpI:
IrIsNreHeHEe
6 7"" + 6 7' "'
dr- n
L

PearqrEgB TorIKeKacaHI,It:
R=TSdf.
LC
flonepevna{ MeralleHTpultecKat BbIcora no cJIe aBaPvvi
ht:ho-++
" P_R
Yron KpeHaor peaKrltrn R, npnroNeHsofi B ToqKeKacaHl{flc opAuHaroir y*:
e=ffi,,
orcroAa opAI,IHaray* 6yger:
,*=!:!hto.
yfna guQoepeHra rIpI4 aBaputr:
I4srvleHeHr4e
6TH - 6TK
V=
Ho yron auSQepeHra,Bbr3BasurrfipearqHefi, npl4rloxeHrrofiB roqKe c a6cquccotrtx*:
-"r)
R(.",. -
u, u =
PH
IpnpannuBat 3THyHIbI, uafr,qeu:
P H 5 7 , - 5T*
X ^, , : X fJ+ - R

3.15.3. [oAr'eu orconerrHocrl{cyAHa

B npar<rraKe3Kc[Jryararl?1]rBcrpet{aercg neo6xoA}IMocrb orollf,Tb oKoHerlHocrb
cyAHa, Ha[pr,rMep,KoprvroByroAJII peMoHTaHa nnaBy pynt nnn rpe6Horo nuHra. 3ra
o11epauu{Moxer 6srru BbIIroJIHeHa pa3nHqHbIMI,I cnoco6anau:upLIeMoMrpysa B Hoco-
Byro qacrb cyAHa, repeHocoM rpy3oB c KopMoBofrqacru B HocoByto, cHTITLIeM rpy3a c
KopMhr, noAbeMoM KopMbr nnaByrrprMKpaHoM I,IJrI4noHToHaMI4,ln6o xou6unaqnefi
STHXcuoco6oB.
flpex4e Bcero cJreAyeT3aAaTbHacKoJrLKo HaAo rIpI4[oAHtTboKoHerIHocTb, T.e-
3aAarbuorpe6uyro ocaAKYroPuofi.

80
 Bce nepelIHcJIeHHEIe BapI{aHTrr3aAarrrrMoxHo peluarr npu rroMorqu Sopl,ryr
[naB)rqecrv u Haq€uIBHoftocrofi.rr,rBocrn, [peAnonararr r,I3MeHeHHrocaAKr4rr yr.na
anS$epeHTa MaJIhIMr4, r4IrHc rroMolllrro Ar{arpaMMbrocaAoKHocoM u xoprraoft.
Paccruorpr.rMToJrbKouepnrrfi cnoco6 peureHrrff.

1. Ilpueu eppa e HocoeypoKoHeqHocmb.

Ecnu HaqanbHarocaAKaroprr,rofiT*g, 4 rpe6yervraeT* , To ee r43MeHeHHe:
ffr c =T* - T*g < 0, ( 3.76)
Ho or [pl4eMafppa B HocoBylooKoHeqHocrbc a6cquccofi to, onpeAenseuofiuo Qax-
ruqecxoft Bo3MoXHocTIipa3MeIIIeHI{"fl
rpFa B nocosofi oKoHerrHocTr,r,
H3MeHeHr4e
ocaAKr{
ropuofi 6yAer:
I I

f f r c = * - m v , p , : ' f ) ( * * r r ) r, ) ' Q.77)

DHo \2
3Aecb tI'- - m I{3MeHeHI4ecpeguefr ocaAKr4,a BTopoe cJraraeMoe upanofi qacrrz ecrb
pS
[3Mer{eHr{eocaAKr.r
xoplaofi or AraQ$epeHTa.
Peruar (3.77) orHocHreJrbHo r??
, [oJDrLrr,rM:
ffK\
m: { -. (3.78)
I frp-rr)(r )
pS DHo \2 ')

2. llepenoc eppa c KopMbte Hoc.

B sror'rcnfrae ocaAKaxoprraofiH3MentrercrroJrLKoH3-3a4raSsepeura:
lr \
6 T * = - l i *' x r l v .
\z )
TIT
trt
Y
^K. O'rcrcIaHaxoAr4M
neo6xoAnuufiyrol qraQsepeHra:
6TK - xt)
. =-
u!/ =m(xz ) (3.7e)
-L+ x DHo
t J
x1 H x2 - HarraJrbHarr
t4 KoHetrH€L[
a6cquccrr I{T nepenocr4Moforpy3a.
Torga m saitAercr ro Sopuyne:
6T* D Hg
m=- (3.80)
-',)
(*..,)(',
:r{HocTb
na. 3ra
B HOCO-
I-pFa c
HaIIHefi

r I D; I 'U.

8l
 Fr
uI
nPn60nbunx HAKnoHEHl4fx
4.OCTOT'tqneocTb
E[

AHUfl
4.1. nPEEBAPUTEnbHbtE3AME11 3
B noprvranbHbrxycJroBrirx oKcrrJryaralluunpoAonbHbleHaKJIoHeHlIrcyAHa o6rFI- !t

MeralleHTpu'{ecxofi $opuynrr ocroftqnno-

Ho He BbrxoAflT3a rrpeAeJrbrrrpr,rMeHl,IMocrll
DI

ctu. flpu oco6o 6olr111ux HaKJroHeHlrflx Moxer 6um I4crIoJIb3oBaHa AuarpaMMa Ar4q'
QepeHror.
fIOnepeVUbIe HaKJIoHeHlrt npOUCXOAtT B IIJIOCKOCTI'I MlrHlll\4aJr-bflvYr ocrofiqnBo-
IIJIocKoo'r'n MHHI4MAJIbHOfi vvrw.rrr'pv

crr{ cyAHa r,ryrJrbr KpeHaAocrnralor 3HarIeHHit,npu Koropblx MeralleHTp}IqecKatrSop-

Boccra-
Myna He Aaer rrpaBlInbHoro npeAcraBJIeHLIso AeficrBlITeJIbHofisasucuMocrlI
HaBJIHBaIouIero MoMeHTaOT yrJla HaKJIOHeHus. MexAy TeM OcrOfiqusocTb IIpI4 6Onr-
3a'uarlu'co-
,,1prxy$rax Kpega rrpeAcraBnser oco6rrfi rlnrepec AJIflpelxeHut ocHosHofi
Ha6nroAas-
crotrqefr B or.IeHKe6esonacHocrrdcyAHa B orHoruer{r4r4o[poKI4AbIBaHLIrI.
rITo o[po-
,unecr cnyqan rr{6eJrr{cyAoB or norepr4 ocrofiqunocru cBnAerenbcrBylor'
yrnbl
KHAbrBaHlre Bcer,4arrponcxoAtrr B nilocKocrl,I, 6rusxoft K rlonepeqHofi. Eolrruue
HaKJroHeHufi n 4pyrtrx nJrocKocrtx Bo3HHKaIorJII,IIubv anapuftublx cn)^ra{x IIplI 3arorl-
pa3AeJryHenorolr-
JreHutrqacrr,r cyAoBbrx rroMeqeHprfr.Ho raKI,Iecnyrala orHocffTct K
Ha-
JrreMocrr{ cyAoB. B cooreercrBur{ c gTr,rMB Hacrotlqefi mase paccMarpl4Balorcq
KJToHeHLIs cyAHa roJIbKo B rtortepetinofi nlocKocrll'
-6onrurr4x
flpu HaKJroHeHHrxMoMeHTbrHHepIII{Hpauuoo6reMHblx nareprutuufi
CoornercrBeHHoI{3MEHflIOTC'
C yFJIOM KpeHa. uooTBeTcT.BeFIHO lt5Men)rrure)l paAI4ychI Kpr{BH3HbI
n yaArtJvDr Nt,uD"JLtD' rpa-
Lrw
I,I3MeH'IOTC'
[OJIOXeUsOft
9KTOpI,IUrIeHTpa BeILItIuHbI, KOTopafl 6y4er oTJIurIaTbC.xOT OKpyXHOCTH'
SoprvryJlbl ocrofi'rueoctu' Vra:ansoe o6-
B ocr{oBy rIpI{ BbIBoAe MeTall.nrpt".irofi
MoMeHTa OT
crosTelbcTBo cyuIecTBeHIrO MeHfleT 3aBI4CI4MOCTbBOCCTaHaBJIHBaIOUIeTO
yura KpeHa.vcraHoBJreHure crvr a tBJl-t{erctnepnofi saAa'Iefi [pI4 I43yre-
erofi 3aBprcr4Mo
HHr.rocroft.IueocrH npu 60lrIIIux yrnax KpeHa.
I

4.2, OCHOBHbIENOHgTNfl N TEOMETPUflEONbUNX HAKNOHEHUN I

I
Ecnn KpeHrrrqasnapa HaKJroHrercy.uHosa 6olnnofr yron, To rpaeKTopu.fiueH-
He JrexHTB nonepe.rrrofinJrocKocru.BcneAcrBl4eHecI4MMerpHI'I Hoco-
Tpa Benr,rqgHbr I
B [poAoJIb-
ioil u KopMoBofioKoHer{HocrefinosnJrreTcr cMeIrIeHHerIeHTpaBeJII{rIHHbI t
pr He 6y4er
HoM HanpaBJreHuuv napa, o6paayerraarBecoMcyAua cprrtofinoAAepxanvfl, I
napy Ha cocraB-
coBrra,rlarbc rrnocKocrbro rcpeHxulefinapbr. Pauaras o6pasyouqylocs
rITO fiOneperlH€ul cOCTaB-
ntIOUIne B flOnepeql{Oft n npOAOiIbHOfiUnoCrOCTflx' IIOnrIHM,
HaKJIOHeHI{eCyAHa B
Jltroulaf, ypaBHoBecKT KpeHsIItyIo [apy, a upoAonbHiul BbI3OBeT t

napbl H€t3bIBa-
[poAoJrbHoM HarrpaBJren]rn. Mouenr srofi npo,qonbHoft coctasnfiorqefi I
ercfl AepI4BaIII4oHHbIMMoMeHronr.flpu o6HqHofi Sopvre o6soAon anQ$epeHr, BbI3BaH-
u paccMar-
nuft 4epnBarI[oHHbIM MoMeHToM,oKt!3blBaerct MaJIIIM, nM npeHe6peraror I

82
 pHB€IIOT He gefiCtnHTeJIbFryIO npOCTpaHcTBeHHyrO TpaeKTOpHrc a ee
rIeHTpaBeJrlrqI4H6I,
rpoeKrlr,rrc Ha nJrocKocrb HaKJroHeHr{r{. 3ra npoeKrlu.rrrpaeKTopura TIR Ha3ElBaerct
IX xpnrofi IIeHrpa Berr,rtrnnbr(xpnnofi C ).
[nx uocrpoeHl4.rlrpnnofi C upe4aapuTeJrbHopacctruTlrBaerc{ 3aBI,Icr,rMocrL Me-
rarleHTpr4qecKofopa4nyca or yrna KpeHacorJracHoBbrpaxeHnro(3.7):
,(e\=!t.b\.
V
-
3.qecr Y =const o6reunoe Bo.{ou3MerrleHr{e, a I*(e) - rleHTp€urbnrrfinouepevHufi
o6sr.r- MoMeHTLrHepIInH[JrorrlaAu panuoo6rervrnofi BarepJrr,rHrtvnpv yrne KpeHa d, xoroprrfi
iqnno- BbrqHcJrreTcflno TeopeTHqecKoMy qepTex(y.
r .qrQ- 3anncrnuocrn ,(e) noKasaHanapuc.4.1, ona noJrHocrbroo[peAenser KpEBytoC,
Korop€ulMoxer 6rnr nocrpoeHarpaSr,ruecrunpr6opaccqr4Tana
anaJrvrrrrqecKrl.
fqnso- flpu rpaQuvecKoM [ocrpoeHl{n noJrb3yrorctrTeM,qro MerarleHTpuvecxnfi pa4n-
n Sop- yc ecrb paAr{yc KpI,rBr{3Hbr
xpnnoft C u ee Ayrrr
loccTa- Ha Marrbrx yrnoBbrx I{HTepB€rrrax50 3aMeHtlor
; Solr- AyraMr4 oKpy)KHocrefi, paguycbr Koropblx paB-
qI{, co- HbrcpeAueuy apuQMerr/rrrecKoMy H3gHa.renl,Ifir
I}oAoB- Ha KOHTIaXr.rHTepBUrrOe.Taroe nocTpoeHrle[I3o-
orpo- 6paxeuo napvrc.4.Z. OrruaAuB€lrrro HopMarIIlK
e yrnhl rcpznofi C MeraqeHTpuqecKne pa1Lrycrr ,(0),
3ATOII. [Onf{I{M nOnoXeHI,I-sMeTaIIeHTpOBffi7, flB-
NOTOTI- xpunofi C .
Jr.flrorqaxc.rr
r{eHTpaMHKpr4Br,I3Hu
:cr Ha- Kpunar m0, KaK feoMerpr,rqecKoeMecTo
rIeHTpoB KpHBr43Hbr, ecrb gBoJrlora xpunofi C
):rvrHtti4
|br Tpa-
resuofi
roe o6-
IHTA OT
Lr3y{e- Pncyuox4. 1.3aencr.rMocrb
nonepeqHoro Me-
pa,4r{yca
rarleHTplrqecKoro or yrna KpeHa

wtw oru6arorrl€ul ee HopMarreit, a

Hnu h?r4B€urC - esorbBeHTa unrr pa3-
BeprKarpunofi m. Ectru r(e) npu
UI UCH.
HeKOTOpbTX yrJrax r4MeeTMaKcH-
r Hoco- !ryI\,IlrJrr{M}IHr4MyM, TOnO CeOfiCr-
)oIoJIb- By 9BOJITOTbT npr,r Tex xe yfJrax
: 6yAer RpvBas.m HMeeTToTIKI,IBO3BpaTa
cocraB- (ro.mu eaocrpeuHr).
cocraB- Tar rax KacareJrbHarK Tpa-
:)'.lHa B
eKropuu lF (a cJreAoBareJrbHo r4K
Ia3bIBa-
rcpunofi C) naparulerrEHaBarepnu-
lbr3BaH- Pr.rcynox4. 2. Kpunue C n m u nonrpnturAHarpaMMa
HWn (n.3.3), Arra Koropofi rovxa
tccMaT- ocroirqr'rsocrr'I
KacaHHr flBJrfleTcf rIeHTpoMBeJrH-

83
qr{HLr, To HopMaJru Cgm6 uepneHAuKyn-flpHbl K cooTBeTcTByIoquM BaTepJII{HI'IJIM I{ oII- ncr
pe,{ei1flror rnr1yrv 4eftcrnnr c}rJr [oAAepxaHut. TorAa AnI{HbI [epIreHAHKyJUIpoB GKe,
oflyuleHubrx r43 rIeHTpa rrx(ecTu cyILHa G rta lrr4urrt4Ce^e, olrpeAenflT IIII€TII4ocrofi-
rruBocTu /g. flpone.4r KpLrByKrqepe3 TolIKrI Kg, noJIlvLIM iloJltrpHyro AlraFpaMMy oc-
rofi.rranocrr,l, T.e. KpHByro, raso6paxato[$o B rlongpHblx KoopAl4Harax3aBucllMocrb
[retra octofiqusocrll or yfJra KpeHa.
I/Iz puc.4.2 eprAHo.r{To c yBenuqeHr4eMylJra KpeHanJleqo octoftqnsocrll cHarr€ula
Bo3pacraer, Aocruraer MaKcHMyMaH .qilree y6unaer, o6pauarcb B HoJIb[pI{ yrne Kpe-
Ha, rrpn KoropoM rrnHnfl,4eficrnux clrJIrI [oAAepx(aHux upoft4er qepe3ToqKy G , u npu
4amnefi ureMyBenIdqeHI,IIit yrna KpeHa6y4er orpHIIareJIbHbIM.

B,IPA}IGHNf, ANN NNEqA OCTOUqUBOCTU

4.3. AHNINTNLTECKNE
flycrr cTpccp+dQlFlapuc.4.3 - [epeMerrleHHe rIeHTpa BeJrr{rrI,IHbI
IIpI4 HaKJIOHeHI{H

cyAHa or ynra q Io yura e + de . 3aecr qepe3 g olozuaueH reKytqnfi yrol rpena. To-
rAa Axr npl,IpalrleHufiroopAuHar I-{B rraoxno Hanl4carb:
dY='(E)"osQd9 ' (4.1)
dz = r(rp)sinede.
Irlnrerpupyfl. grvr BbIpaxeHIalIB IIpeAeJIaxor 0 ,qo d I,I YI{HTbIBA{ HAIIAJIbHbIE KO.

opAlrnarbr I-\B, nonyruu:

e
y(e)=Jr(qr)cos
e de,
(4.2)
t(e) = z, + lr(rp)sins dtP.

@opuynu (4.2) MoxHo pac-

cMarplrBaTbKaK rlapaMeTpl4qecKoe
3aAaHr,rerpnnofi c, n xotopblx na-
paMerpoMlBr-rercfl Yron 9.
l{{s roro xe puc.4"3 Ans ro-
opAI,IHaTMeraIIeHTpacJreAylor Bbr-
paxeHHff:
y*(o)=y(o)-r(o)sino ,
@')
, ,(o) = z(e)+ r(e) cos
o,
Koropble qepe3 ToTxe uapaMerp p
3aAaIOTKpIIB)'IO MeTaIIeHTpOBm.
rlro6u noJIfILITb Bblpaxe-
:n:ne 1nrfl,nJreqa ocroft.runoctu, o6-
parr{Mct K puc.4.4, Ha KoropoM
r i Y
rro6paxeHnt cnila rsntecrl4 P Pr
yn ls
cvJra flnaBy{ecrl,I yV, npvuto)Ken-
Hhre B roqrax G u C . flpone4eu
PncyHox 4. 3. K BbItII{cJIeHI,[oKoopAHHar I$ n rraeraueurpa

84
I H OtI- Bc[oMorareirbnyro Jrr{HrIIoC9F1nepneH.{r{Kynflp1olrunuvr4eficrnur cHJIbInJlaB}^recrr4
r GKg, Ce*e.W pucynKaB11AHo, rITo nneqo ocrofr.rusocrr,rpaBHo:I : CoH -CoE .
rcroft- Ho orperor Cg,F/ orpegeJrrerct
rry oc- cyrrnrrofinpoerqrafi Ha Hefo nepeMerrle-
t]{ocTb uzfiIfB y H z:
CgH =Ji6cos0 * Q - zr)sin?,
taqaJra
a orpe3oK coE paBeH npoeKrlrrr4oT-
re Kpe-
H trpu p e 3 K aG C g = z g * z r = a Ha To xe Ha-
npaBneHr4e:
CgE= a sin9,
u Ars nJreya ocroft.Insocrl,r rroJryql4M
)TU
BbIpalKeHr,re:
)HCH14II l = y c o s ?+ z s i n0 - a s i n ? . (4.4)

ra. To- Orpeeor Cgfl npe4craBJrrerco-

oou IIJIeqO cIIJIbr nJIaBrIecTpI, I{3Me-
peHHoe oT HaqaJlbHofo rroJloxeHr4f,
(4.1) rIeHTpa Benulrr{Hhr co, u Anr AaHHoro

bre Ko- yHIa KpeHa onpeAeJr.treTcflToJrbKo rro-

Pucyxox 4. 4. Onpenenegr.re
rrJreqaocroftqusocrn JIoxeHI,IeMTotrKH C6, T.€. Qoprvrofi uo-
rpyxeHHoro o6teua, B cBtr3r4 c qeM
lro nJleqo H€t3blB€uornJIeqoMocrofiqfisocrr{ Qoprrauu o6ogHarraror/4. Orpesox CgE
(4.2) ecr6 rIJIeqocI{JIbIBecacyAHaorHocHTeJrbHo rofi xe roqKr4 cg,3ilBnc,flIlleeor rroJloxe-
HI{.rIIeHTpartxecrl,I cyAHa, ero HrBblBaror[Jreqoru ocrofirrnBocru Beca u o6ognaqaror
i". B srux o6ogHaqenvrflxBbrpaxeHne Anfl.nreqa ocrofi.rnsocrn 3anaruercr B BHAe:
ro pac- I = l O- l s . (4.5)
HecKoe
)bIXIIa-
4.4.4nATPAMMACTATnqECKOW
OCTOnqnBOCTn
L].s KO-
TOT BbI- flonrpHar Ar{arpaMMaxo-
T.ur,rHarurfl,Ana,
Ho HeyAo6HaAnr
npaKTuqecKofo IroJIb3oBaHr{r.
(4.3) lloerouy 3aBncr{Mocrb flreqa
BOCCTAHABNI,IBArcUICTOMOMEHTA
rrerp d
or yrna KpeHa raso6paxaror B
)B m,
nprMoyroJrbHbrx KoopAHHaTax,
brpaN(e-
no ocz a6cqucc yr-
oTKJra.qhrBarr
rv,, o6-
JIbr KpeHa B rpaAycax, a fro ocH
oropoM
opAI{Har - rrJrequ ocroftqnsocrr4
n P t r
B Merpax. Kpnnaa, [peAcraB-
;IOXEH-
nflolquu gTy 3aBl{ctrMocTb, Ha-
|oBeAeM
3brBaercs AraarpaMMofrctaru.{e-
Pucynox 4. 5. ,{uarpauMa crarr.rqecKofiocrotrquBocru r,ree napaMerphr
85
cxofi ocrofiqfisocr]r r{Jr}rAlralparrluofi PuAa. flocxolrxy AI4afpaMMacrpol4rc'I Ant no-
croflHHoro BoAor{3MeIrIeHLrtr,oHa xe nso6paxaer 3aBl{cr{Mocrb BoccraHaBJlldBalouero rtr
ocu
MoMeHTaor yrura KpeHa, Allfl qero uacurta6 MoMeHTaMoxHo raK)I(e HaHecru Ha Fte
CTaTullecxofioctofiqnnocTl'I raro6paXenaHa puc'4'5'
OpAuHaT..{uarparnrrr,ra .4t
BeuAy clrMMerpr4n Qoprr,rucyAHa ALIarpaMMacrpollTcfl ToJrbKoAJI{ rroJroxs'I- Bc
6opt
reJrbgbrx yproB *p"nu (nJ npanufi 6opr). flp" KpeHe Ha nporl1BonorloxHufi fH
(0 .0) anarpamMarlpoAoJlxaerct KaKHetlerHarQytruur: rtr
4- e)=q(e). :AT
XaparrepHbrMlr napaMeTpaMrd Ar4alpaMMbl tBJruloTcf,: KpyTI'I3Ha HaquuIbHOrO ;f(
A
"m,
tm,x,
yqaCTKa, MaKCHMaJIbHOenJIeqO OCTOfiqHSOCTII yron MaKcIlMyMa AI'IarpaMMbr
yron 3aKara Ar4arpaMun du (npra roropoM nneqo ocroli'IuBocrll o6paulaetcx r nynr), tshI
oc-
rrJrorrlaAb,orpaIIHqeHHarIrpnnoft 14oc6lo a6cqncc. 3tu napaueTpbl XapaKTepI'I3yIoT HO

rofi-qunocrb Ha 6onrunx yrn€x KpeHa. :ci

paccrraorpnN{csoficrBa Ar4arpaMMbr crarl,IriecKofi ocrofi'{I'IBocru u ee cBfl3bc Me- q('
rarleHTptrqecroft ssonrorofi. ?Is errpaNeunfl.(4.4) AJII npoussoAHofi nJIeYaocrofi'Iuno- vo
crn ro yrJry KpeHauafiAeu: 1

dl = dy
cosd- y sing+ I sin1+z cos0 - a cosl,
"
de de-- de
Ho pI3(4.1) I{MeeM:
dy _-. ^^^n. dz -
r cos?l r sind;
d0 ft:
ri rIOcJIenOASTaHOBKI,I Ant [pgl{3noAnofi nOnytllM BblpaxeHue:
L = r _ v s i n d+ z c o s o _ a c o s o .
d0
qacru uso6paxalorcx
l4z puc.4.4 nra,qno,rrro nocreAHne rpr,r cnaraeMblx npanofi
uao6paxa-
orpe3KoM CeKe c orplrrlareJrbHbrM3HaKoM,a cneAoBareJlrnorrpoLI3BoAHar
ercs oTpe3KoMmeKT. Ho sror oTpe3oKecrb H3MepeHHoe BO3BbIIneHI4e
no BepTI4KZIII{
MeTaqeHTp a me HaArIeHTpoMTrxecru G, ero o6osHaqarcTh6 nHa3brBaloTo6o6qeH-
Hofi MeralleHTpllqecrcofrBblcorofr:
=he' (4.6)
#= ^r*o
flpu 0+0 y 14 z crpeM-f,rcc K Hynrc v Ans'
uepeMerrleHlrr rIeHTpa BeJrr4rrr4Hbl
9=ouonrrnu:
dl-l =r-a=ho,
paBHa
t "toflf;h{r.rBocrr.rro ynry KpeHa
r.e. npr d = 0 rpoLt3BoAH€r"r rrae-
HaqarbHofi
-+0 I'IMeeMmg ) mQt
TarleHTpn.{ecxofiBbIcOTe.3ro scno H H3 pr4c.4.2,rarcKaKIIpu 0 lLA
K0 + G u,luauur, hg -+ hO. wl
AHarpaMMbIcoorBercrByer
pls rofi xe Soprvrynrr (4.6) cneAyer, rrro MaKcr4tvrytvry yJ:
yrol 0-, flPE *o*pot h0 =0, T.o. TotIKI{ m0 LI KB coBna.{aror'Ha non-flpHofrAI'{a-
yrrly, npu KoropoM oTpezorcGKg HopMaJIeHK Me-
fpaMMe puc.4.2 3ro coorBeTcTByeT W

TaIIeHTpH.Iecrofio6ePtxe. rol
trx

86
n-'Ino-
CsoficrnoM KacareJrbHofrnoJrb3yrorcfl.Nrfl yroqHeHl,It HaqarbHoro y{acrKa Arra-
oulero or-
fpaMMbr.,{nr nocrpoeHr{r KacareJrbHofiHa pwc.4.5 ro ocli a6cqucc orKJIaAbIBaK)T
ra ocl4 pe3oK OA, pannrrfi oAnouy paALIaHy(57,3"), a 1ro repreHAnKyJltpy K ocn orp$oK-
AB ,pavusrit ho. flpxrrax OB u 6yaer KacareJrbHofir 4IaarpaMMeB HarIaJIeKoopAlrHar.
r'IOXI4-
BotuoxHo u o6parHoe Ec[oJrb3oBaHlrecBoficrsa KacareJlrHofi- AIrfroflpeAeneHllf, rro
i 6opr
Ir{alpaMMe Harr€rrrbHofi rueraqeHTplrrrecrofisrrcorrr. OAnaKo, BBIIAyflorpeluHocru rrpll
rpaQra.recKoM[poB e4envrkrKacareJrbH oit u [orpe[rnocrn B nocrpoeHr4u \uarpaMMEI,
rar<oficnoco6 He Moxer o6ecne.ruTbxopouefi roqHocrl4 orrpeAeJleHla.fl MeraI{eHTprGIe-
[bHoro cxoft Bbrcorbr.
,u, 0*, YpanneHue Kacarenrnofi KaKnp;rMoft,ucxogmqefi us Hav.uraKoopAlrnar c yrllo-
Hynb), euu roeQsnqueurow In, B ocrx 0 u I r,rMeersup.: | = h0 0, t.e. nso6paxaer 3aBucv-
TOTOC- Mocrb nreqa ocroft.runocrn, AaBaelrytonunefinofi MeralleHrppr.IecroftSopruylofi oc-
rofi.rueocrln Ha roM xe pnc.4.5 raso6paxeHacuHycouAalbHas MeralleHrpllqecKas
bcMe-
Sopuyna: I =hsin?.ktz pncyHKaBr{AHo,rrro rlpn MzurbIXyrnax KpeHaBce rpu 3aBHcIiI-
Fr.Ineo- r{ocrr4 6lugru MexAy co6ofr H Moxuo noJrb3oBarbcsrtpocrefirIrefi I{3 HIIX - lnsefiHofi.
C ynetuueHr.reMyrna r(peHa norperrrHocrb MerarIeHTpprqecKLIX Sopuyn craHoBurc.s
-
cyulecrBeHuofi,a Aanee HeAorlycrpruofi.
,{uana:on yrnoB rpLIMeHrI-
MOCTI{ MeTaIIeHTpHTIeCKL{X
,boptnryn 3aBI,IcHT or Bla4a
Ar,IalpaMMbI 0TaTHTIeCKOHOC-
rofi.rueocru v rpe6yervrofi
TOTIHOCTH. IIPAKTHIIECKN
rrpr4HtTo HMH noJlb3oBarbcf,
KAIOTC,S
AoyrnoBKpeHa10-12".
6paxa- B gasuclrMocru or co-
JiueHI4e orHorueHl{fi rnasHrrx pzuMe-
o6u{es- peuuft H cocro.sHltx Harpy3-
KI,I Cy.qHa rHnEI ,qHarpaMM
ocroft.Ingocrn orJluqarorc.g
(4.6)
xapaKrepHbrMr,r oco6eHHo-
O U AJIfl crtMI,I. Y cy4on c 6olnrunrra
0THOIITeHHeM IrrHpLlHbI K
ocaAKe, o6ra.qarotr1ux 6onr-
urofi uerarleHTpnqecrofi sH-
cotofi, AuafpaMMa LIMeer
Hofi trle- Pncynox 4. 6. Paswr.rnble rHItbI AHarpaMM crarn'Iecrofi ocroftqasoctn
-+ met Br.rABbrrryxrofi rpuuofi, pac-
6
uoJro)KeHHofi noA Har{iurbHofiracareruHofi napuc.4.6(a). Tarofi BHAHMeerAI4arpaMMa
ocrofi.rnsocrlr y raHKepor, 6alxepoB I4 Apyrux cyAoB, [epeBo3flIrlux rpy3bl c MaIIrIM
t'rcTByeT yAenbHbIM[orpy3orlHrru o6teMoM.
ofi, Aua- ,,{nx cy4oB c BrrcoKr,rMHaABoAHbIM 6oprorraz ua.nofi HaqaulbHofinaeraqeHTpnqe-
}H K ME. crofi srrcorofi xapaKTepHaAHalpaMMac ro.Irofi ueperuba LI HaqtuIbHbIMflacrKoM,
r.rAyrrIHMBbrrueKacareJrbHoirpuc.4.6(6). IuarpaMMbl raKoro BuAa I4MeIor naccaxrp-
cKHecyAa, roureftuepoBo3br, ,{Harparuuy ilepBoro Trrna Hut:blBzuortulrrofi, a BToporo

87
* xecrKofi. 3rn Ha3BaHI,trcBt3aHhIc reM, yro B nepBoM cJlfrae Bo3pacraHl,IeBoccra-
IIEM IIO JII!'
HABJIIIBAIOUIEFO MOMEHTA HA HAIIilIbHOM )^IACTKC UPO}ICXOAI,IT MEAJTEHHEE,
uefinouy 3aKor{y,a Bo BTopoM- 6ucrpee. 3auernu, qro r}r[ Ar4arpaMMbr
Moxer 6rrrr )T.

pa3HbrM y oAHoro I{ Toro xe cyAHa B 3aB}rcr.rMocTrloT BerI,IqEHbI HaqalrHoft MeTaIIeH-

Tpr,rqecKoftnrrcoru, onpeAerseuofi ero 3arpy3Kofi. :r'
flpu orpurlareJrbHofi na.ranrnoft uerarleuTpr{qecxoft Bbrcore AI{alpaMMa I,IMeer lo
BHA, r,r3o6poKeHHbrfisa pnc.4.6(n). B srou cJrfrae Haqarbnblil ytacroK AI{arpaMMbI r-I
pacnono)KeHnoA ocbro a6cqucc, nprMoe nonoxeHrre cyAHaueyctoftul4Bo I,I ono 6yAet Ec
90, coornercrByrounu ycrofirrr4BoMyrIoJIo)KeHI,InpaBHoBecut.
nJraBarbc yrJroM KpeHa :
Y cygon Husxo6oprHbrx c pa3BLrrbrMr{HaAcrpoftraupt (nerotopble rl,lnbl pu6o-
}G
JroBHbrxcy.uon) Bcrpetr€LrorcsAHalpaMMLrc AByrut MaKcuMyMarvru (anyrop6ue), KaKHa
B.
puc.4.6(r).
5E
s l (

3AgAqn CTATULTECKOU
4.5. OCHOBHbIE OCTOnqUBOCTW :io
TE
3aAa.rz o paBHoBecriuHaKpeHeHHorocyAHa, Bcrpeq€lrolquec{ B [paKTI{Ke 3Kc-
cBoArTcr K TpeMocHoBHhIM
unyaTar{ur4, THnaM:
1. oupegeJreHr4eyrna KpeHanpu geficrr,krv sa4anHoro KpeHllqero MoMeHra;
2. onpe4eneHlaeKpeHflIrleroMoMeHTarlo I,IsBecrHoMyyrury KpeHa,I{
Harl6oJrbllleroKpeHflIueroMoMeHTa,xoroprtft cyAHo BblAepxuBaer He
3. onpe.qeJreHple
s
fio
onpoKl{AbrBarrcL. JET
flpra peruernn 6yaervrIroJIb- ;0
3OBaTbCrAHarpaMMOft,nOCTpOeH-
M !x--
nofi s MoMeHTax.Ecnpr AI,IarpaMMa 5rt
nocrpoeHa B IIJIelIax, To BMecro
Mt(p EfI
KpeHf,rrleroMoMeHTuM rcp cneAyer
Hc[oJrb3oBar6KpeHtuleenreuo /^o, fle
C A l B rrpuBeAenHoe K rvracura6y nva- 5c:
M,q rpaMMbr AeneHr{eMKpeHrlrlero Mo- -.t
MeHTa Ha BO.IIOH3MeUIeHLIe:
!!,
M*p
'IK p --
M- u3
60 \
0o .{ouycrnu, qro Ha cyAHo 5c{
eb geftcrnyer eHeruHuft rpenrqufi
0a
MoMeHTM *p, He 3aBl4ctIqufior yr-
na KpeHa.floroxeHue paBHoBecr,r.f,
Prcynor 4. 7. Peuesr,reocHoBHbIx3aaaqcrarrqecxofi ocroftq[-
BOCTI4 safrAercs rr3 ycJroBl,rfl paBeHcrBa
KpeHcqero r{ BoccTaHaBJrI{BaIouIero
MoMeHToB..{Aa oflpeAeneHuxyrJla KpeHaorJrox(HMtro ocu opAI,IHarAualpaMMbl orpe-
sor OC, pannufi, B Maclura6euouernoB, BeJrrlquneM*o H [poBe,qeMropu3ouranv CA
nPl
AO rrepeceqeHr{rc Ar,rarpaMuofiHa pwc.4.7. TorAa yron 0o H 6yaer }rcKoMbIMyrnoM
KpeHacyAHa.@opvranrnoI{Meerct BTopoeperueHrae, onpeAenteMoeroqrofi B, o4naro eT

88
BOCCTa-
oHo He HMeer npaKTr,rqecKoro3Ha!reHr{r,TaK KaKMoMeyr M *o He HaKpeHHTcyAuo Ao
NO JIH.
yr 6rrrr yrt:na06. Kponaeroro, ToqKe l, rexalueit na BocxoArrqeftnersu .qnarpaMMbr, coorBer-
9TarleH- crByer ycrofivNeoe IIoJIo)KeHHe paBHoBecnfl,, a roqKe B, rexaulefi na HracxoAs[Ieft
-
BerBLI, ueyctofirrHBoeIroJIoxeHlIepaBHoBecux.[eftcrBHTeJrbHo,HaKJroHr,rM cyAHo u3
l HMCCT noJloxeHus, A na Ao[oJIHLITelrnuft rraaluft yron 60 *t orrrycrlrM ero, TorAa craeulHfi
paMMbI ns6rrro.IHblMBoccraHaBJllaBaloqnfilaoueHTBepHercyAHo B Haq€urbHoe noJlo)KeuueA,
o 6y4er Ecln yMeHbruurbyroJl KpeHasa 60, ro ns6rrroK KpeHrrrleroMoMeHTaomrb BepHer
cyAHoB noJloxenueA. Taxuuto6pasou,cy,{HoBo3BpaqaercrK paBHoBecr{ro
npHyrne
OBeCIltfl,
0o n rcaxyto6rr cropoHy MhI ero He orKJroHr,rJrH.
3Ha.rur, rroJroxeHue A ecrb ycroit'lm-
r pri6o-
Boe noJroxeHllepaBHoBecu.s. I{ar,roHr{MAonoJrHureJrbHo renepb cyAHo r{3 rroJroxeHrat
, KaKHa
B. TorAa nof,BlaTetHs6rrroK KpeHrirrleroMoMeHTa,Koropbrfi 6y4er eule 6onuue Kpe-
HLITrCyAHOH OHOO[pOKr{HerCs.ECIH Xe yMeHbrurrTbyfoJr KpeHa,rO ng6rrroK Boc-
cranaBJlnBaroulero MoMeHTanepeBeAercyAHo B noJroxenue A. B o6oux cnfrarx cyA-
I Ho yxoAl4Tor rroJroxeHn.rrpaBHoBecur,onpeAeJrfleMororo.rxofi .8, sHauHToro [oJro-
xeHne paBHoBecr4r Heycrofi.rusoe.
rKe 3KC- Herpy4Ho BI,rAerb,trro rrpu Aeficrnnn rrocrorHHoro KpeHf,rrleroMoMeHTaycrofi-
r{I4BOMy TIOJIOXTeHTA}O
paBHOBeCHT COOTBeTCTByeTBCS BOCXOIf,IIIafl BeTBb ArAalpaMMbI.
O6paurrraasap.ata- olpeAeJreHr,re4efrcrnyrotqefo KpeH.slr{eroMoMeHra tro yrury
KpeHacyAHa Anr cJrr{€ur rrocTo.trHHoroMoMeHTapeluaeTc.trooparHbrM [ocrpoeHr{eM.
tsaeTHe llo ocn a6cqucc orKJraAbIBaeM LI3Becrsrrfi yron KpeHa,npoBoAr.rMBeprLrK€Lnb
.qo nepe-
cerIeHI,I-n
c AlrarpaMnaofin qepe3 -
[oJrfreHHyro rorrKy roprir3oHTaJrbAo ocu opAHHar,
d TIOJIb- no Koropofi npovIErblBaeM 3HarreHr,re
4eficrnyroqero MoMeHTa.Ecrn npH orJroxeHHoM
cTpoeH- yrne KpeHaAI4arpaMManepeceKaercrc ocbro a6cqncc, To KpeHcyAHaffBJrrercr cneA-
[-paMMa crBHeMorpl4qarenrHofi Har{uulbHofiocrofi.ruBocrr4, a He Bo3Aeficrnn.flBHeruHeroKpe-
BMECTO
H.SIIIe|O MOMeHTa.
creAyer Tperrx 3a4a.r'a- olpeAeneHr4eHau6onsurero BbrAepxHBaeMorocy.qHoMKpeHr-
eto I*0, Iuero MoMeHTa M *r-* pellJaerct H3MepeHLIeM uacura6e rrlK€Lrrhr
MoMeHToBHaH-
)' nva- Solrneft opAuHarbr AzarpaMMbrcrarurrecxofi ocrofi.runocrr,r. Ecnu AHarpaMMalro-
efo Mo- crpoeHa B nJreyax ocrofi.{unocrl4, ro sau6onrurnfi MoMeHT uaitger.ct no Qoprrly:re
.v *r** : P lma, rge l** - gau6orbrnas. opALrHaraAr,ralpaMMu.A6cqracca MaKcr,rMy-
\Ia .ql4afpaMMhr0* onpegeJrr4Tsapr6omruuft yron KpeHa,Ao Koroporo cy.qHo Moxer
cyAHo Srtrr HaKJroHeHo nocrorHHblMMoMeHToM, He onpoKl,r.{6rBar
ero.
eHrrrIHfi
fi or yr-
floBecI{t 4.6.AHHAMWqECKAf,OCTOUqnBOCTb CYAHA
BEHCTBA
arcIIIero
4.6.1.O xaparrepe geficrBuc BHerrHrrxMoMeHToB
6r oTpe-
rats CA Bneurnne MoMeHTbr,4eficrnyrcrrlze Ha cyAHo, pa3rr4rrarorcs rro xapaKTepy krx
[pr4nox(eHr4.f,
K cyAHy.
d )'fnoM
lleperavra xriAKoro rpy3a MexAy rrrrcrepuaMr{, pacnoJroxeHHbrMr4 Ha pa3Hbrx
o.xHaKo Soprax, npl{eM xI{AKoro rpFa Ha oAr{H6opr npeAcraBJr.f,ror
cr}n{ar{, KorAa rcpenxqnfi
MOMeHT BO3paCTaeT HaCTOJTbKOMeA-rIeHHO,IITO CKOpOCTbHaKpeHeHU.fl CyAHA UparffI,Iqe-

89
cKrr He3{MerHa.B raxrx cJr5nrafi Mo)KHocrruTarb, qro B raxrAnfi MoMeHTBpeMeIrI{Boc-
craHaBJrr4earoqnfiMoMeHTypaBHoBerrrr{BaerrpeHxqlrft u cyAHo Bce BpeMs H€xoAHTct B -
paBHoBecuu.Tarue KpeHf,u$.re MoMeHTbr cqlrr€rrorcr npruroxeHHblMl{crarlirrlecKu.
llporusonoJloxHbrM no xapaxTepy npr,uloxeHlr.f,f,BJrtercf,KpeHflIr{ufitvtouenr or
leilcrsug. IITKBaJIa.I,Isvrepeunr cKopocrr{ r.I AaBneH}rflBerpa rIoKzBbIBaK)T, qro rrprn
cllJrrHhrx ruKBzuraxHapacraHneAaBrreHngAo no.nnofi BeJIIITIHHrI Moxer rlponcxoAl{Tb
3a eAlrHr,rrlbrr{ Aaxe AoJrLrceKyHAbr.3a raroe BpeMr cyAno He ycrleBaer orKJloHr4Tbcfl.
Ha cKoJrbro-nn6yAb 3Haqr,rrenurgrfiyron r4 MolKHo cqr{Tarb, rrro KpeHsIqufi uouent
lpr{KJraAlrBaercs.K cyAHy BHe3anHo.Kpeurqufi uoueur raKoro xapaKTepaHa3blBaercs
-
AnHaMuqecKr{MKpeHqrqHMMoMeHToM,a flpornBoAeficrsIle cyAHa raKoMy MoMelrry
.4uHaMlrqecrofiocrofi qunocrbrcl.
PaccnnorpenHbre ABacJryqtlf,rBJrrrorcr [peAeJrbHbrMLI: crarur{ecKoe IIpI.rJIoxeHI{e
MOMeHTa- [peAeJIbHOMeAJreHHOe, Ar,rHaMr/rrrecKoe - npeAeJlbHo6rrcrpoe. Pealrgrre
KpeHtlque MoMeHTbInO CKOpOCTII HapaCTaHIu3aHLtMtlIOT [IpoMexq/ToqHoenonoxeHl{e. B
Bcrpevarorcr raKxe KpeHflrrlne Bo3Aeficrnnt, rdMerolrlnexapaKTep uMnyJlbca,
T.e. KpeHflrrtrr{eMoMeHTbrualofi [poAoJrxrareJrbHocrr.r, Ho coo6rqanuue cyAHy KoHetI-
FT
Hyro ynroByro cKopocrb HaKJroHeHprs. flpuuepoM TaKoro Aeftcrent Mox(er cJryxplTb [E
pbrBoK6yrcupnoro rpoca nocJrerofo, KaKABl{xyqeect cyAHo nrr6eper ero cla6uny. f.
OAnaro paccMorpeHueraKoro cJrfrar npeAcraBrser co6ofi cnequalbl{yrc 3aAatly. q
q
4.6.2. OcnoeHue 3aAaqlr AnHaMurtecrcoftocroft rIHBocrIr
cl
,,{orrycrnrra.qro Ha cyAHo AlrHaMr,rqecKn
[o.qeficrnonzut KpeHtIIIHft uouenr M*p, 'lu

cqnTarb [ocrorHHEIM. Ero rpaQr,Ir Ha Alz'arpaMMe

roropltfi 6y.uerur ocroft.Iusocrn sgo- {
6pa.eurcr ropu3oHralrnofi npruofi AF (9mc.4.8). Ha yqacrKe HaKJIoHeHus. or A lo B
KpeHrrrlnft uouenr 6olture BoccraHaBJrlrBaroqeroH cyAuo 6y,qer KpeHHTbctc Bo3pac-
raroqeft yrnonoft cKopocrbm. B rotrKe ,B xpenxqufi ut soccraHaBJlrlBaroqnfiMoMeHTbI -1(

ypaBHoBecflTcfl,Ho cyAHo IIpu,{eT B Hee,r4MeflHeKoTopyn yrnoBylo cKopocTb,no3ToMy fi

ouo 6yAer npo.qonlKarbKpeHr{Tbcs.BoccraHaBnr{Baroqnfi naoueHTcraHoBl{rcx 6olrure
KpeHsrqerou yrnoBas cKopocru 6yger y6unarr, [oKa He o6patnrct B rrynb rrplr HeKo-
TOpOM yffIe KpeH& lduw IIOCJIe r{elo CyAHo HarIHeT BO3BpaIIIaTbC.fl K nOJIO)KeHI,IO paB-
rroBeclffi B, nepef,tAerero la, TaKr{Mo6parorvr,6y4er coBepllraru rorle6anur oKoJIono-
JIOXeHI'Ifl paBHOBeCn.fl' noKa OHLI He
3aryxHyr 6narogapt cI{JIaM corrpo-
TLTBJTeHI{flH CyAHO He OCTaHOBI{TC'
[lrpuyilre paBHoBecufi0r*.
IIparcruuecrsfi HHTepec
npeAcraBJlter sau6onrurnfi yroJl
cy4n4 roropsrfi Ha3bI-
HaKJroneHvrfl.
BaeTcr AUHaMI{qecK}IMyrJloM KpeHa.
OqeenAHo, rrro cyAHo rlpu HaKJIo-
HeHnr4AocTr,rrHeTTaKoro yfJla KpeHa
2dr* npl4 KOTOpOMOHOIIOJIHOCTbIO

yura KpeHa
Pncyrox 4. 8. Oupe.uerellueAHHaMHrIecKoro r3pacxoAyer KHHerHqecKyIo sHep-
rr{rc BpaIqeHVA, npuo6pereHlryto 3a

90
EI{ BOC.
or d = 0 Ao yHIa paBHo-
c.rer pa6orrr ug6rnKa KpeH-rrqeroMoMeHTarlpu HaKJroHeHuH
trHTCg.B
Beevrflgr..3ro ycnoBr4e6es yrem cHJIconporr4BJreHr.rr
Moxer 6rtru 3arlllcaHoB BI4Ae:
9ur, \
ICHT OT
ro IIpI4 l\'*-M")do=0,
xoArrrb rge M*o > M" npn 0.0r* ^ Mxp < M, npu 0 > 0"*.
IHHTbCf,
odu,
rlOMeHT =
=
IBAETCg
Ho IM *o d0 M *o 7duu A*p(zou) ecrr pa6ora rocrotHHoro KpeHflIIIero Mo-
reHTy- cy.qHaoT 0 =0go 06uw KoTopzuHa Auafpanrrr're
MeHTanpr4HaKJroHeHraH (pnc.4.8) nso-
odu,
)jKEHI,IE
6paxaerc{ nJrorqaAbrorprMoyronrur{Ka OADE, a [Uu ae=Au(gdr,r) ecrr pa6ora
LTIbHbIE 0
rxeHue. H H3OOpaXaeTCf, nnOqaAbIO
BOCCTaHaBJTHBaTOqefOMOMeHTa nprr TOM Xe HaKJTOHeHVTU
tl.vnbca, )BCE. Taxravro6pasou, ycJroBr,reM yrna KpeHasBJlf,erc{
orrpeAeJrennflAHHaMT{rrecKoro
XOHCtI. paBeHcTBo paooT KpeHrrrlefo r{ BoccTaHaBJrHBaroulefo
MoMeHToB, T.€. paBeHcTBonno-
ry"xHTb ua.qefi OADE u OBCE. Tar KaKTpareUux OBDE ecm o6ulafl.tacrb o6eux yKa3aHHbIx
l,a6ury. nnoulaAefi, To I4x paBeHcrBo3KBr{BarieHTHopaBeHcrBy[JrorrlaAeft OAB w BCD, rrco-
t)'. 6paxarorqr4x pa6ory u366rrKaKpeHrrueroMoMeHraupa6oryIEs6Htra
coorBercrBeHHo
BoccraHaBnrlBaroqeroMoMeHta.I4s cKa:|aHHorocneAyer, rITo onpeAeneHl4eALIHaMI,Iqe-
cKoro ynra {peHa , BbBBaHHoroAr,rHaMHrrecKr4M MoMeHToMsaAaHHofiBerurII{HbI, cBo-
a Myp,
JHTcflK Haxo)K.{eHurc[oJroxeHr4s Beprr4KanuCE, olpaHnqusaroqefi paBHbIeno BeJII{-
Tr{ tI30- rrHHerrnouaAH,3arurpr4xoBaHHbre Ha prac.4.8.
A \ O B flpu rraalrrx ynrax, B rrpeAeJraxnnnefiuoro )rqacrKa Ar{arpaMMrrocrofiql4Bocru,
BO3paC- .fnHaMriqecxuit yron KpeHapoBHo BABoenpeBbrruaercraruqecxufi. B o6qerracirfrae, B
)\feHTbI 3aBr4cuMocrrlor rurra AriralpaMMbrArrHaMr4.recKufi yron Kpena Moxer 6rttr KaK MeHee
:o3TOMy TaKH 6OneeyABOeHHOTO CrarHqeCKOrO yHra.
6omure Bropax 3a,qaqaAI,IHaMI,Iqecxoft ocroft.Iusocrrr cocrorrr B o[peAeiIeHI{I{ BerHr{Ii-
E HEKO. Hbr AHHaMrrlrecKofoKpeHrrrlefo MoMeHTa,BbI3BaBIIreroHaKJIoHeHpIe cyAHa Ha yron
rlo paB- ?dur. Peuraercg oHa nocrpoeur{eM orrpeAemeuoft a6cqraccofi ?du, BepruKanbHoft
0.;rono- npruofi CE wapnc.4.8u no46opou
OHLI He ropn3oHTamnofinpxuofr AD, Ynt-
co[po- uorurxrcu1efi ycnoBue paBeHcrBa
IOBIITCf, 3aIIITpr{xoBaHHbrxnnoruaAefi OAB
14 BCD. OpAuHara erofi upruofi
rHTepec cooTBeTcTByeT Benr,rqr4Her4cKoMoro
i yron KpeHsuleFoMoMeHTa.
i ria-srr- Tperur 3a4a't^a AHHaMurre-
r KpeHa. cxofi ocrofi.{r4nocru 3aKrloqaerc.tlB
HAKJIO. HaxoxAeHr,ru Han6omruero ArIHa-
a KpeHa MuqecKr.r[pr{JroxeHHoro KpeHtIIIe-
EOCTbtO ro MoMeHTa,Koropufi cygHo Moxer
r 3Hep- BblAepxaTb He onpoKr4AbrB€l^'cb.
H\TO 3A
OrrtcraHne 3Toro MoMeHTa cBo-
Pucynox 4. 9. OnpeaerenHeHau6omuero .xItHaM[qecKI4
npaJlo-
xeHHoro MoMeHTa, BblllepxHBaeMorocyaHoM Arrrc{ K onpeAeJreHr4ro ratcofr ropl{-
91
3oHTaJrHlF, roropa{ ofpaHl,rrrr,rBaernnotqa,UbcerMeHTaBCF , paBHyIouloulaAn Or48
(Ha puc.4.9 :arurpaxonaHrr). flpra srou orpeAen.sercr r4 npeAexbHuft AIEnauu.{ecrnfi
yron KpeHa etr* , Ha Koropbrfi cy.uno Moxer 6urr HaKJroHeHo nocrorHHLIM AI{HaMHqe-
cKrrMMoMeHToM. ,{eficrnureJrbHo,scsKlafiMoMeHT6onrurrafi,qeM OA,uaxxoHl4TcyAHo
Ha yroJr 6oruurufi, rreM 0Y* ,3a KoropblM M" . M xp, r4 cyAHo onpoKuHercx.Mouenr
uenrruraft, qeM OA, narcnoHuTcyAHo Ha yroJl rrreHuuufr ef* H ocraHerc.rr3allac Aprna-
5ai'
MIa.recrofiocrofiquBocrlr, orrpeAenseurrfinnoulaAbto CFD na pHc.4.8. aeI

4,6.3..{na rpau Ma AHHaMuqecKofi ocrofi q Hsocrrr

;:T
Cpannenxe nJroulaAefi ua Ar{arpaMMecrarnqecrofi ocrofiqranocrtr xor.rrur Ha-
-I
rJr.nAHO,HOHe AaeT npf,MOrOCUOCO6a peIIreHHr3aAaqAHHaMT{treCrOft OCTOfiqHBOCTrI.
ru
,{nx srofi rleJrncJryxHTnr.rarpaMMaEunaMuqecxofiocrofiqrreocrl,I(puc.4.10), nro6pa- JTTI
xarcrrl€ul3aBncuMocmpa6orbl BoccrauaBnuBalouleroMoMeHTaor yrna KpeHa,oflpeAe-
:u:
n{eMyroQopruynofi: =m
0
au@)=[u"(,p) dcp. (4.7) I:E

0
Vz (4.7) scHo,qro,uuarpaMMa
.{HHaMr{rlecrofi ocrofrqrasocrl,I ecrb
HHTefpanbHM KpHBarI no orHolue-
Hl,rroK AprafpaMMecrarnrrecxofi oc-
d (e)
rofr.rl4socrr{, Korop afl, flBJrfcrcf, [ep-
noo6pasnofirpunofi u onpeAerlter-
cfl paBeHcTBoM:
, o,(o)
me
u o-(e\-
\ / . (4.8)
de ,[;
I4z cKa3auHoro cneAylor ra- rffi
o^ 0U rrEe ceoficrBa ApralpaMMblAr4r'av.ra-
.IecrQfi ocroft tII{BocrI{:
Pucynor 4. 10.,{narparuMaaunaMl{qecxofiocroftquBocrl,Iu ee 1. Op.qnHafa AHalpaMMbI AI4H€1M}I-
cBt3bcocrarrqecror .IecKofi ocrofi.Innocul rIpH yrJle
d, c yreroM Macrrrra6a,
panuanJrolrlaAr.r
Ar{arpaMMbrcrarrrlecrofi ocrofi.Iunocru Ao
sroro xe yrna 0;
2. s Ha'raJreKoopAr{HurH rrpn yrure3aKaraAr4afpaMMa ocroftqusocrr4
ryprnauvr.iecrofi
rdMeercoorBercrBeHHoMHHr.rMyM n MaKcr{Mw (ycroftqllBoe I{ Heycrofiqusoeuo- -1-r
:i'-eHI,I' paBHOBeCUfl Cy AHa);
--q
I
AuarpaMMbrcraru.recrofi ocrofi.rusocr}I coorBercrByer roqKa rre-
3. yurlryMaKcr{rvryrvra
peru6a Al,ra;;anrqbl .qlrHaMu.recrofiocrofiqunocrll; -'t
4. gnarpauM&AlrH&vr^'.-recrofi ocrofiqznocrH ecTb qerHar Synr<qufl,yura KpeHa: ET
Ar(-e)=A"(o), f,:(

H flr.nrflercfl.r<pnnofi, cI4MMerpIrrlnofi orHoc r,rreJrbHo

octl opAI{Har. qsl
Ecnn BoccranaBJlr{sarcqufiMoMeHTnpeAcraBl4TbB BHAe Me = P l, ro uz (4.7)
6c'
cJreAyer: 17,

92
u OAB e
recruft A e = PI I d r p = P d , (4.e)
l\{nrle- 0
cyAHo -
et- -
rre d = ll drp nazunaercr rre.roM AuHaMr.rqecxofiocrofr.Insocru.
[onenr 0
: Jr4Ha- 9ro6u BbrtcHHTbreoMerpr4'{ecrnfi cMbrcJrnlerra AnHaMurrecrcofiocrofi.IuBocrlr
BbrrILIcJrHMpa6ory, 3arpaql,IBaeMyrcnpn HaKnoHeHr,ru cyAHa,paccMarpvrtsafl,
He Boccra-
HaBJrr4BarorqufiuonaeHT,a 4eficrnytolllue cI{JIbI.
Ha cyAno geficreyror.qBe crrJrbl:cr,rJra B IIeHTpertxe-
rcxecrl,I P, npI,uIo)KeHH€ur
cru G , Lr cr4rranoAAepxauux yV, npunoxeHHzulB rIeHTpeBenHrIrrIHbI C. O6e cHJIbI
fi HA-
rro3ToMy rrx pa6ora He 3aBHcHToT rryTr{ IlepeMeulel,ljv'., a Jrl4rrrboT Bep-
BepTr.rKzrJrbHbr,
tsocTI{.
THKzLJrbHoro cMerrleHn.f,TorreKIax rrpuJroxenr,rr.Ho, ncregcrBne paBeHcrBacrz.Irrro Be-
:o6pa-
.rHrIHHeI{ nporl,IBorroJro)r(Horo HX cyMMapnax pa6ora orrurlHa or HyJIt
HarrpaBIreHr4fl,
rpeAe-
ro.rrbKonpr4 pa3nnrrHoMBeprI,rKzuIEHoM cMerr{enr4rrroqeK G u C H paBHanpou3BeAe-
Hlrro cHJrbIP sa pa3Hocrb grl,rx Beprl{Kturbnoropac-
cMerIIeHHft,r.e. Ha r,BMeHeHrae
(4.7) ;TO{HLI.S MeXAy 3TI4MI,ITOTIKaMH:
Ae=P(oo-oo),
paMMa r.le ae - BepTIIK€uIbHoe paccTof,Hl,IeMex,qy ToTIKaMHG u Cg IIpH yrJle rpeua d;
n OCTI) a0 = zg - zc - paccTorHlreMexAy TeMr{xe rorIKaMI4B nprMoM Ilonoxellau cy4Ha.
HOIIIC.
I4: couocraBrleHnt norryr{eHHoroBblpaxe1ns,pa6oru c Qopprynoit @.9) cneAyer:
oft oc-
d=ae-a0>
ir nep-
T.e.nJIerIoAr{HaMr{qecKoftocrofiqr,rBocrl,recrb IrBMeHeHr{eBeprr{KanbHofopaccrogHl{f,
e.:IteT-
\{exAy rIeHTpoMTrxecTr{ r,rrIeHTpoMBenr{rrr,rHbr cy4Ha npH ero HaKJIoHeHHI{.
Ha norrpnofi AHa{paMMe(pnc.4.2) BerlrquHa a0 n:o6paxaercx orpe3KoM
(4.8) OTTOqKI,IKB OTp$OX GCg = 40, IIOIr{UM nnello AnHA-
KeCe, no3ToMy, oTKJIaAbIB€llI
OT TA- r{FrecKofr ocrofiqusocrr4 d t<axpaccroflHne or KoHrIaorpe3Ka a6 (ro.mu NB) 4o qeu-
IHAMH- rpa BennqwnsrC6.

tHAMH. 1.6,4.PenrenneocHoBHbIx3aAarrrro AnarpaMMeAnlraMnqecnofi ocrofrluBocrlr

r yfJle
Paccuorpr4M ABe ocHoBnbrega4a..ruAnHaMurrecxoftocrofiqnnocrn: oilpeAeileHlte
cTlr Ao
-luHaMuqecxoro yrna KpeHa npu 4eficrBvrvr3aAaHHoroMoMeHTar4 orIpeAeJIeHLIe Hau-
5oruruero AHHaMHqecKoroMoMeHTa, BblAepx[BaeMoro cyAHoM.
IBOCTI4
.{onycrur"r, trro rra cyAHo AHH€rMI{qecKH
rroAeficrnogan KpeHtIIIHft Ir,touent no-
DC IIO-
--rosHuofi Beruqr{Hbr Mxp. Ero pa6om Bbrpaxaercs luneftnoft saBucl4Mocrblo

xa IIe-
.txp = M*p 0 u r.lso6paxaerct npruofi, ucxoA.gqeit us na\ana KoopAlIuar. fta ee ro-
;rpoeHn.rrnpoule Bcero B3rrb Ha ocu a6cqncc yroJr, panuuft I paguany, ^r.e.57
,3o, H rlo
oTJroxr,rrboTpe3oK,panHrtfi B MacrrrTa6eocu opAHHarpa6ore, Koropar np?I
BeprHK€rrrr{
rroM yure qxcreHHo paBHa rqperuIuleMyMoMeHTy1[ rcp. TorAa rrpflMas, npoxoAtlqal
cepe3Haqaro KoopAr{HarH BepxHl{fixoneq oTpe3Ka1,,1xp, n:o6parnr 3aBHcl4Mocrb pa-
, (4.7)
5orrr KpeHfluero MoMeHTaor yrna g. To.Ixa uepeceqenns groft npxrraoftc glEarparrauoft
ocrofiqHsocTl,I o[peAenI,ITArirHaMnrrecxufiyroJr KpeHa 05 KaKyFoJI,co-
.lr.rHaMprqecroft

93
 MoMeHToB
ornercrnytoulnfi paBeHcTBy pa6or KpeHsulero v BoccTaHaBJII'IBaIoUIerO
(puc.4.11).
Atts onPeAeneHI'I{ HaI{6oIIb-
ruero AHHaMI4aIeCKLI npunoxeHHoro
MoMeHra, roroPufi cYAHo BbrAeP-
xI4T He o[poKuAbrBaucb' 3aMeTI'IM,
qro, YBelLIiIHBaf, rPenrrqufr Mo-
MeHT,urr 6yAeru noJryrlaTbsce 6o-
Jree Kpyrble nptMbre' uro6paxaro-
IIIne efo pa6ory, n coorBercrBeHHo
6yxyt yBenlaqnBarbcfl' AI'IHaMI,Iqe-
tITo
cKr,Ie yrnbl KpeHa. OqeeI'IAHo'
Hau6olee rpyrofi nPxuofr, HMero-
rqefi o6uryIo roqKy c rPranoftAHHa-
ed 57,30 7uon, uuqecxofi ocroftrll'IBocrlI,6yAer ra-
carerbHasr etofi xPranofi,Koropaf
u onpeAeJII4T HCKOMOe3Har{eHl'Ie
Pucynox 4. 11. PemeHI'IeocHoBHbrx3aAaqrlo AI'Ia-
rpaMMe AI,IHaMI'Iuecrofioctofi qldBocrlt
Monp KaK oPAlIHarY racatennnofi,
=
u3MepeHl{ylo uPn Yrne 1 Pa4uan
57,3o.llpra eroru a6cqnCCaTOIIKI{KaCaHut orrpeAeJlurnau6Onrurnfi AuHaMHqecrufi
(Puc.4.11).
yrorl KpeHaedonP

AOCrU
UE AUATPAMMOCTOUqU
4,7.n OCTPOEH
B ycnonrEflx3KcnnyaTarlr{r,tBoAorr3MeIrIeHUe n rloJloxeHue I{eHTpaTtxecT}I CyA-
Ha MoryT Lr3MeHsrbcrB rxr{poKr4xrlpeAeJlaxLr EIrs,cyxAeHl{fl o6 ocroftsuBocrl4 npl{
pa3rurlHbrx cocrofl Hplrx Harpysxu Heo6xoAllMo I,IMerbBo3MoxHocrb Ilocrp oeH.IdJ' Avra-
rpaMM crarurrecK oit u Al,rHaMr{rrecrofiocroft.{Esocrl,I 4rr mo6rtx 3HarIeHI{ftsoAollsNae-
rrIeHH{{D n annnl4KaTblUeHTparfl)Ke9Tr4zg.
9TOI,I qenu
B cygonrtx ycJIoBI{flX AIlg.9TOII
13 I{eJIn nonb3ytoTct
ll0Jrbsyrursx I4HTepIIO JIf,ULIOHH 6rM14Kpr4Bbr-
nfirePrrvJrrlqn\,rrDuvtn ^r^D!r

Mr.rnJreErocrofi.ruBocru Qoprrarrvnv yHr4BepcanbHbIMI,I AI4arpaMMaMIr crarl'IqecKoft oc'

rofiqHsocrn. Taxne BcnoMorareJrbHbre AHalpaMMbIpaccqurblBalorcfl npoeKTHpyloIIII{-
MraopraHv3ap1frMvrtr BKJrroqalorc.sB KoMnJIeKTTexHlIqecrofi 4oryMeHTaIIHlI, nepeAa-
saeNrofiHa cyAHo.

4,7.1. IlnrepuoJlfl IUloHHbIeKpu BbIe nJleq ocro fi 'Iu BocTII Qopu rt

TaX naSrtBaeTct AuarpaMMa' coAepxaqat cepurc KpuBbIX'KarrAa{ H3 KOTopbIX
n
uro6paxaer 3aBricr{Mocrb nJreq c}rJrbrruraB1..{ecru(nle'r octofi'rnsocru Soprvfbr)
QynxUrano6rerraHoroBoAor.r3MeIqeHHt npn nocroflHHoM 3HarreHn}IyHIa 4peHa-Tunu'a'
nrrfi su.{ r,rHTepnoJlflql{oHHblx KpI,IBrIXpOKU13aH Ua pUC.4.l3.
B cyAonHX AoKyMeHTaxBcrpeqarcTcr pa3nHalHbleBI4AbIr{HTeprIoJIf,III'IoHHbIX
Kpr4Bbrx,orflHtraroqvxcfl, cuoco6ou pa3AeJIeHHnureqa octofi'Iusocrl'I Ha cocraBHble
qacrl,r B 3aBHcLrMocrE or rroJloxeHrlfl To.IKI,I(nolroca), or Koropoft u:uep-{rcTcs nJIerII'I
AOCHnbIrlJlaByqecTpr rr culrE,rTtrxecTl{'
94
HCHTOB
O6uqno Hcrlonb3yeMblecuo-
co6rt pa3AeneHull rIJIerroctoft'{uso-
u6olr- cTH CBOA{TC.I K CneAyIOqUM qeTbl-
eHHO|O
peM cn)rtlaxrra(puc.4.l2), An.f, Koro-
BbIAep-
pbrx Hnxe npHBoA-'ITc{cooTBeTcr-
trteTI4M,
Byroulr4e Qoprurymr pacqera nflerl
{4 Mo-
craruqecKofi ocroftqnBocrld :
sce6o- 1. noffoc coBnaAaerc HaqaJIoMKo-
)axalo- opAHHar,TorAa
TBCHHO l=lv-zrsino; (4.8)
,a\{nqe-
2. uomoc coB[aAaer c rIeHTpoMBe-
IO, qTo
JII4qI'IHbI TIPN UPflMOM IIOJIOXEHUH
HMCIO.
cyAHa,rorAa I = l& - a sin?, (4.9)
i !.utta-
ler Ka- r4e a= zg - zsi
ioTop€IrI 3. n ra'IecrBe noJlloca [pl{Htro yc-
taqeHlae JroBHoe(Snrcupoeannoe) noJlo-
:.tlnofi, xeHlre rIeHTpa TDKeCTHcyAHa C
JIIAH : aIInJILIKaTOLI 20, TOrAa:
F{ecrufr Pncyxor 4. 12. PwttwtHoe npe[craBileHllerreq ocrofiqnroctl,t I = to*Vg- zs)sine
; (4.10)
QopMbr 4. nomoc coBnaAaerc HarrarbHhlM
MerarIeHTpoMcyAHa m, Tot4a
I = l m + h s i n 0, (4.11)
r 4 e h : z m -z g .
:ru c/,4- Taruu o6pa:ou, B cnyruux 1 u 3 nomocoM rBJrrercx QnrcnpoBaHniul ToqKa
IV nppr ,rr.{aMerpa.nrHofinJrocKocrtr rrpr Bcex BoAor{3MerrleHvflx,B cn}n{€urxxe 2 n 4 nolo-
aA AVIa- xeHHe noJlloca MeHteTcfl c Bo.[oI43-
IOI{3Me- MeIqeHlIeM.
Boo6qe, ecJIHrloJlroc,or Ko-
h?r{BbI- Toporo il3Mep.f,Iorcf, nnequ ocrofr-
xofi oc- qnBocrra Sopnau, pacnoJloxeH Ha
))'roqI/I- BbrcoTezn oT ocHornofi fIJIocKocrI4,
repeAa- To nreqo ocroftqr,rBocrt4Beca6yAer:
, t I
te=\zg-znlsrna
r,r BbrpEDKeHr,Ie
AJrt nJreya ocrofiqu-
Bocru 6yler:
.oropbIX 1 7 I l . n
t = ln -\zS - znl slna '
pvu) n
Tlrnnq- B cooreercrBuu c npulrflTblM
vooo Vzp crloco6oM puBAeJreHlrflnreqa I,IH-
EOHHbIX repnoJrflrlr{oHHbre Kpr{BLIe uro6pa-
;TABHbIC
Pucynox 4. I 3. flanroxapenu (unrep[oJltltrIoHl{bleKpI{BbIe xarcT 3aBlrcr{MocrbnJrell ly , 16, I0
nnrq ocroft.rtlBocruQopuu)
f NJIEIIU nnu I. or BoAor{sldeuleHusZ.

95
 tlacrnrrfi Br{A HHTepnontq}IoHHhIx KpI{BbIx, [peAcraBflslo[ryIx 3aBI'IcI'IMocrb a]eq
(rpunue uoAeoAHofi
rrJreqaocrofi.{unocrq $opruu tOV), Hocltr IIa3BaHIaenaHToKapen cxofi
rracr' roprryca), noKa3aHnapuc.4.l3. Bce HHreplontuuoHHble KpI'IBbIecrpotrcf, Anf,
t;7.2
Auarra3oHaBoAor43MeuleHrafior cocrosHl,If cyAHa nopoxHeM Ao cocrotHl{f, B IIoJIHOM
e 10o.Ha
rp*y Anff yrJroBKpeHaor 0o lo 70o-90o,o6lrruo qepe3paBnbreLIHrepBaJIsl
:CIl-tq
yfoJr KpeHa,KoTopoMyoHa cooTBeTcTByeT'
raxAofi rpnnofi yKa3brBaeTcfl
:ofrq
Hexoroprre [poeKTHbre opfaHr{3arlHlr BMecro l,IHTepnontquoHHblx KpI4BbIX
cnP€
rrpeAcraBJrrrorAuarpaMMy KoopAI{Har IIeHTpa Benl4qrrubl'Ha Koropofi uso6paxarorct
oT BoAolI3MeIIIeHItfl'AII[, PxAaSHa'IeuHfiyrnoB KpeHa'
ra 5r
KpHBbrelc W zc B 3aBHCIIMOCTII
flpn nonr3oBaHuu rarcofi AuarpaMMoft ue.ru crarr,rqecKoft octoftqHBocrl4 orlpeAeJlfl- ryBC
rorct uo Qoprrayne:
I = !c cosd+z" sin9- z, sin9, (4.r2) :spB
xeTa
rAe IIepBbIe ABa cJlaraeMblx nparofi qacTu AaIoT nJIerIo QOpruru /7.
flpu nonr3oBaHr4r4 KpI{BIIMI'Ipacqer rtre.r crarl'IqecKoft u
l{HTeprroirrrlproHHblMrl
ruHaMuqecrofr ocrofi.runocrra ygo6so BecrLIB rlpl,IBe,qeunofiHI4xe ra6ffr'IHofi froprtae, rlar
Koropar cocraBJreHanplrMeHlITeJIbHoK I,IHTepnoJItulIoHHbIM KpI4BbIrvrs Sopue IIaHTo-
KapeH(4.9). e]a
tt ,{UuaruUqecrofrocrOfi'rnnOCtlE
Ta6nuqa4.1. - Pac.ret nrreq CTaTLIqecKOft
Pac.rerHrre BeJIIlrIHHrru Soprraylu 3 Ha.IeHIa.f, BeJII{lItlH

Yrnrt xpeHa do
flre.ru ocrofi.rusocrl,IQoprvrulq, M cHlmilAemc.f c naHmoKapeH

flnequ ocrofiquBocrH Yecal" = c sind: M

llnequ craruqecKoftocrofr'raBocru
I =le-lu,M
l,IHrerpanbHble cyr\Nbl o(l), rr,t
flrequ .unHaMl{rrecroftoctofi 'Iunocrll
o =*'Q)= o,o8z3 paa
o(l),rra

IIpu pac.rere ra6lurlbr Ha ocu a6cqucc rraHToKapeH orKJIaAbIBaIorpacqerHoe

BoAori3MeIIIeHIleI4 npoBOAf,TBepTI4K€UIb, opAnHaTbIToqeK nepeceqeHl4flKoTopoft c
Kpr{BbrM}ro11peAe;1xror no $opr"ryle
nJrequ lq.Ihurerp€urbHbre cyMMbIBbIuLIcJI.fiK)Tc{
onQ)= on-tl)+ ln-t + ln, rge r{HAeKcn - I osHa.raerrrpeAbrAYutyloKoJIoHKyra6rrnqu.
octofi.rueocrl,I luar yrnoe ra6rl{qg L,0 6epe:r-
flpu nrrvucJreHuqnJrerrAr4HaMr,rqecroft
"i " pug^anHofiMepe.flpnee4ennrrfi s ra6luqe cnoco6 pacqera [JIerI AI4HaMHtIecrofi
ocrofiqnrocTu npHroAeH TOJTbKO Anr nOCTOCHHOTO \rara Ha BCeMUHTepBaneyIJIOB
ra6ruqu.
flo AannuMcrPoKltilneq CTaTHltecKOfiocroftq14BocTu CTpoHTcf,B BI4AenJIaBHoI'I
rpnnoft AI4arpaMMacrararrecxofi ocrofi.Iusocrlr, HaKJIoHHarliulbHorof{acrKa Koropol4
yrorrHrercr nocrpoeHr4eMKacareJlbHofi,rcar oro 6blrto paccMorpeuo paHee' Crpora

96
llocTb nJrerl.quHaMuqecrofi ocrofr.rusocrn cJryxHT AJrs nocrpoeHl{s AI,IafpaMMbIAuHaMnrIe-
oInofr crofi ocrofiqnaocrn.
cq Anfl
OJIHOM
1,7.2. Vnn nepcaJrbHbreAlrarpa Mu rr ocro fi q [rBocrl{
Ha conpeMeHHbrxcyAax B KaqecrBeAoKyMeHTaAn{ Irocrpoeuwc. AIJ.arpaMM oc-
0o. Ha
rofi.rr4nocrrr noJrfruna pacupocrpaneHne yHr{BepcanbHal.rl AHarpaMMacrarl4qecrofi oc-
pHBbIX rofiqusocrn. B orrnrrue or r4HTep[oJuqlroHHbrxKpI4BbIxraKal AlaafpaMMano3BoJlter
iaroTcf onpeAentrb rlJrerrlrcrarrtrecKofi ocrofiquBocrn Ans mo6oro cocro.fiHl'It Harpy3KI'IcyA-
I\?eHa. Ha6es BctKHx grt.rucreHl,Ifi.
VHnnepcalbHzurAr4alpaMMacoAepxr{T cepuro KpHBIIXnJIeYcrarl'IqecKofi ocrofi-
eIeil-'I-
r{r,rBocrr{/6, nocrpoeHHbrx Enflpfl,^a BoAoH3MenlenufiD (o6uuno qepe3 paBHbIeuH-

(4.r2) repnaln), Ho AJrr oAHofi u rofi xe MeraueHTpr{qecKofi srtcorlst hg. [nx, nro6ofi,qpyroft
\rerarleHTpHuecxofiBblcorbl ft nre.Io / oupe4enserct $opnrynofi:
I = Io - 6hsin9, rILe5h= ho- h. (4.13)
CKOftI,I
Ans roro, .rro6tr us6exarr trocrpoeHkrg.Ha ALIarpaMMecI,IHycoI'IAanbHolIIIo-
Qopue, rpaBKLr,ocr a6cqucc pas6nnaercflB Mac[rra6e cnnycoB yrnoB KpeHaor 0 Ao 1. B srona
11aHTO-
crfrae nonpaBKa(nu.ruraenaoe)uzolpazurct HaKJlonnofinpruofi, ucxoAtlrleft ug ua-
qana Koop Ar4:nar,a AtaarpaMurr ocrofiqr,rBocru 6yxy, coorBercrBeHHo c.qe$opNIl'IpoBa-
HbI. Mn y,uo6crna
0,0
IIOJIb3OBAHU' AI1.A.
2,0 D = 16000r
l o 0,1
rpauuofi ua ocu a6c-
na
qucc HaHocLITcflIUKa-
1,8
na yrnoB KpeHaor 0o
t,7 0,3

0,4
4o 90o, roropax 6Y-
1,6
Aer HepaBuoMepuofi.
,{uarpauua I,IMeer
0,6
ABe OCH OpAHHar c
1.4

: l 1 0,7
f = o4r,rnaronofi r{enofi
il 0,E
Q t.z
AeneHI,It: JIeByIO,Ha
qe
,= l,l
roropofi HaHeceHbI
1 , 0 Io
o 3HarIeHI,lt rrJreqa I, Lr
$ o.n
i,l
npaByro, [poxoAt-
o

III)rc qepe3 TotIKy OCpI

F

i: 0-8 1,2F

:qerHoe a6cqucc 90", Ha Ko-

E I| 1 . 4
ropoft c 0,6 ropofi HaHeceHbI3Ha-
)opMyne 0.5
IICHUfl METAqEHTPI,I-

0,4
.Iecrofi Bblcorbl h.
16.rrnuu.
0,3 O6rqnft BI4A yHI{BeP-
I Seper-
ia camnofi ,{narpaMMbl
n.{ecrofi crarxqecrcofi ocroft-
0,1
re yfJIOB
0,0
ITHBOCTH npI{BeAeHHa
to 20 .yron
. 30 ^ 40 50
KpeH4 - puc.4.l4.
u-rasHofi
llpra noll3oBa-
xoropofi crarr'rqecxofiocroFiq[socrr
PncyHox4. 14. VnusepcanbHiuAHarpaMMa Hvrvl yHnBepc€ulrHofi
Crpora
97
 AI,Ia{paMMofiHaxoA.f,TKpLIBylo,coor-
h , M
BercrByrou{yto pacqeTHoMy Bo,4oll3-
CEBO
MerqeHr{roD (ecnu neo6xoAptMo,I'IH-
.T]'T I
repuoJrr{pyKtT Mex(Ay coceAHI{Mu
KpnBbrMr4),a ua Beprl4K€InrsofiIuKaJIe
c[paBa HaxoMT TotrKY A c Pacrrer-
HbIM3HarreHI4eM Koop-
h u uz Harr€IJIa
/, -.i:
Annar rrpoBoAtr nptMyro OA. Tor4a
IrJIequ craru'recrofi ocrofiqueocrl4
pl3o6pa3-f,rcf,BeprrIKalIbHbrMLIorpe3-
€ m Av KaMLrMeXAy rpunofi D n npr*rofi E3E
yHIIBepcaJIbHo[ OA, uzvepeHHbIMI{ B Maclura6e ne-
PncyHox4. 15. K noJIb3oBaH[IIo ANarpauuofi r-pf,\
sofi ocu opAI4Har. Vron 3aKara ev
Ipr{I
onpeAennrca a6cquccoft ro.{ru rtepeceqeHlaf,xpunofi n upxnrofi, a MaKcplManbHoe [JIe- ;Tlt.
0* uaitgylcx, ecJII{ npoBecrn KacareJlbHyloK rpznofi D,
to l** u yroJr MaKcr,nvryr\di ]T.-ro
uprrrrofi oA, rcax9TonoKa3auoHa puc.4.ll.
[apaJrJreJrbHyro B06

gxa
2,0 0,0
.3eHr
1,9 0,1

0,2
1,8
4':e
1,7 0,3

t,6 0,4

0,5
lofl
1,4 0,6 =ctfi
e
0;l
> r,J
f,
E
o
r.z 0,8 rd
o
t
)s
t" ' l 0,eE

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F

E o.e t , zg
o
o u'l

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tr 0,6
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0,4 t,6

0,3 1,7

0,2 1,8

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0,0 2.0
60
Yron xpena,o

ocrofr'rtrBocrn
a .u,LIHaMI,HecKofi
Pncyror 4. I 6. YHusepciulbHiu,{l,tarpaMM

98
 cooT-
B coornercrBgg co csoficrBoM Kacarenuroft K AHaI-paMMecraruqecroft ocrofi-
0.uoLI3- r{r,rBocrr{,rrpfly1ay.,coorBercrByrouar h = 0 , 6yger KacareJlbHofis Haq€LIIeKoopAnHar
lo, LtH-
.IJUIBcex rpunux D.
AHI{MLI
Anarorg.rHo Moxer 6rrrr [ocrpoeHa yHrlBepcaJrbnau. Ar{arpaMMaAuHaMuqecrofi
UIKAJIE
ocrofrqnnocrrd.I,ftnerpupyx o6e LracrrrpaBeHcrBa (4.13) B npe.qentxor 0.4o 9, norryvru:
)acqeT- d = do - 6h(l-cos d). (4.r4)
r Koop-
TorAa r,le d u dg - nJrequ AuHaMEarecrofiocrofi.rr,rBocrH,coorBercTBylolrlHe npoH3Bonb-
ITBOCTH nofi ueralleHrpruecxofi Bblcore h u $urcuponaHHofi ftg.
orpe3- .{uarparvrrvracoAepxr,rr cepnro KpHBrIX rrJleq dg Ailfl Pslla BoAoH3Meulesufi D
rpxr'lofr rpr{ MerarleHTpuqecrofi Bbrcore ftg. rlro6H BbIqI4TaeMoe nso6paxzulocb Ha AuarpaMMe
r5e ne-
npxruofi nunueit, ocr a6cqucc pa:6ura paBHoMepuofiruxaloft MHoxI{Tem l - cosd, YTo
ara 0v K coorBercrByroqefi 4e$opnaar\uvKpI,IBbrxuneq AuHaMl,Iqecrofioctofiquso-
rrpfiBo.qplT
ce nJIe- crg, Ho 4nr y4o6crBa rroJrb3oBaHm Ha ocr4a6cqucc [pI4BeAeHaHepaBHoMepHaf ruKaJIa
eoir D, )TnoB KpeHa.O6uufi Br4AyHraBepcilrbHo ir guarpavtMbl.{uHaNan.recrofioctoft'runocrpl
aro6paxen Ha puc.4.16.
flnequ Ar4HaMr,rqecrofi ocrofiqr4BocrlI Art pacqerHbrx D u h onpeAeJltlorct Bep-
THKrurbHbrMH orpe3KaMu Mex,{y coorBercmyrouefi rpnnofi D u rrpxuoit OB, tlpoBe-
:esuofi H3HaqalraKoopA[rHarB ToqKy B 3HarreHvrfl, h Ha npanofi BeprlaK€ulrnofiruKalle.
flpousno4Haf, nJreqa d no apryr\,reHTy,orJIoxeHHoMy rro oclt a6cqncc, npu 0 =0
5y4et:

xo3ToMyrrpflMarr,rrpoBeAeHuarr{3 Haqara KoopAI,IHarB TotrKy h=0,6y,Uer KacareJlb-

uoft n Haq€uleKoopAuHarKo BceMrpunuu D.

4.8. EOnEE CnOIffiblE gAEA.tU OCTOWqUSOCTU

ArlarpaMM ocToftqnnOcrn IIpH cMeIqeHIIr rpysoB

{.8.1. IIsMeHeHLre
Ecnn rpy3 Maccoit m c rIeHrPoM
TrxecrH B TOtIKe(y1t zt) CUeqeu B Toq-
W (yz, z2), ro IIeHTprtx(ecrn cyAlra ne-
pefi4er us tovru G1 B ToqKY G2, cMg-
crlrBrul,rcbBAonb ocefi sa:
6 v s= 3 0 r - l r ) ,
6rs=\dr-zt),
(4.1s)
KaKroKasaHoHa Puc.4.l7.
Eyleu onpe.{efl-srb noJloxeHlae
TOTIKH G2 fiO OTHOIIIEHIAIO K Q NOITTTTU

I{T, T.e. orpe3KoM:

cMerqeHr,rervr
Pncyuor 4. 17. klsueueHrretrlleq ocrotr'{rBocrll npu
IIT cy.uHa
cMerrIeHHI,I
99
 G1G2=5= ffr,J'.6;Y' (4.16)
F-p)3
r{ yrJroM d, o[peAersroulr,rMHalpaBneHuecMerrlenurI{T:
c-T!a
6rg 22_zl
- =_.=--. (4.r7) .3pt
It"i'=
o!s Yz - Yl 6op
TorAa AJIf;IrJreq crarrlqecKoft ocroitqnBocrl,I noJryrr{HM : 3hrl
= I - d cos(a- d ) . (4.18)
\ roft
B paccurorpeHHoMo6[Ierra cJryr{aenepeHoca ryFa Ar{arpaMMacTarr,rqecrofi oc-
roft.Iusocru 6y4er Hecr{MMerpnquofi14cyAHo 6y4er [JraBarbc yrnoM KpeHa9g, Koro-
pufi onpe,qensercsr,r3ycJroBrr{:
\(eil = t(oo)-a "o.(o- do)= o. (4.re)
Te[epb qacrHbrecnyqar{ [epeHoca rpy3a.
Paccrraorpr4M

1. BepmuKaflbHoe
nepeMeuleHue
epysa.
Srorr,ry cJry{aro coorBercTBy-
IOT:
r
6yg=0; 6=5zgi d:-i
2 '
u $opvryna fiepecqera rrJreqaocrofi-
TII4BOCTK
OyAer:

h=l-5zrsin?. (4.20)
flepecrpoeHr4e u BtrA !va-
rpaMMbIcrarl4rlecKofiocroft rrI4BocrI,I
nocJre [epeHoca fpy3a BBepx
/ \
Itz, ,J noxaaaHrrHa puc.4.18
lrkrnnfluu.I4s plrcyHKa
crrJroruHbrwkr
B}IAHO, IITO B 3TOM Cfiyr{ae napaMeT-
phr Ar4afpaMMbr yxyAruaroTc_rr:
yMeHbIIIaIOTCf, yfOJI 3aKaTa, MaKCI4-
MaJrLHOeIIJreqO U yron MaKCr4MyMa
AlrarpaMMrr. flpn repeHoce rpy3a
/ \
BHr43 \22 < zt / eJIeMeHTbIAlrafpaM-
Mbr ynyqruaroTcr, rrTo noKa3aHo Ha
PncyHox4. 18. HsueueHr,Ie
AI,IarpaMMHocroifqusocrr.rrpu
nepeHocerpy3a
BepTr,rK€InbHoM TOM Xe pr4CyHKerryHKTLrpHbrMHJrH-
HUflMIT.

2. I-opusonffranbHoenepe MeLqeHue epysa.

cJrfrarccoorBercrByror:
3:rorray
6zf=0i 6=6ygi a=0;
z $oprrayna
nepecqerarrrreqaocrofrqnnocrr.r6y4er:
h =l-dyf c o s ?. (4.2r) Pt
cl

100
 (4.16) flepecrpoeHne vr Bun\AuarpaMMlr crarnqecrofi ocroftqusocrl{ IrocJIe [epeHoca
rppa Ha npaBbrfi6opr (yz , y1) noxasaHrrHa puc.4.I9.I4z pllcyHKa BI4AHo, rlro B sroM
cJrfrae AEarpaMMaocrofi.InBocrr,r craHoBr4TcflHecl'rMMerpl4rrHofi: yxyaualorc{ xapaK-
(4.r7) TepprcruKr4ee BerBvr ArrfiKpeHaHa flpaBbrfi 6opr 14yJryquralorcfl, Arfl' KpeHana neerrfi
6opr. llonoxeHlre paBHoBecr,r.rrcMerrlaercr r.r cyAHo 6yA:T nJlaBarb c KpeHoMHa npa-
nrrfi 6opr. flpn rrepeHocerpFa na resrrfi 6opr (yZ . y1) usueHeHneAraarpaMM6r oc-
(4.18) rofi.runocru 6y,uer LrMerbrrporr4Bonoroxnrrfi xapaKTep(norasaHo rryHrrnporra).
cofroc- (Dopuynst nepecqera nreq AI'I-
. KOTO- HaMlrqecKoft octofiquBocrl,I npu rre-
peMeIIIeHI4urpy3a Moryr 6urr nony-
IIEHbI IAHTCFPI{POBAHUCMNO YrJry O
(4.1e)
nrrpaxeHufi Anfl ilflerr craruqecxoff
ocrofiqusocrn.
Anx o6utero cJrfraq, HHTeTPI{-
pyn (4.18), nonyruu:
3rcrBy- dr = d-a [sina-sin(a -d)] (4.22)
OrcroAa Anff rracrHblx cJIYrraeB
t
noJryqaeM:
nepeHoce rpFa
npr4 BepTLIKaJIbHOM
ocrol{- (puc.4.20)
dt = d -6rs(t-cosd); (4'23)
(4.20) [pr.I fopl{3oHraJIbHOM IIepeHOce fpy3a
(puc.4.2l)
| ilH.a- (4.24)
dt=d-5Ygsin9.
HBOCTH
BBepx
rc.4.18
,uuarpaMMlrocrofi'{Hnocrrlrrpll
Pucynox 4. 19. HsI\leHeHLIe
HcyHKa l^i nouePeqHoMnePeHocerPY3a
paMeT-
aroTc-u:
I\TAKCU.
:r.rMyMa eo
m $
rpy3a
rafpaM-
AHO HA
T{H JIH-

---.- eo
f.-Z__'-ii-G6-.id--gl-q

(1.21) Pncyror 4. 20. l4gueseHl{eArIarp,MMbI,[HHaMI'Iqe- Pncynr 4. 21. VzmesenueAI'IalpaMMbI AI{HaMI'FIe-

nepeHoce
cxofi ocroEqrnocrll nplrtB€prrrxanbHoM crofi ocroft.IuBocru npu ropu3ouTanbHoMnepeHoce
rpy3a rpy3a

101
 B [ocneAHeM cJrf{ae MHHr{MyMAuarpaMMbr AI,IHaMI{qecKofiocrofrr{IlBocrla
yfJly KpeHa,IIp]I on
[epeHOCarpy3a, a ero IroIIoxeHHe cooTBeTCrByeT
cABnHyTB CTOpOHy
Bal
KOTOpOMCyAHOHaXOAHTCT B paBHOBecLrr4.

4.8,2. r{eficrnue rrrrBaJra Ha cyAHo c r(peHoM

Ecnracy,{Ho uMeer [ocrorHHbrfi KpeH,Bbr3BaHHbrfi necuuuerpuvHofi Harpy3Kofi,
To BerBH ALIafpaMMbrcrarr4rrecKofi ocrofi.{unocrn, coorBercrByroqrle KpeHy Ha npa-
srrfi u nesHfi 6opr KaKyKa3aHoBbrrue,6y4yt pa3ruqHblrr,na. B coorBercrBvrvrc gTulu14
BbrAep)Kr{BaeMbre cyAHoM BHeITIHIIe KpeHrurne MoMeHTu6y4yr pa3HbIMI{B 3aBI4cuMo-
crlr or HarrpaBnenr4x, ux gefi ctnur.
.{orrycrr,uvr,qro cyAHo HMeer
HaqarGnrui KpeH0g HanpanHfi 6opr
Harleraer c JIeBo-
$mc.4.22), a ITIKBaTI
ro 6opra. TorAa uau6onruulfi uo-
Meril M1, KoTopuft nugepxl'Ir cyA-
HO, OnpeAem,ITCtpaBeHgTBOM [UIO-
ruaAefi ABC w CDE,3€unrplD(oBau-
Eclu xe IrIKBzLlI
Hbu<BeprLIK€!.JIbHo.
no4eficrnyer c noAllpeHosofi cropo-
Hbr, T.e. c [paBoro 6opra, To HzIH- CT
qT
6onruufi BblAepnc4BaeuuficyAHoM
MOMeHT M2 Orrpe\eJIHTcf paBeHcT- oc
Prcyrox 4.22.OnpeterleHl,IeBbIAepxLIBaeMbIxMoMeHroBA.ttfl
SOV nnOqaAefr AFG 14 GHI , Za-
tsp
cyAHac HaqarIbHbIMKpeHoM
IurpIfD(oBar{HbD( ropH3oHTarlbHo. l{3 PE
!{(
pr4cyHKaflcHo, uro M2 > M\ H B paccMarpHBaeMoMcJryrae ouacHee6y,uer ITIKBaJI,
AefrCr-
-lo
cyAHo.
nyouryui B Ty xe cropoHy,IryAaHaI{peHeHo
LInas. KaprlrHa uMeer Me- TII

cro, ecJILIHaqarlbnblfi rpen cy4-

Ha BbI3BaH BTIeIIIHI4MI4 npHqLI-
HaMr4: BerpoM I{JII4BOJIHeHI{eM.
,{onycruu, rrro Ha cyAHo
geficrryer rpenxlqufr MoMeHT
Mg, o6pazosaHurrfiBerpoM no-
crosssoft cHJIbI,H CyAHOHMeer
B pe3ynbTare3rofo yron KpeHa
0s (puc.4.23). llycrr c HaBer-
peHHOfO6Opra HaJIeTeJIIrIKBarI,
BcJreAcrBI{eqefo KpeHrIIrIHfiuo-
MeHTBo3poc Ao BerlHTIHHrIM .
Pucynox 4.23. ileirclrler{errrKBaJra c KpeHoMor Berpa
Hacy.u,Ho
Srouy MoMeHTycoorBercrByer
noJIoXeHlIe paBHoBecl4t,onpe-
AeJUreMoeynroM 0"*. Ho noA AeftcrBHeM AI{HaMrrr{ecKr{nprmoxeHHoro AonoJIHI{TeiIb-
Ha Ar{HaMuqecxuit yron KpeHa 91, Koropblfi
Horo MoMeHTacyAHO cnaqrura HaKJroHI,ITcfr

102
 orpeAeJruTcrpaBeHcrBoMpa6or, uso6paxaeMblxrrnon1a4tMuABC u CDE,3allrrpHxo-
BaHHbrXHa pHCyHKe foplr3oHTarlbHo.
fopas,uo 6onrurYo onac-
HOCTb npeAcTaBnteT IUKB€LI C
rroABerpa. .{eficrnl{TeJlbHo, rro-
rpy3KOpI,
JIOXI,IM, IITO CYAHO HMCJIO KPCH
Ha npa- -00, r.e. Ha resHfi 6oPr, v
] 3THM I4
IIIKBAJI TOfi XE CI,IJIbI HAJICTEJI C
BI,ICLIMO-
noABerpa, uHarle roBop{, Kpe-
HquIHfi MOMeHTOT TIOCTO,IHHOIO
rO HMCET
Berpa BHe3alHo u3MeHI4Jr Ha-
alrfi 6opr
npaBneHHe Ha npoTI{BoIIOJIOX-
]T C JIEBO.
Hoe. TorAa cyAHo lrpplAer B no-
urrit uo-
JIOXeHLIe paBHOBecI,ISIIpU yrne
x]{r cyA- HaKonI,IB KrIHerI{qecKYIo
0"*
Pucynor 4. 24. OnpeaeJlenne npeAeJlbHbx,[uHaMI{qecKI{x MoMesroB
}OM IIJIO'
aJIt cy.llHa c KpeHoM or Bsrpa gneprr{Io,paBnyn pa6ore, uso-
pffioBaH-
bpaxaeuofr rnoulaAsto FGC, u,
KC IIKBIIII
nepeft4xyrolr ?srn, AoeTHrHerAaHaMuqecKoroyfJla KpeHd02, onpeAenseMoropaBeH-
lil cropo-
crBoM nflo[IaAefi FGC H CHI, 3arurpaxoBaHHbrxBeprl{Kauluro. Hs pucyHKa BI'IAHO,
, TO Harr-
i cyAHotnt cro np6 Aeftcrnuu oAHoro H Toro xe MoMeHra M B rIepBoMcJrfrae (uxran c Hanerpa)
paBeHcT- ocraerc.tr3anac Al{HaMlrqecKoftocrofiqusocrl,I, onpeAeJuleuufi rlJlolqa.qbtoDEK, B To
GHI , 3a-
BpeMf,KaKBo BropoM cJryrrae(uxran c noABerpa) etor 3anac paBeHrrnoula.qlaHIK .Ha
LrrHo. I,Is
puc.4.24 rroKa3aHoonpeAeneHr,renpeAeJrbHblxBbIAepxuBaeMbIXcyAHoM KpeHflIIII4x
\toMeHToBnpn geficrBur ruKBuLJra c HaBerpa Mt v c noABerpa MZ, uafi,qeHnblxI43yc-
u,4efrct-
-ToBlrgpaBeHcrBannoqaAefi, rarurpuxoBaHHblx coorBercrBeHHoropu3oHTaJrbHoH Bep-
TI,IKAJIbHO.
Iteer Me-
flpxrvroe pelueHlaerex )Ke 3a-
peH clA-
AatI Ha Ar{afpaMMe AI,IHaMLIqeCKOI'I
I rlpI4rII,I-
ocrofi.Iunocrl4 noKa3aHo Ha
IEHI4CM.
pnc.4.25, rAe riH.qeKcoM1 o6osHa-
Ha cyAHo tICHbI BEIUIIHHbI, OTHOCflIIIUEC.f, K
\{OMCHT
cnylarc IIrKBzuIac HaBeTpa,a HH'
TpoM no-
AeKcoM 2 - x cJlfralo IITKBaJIac
HO I4MEET
'o;1 KpeHa rroABeTpa.Yron crarnrlecKoro Kpe-
na 0g COOTBeTcTByeT TOTIK9 Al, n
C HABET-
rcoropofi KacareJlbHax ArC, K AI{a-
i.-I IIIKBaJI,
rpaMMe I,IMeeTHaKJIOH, OnpeAeJlse-
rruufruo-
cIItHbI M . urrfi uoueHToM Mo. flocrpoeHl,Ie
BeTCTByeT KacareJrbHofinorasaHo Ha pHcyHKe,
M, Onpe- rAe orpe3oK 4h paBeH o.qHoMY
).1HI'ITEJIb. paAI{aHy, aB1C1 MoMeHrY Mg.
, xoropufi Orx.naAuB€ulno rofi xe BeprLIKarIn
3aJlaqc BerpoBbIM
Prcyrox 4. 25. Ilpruoe peIJIeHI,Ie xpeHoMHa
ocroft'IlrBocru
orpe3oK BlDl, panuufi uoueHry M
AHarpaMMe AI{HaMI+IecKofi

103
 1a[poBe.ry ceKylltylo AtDl, nafiAernrAI,IHaMI'ItIecrufiylon KpeHa91 KaKa6C-
oT rrIKB€IIIa,
uucay rorrKtr E nepeceqeulrf, ceryuefi c ArlafpaMrraoitguuarrarqecrofi ocrofiqueocrrl.
Hapr6OnrruUfi AnnaMuirecKr4ftvrouenr M1, Bbr[apXLIBaeMbIficy4uot"t, Oupe.4e-
rr,rrcs orpe3KoM BlFl, rAe 4 - Tor{KanepeceqeHnrBepTI4K€l"[n 81fi c xacarelrnofi r
AI,IalpaMMe, rlpoBeAennofius rourH ,41.
,{nHarrazveCfr4fiyfon KpeHa 02 oT ITIKBtUIa, Co3Aaloqero ralcofi )Ke MOMeHTM ,
Ho npunoxeHHoro c noABerpeHHoro6opra cyAHa,IlMerclrleroKpeH -dg, o[peAeJII'ITct
rO.IxOfi E2 fiepecerlennffceKyrllefi AZEZ TorO )KeHaKJIoHa'tITo H AtDl, C 4uarpauvrOfi
.rluHaMaqecxoftocroft.rusocrl,I. Hara6onruruit guuattll.recKuft MoMeHT,BbIAeplKHBae-
-
narrficyAnoM, B sroM cnlqae u:o6pa:urc{ orp$KoM Bepr}IKarIHBzFz, tge F2 ToqKa
ee [rrepeceqeHutc KacareJllttofi,[poBeAeHHofiIastouxu A2-
Taxraun xe nocrpoeHnf,Mr,rHa AlrarpaMMax crarllrrecKoia u AHHaMHT{ecrofioc-
ToftqlaBocrl,IpellI€llorcx 3aAarruo[peAeJIeHIlt HaIE6olruu{x AI,IHaMI,IYecKnx MoMeHToB'
BbrAepxilBaeMbrxcyAHoM, coBeprxaroull4MHa BonHeHuu6oproBylo Kar{Kyc aMnn[Ty-
goir gg. Mouesr M1 coorBercrByer cJrf{alo, KorAa IuKBzIlt4efictnyer B cropoHy KpeHa
paBHoro 9g. Mouenr M2 co'
cyAna Lr Hiureraer B MoMesr uan6onbllrero HaKJIoHeHH.u,
oTBeTCTByeT Cnyqaro, KorAa ruKBarrHaJreTaeTHaBcTpeqyHaKJIoHeHI4rc AyAHa,HMero-
rrlervrynau6onrurufi yron HaKJroHa-0g.EcrI4 IrrKBanHiuleraer Ha cyAHo IIpH KaKoM-
rur6o KpeHe gp,npoMex(yTorrHoMMexAy 0O n -dg, To BblAepxl{saeN{rtficyAHoMMo-
MSHTM I onpeAeJrr4Tcf, KacarenbHofi,npone.qennofiI{3 TorrKI,IHa npqMoit' A1A2, coor- + r l

BercrByrol{eft orovry yrny 0p.klz puc.4.24 flcHo, rITo MoMeHTMt, xapaKrepla:yeurtfi

Mt u M2, rer
HaKJroHoM erofi KacarenbHofr,6y4er npoMexyrotlHblM MexAy MoMeHTaMYT
Koropbre rBJrrrorc{ nau6olrru}rM H HaLIMeHbITII4M I{3 BbIAepx}IBaeMbIxcyAHoM AuHa'
MnqvecKux MoMeHToB npl4 KarIKec aMnnrltyaofr 0g.
3auerrau, qro npr.rBeAeusrrfr cnoco6 o[peAeJleHu{BbIAepx(uBaeMbIX cyAHoMAH-
HaMurrecKrdxMoMeHToBB ycnoBr{.nxKarrKrItBJlf,erct npu6luxeHHblM I'I IpI'IBOAIITK
3HaueHH{MHecKoJIbKo HI{xe BbIAepx}IBaeMbIx SartHuecrz-

4.8.3.Kpenrqnft uoprenr' 3aBucrluufi or yrJla KpeHa

qro KpeH-fl-
O6uqno 11pHpaccMorpeHr4lr3aAarrocrofiqueocrtr npeAnoJlafaerct,
or yrna KpeHacyAHa,rITo uo-
rqgfi uotvreHTecrb BeJrlrquHallocro{HHafl,, He 3aBvcflrl{.aA
3BoJIgeruoJryirr4Tbrrpocrbre cnoco6rr HX perueHus,.B geficrnureJlbHocrl,I KpeHtrrlue
CyAHa 143TO yCnOXHteT pelueHl'Ie.
MOMeHTbI U3MeHrKrTC.flC HaKJIOHeHT4eM
flprvroe oilpe.{eneHne crarur{ecKoro vr AunawvrrlecKoroyHIoB KpeHanpH [epe-
MeHHoMMoMeHTecocrouT B nocrpoeHuu rpaQHKa3aBncl4MocruKpeHflIrdero MoMeHra
or yrna KpeHa Ha Ar.rarpaMMe crarrrrrecKofi ocrofrquBocru rE rpaQuxa pa6oru 3Toro
MoMeHra(unrerpaluroft rpueofi) Ha AHarpaMMeAHHaMI,IqecKofi ocrofiqnsocrll. A6c-
qgccbl ToqeK uepecerreHus[ocrpoeHHbrx KpI4BrIXc .4HalpaMMaMI{ocrofi'Il4eocrpl on-
peAenrr HcKoMbreyrnbr KpeHa.OAnaxo o[peAeneHl4eraKltu cnoco6oM rIpeAeJIbHbIx
BbrAepxnBaeMbrx cyAHoM MoMeHToBrpe6yer no46opa KpI,IBrIX,KacareJlbHhlxK AHa-
fp€lMMaMcrarl,IqecKofi u gnuatuuqecxofi ocro fi 'rnso crl{.

104
uca6c- Taroft cnoco6 uanoy.4o6eHH npeAnoqrr,rreJrbHee rroJrb3oBarbcr cJIeAyIouIrIM
)cTI4. npsMLrMcuoco6ou peureHr,[t,ocHoBaHHoM Ha nocrpoeHllu npuBeAeHHbIXAr{arp€rMM.
npeAe- flycrr KpeH{rrlufi naouent 3a,{aHB BHAe:
sHofi rc M*( g) : Mo f@) , (4.2s)
ue Mg - KpeHruIHfi uouenr B IIp-{MoM[oJroxeHr{Lr cyIlna;
:HTM,
f(e) * 3aKoHero r43MeHe:n:afl
no yrury Kpeua.
EJIHTCS TorAa pa6ora KpeHrrrlero MoMeHTa npH HaKJroHeHnueyl.na H3 rlptMoro [oJIo-
ravuofi xeHufl Ao yilra 0 6yger
xHBae- e*(e)=Ms F(e), (4.26)
- TOqKa i,qe
e
cofroc- r(e)=Iile)ae. (4.27)
0
IeHTOB,
Crarsqecrufi yrol KpeHaonpeAenserc{ ycnoBr{eM:
nnHTy-
Mo= u"(o),
uo f@)=Me(e),unu
r KpeHa
rf,€ rpr{BeAennnfi MoMeHrpaBeH:
112co'
HMErc- u r(e)=':r9r)
' (4.28)
KAKOM.
ftq)
Ecnn rocrpourb AHalpaMMyM "(a), ro craruqecrufryron KpeHano 3aAaHHoMy
toM MO-
-t/g Hafi.{ercgKaKa6c\ucca rorrKunepeceqeHrdfl
ropu3oHTturu,[poBeAeHsofina Bhrco-
I, coor- nao-
:e Mg, c KplrBoitM"(e), ^ uau6onuunfi nu4epxuBaeMbrftcy4norvrcrarr.rqecKrafr
r1'errlrrfi
H M2,
xpIanofr.
\reHr Mtr* olpeAeJrr,rrcrMaKcLIMyMoM
il AL4HA- Hcrronb3ytycnoBlleonpeAeneHurr
AHaroru.rHo,ecJrr4, yrna 4peHa:
A]rHurMrrqecKoro
Mo F(o)=Au(o),
lroN{AI4- nocrporrrb Ar,rarpaMMynpr4BeAeHnofipa6omr :
]O.III4T K
A"(0)
,qu(e):
r(e)
To Ar{HaMuqecxufryron KpeHa rlo
3aAaHHOMy Mg TaKX(e lF,afiI:ercs
I KpeHt- rarc a6cqncca roqKu nepecetreHn.{
qTO IIO- roprsoHTaJrvrHa BbrcoTeMg c Kpu-
eHtIrII4e
Bofi ,q"(e), a sau6onrurufr
BbI.qepX(HSaeIvIbIfi oyAHoM
rlr [epe-
Ar,rHaMurrecxufiMoMeHT onpeAe-
IOMCHTA
trr4rcs.MaKcHMyMoM KpHBon e"(e).
br 3TO|O
nr.A6c- Als KaxAoro B:aAa 3aBr.rcrrMocri{
rcTI,I Oil-
BHoIITHeTO KpeH.rrqero MoMeHTaor
IE-lbHbIX e ouu, <?1 yrna KpeHa cya*a f(e) npwxoArarct
( K AI4a- cTpoI4Tb cBoH npI,IBe,qeHHbIeAua-
Pr.rcyHox pa6or rprl nocrotHHoM
4. 26. IlpwreneHHarr,Ilnarpauua qpaMMbr, Ho oHH AaIoT npocrble
MoMeHTe (4narpauua cpeaHKXt,,totuenroa)
nprMbre perxeHH{ pac-
cMarpHBaeMbIX 3aAatl. 3auetuvt,

105
qro Her Heo6xoAuMocr6 B rrocrpoenw4 TaKIIIXAI{alpaMM Bo BceM AI,Ian€l3oHe ynloB
Kpena,a JrHrul e pafionax yrnoB o)sAaeMLIX peureHlll{.
Paccrotp"r qacrHbre cJr1nrau3a1aHtrfl.3aKoHa KpeHtlqero MoMeHTa.
Ia3MeHeHI,[t
1.A4x cJryrratnocroflHuoro MoMeHTa:
!Ie{
M *(e): Mo = const,
fr-
6yuerraI,IMerb:
la-
f(o)=t; r(e)=e; -i\
oTcIoAa rroJr)rqHM.
M"(o);2u@)=
u "(e)= +;(a.30) tilF

T.e. [pr4BeAeHHaf,ArlarpaMMaMe(a) conua.qaerc AnarpaMMoftcratn'Iecrofi octofi'Iu-

Bocrr,r,a ALralpaMMaT'(a) npeacraBrr.rrerALIarpaMMycpeAHI4xMoMeHToB(puc.4.26).
2.CrraeuteHne rpy3a B nolepeqnofi nnocKocrl{.
cfl.3aBncuMocrblo:
B o6Uevr cJryqaecMerr{eHrlrKpeHrrqufi uotuesr BbIpa3HT
u*(e)= Mo cos(a-d), (4.31)

Yron d, onpeAenttoqnft Ha-

npaBiIeHLIecMeIrIeHlIs IIT rpy3a, Ha-
xoAurcf, no BbIpalKeHI,Irc (a.I7):
5z
t g a =- L = 2 2 - z l
o!8 Y2-Yl
flonHufi MoMeHTor cMelrleHut
rppa m 6yner:
P(t2'!r) Mo=^M@sz)
B eronacJryrlaeHMeeM:
f(e) = cos(a- o) ,
0"r9"- o
r(e)=sina-sin(a-d),
I4 npI{BeAeHHbIe 3aBI4CHMOCTHBOCCTa-
HaBnHBaIoIqero MoMeHTa I{ ero pa6o-
rbr oyAyr:
i tn\= M"(e)
Ma\a)
d6;ryt (4.33)
' t(a)
ar(e\=-3Y,- '
sina tin (7- a)
.I[.nr vucro no[ePeqHofo cMe-
rrIeHHt rpFa a=0 I'I npI{BeAeHHbIe
Ar{afpaMMu 6yayr Bblpaxarbcfl' 3aBu-
CNMOCT-'TMI,I:

Pucynor 4. 27 . llptc,ercHrble AllarpttltrMbl MoMeHToB npl'r no'

nepeqHoM cMeI[eHI{I{ rp\i3oB
u"(e)=#,A"(e)=n?(t).g.34) slnt/

106
I yfJIoB
.{nx sroro crry-lrafl
napuc.4.27.a u 4.27.6 usolpaxeHbl KaKnpr,IBeAeHnbre,
TaKn
NTEHTA.
HcxoAHrIe.qr,ralpaMMHocroft.ruBocrr.r.
I4s $oprr,rynu (4.34) I.trt M 6 cJreAyer,qro ecJruyfoJr 3aKara AHalpaMMbrcraru-
.Iecxoft octofi.rHnocrn rrpeBbrluaer90o, ro Mu(lO')="o. 3ro o3Halraer,qro raKoe cyA-
HO He MOXeT ObITb OnpOKr4HyTOHHKaKITMCTaTHqeCKr.rM
noneperlHbrM CMeUIeHHeMrpy-
34.
3.Mouesr or eogAeficrBurBerpa,
\ llpu rpeue Id3Merulercfl
KaKrrnoulaAb[apycnocru cyAHa,TaKn xapaKTepo6re-
t;( 4. 30) KaHHt cy,qHa Bo3AyruHbrMnoroKou. 3ro ilplrBoArir K I/BMeHeHr4roKpeHrulero MoMeHTa
or Berpa, roroprrfi npeAcraBrsror B Br.IAe:
crofiqu-
M -(o) = M o (cosg + a sin9), (4.35)
+.26).
fIpI,IHI,IMaro6u.rHo a = 0r2.
Ectru 3anucarb BbrpaxeHue(4.35) n Soprrre:
to:
(4.3r) u .(e )= Mo $. "' cos( a- a) , r 4e tg,-= a,
ro BHAHO, qTOOHOCOBnaAaer C (4.31), ecnu nOA Mg nOHlrMaTbKpeHrtllnfr UOUenr or
BerpaB rIpsMoMnoJloxeHl{n cyl.Hav Erlu^
sroro cnyriur npuMeHrrrr Qoprwynu(4.34).
wln Ha-
{.8.4. Cylno c orpurlare.nrHofi HaqaflbHofi ocrofiquBocrbro
!34, HA-
): Ecnu HaqanbHffI MeralleHTpl,rqecKarBbrcora cyAna orpurlareJrbHa, To rrprMoe
c KpeHoM 0g ulru -9g cooT-
noloxeHlle cyAHa neycroftuHBo lr cy.qHo6y.uer rrJraBaTb
BercrBeHHoHa nparufi r,rJrrrireBbrfi 6opr, [pr,r Koropbrx paBHoBecne6yaer ycrofiun-
ICIIICHLI' BIIM. O.reeu.{Ho,r{To rtpu h < 0 rueraqeHTpntrecxarQopuyna ocrofi.rrdBocru HenpuroA-
na rarpebyer KoppeKTI,IpoBKIl, no3ToMypacaMorpnrrr6oree uo4po6no M€Lrrbre yrnbr Ha-
LTIOHeHItf, Ant STOrO Cnyqafl.
e32) BocnonrgyeMcf,o6rqurrru$oprvrynarrau
Nffi r(oopAlrHar[p npn HaKJroHeHLru
cy4na:
e e
lc = !r(01cos0d0; zc = zcl + [r(fi sin? dg (4.36)
0 0
BOCCTa- Pa:roxutr,tn psA Maxnopeua SyHxquro r(0).3ra SyHKrUx rrerHa.f,, r.e. r(0\=r(-0),
-o pa6o- rlosroMyeeprA 6y.UercoAepxarbroJIbKoqerHbrecrenenu d

r(o)=rs+r$+.' (4'37)
L

(4.33) floAcraenss gror psA e BblpaxeHnfl lc v zgt B Koropbrx cos d u sind rarxe npe4cra-
a
tsHMB BI{Ae pr.4oB, ra coxpaHffr noA lrHTetpanaMl,I rrJIeHhIIo 0' BKrIoqI,ITeJIbHo,rrocJre
HHTefpLtpoBaHr{.rrnon}nrr4M:
rro cMe-
02
IJCHHbIC lc = roo+(r$-rolf; zc=zcv+rO7; (4.38)
cs.3aBn-
l4cuonr:yr srl,r Bbrpa)r(eHr{rr,
lEso6qero Bblpaxenufl AIrflurerra ocrofi.rr4socru:
I lccos I + z" sin1-V r - z"g)sin1,
= (4.3e)
2 t+.lq\
0 raKxepa3rloxeHHoro
BPsAuo 0'
o2\
t = h 0 + (l"T;y'
r ' - h ) T =.h ^(
t l t. . ; ) (4.40)

r07
 :IE
fne ooo3HarleHo a1 -

6ho (4.4r) --x

q=
1 6 - h = r' vd _ l _Itr
hs
d2, '-fi]
Eclu I,I3BecrHhIr(0) = ry n r(0) = 12, ro An.flBTopoftnpousno4uofi rfi = n H 3
de' xo
Ktrl
(4.37)uorrfrllM16= 2#. flycru 0z :0; rz : r0,rorAa ,6 --zAf . :oi
ei -e; ei
5zu
cyAHanpu h;o ,t"(4.40) HafiAeu:
,{rx yrna paBuoBecut
I p
"'l
I = h o0 l t +
q )l : 0 ;
I
orKyAa rroJrrrlrM TpI4pe[IeHHt:
1) do = 0 - ero coorBercrByer rpflMoMy Heycrofi.InnoMy rIoJIoxeHI4IocyAHa;
I 6
D eb- o6=t^l-q=+ l--:-r 0 - sro yHIbI KpeHa,npl{ KoropElxcyAHo6y.uetB paBHoBe-
l, .
1l l-t-;--
llI lftl
t l

cr{H npx h <0 u npn orcyrcrBul,I BHeUHI{xKpeHrllqux MoMeHToB.

.[gx npxrraocreHHorocyAHartreqo ocrofi.rusocrrl Bblpaxaercfl 3aBl4cl{Mocrba:
, = l r o* ! ! r s 'e ) e
'
tn ^ft<0 Yruu KPeHadg /crofi-
III,IBO|O N3 TOTO I(E
PABHOBCCU'I
/ = 0 6yAy:.
ycJroBpl.tt
_
=*,1-"0
tg+s
1j ro
unrepec
Cneuraalrrrrtfr
3AeCbnpeAcTaBn.qer Bonpoc o IIe-
CyAHaC OAHO|O
peBErnHBaHI,In
6opra Ha 4pyrofi npu cilp{MrIeHI{I{
cyAHa,T.e.yMeHbtueHHLI yfna
KpeHa.
Ecnu nocreneHHoyBerHtIH-
Barb cfipflMntloqfift MoMeHT, Ha- :X}
Pncyror 4. 28. OnpeaeJlenl,re rrplrMep,[epeMeuIeHHeMrpy3a Ha
yfna Kpenarrpr repe-
AI'IHaMI'rqecKoro ]r!
BTIJIHBAHI{LICYAHA rport4BonoroxHufi KpeHy 6oPr, EAE
cyAHo 6yler Bbrnpf,Mnf,rbcr. OAHaro rar 6yAer rpoAoJlxarbcfl ronbKo Ao rex nop, no- aoi
Ka yron KpeHaHe yNreHbruurc.flAo ynra ei, (puc.4.28), coorBercrByloulero MaKcHMyMy E E
AualpaMMrt ocrofiquBocrl,t, T.e. noKa crrprMJlflrou1ufrrvroueHTHe AocrnrHer BeruqnHbl lFrE
M'=Plr.Kax roJrEKoMoMeHTor [epeHoca rpy3a [peBbIcI{TBenHrrI4Hy M', cyytto
F\o
Haqger cnprMmrbc.rr caMocroffTeJrbHo,nepefi4er np.sMoe roJro)Kenue H 6y4er rpe-

10 8
 Hlrrbcr Ha nporr,rBonoJroxHrrfi6opr, AocrnrHyB rrpn groM Ar{HaMuqecKoroyrna KpeHa
0'4, onpegeJrteMoro paBeHcrBov 3arrrrpKXoBaHHbIXnlou1a4efi, a 3aTeM, coBepul,rB He-
(4.4r) cKoJIbKoxole6aHnfi, ycranoBHTcr c KpeHoM dj, coomercrByroElHM paBeHcrBy cnptM-
n.sroulero r4 BoccTaHaBnHBaloluero MoMeHToB.
IIo 4narpaMMe Al,IHaMHrrecrofi ocroft.rprnocru AHHaMT{qecKHfi yrol xpena 04
4:,' ^" orrpeAen[TcxroqKofi nepece.renvrfl,
npxuofi, uso6paxarouqefipa6ory cnprMnxroulero
d02 MoMeHTa,c Al{arpaMIvroft,rar noKiBaHo Ha roM xe prac.4.28.flocrpoeHr{tr npervrofino-
Ka3aHoHa pI{cyHKe; gra rrpflM€ur6yler KacareJrbHofix 4r,rarpaMMeAlrHaMraqecxofioc-
rofiqunocrn B TorIKe ee [eperu6a upu yrne KpeHa - ek. Yron 0* uaiagercfl,v3 ycno-

4d = 'e6 ; 2, 0 o 2+ h s = a ,
orKyAa

tr=*ffi=xE,r.e.
o'-=ft, (4.42)

n o,ucTaBJlfif,3HarreH]re e* n$.40), uaft4eu:

ABHOBE.
)
t k =h oe ; ( r . t ' ; ) = ? r o =;ho ek. (.43)
q ) '
\
3aueruu, qro Bce [oJry-
rTbro:
ireHHbre 3Aecb Qopuynu cnpa-
BeAJIHBbT AJI' MaJIbrX yHIOB, nO
rpafinefi Mepe He 6onee yrna
BXoAauarry6rr B BoAyr.rJrr.r
Bbrxo-
Aa cKynbru3 BoAbr.
C yeeruveHueMa6conrcr-
nofi BeJrr,rqriHblorplilllarernrrofi
MerarleHTprE.recroft Bbrcorhr Ha-
qanrnufi yron KpeHa 0g vr yqa-
)ec
€oIIe- cToK Ar,rarpaMMbrc oTpr{rlaTenb-
)ro HbIMII [JlerraMn octoft.IunocrlI
}UICHHI,I 6yxyr Bo3pacrarb, a yroJr 3aKaTa
I'JA PucyHox4. 29. OnpeteJreHr.re 3HaqeHurI orO na,[[arpaMMax ev Ir fracroK c rroJroxureJlbHbr-
crarn recrofi H rr,rHaMl{qecxofi
octofrqfisocttt MI{ nrerraMu yMeHbrrrarbc.rl.Ol-
BEJII{!II4- HoBpeMeHuo6yAer Bo3pacrarb H
eHT,Ha- .lnHtrMr{rrecrufi KpeH rrpr4 nepeBarII,IBaHI4Lr cyAHa na gpyrofi 6opr. llpu Heroropofi ne-
py3a Ha .-rnrlrHe h <0 c[ptMneHr4e cyAHa [pr{BeAer K ero orrpoKtrAbrBaHr,rrc. 3ro sHa.renue h1
)' 6opr, xafi4erca H3 ycJroBur, tITo np{Muls pa6orur cnprMnrroqero MoMeHTa6yger KacareJrb-
nop,no- sofi r AHarpaMMeAlIHaMIrFIecrofiocrofi.Iusocrr{ oAHoBpeMeHHo rrpu yrne tcpeua -?in
(crIMyMy
H HayqacrKe AuarpaMMbl,coorBercrBylouleM [oJlox]rreJlbHbrM nrerraM octofi.rHnocrll
iJIHI{I4HbI lpuc.4.29). Ecrn I,I3BecrHolono, npu KoropoM crrpflMJreHrre cyAHa npr,rBoArrrK ero on-
'. cyAHo
poKrrAbrBaHl,Iro, Bbrcora saftAercs uz (4.43):
To coorBercrBytoq€ul MeTarleHTpnyecKarr
ler Kpe-

109
 2.)
ry=21d#* l. (4.44)

flpegenrnoe 3HaveHHeoTpllqatelruoft MeTalleHTpu.IecrofrBbIcOTbIhry npn xo- rpH

ropofi AuarpaMMacrarlrqecrofi ocrofi-.rprsocrr{Boo6ue ne 6y4er uMerb )nracrKa c IIo- altetl

JroxuTeJrbHbrMr,rnJreqaMr4,a 6yger roJIbKo Kacarbct acu 0 cHh3y (yruu 0g u 0u cou- i)'.f,Il

]IEH]
na,qyr), onpeAennTcr oTpe3KoMoT Haq€LIIbHoro MeTaUeHTpa Mg Io roqK?I nepeceqeHl4c
!{eHl
rpnnoft MerarIeHTpoB co cneAoMAnaMerpaJlruofinJlocKocrn(o"r. prac.4.30).Bnl rarofi
AprarpaMMuuso6paxeu na puc.4.31. CyAHo, LrMerouee raKylo rpeAeJIbHyIoAua-
rpaMMy, noo6ue ne 6yAer ocrofrqusblM I4 or[poKuHerc.f,.

h*

:a3E
n--reJ
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Pncyxox 4.31. [uarpaMMa crarlflIecxoi oc, ofi'tuBocr]I npu 5bl\t
Pucynox 4.30. Oupeaeleul,tenpeAenbnofo3qa-
qeHut orptlllaremnoft ftg nPe.uelruofi ft6 :Ef\

gggT

4.8.5. [uarpaupra CyAHa c noABH]I(HbIMIl rpy3aMlr

OCTOfiTIUBOCTIT
;n(0)
Ee o(
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rpy3oB, a 3areM l-py3 Maccbl m oKagarcf,[oABerreHHbIMHa IIOABeCKe AJII{HOrtlu TO B
npeAenax yrnoB KpeHa,npll Koropblx rpy3 Moxet cno6o4Ho orKilonflTbcfl.,I43MeHeHpIe
Ar,ralpaMMrrocroftqrrBocrr,r6yaet raKIaMxe, KaKor rlepeMelrleHnf,ero uo Beprl{Kalln B
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@.20):
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.

110
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OnpegeneHlre[o[paBK]r K nJreqy ocroft.runocru or nepereKanns.xr4AKoro rpFa
[pI{ KO- npn 6onnlul{x HaKJIoHeHrIJrx
cy4Ha ocHoBaHoHa rofi xe aH€urorlruMe)KAynepeMenle-
(a c IIo- HI{€M I{eHTpa Tf,xeCTI{ )KnAKOTO {pFa B IIuCTepHe H [epeMeIIIeHI,IeM IIeHTpa BeJII/ttIHHbI
0, con- cyAHa-qncrepHbl,Koroparl ucnonb3oBaJracb s n.3.7.2. B o6oux cJrfrarrx oro nepeMe-
:eqeHplc rrleHurl IIeHTpa rrx(ecrr{ ToxAecrBenHbrx o6reNaos. floerorury urerro KpeHtrr{ero Mo-
\reHTaor rlepereKaHr4flrpy3a conracHo (4.3) 6yger:
,ararcofi
l-f=y.fcosd+zysin?,
to AHa-
i4e y-f u zf -cMeuleHlrr{f xr,r4rororpy3anoocflM y H z;
0 e
y -f = lr"f coscp
dg i z.f = lrf sinrpdrp;
0 0
i-
rf =2;

ix H v - rleHTp€LnbsrrfirvroueHTr,rHepur4r{rlrtotqaAu cso6oAnofi [oBepxHocrl{

xHAKocrH B UucrepHeorHocr4TeJlbHo
ocn, [apaJlJlemuoft ocu Ox, n o6teu sroft
Prfian X}I,UKOCTI,I.
-00 Orcro4a, nocJle [oAcraHoBKr,I BeJIr{quH, AJIf, rronpaBKn K trirerlaM ocrofiqnnocrn
oT nepeTeKaHr,rrxHAKocTH IIoJrr{HM BbrpaxeHr{e :
\ If - e!r*
6 t = -*n -P* "r"10-q) dp; (4.45)
\'' D D o
\rp
f.tre flilc = puc v - Macca XI,IAK0cTI,IB III,ICTepHe.
\
flocxomry rouQnryp a\Hu cyAoBbrxrlrrcrepHorrr,rqarorcc6omrxunapasuoo6-
pa3r{eM,flocrpoeHr.re
paBHoo6reunrrxypoBHefin pacuer MoMeHToB r,ruepltrrrrl
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3anoJlHeHufi qncrepHnpeAcraBJrf,Ior
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EcnoJrb3oBanr{n$oprvrynrr(4.45).,{nx nparcrlrqecKr4x
r{enefinoJrb3yrorcrnpn6ruxeH-
pcTI4 nplr HIIMI{ cnoco6aulrt, ocHoBaHHhIMr{ Ha 3aMeHe 4eficrnnreJlbHbrx r{HcrepH rlr4nuHApuqe-
CKI{MI,I C SKBHBAJIEHTHbIM CEIIEHHCM.
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&op*.
fur rpyr.nofi qurunApr{lrecKofr qrnctepubr npu HaKJroHeHr{HoKoJIoee ocn 6y.qer
= =
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Haocrl rlr{crepHbrI4 rronpaBKaK rtreqy ocroft.ruBocrn paBHa:

BHXHbIX dl = -m! 16sind,

D
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TI,IKAIII{ B
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BparrIeHH{.
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KaHHeXHAKOCTII noJDrqaloTccyxe AoCTaToqHO TpOMO3AKLIMI,I Ang HenOCpeACTBeHHorO
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nl
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coorBercrBeHHo qepe3 xuxHnfi u BepxHHfi yrnrr celleul{q, Koroplle onpeAeflsrorc.fl BbI-
corofi H€urI,IBaxLr,UKocr[I u coorHoIueHI,IeM Bblcorbl I'I IUHpI{HII IILIcrepHbr, B cB.u3I4c
rreM npaKTuqecKlr ucnoirb3)rrorcx npn6Jrr{x(eHHbre cnoco6bl f{era BnrnflrJvrs'XLIAK}IX
"HncrpyxrlHl{ no
tpy3oB Ha AlrarpaMMy crarnqecKofi ocrofiqllBocrn, I,I3JIoxeHHbIe B
y.reTy BIInflHvrs,cno6oAHrtx lloBepxnocrefr )KI{AKIaxrpy3oB Ha octofi.rgeocrb cyAHa"
ma6ocnoco6, peKoMeHAyenasIfi I4MO.
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yrnax KpeHa,cocToIIT B onpeAeneilvpl IIoIIpaBKu AJI' tlneqa cTaT]Iqecrofi ocrofi.Ineo-
crra ro Qopuryle:
5 l = 5 h os i n d ,
l _
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ueraqenrpplqecKofinucoru;
ozt^n
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ig - MoMeHTHHepqr{r,rnnoqa.qu ceo6oAHofi nosepxHocrla xI,IAKocra npI'I 3a[on-
HeHUHrltrcTepHbrya 50Yoee eMKOcTn KpeHa.
U OTCyTCTBUT4
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B r{prcrepHe3aMeHsercspaBHosennrofi rparequeir (pnc.4.32), ruouenr
BarepJprHvtfl.
HHepI{urIxoropoft noAcrlnTblBaerct no Qopuyle:
,o=r(?),u?,
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na roropoMBepxHf,t
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;

3nax cyuM6r B BblpaxeHuv Anfl |hg pacnpocTpaHserct Ha Bce IIltcTepHbI I{X

pacqerHoft xou6rana\nil. B.rracro rlr4crepH,r{r{TbrBaeMbrxrlpu oIIpeAeJleIHHprBJrr4sH'nt
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npu 6onblxl4x yrnax KPeHa,AonxHbI
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Aa xHAKoro rpy3a u iannacra, B Ko-
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xona6nsaqvs, trpu xoropofr cyMMap-
sufi nonpaeovuufr MoMeHT nPPI
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Pncyuox 4. 31. 3auena ruIouraAucno6oAnofifloBepxHocrusKBI'r- BHIO:
Balenrnofi rPaneunefi
/30 vr b, y ^lct < 0,01Dmin,

tt2
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oro BI4- vT
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aKa,l4x
Dmin - Bo.qor.r3MerrleHue,coorBercrByroqee MI4HpIMzuIruoft 3arpy3KecyAHa.
:\'MMap-
rT nplr Cnoco6 r{cflpaBneHufl AHarpaMMbIocrofi.rugocrl{ I{a BJrI,ItHI4ecso6oAHHX tlo-
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xar 6rrlo cKa3aHoBblrrre,.{nf, Koropofi oupe4eJltercs nonpaBKa HaBlftrflHkreceo6oAHofi
)qaroTcf roBepxHocrr{ xr,rAKoro lpy3a Zme rlrfl pa3nr4rlHblxyrnoB KpeHa,[pl4qeM Ant Kax-
re ycno- Aofi rlncrepHbr u3 pactleTnoil xou6rIHaIIHHnonpaBKa LM g onpeAenfercs no Soprvryne:
LM6 - vr br prc ke ^ltn , (4.48)
an'

113
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rannsrr6upaercrus ra6r.4.3. ril
sine('**)+,
=-T BI
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HbIE

brlo,
eo brlot
f, 10 15 20 30 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90
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10 0,07 0 . 1 1 0 . t 2 0 ,1 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 0 0 . r 0 0.09 0.07 0.05 0,04 0.03 0.01 10
5 0.04 0,07 0 .1 0 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 0 0.10 0.08 0,07 0.06 0.05 0,03 5
3 0.02 0,04 0.07 0.09 0 . 1 1 0 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 0,10 0,09 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,04 3
2 0.01 0,03 0.04 0.06 0,09 0 . l l 0 . 1 I 0 . 1 1 0 , 1 0 0.09 0,09 0.08 0.06 2
1..5 0.01 0.02 0,03 0,05 0.07 0 , 1 0 0 , 1 I 0 , 1 1 0 . 1 1 0 . l l 0 . 1 0 0.10 0,08 1,5
I 0.01 0.01 0,02 0.03 0,05 0,07 0.09 0.10 0 " 1 2 0 , 1 3 0 . 1 3 0 . r 3 0 . 1 3 I
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03 0.00 0,00 0,01 0"01 0.01 0.02 0,03 0.03 0.05 0 . 1 1 0.19 0.27 0.42 OJ
0'2 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,01 0.01 0.01 0,02 0,02 0.04 0.07 0 , 1 3 0,27 0.63 0'2
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3. Canyuueepysbt
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I{T rpysa AJII psAa yfJIoB KpeHacyAHa. OAnaro KpeHf,-
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c yreroM Toro, rrro oAHoMy 14rolry xe yfJry B uepecrulaHuf rpFa coorBercrByer
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nepecbrrraHHt rpy3a r{3 BoccTaHaBJII{B€ilOUII4X MOMeHTOB, COOTBeTCTByIOUUX HeIIOA-
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Ar4arpaMMycyAHa c sKBI,IBaneHTHbIMHe[oABI4xHbIMrpy3oM' KpnBat -I cootsercrByer B\
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X
114
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rpnnofi ab napnc.4.34, [porrxeHHocrb raKr.rxKprrBhrxza.iaxul,r o6pasoM,'xvra-
(4,4e) rpaMMa ocroft.rrrnocrn cyAHa c cLI[]nrr{M llpy3oM r,rMeerABe BerBH,coorBercrBeHHo
npu HaKnoHeHI4uHa npaBblfi ra nenrtfi 6opr. IIpn yrr,reubrrreHr4r,r
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115
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crr,I cy,qoBBcex rH[oB s KoAerce I,IMO.

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MoMeHra,onpeAeJreHHoro no Qoprrayne(4.52), a raKxe npl4 nocro;lHHoM6oxosoN,Irer-
pe c KpeHrrrIHMMoMeHToM,onpeAeJreHHLrM no $oprvryne(4.49) [pr{ AaBnenuuBerpa
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122
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pafiona nJraBaHrrfl
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125
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126
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BI{Ae CyMMbI AByX CJIafaeMbIX:
6rT
Vrp=\s, *16 2ps \la'
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rAe vH - HenpoHrirqaeMbrfi
o6renarpy3a, lrHarrefoBopfl, ero ooleuHoe BoAoI43MeIqe-
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lu rp o6reu, 3anlrMaeMHfi soAofi B rlpeAenax o6rellu vzp, BKJIroqaflcKBaxfl4-
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crocrb I4 BoAolofJIoIIIeHI4e rPY3a, -{ni
n 6ygenacrrr4rarbe$sexrnnnofi nrorHocrbro rpy3a ero Maccy(nuecte c rapofi v yna- .\.E
o6lervry:
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= l - - (s.4) ,]e(
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r32
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Ho H3 (5.3) I,rMeeM v, =J,
oqecce prp
I KOTO-
aus (5.2) uMeeM vzp = Q mep
tpyflre,
rarfSn- H, rroAcraBrrflflsrr4Bbrpaxenux n (5 .4), rroiryrrrlM:
(s.s)
I

C,f,CJIAX Itrp =1 - :i-.

HHMAE. Q Pep

trenr,ITb B arona BbrpaxeHvrvr B rBHoM Br4Ae BbrAeJreHoBrrvrflHneKoMnaKTHocrI,I yKJIaAKH

ryFa Ha ero xoe$$uqueHT flpoH]lrlaeMocrr4n c ero noMorrlbrogro BJIHxHHe Moxer
poBeHb 6urr oqeHeHo a{ucJreHHo.
3QQertr4Bnafl flJrorHocrb prp xapaKTepr43yerrlpoHnrlae-
llrocrb oAuoro Mecra rpy3a vr flBnrflerc 6onee cra6nnrnofi eenn.ruttofi, He)KeIrkrltep,
T.K.He 3aBHCHrOr XapaKTepayKiraAKHlpy3a B oTceKe,a roJrbKooT BerrlecTBa rpy3a I{
lvteCTa rrro
ero y[aKonnn (nHyrpeHnefi cKBaxr,rcrocra).OqeeuAHo, Anr oAHopoAHbIXHe rlo-
riroruaroqr4x BoAy fpy3oB, rrepeBo3r{urrx 6eg rapbr, pzp ecrb o6rr.rHas IulorHocrb Be-
irlecTBarpy3a.
IrqHyro
B m6n.5. I gnx HeKoropbrxBr.rAoB
rpy3oB rpHBeAeHbIAaHHbrero yAeJIbHoMyrro-
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rpy3orrHorr,ry
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OAHOfi oKc[epuMeHTanbHo,a AaHHbrerto q - nyreM o6rraepaurra6enefi rpy3a B
pep rrolr1ytreHbr
rproMax cyAoB.
(s.2)
5.1. 3naqeHusyAexbHbrx
Ta6nrEua o6reuon, rlJlorHocrefiraxooS$uqn-
norpy3orrHbrx
i eHeru- rpy3oB
HeKOTOpbIX
eHTOBnpOHHTIaeMOCTH

Ha[MeHosaHLIerpy3a q, wt3
h Prp,TIMS p
FI ve, B I HABAJIOIIHbIE fPY3bI
Fyprrft xeJre3HrK 0,57 2,64 0,34
\fapranqenafr.pyl.a 0,63 )?) 0,32
\IapreuorcKiurpyAa 0,46 4,18 0,48
Brvreule-
-\rnoMepar rervtro-xpacnnrfi 0,39 3,85 0,33
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:KBAXH-
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.{Hrpauur 1,10 1,48 0,39
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ilorc 2,40 1,10 0,62
(s.3)
II. CbIITYqI,IEfPY3bI
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(5.4)
Onec 2,18 1,05 0,56

133
 ne ra6lr,rurr 5
III. META]IJIbI ot
r{yryu B qymKax 0,28 7,20 0,50 H]

Ilunr B lryulKzlx 0,40 7,r0 0,65 \.l

0,31 8,90 0,64
Meat B qyltrKax
0,26 I1,34 0,66
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0,77 2,71 0,52
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0,43 7,85 0,70
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0,60 7,85 0,79 r
[eyraeporue 6alxu
0,67 7,85 0,81
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1,30 7,85 0,90
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0,34 7,85 0,63
Craru [pyrKoBal ).I
IV. TPY3bI B KT4TTAX BT
8,00 0,24 0,48
llpo6ra
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234 1,23 0,65 OI
Axyr
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3,30 1,05 0,71
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UI
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vII. OEOPyAOBAHI{EB tlrII4KAX
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1,97 2,14 0,76
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1,90 i,60 0,67
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I,59 6,12 0,90
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Vnxeepcalbublft page'Irrofi lfqgex-

t34
 JII,IIUIno HeroropblM BI'IAaM
B nocneAHeM p€t:Aele ra6luqbr npr{BeAeHbr.qaHHbIe
rI{[oB I4 ptr]Mepon.,.ftx KoHKper-
o6opy4oaanvra)HMercrr{erotuupoKoe pasHoo6pa3l,Ie
50 I Hbrx crryrraen eQQeKTHBHyIonJlorHocrb oAHoro Mecra nepeBo3llMoro o6opy,uonannfl'
,65 I MOXHO OrrpeAeJrllTb IIO BbIpaxeHHIO:
,61 |
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(s.6)
ffinemmo mmapu
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70 1 Puem Pmapu
' l
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'?9 Il
3Aecr m6p a ffinemmocoorBercrBeHno Macca 6pymo rr Macca Herro, Koropble BcerAa
r.oi yKa3blBalorct Ha y[aKoBorlnofi rape, ? paem vI pmapat- IrJIorHocrI4 MeraJlna o6opyAo-
n ero rapbl. ,,{nt cralu H AepeBa MoxHo [pHHI4MaTb paem: 7,85 rlwf u P*opn:
BalVl::lrfl
r.48 I
t.2s I 0,7 rlu3. 3ua.syAelrnufr norpy3olrsufi o6reM AaHHoroBHAao6opy4onannfl, MoxHO
).65 onpeAenr{rr r<ooSQuqLIeHr npoHuidaeMocrl4 no (5.5).
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1.31 | Jlecsue rpFhr y{r{TbrBarorcrHe Maccofi,a o6beMou.flpuueHf,rcrct pa3nI4qHhle
t.71 | cner{H4JrbHbree,qlrHraqrro6reMa ,qpeBecuHbl Orurofi us Hau6onee y[orpe6nrelrnrx
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r{BJrreTc.f, craHAapT,coAepxauluit o6teru !c^: 165 $r'- 4,672 u'
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unouroft ApeBecrrHrr.B 3aBucr4Mocrl4 or pa3MepoBu Qopnru ApeBecI,IHbI eALTHHqa ee
).57 I o6reua 3aHr{MaerB TprcMepa3nr4qHbrfi norpyso.IHrtfi o6reu q"^.{ep* 3TI4Be[I4tII4HbI
r.6e I xooQQuuneHr rpoHl{IlaeMocra ilecHoro rpF a Bblpaxaercx Qoprvrynofr:
0.56 i ( 5.7)
0.52 | Itr p =1- !su- ,
Qcm
0.52 i H3Mepcrorcr B oAHI{x I,I Tex xe [pI,IH.tITbIxeAI,IHH-
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0.20
0.15 uax.
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a . i5 a He3aBr,IcI{Mo oT MaccbruMeror oAr,rHr4 Tor xe HenpoH}IIIaeMbIfio6rerraoAHoro Mecra
0.18 v1. Tarona, Hanpr4Mep, KarHo-6oqxosaf,Tapa,n roropoft [epeBo3f,Tctp€tsnuqHblerpy-
0.50 3br, rrMerorrlueruupoxnfi Arrana3oHnJrorHocrefi. fitn raKl{x rpy3oB yAenrumfi noryy-
t).5i so'rHufi o6reu o[peAeJrrercr KaK o6reu rpy3oBoro noMeuleH]I-flno ypoBeHb rpy3a,
0.14 rprrxoA-flrrluitcs,Ha oAHo Mecro rppa. KoeQQHIIueHr npoHI4IIaeMocrI{Am raKLIx rpy-
0.56
3OBOnpeAeJl.rercflBbIpa)KeHHeM :
0.55
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0.12 F z, o - - l - - 2
vzp
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nra
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B o6beMe vzp.
0 . 52 rosQ$uqueHtoB [poHl,IqaeMocru rpy3oB f,BJltlorcs oc-
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0. 76
HoBHbrMr4ucxoAHbrMuAaHHrTMH npu onpeAeJleuuuroeQQuqueHroB rIpoHHIIaeMocrIiI
0.67
u ./ o 3UTATITINBAEMbIX OT CCKOB .
0.90 Ecln ypoBenb BoAbrB 3aronJreHHoMorceKe, otrpeAen-{euufi anapufinofi narep-
0 .10 nuwueft,[oJrHocrbrotrpoxoAur qepe3oAHopoAHrtfirpys, ro rosSSI{uI{eHr npoHHIIae-
0.90 Mocrtr orceKa paBeHxosQ$uuueHTy npoHplllaeMocrl,IrpFa. Eclu )Ke ypoBeHbBoAbI
t-'.80 orceKa olpe-
rIpoHI,IqaeMocrI,I
HaxoArrrcr Bbrrrre[oBepxHocrr,r fpy3a, To KogQQrEqIaeHr
[r.85 IenseTcfl BLIpaxeHI{eM :

13s
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=t-A-(- rr),
(5.e)
o - l l z p v z yp V ]T
fPY3a (cno-
rAe rca - o6leu Me)KAy noBepxHOCTbIo BOAbIB OTCeKe14roBepxHocrblo HA
pe
6onnufi o6tervr): (5.10)
-vep t B'I
lce =l
no
a v - o6terraorceKa rro ypoBeHb3arolrJleHuf,' rry
o6rerra enuslueficrr BoAbrB OTCeKnafiAercq no BbIpaxeHI'Irc: MI
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(5.1) u
ve=Fv=v-
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Ecma oTceK 3arpyxeH pa3HOpOAHbIMI4I-py3aMI4,
onpeAe-
ro o6rqufi roeQQ?rqI4eHTnpoHI{qaeMOCTI4OTCeKa
Quqzerrru npoHprlaerort",
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p=
Zltup vrp *v", =r-!Lr,p\-0,), (s.r2) CH
&T
'B:
a o6reu erl,Ieureftcl B orceK BoAbI6yner:
ffirp CjT
l -fi = F V = y - L
=-
.
( 5 .1 3)
^
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tsc
caj
Ha BCe rpy:bl B OTCeKe'HaxoAtIqI4eCq iloA
3Aecr cyMMHpOBaHlrepacnpocTpaHfieTgf,
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c paccMoTpeHHbIMBhIIue xoeQQuUu-
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rosQQuqHeHTbI npoHI4UaeMOCrpI
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4 TaKXe ee MOM9HTOB I4HSpII}II4
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5.4. Memodu pacarcmaaeapuilnoil nocadnu cydHa

5.4.1. O6qan xapaKrepucrnKaMeroAoB

I4 ocroft'IHsocTu cyAHa flpu 3a-
flpurvrenrloT ABa MeToAa onpeAeJIeHI'Ig[OcaAKI4
TONJIEHI{I,I OTCEKOB. rITO BJIIIB-
rpy3a' cocToI'IT B TOM,
flepnHfi MeTOA,Ha3blBaeMrtfi ueroAoM npl{eMa
l1pl4HtTblfi na cyAHo rpy3'
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unw eropofi KareroputM, To Anq pac-
Ecnu 3ara[JrrrBaeuuft orceK orHoclrrcfl K rrepBofi
IIeToBIlonb3yloTc'noqTnLIcKJIIoI{HTeJIbHo3THMMeToAoM.

136
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sToro MeroAa ocJroxnflercr reM, r{To Macca srusuleftct B orceK BoAbIHe Mo)Ker 6rtm
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s.10) Bnr,rBrrreftc{B orceK BoAbr.Iloerouy MeroA nplleMa rpFa B oroM cnfrae npI{BoAIrr K
rocJreAoBareJrbHrrMnpu6nuxeHn{M. Barepnnnnlo nepBoro npn6JIHxeHH.f,HaxoAtI
rrpeAnonaraq,lrro orceK 3arroJrHflercrAo ypoBHt HarriulbHofinarepnnunu. flocneAylo-
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5,11) u nafiAesnofi aarepJrr{Hrtf,Mr,rKaxAoro npn6nuxeHl{f. Pacqer npeKpalqarcT,KOrAaIIo-
rrpaBKHK ocaAKaMHoca H KopMbr6y,4yr HaxoAI4T6c{B npeAeJlaxxelaeuofi ToqHocrl4.
roaQ- B 6onrrunHcrBe cJryqaeB6steaer AocrarotlHo rpex npu6nraxesuit.
peAe- Bropofi MeroA, Ha3brBaeMuftuero.qoM rlocrorHHoro BoAoIiI3MeIIIeHH-fl I{JI}IMero-
.f,oMlrcKJrloqeHrlrr,cocrour B ToM, rrro 3araurusaeN,IrrfiorceK c yqeroM ero rooS$u\r4-
(5.12) eHTa rrpoHr,rqaeMocrs r4cKJrroqaar r,r3 BoAon3Melrlaloqero o6reMa Kop[yca. TorAa
BJrr{BrrruucrB orceK BoAa otwraercfl. sa6oprHoit u se npr{HaAJlexaqefi cyAHy, a BoAo-
rr3MerrleHr{eH KoopAranarhrL{T cyasa ocrarorc.f, TaKLIMI{xe, KaK Ao aBapl{n. B erou
(5.13) cnfrae r43MeH.flerce QoprvraBoAor43Melrlarcqeroo6leua n AoJDKHrI6rtrr nepecYETaHbI
sce Heo6xo,qr4Mhre gJreMeHTbr reoperl,IqecKoro qeprexa, no KoropblM aBapnfiuyto no-
caAKycyAHa onpeAentloT TaKxe, KaKAJUIHenOBpex(AeHHOTO CyAHa.
t iIoA
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;3a, TO sofi nocaAru.

onpe4enennn aBapnlrHolrnocagKltnplt 3aronneHnll orceKa

5.4.2.Flpunaep
rQuuu- B cpeAHefrqacru cyAHa
H'I MO-
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L-rfpac- piBMepe cyAHa (puc.5.2) or BepruKa-

137
Jr1r,coorBercrByloutrefi Dg, crpoI,IM rpy:onofi pa3Mep orceKa' orKJIaAbIBas rro ropl'I3oH-

TaJrvrMaccy BJILrBaIoEIeficce orceK BoAbI:

m =p p n ( r ) . (5.14)
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o(rt)= Ds+ m(r1),
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flolrsyacb Te[ePb MeroAoM nocro-
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IITO 3TA TOIIKA ONPEACJII4T
TY XE OCAAKY N.
Onucassrtft cuoco6 Pacrlera Aaer
PncyHor 5. 2. Onpeaeneulteanapufiuofioca,(xuuero- anapufinoft ocagrra, ecJIr4
ToarrryroBenI,IqLrHy
AaMI,InpfieMarpy3a H nocTotHHotoBOAOlfiMeUIeHI4'l
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rarerO-
Kar yra:bIBtUIOCbBbIIue, npII 3aTonIIeHn:noTceKoBnepnofi unl,r BTopOfi
pHr{ onpeAeneHlreanapnfinofi nocaArH rrpoI43BoAI{rCf MeroAoMIIpHeMarpFa. c srofi
uenblo Haxo.{I4MMaccy BoAbI,srueuteEc{ B orceK:
m =p p v ,
rAe v - 3arofllennuft o6leu orceKa.
- oTceKa'roropufr yKa3bIBaeT-
,{gr orcexa uepnofi Kareropgvl v nolnufi o6reu
cf, Ha qeprexe pa3MerqeHr,r{ rpy3oB BMecre c KoopAI4HaraMI4 ero I{T xv vr zv. B cnylae
6rttr
oTceKarrOpofr KaTeropllvtv -o6reu no ypoBeHb3aTonneHuf,'KoTopufi .{onxeH
r43BecTeII. -y*t"pys Maccy m 14ee MoMeHTbI oTHocuTeJIbHo MnAeJIt m xv vl'ocHoBHofi
rrJlocKocrL m zv c uaccofi Iit MoMeHTaMI,I cyAHa EO aBaplII4,TIOJIy{HMAaHHbIe,uo Koro-
prru o6rrrrHblMrryTeMuaft4eu aeapufinyro nocaAKy u ocrOfiquBocTbcyAHa'
Ecnn 3ara11lrr4gaeN{rrfiorceK rpegefi Kareropllv, I4Me}oIUl{fitualrte pa3Mepbl'I4 B
npeAeJraxrr3MeHeHr,IrrocaAKri o6eo4sr cyAHa lI orceKa MoxHo crlHTarb npflMocreHHbl-

138
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Mr,r,To cyulecrByror $opuynbr, no KoroplrM MoxHo [epecqurarb reoperl,IqecKl4e3ile-
MeHTbrH onpe,qeJruTbaeapnfinyro nocanKy r4 HaquulbHytoocrofiqugocrr. O.qnaxo, etpr
t5.14) $oprraynrrMairo upprroAnbrAnr ucloJrb3oBaHucB cyAoBbIXycnoBnsx. flosroMy Huxe
TIdl'.E- 6yayr u3Jro)KeHbr o6rqne cuoco6rr onpeAeJrenuflaBapvftsofi n6gar{KI4,nplaroAHbleAnf,
i roq- ;no6rrx pa3MepoB3aralJlrlBaeMhrxorceKoB. 3rra cnoco6sr ocnoBaHbrHa ucrloJlb3oBa-
Hrll,r,qoKyMeHToB, paccrruraHnblx no 4eficrBr,rreJrbHbruo6ao4au cyAHa, H [o3ToMy He
coAep)Kar AonyuleHufi, sa-noxeHHbrxB ynoMrruyrbrx Bblrue Soprrylax. Kponre rofo,
rroJrb3oBaHr4e 3THMr,r
AoKyMeHTaMH upEBbrrrHoAr-s ruTypMaHcKorococTaBa.
IOCTO-
Ha.rueNac paccMorpeHr,rrrupocrefiurero cJrf{afl 3arorIJIeHHtorceKa, cI{MMerpI4q-
3ATAII-
Horo orHocI,ITeJIbHoAr{aMerpamnoft nJrocKocrn, npu KoropoM He 6y,uer xpena. ,{nr
orqero 3TOrOqaCTOBCTper{aAUIerOCfl Cny{ffr MOX(HonpeAnoxnrb [pOCTbreH O$seXrUnUsIe
CKJIIO-
cnoco6rr pacrreraanapufinofi nocaArcu.
IUI4EH.
5.5.1.Cnoco6 hHrepnonnqun HeBR3oK.
5, BbI-
nocaAKHcy,qHanocne 3aroIIJreHH.tr
llpocrofi cnoco6 oflpeAeneHu.rr orceKa rperb-
).rlo-
efi rareropr{H ocHoBaHHa Iaclonb3oBanilkrAHarpaMMn 4n$SepeHToB I{ qepre)Ka pa3-
HC H3-
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e:wlrcfl.
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pou) c pe3yJlbrarenpo6ouHbr 3arorrJreHorceK, r,rMeroulufiroeQSuIIHeHTrpoHl{Ilaeuoaru p.
pBoHa-
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es 6lttr narep:runuLrB neu (prac.5.3).Toraa Maccasrl.{surefrct B orceK Bo-
rpoBeHbHaqaJrbHofi
:HOSHOfi :u 6y4er:
IO KOTO. m 1 =p l t v l t (5.15)
-.re p - [JlorHocrr ga6opruofi BoAbI;
epbl, I{ B v1 - o6reM orceKa IIo ypoBeHb/1, KoToprrfi upovl,ITblBaeTctno IuKale o6reNaos
CTCHHbI. (nxana f ) na qeprexe pa3MeuleHutrpy3oB.
6yaer :
Hoeoe Bo.uor{3MerrleHl{e
r39
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(5.16)

u nosHfi MoMeHT Macc orHocI'ITeJIbHoMUAeJI':

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(5.17)
no qepTexy pa3Melqe-
rAe xu - a6cqgcca 3aToIIJIeHnofiqacru' onpeAeJlfleMaflTaKXe .[r
Hr,Itrfpy3oB.
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flo .qlrafpaMMearao$epeHToBAJI' sTIIX AaHHbIXHaxoAuM .-re
ypoBeHbBareprll{-
Trr vroprraofi Z*1 (eatep nvHl4fl ll\L1 Hapuc.5.3). fux srofi rocaAKI'I
HrrrrB orceKe 6ylet:
t ' t : T * t+ 1 @ n - T * r ) , (5.18)
coc
paccroflnue I{T cno6oAsofi uorepxHocrll Bo-
rAe qepe3 { o6o:HaveHo oTHocI'ITeJIbHoe
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f /

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(s.1e)
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ypoBHeM' To MorrHo
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ypoBHeM 3arrollHenlafl oTC€Kd f2 5.5
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ypOBeHb BaTepnIaHI4r4B OTCeKeB6IIIIe npI4HqTOfo
6onrruUU t1, eCIIr4Ar1 <0, T.€. SCJII,I
3alT
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/2 Il [.tH
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aHaJIOfHqHO[peAbIAy[IeMy HaxoAHM:
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rJe
M*2=M**ffi2xr.
llo srIaIvIAaHHIIM onpeAenfleu Tr2, Tx2, ypoBeHb
t2 =T*2+ l Qrz -T*z)
14HeBfl3KyypoBHeH
L t 2= t z - t z .
Ecnu | rurl.0,05u, ro
T 12 kr T*Z flPI'IHI4MaOM 3a
ocaAKI'I, OUpeAeJI{rOqrIe Ba- 3:e
TeprItIHHIo paBHoBecHrI. Ecln
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r.rHTepnoJI.rquefi HaXO.{I,IM

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roropofi HeBfl3Ka oK€BblBaerct
&,M panuofi HYJIlo, r.e. YPoBeHb
N t u * 2 BO.rIbIB oTceKe u 3a 6oproM
coBnaAaIOT.
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Pncyuox5. 4. Hnrepnontqnouublfi
140
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I{s puc.5.4nuyno,rro m3orpeAennrcrQoprraynoft:
- tr4t
:5.17) fi73=ffi1-;#Arr.
tfb
(s.20)
Lt2 - N1
,euI€-
.{nr sroro KoruqecrBa BoAbITeMxe rDneMHaxoArrMD3,,M 6,, T'6, T*3.
Konrponr npoBoAlrMorr-xTbtro HeBr3KeyponHefi, AIrflqero olpeAenqeM 3arorl-
IOCOM
renHrrfi o6rerraorceKa:
€pnI,I-
, 3= 9 ,
pp
(s.1
8)
B orceKe:
coorBercrBylorqufi eMy ypoBeHb3arorrlrennfl./3, o raK)KeypoBeHbBarepJII4HHH
TH BO-
ti = T*z+ € ( Tr z- T*z)
H rreBr3Kayponnefi 6y4er:
(5.19) Atr-b-t\.
Bo ncex o6rr.rHrrx cJryqatx HaftAenHoronpn6rHXeHLIt Aocrarorlno n Tg H Trc3
0 rpu-
MoxHo npuHrrb 3a ocaAKr4, anapufinyronocaAKy.B nporurnoM cJIy-
onpeAeJrsrcrque
!to)KHO qaeMoxHo cAenarbcJreAyroqee (5.20)
npu6nnx(eHr,re, m4 rlo BblpaxeHl4ro
orrpeAensf;
r{ npr4HHMafl,3aucxoAHbre pe3yirbTaTbr
AaHHbre BTopofo r,rTpeTberonpublnxennfi.
).-IHI4Tb
:eK6^t2 5.5.2.BcnouorarenbHan raCnwla K cnoco6y HeBR3oK
HJITOfO Moxno ynpocrr,rrb pacqer aeapufinofr nocaArkr, ecrv 3apaHee.qnc KaxAoro I43
3aranJll,rBaeMbrxorceKoB paccrruTam m6nnr{y gna.reHlafirII{cJIaroHH BoAbI,I,I3MeHsro-
tlb t2 vr ulr.rxHeB{3KyypoBHeit na 1 rraerp.
,{onycruu, rrro B 3ararrJrrrBaeMoe
noMeIrIeHI,reAo[onHI4TeJIbHonpkrr:tra Macca
BO,qbI6m TaXaS,qro ypoBeHb IIoAH,IJIcf,Ha &. oqennAHo, rITo:
6m=ppsdt,
r.ue s - [JIoIqaAb cBo6oAsofi IIoBepxHocr]I BoAbI B orceKe.
TorAa ypoBeHb BarepnHHI,II,IB orceKe noAHnMerc.l Ha BenI{qHHy:
^ t - ) 2
xf I
5t'= lm *omVt
ps DH
HeBr3KI{ypoBHefi6y.uer:
H r{3MeHeHr4e
( ( \z\
irt, To I - 1-\t'-tlf
5t-6t'=s*l l.
aeM 3a
[nru Ps PvH )
Fre Ba- 3lecr S u xf coorBercrBeHHo nJrolrlaAb BarepnIaHI4I4 v a6cqHcca ee UT, a
r. Ecnn
I' H xV R= I7 -npo4onbnrtft MoMeHTI{HepIII{H IInOUIaAIIBaTepnI4HI,In.
bIBaeTct
urefinofi Orcroaa HafineM rII,IcJIoroHH BoAbI Ha I u HeBt3KI{:
taxoAI'IM 6 n p (s.2r)
,L---:-7--^ O'
8
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]Ke, npn 1 Vt-xfJ
brBaeTcfl ps S If
!poBeHb Irtueg ra6luqy gHa.reHr.rfiK ArrflHecKoJIbKI{x3gaqeHIafiocaAoK HJIrIBoAolr3Me-
6oprou uennfi 14ps4a Beirur{uHxoeQQnu}reHTanpoHrrqaeMocrn,Moxno, onpeAenuBHeBt3Ky

141
A/1 tlo [epBoMy npu6luxeHl,Ilo, cpasy Hafirn Maccy BoAbI B oTceKe' cooTBeTcTByIo-
ypoBHefie orceKe I,I3a6oprorvrno Soprvryle:
UryrocoBnaAeHLrro
m = f/tl + tc b't1
(s.22)
paHee'
npoBepicyHeeraxu, KaKeto 6ruo yI(a3aHO
u uO erOfi MaccenpoLI3BecTlI

5.5.3.finarpavrMblaBapufinutx noGaAoK
Brrure 6ulo paccMoTpeHoorpeAeJIeHHe. aeapufinofr nocaAxu cy4na rro AHa-
rpaMMe araSQepeHToBnocJre,{oBareJrLHbrMn upr,r6;rr.lxeHpltMll,K KoropblM npuBoAHT
MoxHo no-
cuoco6 npueMa rpy3a. flpnrrnenrx cnoco6 nocfosHuoro BoAoH3MeuIeHEs'
ila-
cTporlTb ALIarpaMMy,AatotrryK]nptMoe pe[IeHI'Ie srofi saAaqw Anfl'npou3BonlHofi
qalruofi nocaAKHcyAHa. O4naro, An.sKaxAoro 3ararlni4BaeMoroorceKa AoiIXHa 6Frrr
rrocrpoeHacBot APIarpaMMa anapuftuoftnocaArla'
paccuorpr{M 3arorrJreHraeKaKoro-Jrl46on: orceKoB cyAHa. 3aAaAIana cy.qHy Ka-
coor-
ryro-nu6y,ub rroca,4Kyu 6y,uelacrll4Tarb,qro oHa tBJlflerc.uanapuftuofr (Tro, T*o),
roe0-
BercrByrorqefi satonireHr{ro paccMarprrBaeMoroorceKa c HeKoropbrMnpHHtrrtna
3aAarly- nafigeMnocaAKy' Ko-
QnquenroM npoHrIUaeMocTI{p. llocranurra o6parHyto
Topar 6rrla Ao 3aTonneHI41-. OTCeKa.Sra saAa'Ia I4MeeTnpffMoe perueHge'TaK KaKI43-
BSCTHOS BaTepnHHI,IH
IIOJIOX9HI,I9 onpeAenteTypOBeHb3anOJIHeHI{t OTCeKa, a CJIe.qoBa- H

TeJrbHo,Maccy 3nunruefic-rrBoAbrr{ ee MoMeHTorHocI,ITeJIbHo MI4Aent.Brrrnrar 3THBe- 2

rnrrlrHbr r43 Harpyrru ( Do, M*o), coorBercrByrcIqeft saAaHHoitaaapuftnofi [ocaAKe'

H
B
safi,qeu Harpy3Ky(n, U*) 14nocaAKy(7,, T*) Ao aeapuu. Taruvr o6pa'roM'rorlKe Ha
( D, M *), npz 3aronJleHnv pac-
AprarpaMMenocaAoK, onpeAelreuofi Koop.ql4Hararrau rl
cMaTpgBaeMoroOTceKac [pl4HtTrrrraTO3SQHIII4eHTSM npOHI{qaeMOCTH I CO9TB9TCT- TT

Byer nocanxa( Tro,,T*o). B

Ecn}I yKa3aHHbrfinepecuer rrpolr3BecrlrAnt Harpy3oK,coorBercrByIoIUHXy3no- a

B6IMToqKaMKpr4BonunefiuofiKoop,quHamofi cerxn rrocrot{HHhlx3HatleuwittTn u T* ua Il

o6H.rHofi Ar{arpaMMe,noJryquM y3noBbreroqKH, ollpeAen.flrolrll4eHoByIo KoopA]IHar-

HyrO ceTKy nocTOflHHbIXrHa.{eHnfi TnoH T*o, rIoKa3bIBaIoqyIOaeapufiuyrO nOcaAKy
pnc.5.5
AaHHoro orceKa c ros{$nIrI4eHToM npoHl{uaeMocrl4p . Ha
rplr 3aronJreHr.rq 3I
(CnlOrurUe
IIpHBeAeHa AI{arpaMMa IIOCa.4OKc HaJIOXeHHbIMH CeTKaMH KpI'IBrIX T, u T*
Ei
nvrunu) v Tro tr T*a (nynxrupHble JIIaHI'Ir). Nts TouKLI l, onpe4enseuofi Harpy:rofr
Ili
nocaA-
(D, M *) rrepeA avapuefi, ;tonmyqcr cerroft cnJrorrrHhlxrrunuit, npoql4TblBaerc.fl
Ka cyAHaAo aBapr4r4, a rro nyHKTr4pHoficerrce- nocaAKarrocile 3arorlneHHilcoorBercr- r-4,

Byrouero oTceKa.
r,
2E

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TI

142
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(s.22)

o
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IBOAIIT a

HO fIO-
ofi fia-
a 6,urrr

H-v Ka-
Movem M., ruc.ru
l. coor-
Pncyuox5. 5. Cosrvreuexnue
o6uqHanwauapwinax rrocaAoK
Ar{arpaMMbr
r xoeQ-
x,v, KO-
KAKI43- Ouucasnafl Ar4arpaMMa crpor4Tcr AJrr Kax,qoro r.rcrpy3oBrrx orceKoB cy.qHarrpu
te.loBa- HeKoropoM npl{HflrorrarcosQSI{IIHeHTenpoHnrlaeMocrr{ p. N$ ApyrHX zuaueuufr. p
3T'I BE- aBapnfiuas [ocaAKa HaxoAl{TcflcneAyroqr{M o6pa:ou. flo narppKe cyAHa Ao 3arorrne-
DCa.UKe, HI,If,orceKa Ha o6uqsofi u anapnftuoit guarpawrMaxo[pelensrorcr [ocaAKlr coorBercr-
BeHIroAo H llocne aBapvr Ia o6e ror{Kl4HaHocrrcs sa o6rrq}ry'roAr4arpaMMy(rovru O H
)I{KE HA
A sa pnc.5.6). Haualruyro nocaAKy Mox(HopaccMarpr,rBarbKaK aBapufrHyro fipta p =
irr pac-
0, a roure I coorneTcrByer p, rrpntflToe npu pactrere anapnfinofi gnarpaunru (n Ha-
TBETCT-
ueM cJrlrtlaep = 0,6), Tar KaKnpu rlocrorHHoM o6beMe3arorrJre*nflvraccasrr.rsueficr
Bol,br m I'I ee MoMeHTmxu upo[opqrloH€Inbnu roa{SHTIHeHTynpoHnrlaeMocrr,r,ro
\ )"3nO- anapufiYste [ocaAKI,I rIpH pa3HbIX p uzo1pa)KaK)TcrroqKaMr,r,JtexauIHMH Ha oAnofi
vT*Ha npruoft, npoxoAf,Irleftveper roqKu O. u A. {enr orpe3oK OA naqacru B coorBerarBvrr4
).fHHar- c [pI4HrITbIMp trpvrpacrlere anapufrnofi 4uarparrrMbrr{ orKnaAlrBas,TaKvre)Keqacrr.{,qo
rocaAKy ,u : I, noJIfIIIM IuKarfr, rro Koropofi npounrbrBarorc.flanapnfiHrre [ocaAKr.Iglx mo6oro
puc.5.5 3HAqeHIdg. lx.

IOIIIHbIC B Ka'IecreenpuMepa Ha pIac.5.6noxasaHbrocHoBHas,avrarpaNrMa

nocaAoKAJrr cyA-
rP,v:xofr Haruna "Kaunrau KyuHapeHKo", AJIxKoropofi oca4ru T, n T* yKa3aHbrc npanofi cropo-
HbI,I,I coBMeIrIeHHiuI
c uefr AuarpaMMaanapuftnrx nocaAoKrrpi{ 3aTonneHurrorcexa Ns 2
r nocaA-
c pacqerHbrMp :016, Ant Koropoit Tro v T*o yK€BaHbrcJIeBa.llyarrupoM HaHeceHbr
rro-
'TBETCT.
caAKrl,coorBercrByloull4enpeAerurofi ilLrnyrvr
norpyx(eHws,.t[apac.5.5 rrpHBeAeH
nprrMep
onpeAeneHunanapnirHofinoca4ra. HaqarbHiur [ocaAKa cyAHa (rovra O) coornercrByer
T, =T* =9,0 M, BoAoH3MeIrIeHI{Io Do =20300 r r MoMeHryMx0 =-15180 rrra.llapauerpbr
aeapufiHofinocaAxu,cHrrrbrec AuarpaMMhr Hapnc.5.5,paBHbr:Tuo= 11,42M, T*o: 8,03 u,
coorBercrByroqeeBoAorGMeuIeHLre M *o --60570 TM,MaccaBJrnB-
Do =22110 r, rraonaeHT
urefics BoAbrm = l8l0 r, avapwitnrrfiauQ{epeHr d o =3,39 u.

143
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cHqMarorc.flno rrrK€urexoe$$uuueHToB npoHl4lraeMocrl,I, nso6paNeHsofi ua puc.S.6 u u
nocrpoeHnofi xar yKa3aHoBbIIrIe.
Ecnu upgHr,lMarorcr Mepbr rro yrueHbllreHl4roanapnfiHoro .qHQQepeHTarlyreM
rrpgeMa lasrnacra uJrHnepeHoca fpy3a, To pe3ynbrarbl sTLIXMeporlpntrnfi rar<xe on- o
peAeJ1qrorc.s no aeaprafinoia guarpaMMe.fta :roro cneAyer B coorBerarBr4lr c HaMe- c
rraeMbrMuMepaMHHcnpaBr{TbHarrztJrbHylo HarpFKy cyAHa I,I no HoBofrHa'Ianl,Hoftro'I- .l

xe 01 laaitrw HoByro avapuituyo noca.4Ky.

il
B ra.recrBe npr{MepapaccMorp}rMyMeHbIueHHeaBapnfrnoro araQQepeHraB pe-
3ynbrare [epeKaqKu 6allacra raa$opn]IKa B axrepnuK B KoJII4rrearBa m6 =214 r (nol- f

Har eMKocm $opnuxa). ,{ononnurelrnrrfi MoMeHTor nepekavt<udatnacra paBeH:

-rttr'
6Mx = *o F*^ - x*op)= Zt+ (-73,86 - 72'02): -31220 n
Y
3l

T(
B

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5
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MoMeKiM,, Drc.rM

arapufinoft roca,itKnnpr.rmo6ou xoaQQuuuemenpoHl'IqaeMocrH

Pncynox 5. 6. K oupe,[eJreHr.to
oTceKa

Dt: Do:20300 T MoMeHT6y'uer

llocre [epeKa{Klr npu roM x(e Bo.qoLI3MeuIeHpIn
M xt = M x0 + 5M* =46400 rvr. 3ru AanubreonpeAentlor HoByIoHaqanbHyrorouny O1, ::
=9,64 u, a
Ax.trKoTopofiHa puC.5.5no ocHoBnofignarpaMMeHaXoAHM:Tn =8,35 M, Zrl
3(
:L
rro aBapufinofi AHarpaMMeHaxoAI/tMTuat=10,69 u, T*at=8,70 u. Hanecs rlo 3TI4M
ocaAKaM TorrKy A1 Ha ocHoBHyro ,qr{arpaMMypnc.5.6, Hafi4eu: BoAoI43MeIIIeHue
Dar =22080 T, MoMeHTM xut = 26580 TM, Macca nruslrefic.tl Bo.{bI 4 =1780 T v aBa'
pufinul;ifiansQepeur d1=1,99 nr. llo roqKaM O1 u A1 ua pnc.5.6 nocrpoeHa IuKaIIaKo- ]l
eSQuqueHToB [poHr{UaeMocrlr, no3BoJltloulat onpe,qenf,Tb re xe BeJII{!II{HbI npn nlo-
orceKa.
6oMI 1t 3aTanJILIBaeMOrO
Ha 4narpaMMy puc.5.6 Moryr 6rrrr HaHeceHbI lrra'll'vIvt,ofpaHI{qHBEIIoUpIe ilpe- o(
,qenbgo AonycrnMbre aBapr{finrre rrocaAKu cyAHa B coorBercrBnla c ycraHoBJIeHHbIMI4
r44
TIOCTPI rpe6onannfrM2r..B rarcux cJlyqasx roqKa nepeceqeHnc orpaHl4tll4Baloulefirulnuv co
. 5 . 6u u6arofi p onpeAennr rpe.qenbHoe3HaqeHHeroe$Sr.rquenTa npoHullaeMocrl'l pac-
cMarpuBaeMoroorceKa, npraKoropoM 3TI,Irpe6ooaul4t BblnoJlHtlorc.fl.
tt-Y*TEM 4u$QepeHTaBo3pacraer norpeluHocrb [ocaAKrr,
3airaeuau,qro c yBenr4qeHnerr,r
(e oil- onpeAeJrennoftno ocHoBnofin anapufiHofi4uarpauMaM,npoucxoAtulat or HecoorBer-
HAMC- an0Sepenrax 6o-
erBr4sux rorrHoMy ycJroBuropaBHoBecvfl,cy.[Ha. llpu ana.u,ITeJIbHbIX
I ro.I- JreerorrHbre pe3ynbrarbr MoryT 6nm [oJIyreHbI AoOaBneHI4eM K M, npu6;rNxenuofi
r t T - T
[onpaBKr4:6Mr=Dlzo -zro[#, B Koropofi ocaArla Tru T* onpeAenflIorcsno
B pe- \ 5 w v l
L

(nol- D uMr.
I:
[uarpauubr nocaAoK, rrocrpoeHHbre Ha ocHoBe BhIIIonHeHus,TorrHoro ycnoBl{fl
BcJreAcTBHeHeKoTOpOfOyCJIO)KHeHI,I-g
paBHoBecvfl.cy4na, He frpHMeH-sroTc.s npH I10JI6-
3OBaHHrrTaKHMH .qHafpaMMarvru(rpe6yrorcx nocJIe.{oBaTeJIbHbIenpra6nraxeHl4t no-
cKoJrbKy3apanee auSQepeHT He usnecren) r.r Aocraro.IHofi An.a npaKTHrrecKHXqeleft
rorrHocrrr, AaBaeMoit gnarpaMMaMu npr{Hrrroro r}Ina [pI,I rex gu$QepeHTax, Koropble
BcTperlaroTcr B HopM€rnbHbIXycJlo BI{tx 3KcfIJryaTa\wt cyAHa.

5.5.4.CnuuerpnqHoe 3aronfleHlterpynnbt orcexoB

Ecnu paccMarpuBaercfl3arorrJreHr4e AByx vnv \a)Ke HecKoJIbKIaxorceKoB (rpyrt-
rbr orceKon) c pa3HbrMHrosSQHqHeHTaMr,r npoHl4llaeMocrll,ro o6qa.s cxeMa pacqera
anapufiHofi noca,4xrl ocraercr npexHefi, ognaro, HeBq3KaAonx(Ha Bblqllcfi.srbct rlo
ypoBgrrMsaA o6uluM IIT rpr,rBeAeHHbrx rulorqageft cBo6o,qHbIXnoBepxHocrefi orceKoB,
r.e. ilnorr1aqefi,c )nreroM roe$SuuneHTOBIipoHtIIIaeMocrI{.
llnouaAr.r ceqeunfi orceKoB MoryT 6urr olpeAeJIeHbIrlo qeprexy pa3MeIIIeHI4.tI
fpy3oB. C srofr rleJrrlo no rlrKaJreo6lelaos H3Mep.alorBepruKanbHoepaccrotrHue h we-
xAy ypoBHrMri, coorBercrByarrlr4Mr4KaKr4M-Jrr46o o6teu&M orc€Ko v1 Lr v2 (yao6so
6paru Kpyrnbre HX 3rrarreuul) e pafioue o)Kr4AaeMoftanapnilmoit BarepnliHltu. TorAa
nnoqaAb cetreHu.aorceKa wafi4e'tcx rlo BbIpaxeHHIo:
r- _
- v2-vl . (s.23)
h
nroqa4efi onpeAenlarcx$oprr,rynofi:
AdcrlraccaIfT npnneAeHHbIX
*np_
LP t', (s.24)
,
: oyAer T rls
'L l-

rxY ol, rae p,.r r4xs -- coorBercrBeHHo xoe$SaqlreHT npoHI4IIaeMocrI,I, nnoqa.4b ce'leunfl. H
60 rtr,a [poH3BoAI4Tcttro BceM3ara-
a6cqrEccaI{T ce.renu{ KaxAoro orceKa, a cyMMLIpoBaHHe
[Jrr{BaeMbrMoTceKaMfpyrrnbl.
) 3TI{M
OrsocureJrbHoepaccrocHraenpr4BeAeuHoro IfT :
}IUCHI,IE

H ABA- €np= o,s+ !!!-, ( 5.25)

L'IA KO- narepru HvrvHaEHUM:
ypoBeHbHaq€LIIbHOfr
pH nrc- t'=T* + lrp F, -T*).
Yponenr 3anoJrHeHnf,cJleAyer [pHHHMarb oAI{HaKoBbIMAIrfr Bcex orceKoB,
re rpe- 6olrruprv BeJIIaqIdHbIl' , Lt grg,.Hero BblqncJl.flIorct:
HHbIMI4
t45
o6qee Kon[qecrBo BJIHBIueficrB orceKI,IBoAbI:
mt= PZt't, , (s.26) 0
HoBoeBoAolI3MeuIeHI4e: Dt=D*tftlt tr
MHAent:
HosHfi MoMeHTorHocI,ITeJIbHo Ma= M)c +mx, (:

|.IIC: H

flx = p\p, *u , .1
d xu - a6cqucca I-lT ennnueitcs BoAbIKaxAoro orceKa.
Onpe4enuB no AI{arpaMMeaLr$SepeHToBTrt v Z*1, BbIeucJIteMypoBeHbHaIa-
AeHuofi BarepnLIHHvrHan,o6rqurraI-{T nlo u1a4efi':
t 1 = T * 1 +€ r p F ^ - r - )
r.rHeBr3KyyponHefi:
Lt1=tt-,i.
flpn Heo6xoAHMocrHpacqer [poAomraercfl Ant BToporo ypoBH.l rto npexHel{
cxeMe.
Pacqer oKaHrruBaercflKoHTpoJreM, roroprrfi B AaHHoMcnln{ae Y.qo6neenpoBo-
AHTbcpaBHeHr4eM KoJrlrqecrBanrnnrsefict BoAbI m, o\peryelessofi HHTep[oJlxgueia,c
ee KoII,IqecTBoM,onpeAeJIeHHbIM I]O ypOBHIOBaTepnI{HI'IU.
flpu saronJreHLIHHecKoJrbKrax 6onrur?rx orceKos cno6oAHat noBepxHocrb BoAbI
MoxeT r4MeTb3Haqr4TeJrbHyro [poTtXeHHoCTb IIo AnI4HecyAHa.B stoN,Icilyuae nonpaB-
Ka Ha pa3Hocrb ypoanefi BoA6r B orceKax 6yaer cyulecrBeHHofi. .{nr ee }n{era K Mo-
MeHTyMacc snusulefics BoAbrorHocr4TeJrbHo Mu,qent cneAyer Ao6aBHTbnonpaBKy, TaK
6y,uer: }T
uto sopuynaAnxMoMeHra
[_ _T*1. n
n x x = P l Z O r x v * f iT,
tc" (s.27)
L J IT
rAe / - MoMeHTHHeprIHr,r cBo6o.qnoftnoBepxHocrl{ BoAbIB orceKax orHocHTeJIbHo
nonepeqHofi ocn, upoxoAtlqefi veper I{T npnneAeHHbIX nnou{a.4efr;
ltc - MHoxHTeJrb,1'.{urbrnarou1ufiKosSfiHIII,IeHTbI[poHHIIaeMocrI4 cno6o4nux
rroBepxHoctefi, roroprtfi opI4eHTI{poBorIHo MoXeT 6urr [pIlHflT paBHbIM
cpe,{HeMy3HaqeHHIO rpyllrlbl.
r43p Anfl'OTCeKOB
B cJry{ae, KorAa cpeAu 3ara[JruBaeMbrxr{Melorct orceKu pa3rl{qHblx xareropHfi, -'l
ylo6Hee cHarr€ura olpeAenlrrb nocaAKyor cyMMapHoro3aronJleHl4u orcexon nepnoft u
nropofi Kareropr4ft, a sareu, rrpHHHMar.nafiAeHHyronocaAKy 3a I,IcxoAHYF, laafrcu ee pr
H3MeHeHrae or 3aronneHl,ItorceKoBrperreft Kareropl{I{. uI
g'
5.5.5. 3aronneHlte HecltMMerpntlHblx orceKoB rl(

flpu aaronJreHr{uHecnMMerpuqHoro orceKa AJIx onpeAeneHl,Irlaeapufinofi no- i,

caAKI,IMoxer 6trrr npLIMeHrdM Tor xe crroco6 ranrepuoJrsulln HeBt3oK,oAHaKonpra ux

BblrrlrcreHuraueo6xoAr4Mo)nrlrrbrBarb nofl BJItrot\uftcs. KpeHcyAHa.
B Aalruefiureu paccMarpuBaerafl.cryrafi, KorAa BbI3BaHHbIfi garonneHl4eMyroJl
rrpr4roropofi npI{MeHHMaMeralleHTputqecKuLr
KpeHaHe [peBbrrrraer BeJrHr{I4Hbr, Sopty-
ra octofr.IuBocrrl.

t46
 3aAaAnrvrcr KaKI{M-nn6o ypoBHeM 3anoJrHeHl{t oTceKa f1, coorBeTcTByIolIIHM
"5.26) o6rervryv1. ,.{nxroro, qro6u nafirn ypoBeHb\ avapuituofiBareplrrrHvrrHaAI$ rno-
rrIaAHceo6oAHofinoaepxHocrrl BoAbrB orceKe, rpeABapr,rreJlbHo (5.15) -
uo Sopr"rynarra
orpeAen.f,eMMaccy enusllleftcr BoAbI m, HoBoeBoAoH3MeII{e-
(5.17) nocJreAoBarenbHo
une D1 n nonrrfi MoMeHTMacc orHocI{TeJIbHoMrr.4enr M y1,rro KoTopEIMHa .4l{arpaMMe
auQQepeHroBHaxo.{rrMocaAKHcyAHaHocoM Til V roprr,roftQ1.
3areu onpeAeilteMyrox KpeHaB paAnaHax:
, HAH- m t lu
o1= ( 5.28)
Dt ho"'
rAe y, - op4nHara I{T earouJreHHoroo6reua;
ho" - MerarleHTpnqecKaf Bblcora, onpeAeneunafl.c y{eroM 3aronJIeHHrIorceKa
(crra.n.5.4).
txHe14 flocre 3roro ucrourrfi ypoBeHbHafiAercsno $opruyle:
t i = T * r + € @ n - r * r l)s* o r , (5'29)
poBo- rAe f, - oruocr{TeJrbHoepaccrof,Hr,reI{T [nouIaAH cno6oAHofi uorepxHocrpl BoAbIB
neit, c orceKe or KopMoBoronepneH.U{KyJltpa(5.19);
-
y" opAr{HaraI-\T srofi rnou{aAr,r.
BOAbI
3arenaBbrrrprcrseMHeBfl3Kyyponnefi :
rrrpaB- Lt1=tt-1i'
I\ MO-
Eclu lArtl.0r05ru,ro uafi,qeHHbre Til, T*tu fi npuullMaeM3a napa'
BeJrprquHbr
)', tar
Merpbr,onpeAenflrorureanapufiHyroBarepnuHuro.Ecnr lrurlt0,05na,ro 3aAaeMcflApy-
fHM ypOBHaM t2 LI, noBTOpf,f,pacqeTbl, HaXOAHMnapaMeTpbl BaTepnI'IHI'InBToporo
15.27)
npudnnxe$wfl Tr2 , T*2 u 02 H no HI,IMo[peAenteM ypoBeHbti H HemKy Ar2.
€JbHO Eclu lnrrlt0,05rvr,ro Maccyenuerueficrr paB-
B orceKBoAEr,coorBercrByroutyrc
CyAHa,HaxOAr.rM
HOBeCHTO rro HeBfl3Kau(5.20):
nO $Opuyne r4HTepno[rflL]J4pr
)JHbIX
m 3= m' t- T ' -- T t * t .
IBHbIM Lt2 Lty
llo orofi Macce HaxoAHMrrapaMerpbrBarepJrunur paBHoBecut H KoHTpoiII4pyeM
:opufi, ypoBHr{3aTorrJreHHf,oTceKa.
lsofi H Ecnn 3ararlJluBaercfl.rpyttlta orceKoB, cpeAl4 Koroprrx I4Merorcg rr Heci4MMer-
fttu ee p[rrHble orHocI,ITeJrbHoArraMerpzurnofr lrJrocKocrl{, To pacqer anapuftuoft nocaArs
H3JroxeHHoMyBbrrrre,Ho HeBs3Kr{onpe.qenqloTcflno ypoB-
npor,r3BoAvrrcflaHaJrorr4rrHo
HrM, paccqI4TaHHbIM Ans rorlrr4, flBJrf,rorqeficxqeHrpoM Ttrxecrl,I rrnoula4eit cno6o4Hux
loBepxHocrefi orceKoB c freroM ux roeSQprrIHeHToB npoHplltraeMocrl,I. Koop.{unatrt
rE no- xnp, lnp groft TorrKHonpeAen.xtorctrlo BbIpaxeHHflM:
rpvl r4x -ZPt*' '
r
LPt (s.30)
l( ,vroJr
)opMy-
2ptv, '
!nD
.- r
LPS

t47
 B srnx Soprr,rylax cyMMupoBaHr,re pacupocrpaH{ercfl Ha Bce 3aronJIeHHbIeorce-
Kvr,a B arncflr,rreneSoprurynbrAn{ fnp trpnnuMarorcs B pacrrer roJIbKo re cJIaraeMEIe'
KOTOpbreoTHOC.lTctK HecHMMeTpI4tIHbIM OTCeKaM,T-e.AIlfl KOTOprIX!, *4.
OAHaxo Bce paccMorpenHbre cnyranrpe6yror rpoMo3AKLIXBblql4cnewtit, B cB.a3I4
c rIeM An.[ pacrleroB HerrororrJrfleMocrn 6omrr.ve ayIla AoJIXHrI cga6xarlct KoMrrbto-
NPOIPAMMAMI4.
TEPOMC COCTBCTCTBYTOIIIHMI{

5.5.6.f-panr,rqutHarpy3oK,AonycTllMblxno aBapninoh nocagKe

fpauuqu ,qouycTuMblx Harpy3oK - 3To KpI4BbIe,KoTopble Ha AHarpaMMe AnS@e-
peHToB ofpaHutrHBaror cocrorHr4r Halpy3Kv cynlj^a, onpeAerceMble ero Bo,AOlI3MeIrIe-
Hr4eMD n uoueHToM M *, gonycruMbre c rotIKH 3peHl,r-flrpe6onauufi x aeapiafinofr no-
caAKe.Eclu B KaqecrBeilpeAenbHoAonycrllMoro [pl4Htro rtorpyxeHve aBapvfrHoro
cyAua no npeAenbHyroJruHlrro norpy)KeHur (nnHIarc ua;ry6rr), ro rpaHI'IqHbIelrvrH.vrvr
6yxy, coorBercrBoBarb cocro{HracM Harpy3KHcyAHa, rlpv Koropblx anapulmat' Barep-
norpyxeHl,Ir, T.e. ocraerct MrIHIIM€LJIb-
IrkrnLrs.6yaerKacareJrbHaK npeAenrHofi Jrvrnr4ur
Ho Aonycrgurrfi 3afiac anapufiuofi nnaeyrecrn. Tarue BarepnzHnll Ha3brBalorct lrpe-
AenbHbIMnBaTepxI4HHtMH.
fpaurEqrr Aonycrr4Mbrx Hafpy3oK crpoflrcfl AIrfl KaxAoro I'I3 3aranJIHBaeMbIX
I{3 Koropblx coorBer-
cI4MMerpI{rIHbrxorceKoB H cocro.trr Hs cel,Ieficrsa rvnuir, Kax(Auu{
crByer orIpeAeJIeHHoMy roesouul4eHry IIpoHI{IIaeMOCrll.
llocrpoenr/Ie rpaHnU Aorrycrr4MbrxHarpy3oK aHailorl4qHo roMy' KaK crpotrct -IB:
rrvr1nvpaBHbrxocaAoKAuafpaMMst avap*ritHblx[ocaAoK cyAHa. [ttx HecKoJIbKHX npe-
+r
AeJrbHbrxBarepnr,rHuit c .quarpaMMr,rguQQepeHToBcHI4MaeMcoorBercrBylorll4e I4M le-
D n M *. flpuunvras. ortr BarepnnHnv 3a npeAenbublenpu 3aronJIeHHpT orceKa v cq}4Tafl
f,IE
F=1, BbIrrrITaHLIeM Maccbrsrranrueftcr B orceK BoAbII4 ee MoMeHTaonpeAenteM BoAo- TOI
MI,IAeJI', COOTBeTCTByIOIIIUeHarpy3Ke cyAHa
fl3MerrleHHe I4 ero MoMeHT OTHOCT,TTeJIbHO Ctf
.rlo 3arolrJreHr.r.rrorceKa. 3ru Aasnble o[peAenqlor roqK]I Ha Al4arparrarraeAuSSepeHToB,
Harpy3oK npH roeS$HIIHeHTe --rn
coeAgHfl;r Koropbre fioJry'qr.rM lpaHl,tqy AoIIycrI4MbIX .,F

rpoHHIIaeMocrH paBHoM eAHHI4IIe(pnc.5.7). - iol

,,{m nonyrequs, rpaHr4rrHbrx
ynlnuit. npr{ Apyrlax 3HaqeHnflx p cneAyer orpe3Kl{, rtr
coeAgHrroqr{e cooTBeTcTBeHHbIeTOTIKI4 npeAeJIbHbIX BaTepnuuuit n rpaHHr{Hoia ]iruuutt', :o
pa3Aenr,rrbHa paBHoe qucno lelenuft coorBercrBeHHo xeJIaeMbIM HHTepB€LIIaM 3Harle- IHr

uuit p or 0 Ao l. IIu:gIuu,coeAuHrroque coorBercrBeHHble rorIKH 4eleuufi, 6yAyr rpa- "{3

HuuaMr{ AonycrrrMbrx Har-py3oK rpn eu6panurtx 3HaqeHIlxx roe$SnqueHra [poHH-

vo
;)-
uaeMocTl4.
llocrpoenHbre rpaHlrr{Hbre Kpr{BbIe no3BoJrrror onpeAeJIHTbroeS$nqueHT Irpo- erc
HLrqaeMocTI{3aTannHBaeMofo oTceKa, IIpI4 KOTOpOMCyAHO,I'IMet 3aAaHHOeCOCTO.flHI{e
Hafpy3Klr, 6yAer yAoBnerBopflTb rpe6onaHl4{M K avapufiuofi uoca4re npu cI'IMMerpI'1q- 5
HOM3aronneHlau.

148
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reMbIe,

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ACMbIX Pracynox5. 7. fpaHraqu Harpy3or, rorrycrr,rMLrxno aeapafinofinocaAKe

OTBCT-

fpaHr,rqrr AorrycrnMbrxHarpy3oKMoryr 6rrm nocrpoeHbrr Anl' cJrfrat 3aroluteHut

Porrct AByx n 6olee oTceKoB.C sroft qenbro Nrfl pflpLa[peAenbHbrxBarepnu:avtitonpeAeiulrcTct
D{.npe- cyMMapHzur Macca grnnurefrcf, B orceKl4BoAbrr,rcyMMapHuftuoueHT 3Tr.rxMacc orHocl{-
ille I,IM TeJrbHoMr4genc14,Bbtl*rtdx r,B.r4gBoIor.r3MeulenufiD n uoueHToB M *, eoorBercrBylo-
cqrlTat
r4x nu6paHHbrMnpeAenbHbwBareprrurnvtfrM, rroJrfrnM roqKn Ha AlaalpaMrrae4nQSepeH-
I BOAO- roB, Koropbre oupeAeJrflTrpaHurlbr Aorrycrr,rMbrxHarpy3oKAnf, Tex sna.{eHufi xosSQnIIH-
c)'AHa eHToBnpoHr4uaeMoclu,Koropbre6uru rrpnrurrbrAJUr3araruuBaeMhrxorceKoB.
EHTOB, Hanecenue rpaHhrrHbrxJrr,rHr{fiau BceBo3MoxubrxcoqeraHllfi rco:SQnIIHeHToB
IHCHTC trpoHurlaeMocrll 3ara[JraBaeMbrxorceKoB Herlenecoo6pasnoBBI4AyMHoxecrBa grHX
xou6unaqaft. OAnaKo nocrpoeHue nuuuit Anr KaKnx-ru6o 3a.qaHHbrx HX 3HarleHuitwe
pe3KH, 6onruoro rpyAa, ecIrtt pacnonararb rpaHuqHbrMn rr4nr4ltwuAns KDKAo-
[trpeAcraBJr.f;er
IIIHH[T. ro I,I3orceKoB.tr{crrrc.reHue cocraBJr.rler
3aronJreHnerou6unarlHft orceKoB c xoe0$n-
3HAIIC. uLIeHToMnpoHurlaeMocrr4,H3Menrroutrr.rMcs roJrbKoy oAHoro orcexa. llpur'repoM Mo-
!f rpa- xer cJIylKHTb3aronJrerrueMaruzHHoro or.{eJreHns"n lpy3oBoro orceKa. B srou cnfrae
trpoHH- lroxHo lrocTpoHTbrpaHHrIHbIeJII4HHTI TaKxe, KaKnpl4 3aronJIeHI,IH O,qHOrO OTCeKa, HO
c rreToM MaccbrBoAbrI,I ee MoMeHTaB 3aTannr,IBaeMoM oTAeneHI4l4,
MaTIII,IHHoM cl{nTafl.
n npo- ero xoe$SlrqneHT npoHr{rlaeMocrr.r nocrorHHbrM.
TOfHne
IeTpI{q-
5.6. TpedoeaHunPeeucmpa Cydoxodcmea K aeapuilHbtM nocadne u oc-
mortqueocmu cydHa
3ru rpe6oBaHnt H3Jro)KeHbr B qacrr4 V flpannJr KJraccr4$raxaqnnn nocrpoftrz
\ropcKr{xcyAoB PoccuftcrcoroMopcKoro Perncrpa Cyaoxo.ucrBa,Koropafl.Ha3brBaercfl
,.le:reHue Ha orceKrr)),r4 coorBercrByror rpe6onaHuflMqacrvrB rnaert II-1 MexAyHa-

149
 ",{elenue Ha orceKl4IAOCrOfr'II4-
po4Hofi KoHneuqraHsoLAS-74, roropas Ha3blBaeTct
BOCTb'..
OcnonHste rpe6onaHlffi K anapnfiuofi nocaAlcecocTo'flTB cneAyrculeM:
aBapni4*au_ He AonxHa npoxoAl{rb BbIrue nany6g nepe6opoK BHe pafiona
BaTepnLrHvtfl.
3aTOnneHHfn AOnXHanpoxopu1b HnXe OTBepcTI4fi n nepe6opKax,6optax ulfi4nuIy-
6ax, .repe3KoropbleBo3MoxHo3aJrHBaHne wrv AalnuefirueepacnpocrpaHeHHeBoAbIno
cyAHy,no xpafiuefi uepe na 0,3 u. rlro-
B orsoureHnn ocrofr.rusocru noBpexAeHHororpy3oBoro cy$Harpe6yercx,
onpeAe-
6rr Ha.IarbHag MeraqeHTpl{tlecKat Bblcora B KoHer{Hait craI'vu 3aronilenvrfl,
Mep IIo ee yBenHIIeHulo
JIeHHaJIMeToAoM IIocTogHHoro BoAoII3MeuIeHufl, Ao fipLI]FrflTnfl,
He AOJIXeH
6srna He Mer{ee 0,05 rvr. vrol KpeHa rrpr,r HecuMMerpI,ItIHoM3arollrelJl/.u
prlrv cpadarrtna[Idfl' rleperoKoB
npeBbrruarb Ao cnpflMJreHur 20o vt nocJre cnpsMneHrr.s.
12".
crarr4qecroft ocrofr.rueocrn noBpexAeHHoro cyAHa nocJle cllptMne-
finarparrarvra
nneqaMu He MeHee
HI,IS AOnXHa r4MeTb [poTf,)KeHHOCTb y{acTKa c [oJIoxI{TeJIbHbIMI'I
3ATOTINEHI'IE'3HAI{C-
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HHe MaKCI4MaJIsHOTO n;1eqa AI,IarpaMMbI AOJIXHO 6rrrr He MeHee 0,1 ru'
noBpexAeHHoro cy4na
,{nx naccaxupcKl4x cyAoB Tpe6oBaH[t K Ocrofi'Iunocrw
t/
AOnX111HbrBbrrroJrHtTb;s,npkl 3aTonJIeHHLtOAHOpOOTCeKaAnf, cyAOB' y KoTopbIX
y KoTopltx l/
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-qucJlo mogefr,o6ecneqeHHblx
paBHoulrE 6ornIue 1200.3Aecr N=Nt +2N2, B Nt
MSCTaMI{ B CnacaTeJIbHbIx IIIJIIqIKaX HSO6qero q]ICJIano4efi, ilpeAycMOTpeHHbIX An{
- r{I4cro nrcAefi (nrnrovaa srunax), Koro-
HaxoxAeH:nfl.Ha6opry cyAHa n pefice; N2
pbrx pa3pelueHonepeBo3l,ITb Ha cyAHeB npeBbIIIIeHHe vUcla N1'

5.7. Hn$opMaqufl o Heflomonnf,eMocmucydHa

Cy.ua,Ha KoropbrepacnpocrpaHJrerc.rr Ha orceKl4))llpannn

qacrb V <<,{enenvre
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perncrpom l,InQopr"rarlneft
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ro ooecneqe-
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150
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t.

nocJle iloBpexAe:Hrrflvr llocne npr,IH.flTHtMep IIO CnpSMJIeHHIO CyAHa' a TaKXe

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cy.qHa.flosrorray puc. 5.8 Moxno r,rcrroJlb3oBarb AJIf,ilucrteHHoro npuMepa ilonb3oBa-
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cyAHa, fltsILtrc'Ler{
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npuBoAtlque x rpr6enLrcYAHa.
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BetIaIOTpa3[I,FIHbIeIIeJIu, Mepoflput Tr4s'14cno co6u cnpcMneHl4t'
l. 3aronneHne clrMMerpnqHo, Haq€uIbH€uI Cy4uo He
octofiqllsocrb noJroxI4TeJIbHa.
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155
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156
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xole6arelrsofi clilcreMblH BBnAysroro nrparor nepBocreneHHyroponb rrpu uccnero-
teT CO- BaHIdpt KayKr4cyAHa Ha BOJrHeHr,ru.
Kar{KI{, VlnqexB BnAy rlonln{HTb npocreftIlue ypaBHenilfl orAenbHbrx Br,rroBKarrKr4,cAe-
L'IbHOfr .raeMcJreAyroupreAorryrqeHvfl.:
, Hillbl- - oTKJIOHeHAICyAHaoT IIoJIOXeHI/.flpaBHoBecI,If
M€Lrrbr, TaK rrro B HX npeAenax nJro-
IrIaAb BaT€pJIHHHH MoxHo crruTarb HeH3MeHHoit, a BoccraHaBJIHBaroqLIe MoMeHTbr
olpe.qeJrtrTbMerar{eHTpHr{ecKanausoprrrynaMH ocrofi 'runocrn;
)xeHi{t - I{eHTphITfiXeCTLICyAHaI{ IJIOIIIaAHBarepnrIHHH
pacloJrafarorcr Ha oAHoft neprura-
nn;
T'ra; - ulaBHbre IIeHTpELJIbHbIeocr{ HHepIIrrr{ Macc cyAHa ropH3oHT€UrbHhr.
flpe4uoroxuM, rrro cyAno, rrJraBaBruee B cocrorHr.rln paBHoB ecvrfl, nolpyxeHo

P IOIIOJIHHTCJIbHO ManyroBe-
HA

nl,iq rrquHy ( u sarervroTnyrqeHo.

o ptAa
HX I4JII{
Ws \ T Tor4a, KpoMe paHee ypaBHo-
vvl c BerrreHHbrxcr,rJrneca P - gD u
-/
xapaK- [nogepxannfl, fV, ma nero 6y-
Pncyuorc7.1. - K nrmoxy ypaBHeHr,rr
Beprr.rKaJrbgoft
xa.rxs. Aer Aeftcrsosatr us6rrro.rHas
cvila [o.qAep)KaHnr, paBHafl Be-
r67
cy Bo,qbrs o6reMe AorronHureJrbHo BorueAlxeroB BoAy cJlo;{,T. e. f S( (puc.7.l), tae
^9- nnoIr1aAbBarepJIHHrrH.
3ra cnla 6y4er HarrpaBneHaBBepx u 4eficrnoBarb BAonb BepruKzlnu,upoxoA{- T(
u1efi vepe3 rIeHTp rrxecrr{ unoulaAr4BarepJrr4Huu.Cuny coilporuBJleul{t KarIKenoKa f(
yrrnrbrBarl ue 6y4ena.
AJrsuoJrf{eunfr ypaBHeHufl,ABn}KeHnfl
B coorsercrBnlt c ilpr4Hurrnou .{zurarr,r6epa
Heo6xoAHMoK,qeficrByfoql{M cHJIaMAo6aBrdrbcrIJIbIr4neplJkrkr, Koropble cKJIaAbIBaIor- r:
cfl.krscr4nr{Heprlr4uMaccbrcy,qHaD n yyrcKaeMblx I4MMacc BoAbI AD (upncoeAI'IHeH-
Hafl.MACCa). IL'
ypaBHeHI4eBeprHK€lJIb-
B pesynrrare nonln{rM cneAyroqee auQQepeHIII4€InbHoe
Hofi ra.Ixu:
(n * LDY+TS( - o. (7.r) r-l
llo4enun na roeS$wll4eHr [pH rIepBoMrlJIeHeu o6ogna'Iue

n(: (7.2) uI
no
3arrurueMypaBHeHr4e
(7.1) B BI,IAe r--X
t+n7c-0.
- 5 '
(7.3) B€l
flpegnono)KtlM Terrepb, rrro cyAHo HaKJroHeHoI43 rlonoxeHn.fi paBHoBecvs. Ha Ma-
lsrfi yron 0 u onsrb npe.{ocraBneHocaMoMyce6e. B erou cnf{ae Ha cyAHo6yget F.P
MoMeHTPh9. lo6asnnx MoMeHTcI4JIHHepIInn
.{eftcrnosarbBoccraHaBJrprBaroqnfr .lJIt
ypaBHenne 6op-
Macc cyAHa r4 yBrreKaeMbrxMacc BoAbr,noJIfrlIM araQSepeHIII4€InbHoe .f,o
rosofi KatrKH
(l** N*Y+Ph7=0, (7.4)
npoAonbHofiqeHrpalrnofr ocn;
r.qe 1*- MoMeHTr4HeprlunMacccyAHaorHocI{TeJIbHo E :
rq
A,Ix- MoMeHTr{HeprlnnMacc BoAbr,yBneKaeMbrx rofi xe ocu.
cy.{HoM,orHocHTeJIbHo
O6ogna.Ius

(7.s) xeI

Q.0 B BI,IAe
3arrurueMypaBHeHI4e
0+r$e=o. (7.6)
TEF
flo asrralotut4c rrpeAbrAyrrluMfloJrf{aercs, au$$epeHIIHulJIbHoeypaBHeHI4eKI{JIe-
BOI'I KAqKI4

Vr*Lrr){+PHv=0. (7.7)
rg'e I, - MoMeHTr4HeprlufiMacccyAHaorHocuTeJrbHo
noileperlHoftqeurpanbHofrocl4;
T?Y
N y - MoMeHTlrHeprlr4lryBneKaeMbIX
Macc BoAbIorHocl4Tenbuorofi xe ocz.
gTBl
O6osHa.rue
seH
(7.8) Fa3
:ofr
ypaBHeHHe(7.7) 3anutueM B BLIAe 3bI
0,Ctl

168
I ), rAe
,ii+ nl,y = O. (7.g)
Taruu o6pasou, Bce rpH BHAaKaqKr{ cy$rra na rnxofi BoAe ofrr,rchrBarorcrHe-
)xoAs- IoJIHbIMI'I nnHefinrrMn oAHopoAHbIMn an${epeHru4€rJrbHbrMn ypaBHeHurrMr4 BToporo
: IIoKa
[oprAKa oAHOTOA TOrOXe BZ.Ua:

xeHI{t 2+n2z=0, (7.10)

IBAIOT.
rAe rIoA z no4pa3yMeBaercs(, e nilu t//. O6rqee peuer{r{e gToro ypaBHeHr4.rr
ecrb:
I.IlHCH. z = Clcosnt* C2sinnt, (7.1l)
r4ll,ur
B apyrofi 3anncH:
HKAJIb- z=Acos(nt-d), (7.r2)
t1
rne A="JCf +ci 2 -aMnnrrryAaKarrKr; c.>
" C 1 -HaqarbHar$a:a.
' d -arctg+
Q.r)
flpousnolbHble rlocrotHHue C1 u Cz (unu A u d) onpeAensrorc.sHarrlurbHlr-
(7.2) MI{ ycJroBuflNrrl.flycrr, HanpuMep, B Harr€lJmsuftMoMeHTt = 0 cyAHo orKJrogeHoor
ronoxenut paBHoBecntHa z(0) = z0 n [peAocraBJreHocaMoMy ce6e 6es Ha.ranlHofi
cKopocrrr,r. e., 2(0) -0, ror4a nafiAerra
Cl - A = z0; C2 =0 ; a= 0, H KaqKa6y4er co_
(7.3) no 3aKoH! z _ zgcosnt .
BeprrraTbcfl
HA MA. Tarpru o6pa:ou, ruo6ofi BHA KarrKkrcygi*a Ha rraxofi Bo,qenpr{ orcyrcrBr.rn co-
r SyAer rIporHBJIeHLrt[pe.4craBJl{er co6ofi rapMoHurrecKoerole6anxe c aMnJr}rryAofi,onpeAe-
repqufi rsenaofi HaqaIIbHhrMHycJroBr4.flMrH rlacroroit lt, Korop€urAn.rrcoorBercrByro[prx Bu-
re 6op- IoB KaqKr.rBbrpaxaercr Qopuynatvm(7.2), (7.5) u (7.8).
llepuo4 rore6aHnfi csssaHc qacrorofi nssecrHofisaencuMocrbro
(7.4) T=2nln (7.r3)
I ocn; T1\JTfr KDKAOTO BUAA KAqKH BbIPAX(ACTCf,CJICAYIOIIIHMI,I :
QOPUYIATTAIA
nepnoA Beprr4KalruroftKaqKr,r
e ocI'I.
A , ^ D+AD
Ir=Z7T/nl=
> b l Y s (7.r4)
(7-s) replroA 6opronofi KaqKr4

T o= 2 r l r e - z o - W . (7.1s)
(7,6) l P h '
:repno.qrulenofi KaqKn
IC KNJIE.

Tv=2rtn, =zo^lbJ-vz
' V P H . (7.16)
(7.7)
tlacrorrr 14nepnoAbrKarrKrrna rnxofi BoAeH€BbrBarorcs qacro-
)I"I OCH;
co6crneHHhrMu
ralru lEco6creeHHhrMtr nepuo"qaMrrKaqKHcyAHa.
I4s nrrpaxeHplfi(7.L4H7.16) aHgHo,qro B rrpoqecceeKcnnyarar\uprcy1la cyqe-
JTBeHHOe BJII'I,IHrIe
MoxHo oK€r3brBaTb
ToJrEKoHa nepHo4 6opronofi ra.{xn. fiux o6ecne-
:IeHI'III[JIaBHocrH KaqKI4neo6xo4uMo yBenurrprrbee uepr{oA. grofi
C rleJrbrocrpeMrrrcfl
(7.8) 3a3MecrETbrpy3bl no Bblcore raKpIMo6pa":oIr,r, uro6rr, y,4oBnerBopflflrpe6onaHl{.rrMoc-
:ofi'rasocrH, Aocrl,It{bBo3MoxHolreHrruefi MerarleHTpH.IecxoftBblcorbl, a pa3Hocgrpy-
3bI IIo [II4pnHe' yBeIHtII{Tb MoMeHT LIHepIIn}I MaCC CyAHa OTHOCHTeJIbHOnpOgolrnofi
-.'cu'O6a 3TLrx[pl4eMa MoryT 3aMerHoorpzl3uTbcr Ha rrJraBHocru6opronofi xa.rxg. B
t69
3Haqr4TeJrbHo MeHbrrrefi creneru,r MoxHo BJIlaf,TbHa nepnoA npoAonbHoft rauxu, H3MeH-f,t
t
MoMeHT r4Hepqrrr4Macc orHocr4TeJrbHo no[epeqHofi ocH pacupeAeJIeHI'IeM rpy3oB no
c
Anr,rHeu eoorBercrByroqeft 6wmacrraponrofi. 34ecr, oAHaKo, Bo3MoxHocrb orpaHl{llu-
E
Baercf ycJroBlreM o6ecne.renuq o6ulefi npo4olrsofi fipoqHocrl,I cyAHa' flepuog Beprl4-
rcanlnofi KaqKH npn 3aAaHuofi oca4re eoo6u1e He MoxeT 6rtrr I'I3MeHeH.

N
7.2.2. Ilpndn uxeHHoe orrpeAeJrelruerleproAoB KaqKIr t
Henocpe4crBeHHoelrcnoJrb3oBar{r4e dopruryn (7.14H7.16) AIrfl onpeAeneHl'Irl B
c neo6xoAl'rMo-
co6crseHHblx [epr4oAoB KaqKr Bcrpeqaer 3arpyAHenws, cBfl3aHHble f,
cTbro BbrqucJreHr4tMOMeHTOBI,IHepIIU:f1- MaCCCyAHa LI npHCOeAHHeHHbIX MaCCBOAU. B T
cBflgv c sTHM,qnr rrpaKTr4rrecKr,rxqenefr [onb3ylorca npu6,lpIXeHHbIMIa BbIpaxeHYIflMLt,
a
ocHoBaHHbrMr4 Ha opr4eHTr4poBor{Hbrx oI{eHKax BeJII{uI4H,BXoAt{uII4xn $opl,rynrt(7.14)
(7.16).
I4cnolrsyx gKcrrepuMeHTaJrbHbre Bo.qbl'a
r4}{epU.trH
no npucoeAl{HeHnotrr
AaHHbIe
a
H
TAKX(E CTATNCTI{IIECKI4E MATCPHANbI O IIPOAOJIbHOM MOMEHTE I{HCPIIHI{ MACC CYAH.A' I.JI[
3l
lepvoAoB rlonyrHM cJreAyIOqHenpocrble BblpaxeHHs: c\
Anrr Beprlrramnofi KaqKLI
H.
T€ * Z,S"IT; (7.r7)
K(
nJrr KHJIeBofrraqxu
TV o 2,4'JT; (7.r8) E(

rre T - ocaAKacyAua, M. c\
I4s grprx BbrpaxeHufi BuAuo, r{To neplaoAbr BepTi.,IKarI6HoI{
I,I KI{JIeBoI'IKaqKH
6rnsrftr Mexqy co6ofi, qro no.qrBepxAaerctrH lrpaKTIaxofiMopennaBanr4fr. LI

flpu6nuxeHHarr Soprrlyna Anr rrepuo4a 6oproBofr KaqKI4non1^laerc.fi,ecJII{ Mo-

MSHTr,rHeprlrrr{Maccbr cyAHa I{ npncoe4nnennofi pIHepIII{HBoAbI orHocHTenbHorlpo- Ti
4orrHofi ocl4rlpeAcraBurbn Sopue 1* + A1* = D* , rae rx paI.I.4yc I,IHepIIUpl, KOTO-
-

B
cyAHa:rx - c0; . flo.ucranrsfr grn BeJIHrrnHbI
pufi nupaxaercs B .qoncxnoJIyuupI'IHbI ,)

n Qoplayly(7.15),nolylau:
T0= 2rr* I ^[gh- cB[&.- (7.re) -1.

Pa:uepHufi r<oe$SurIHeHTc Mo)Ker 6urr npLIH-flTB coorBercrBr4vlco cneAylo- +.

5
ITIHMI{AaHHbIMtI(rafu. 7 .l). 6.

Ta1tuua7.l. - 3saqenux CHTA C 8.

Tun cy.{ua U
9.
Kpynurte naccaxrpcKuecYAa 0,80-0,85 t(
Cpeanuecy.ua 0,78-0,80 1
fpysonrre cyAaB rroiluoM!py3y 0,88-{,91 'I ']
L 1

HelfrepyaoBo3blc rorIHhIMrpy3oMne(ptu 0,724,76 IJ

rpy3oMPYan
To xe c rroJIHbIM 0,50-0,53 l1
To xe c 6allacrou 0,74-0,80
cyAaH nlanyrae 6assl 0,74,82
.{o6unarouue [poMbIcJIoBbIe
Merxae prr6oronnue cyAa 0,83-0,86

170
 @oprvrynofi(7 -19) lIHorAa roJrb3yrorcfr
ilteH.'I l Nrfl"orIeHKHocrofi.rgeocrr{, ecJrurrMeerc,
Bo3MoxHocrb o[peAeJII{Tbnepl{oA KaqKH.
toB IIO .ftx ualux cyAoB nepuoA KarrKr/t HaxoArr H3
IHHI{I{-
onbrra pacKaql'IBaldnfr.
Tarofi oIEIT o6rt.rHo rpoBoArr uepe6exraMu KoMaHAhrc 6opra
Beprl4- na 6opr s Han6oree tuupoKoM H orKphrroM Mecre nany6rl.
qnclo mo4efi npunnMaerct
I43pacnera I .rer. na 50 T BoAog3MerrleHrds.
flepe6exKH 'rpol'I3BoAtrcs no cl,rrHalry,[o.qaBaeMo]ury c raKHMpacveroM, vro6rr
KoMaHAaBcerAaIIepeMeIIIaJIacb K [oAHrrMalonleMycn 6opry B TaKTc KaqaHr4qMH cyAHa.
flocne .4ocrrrxeHnfi, aNrnlruryAu 4-5o no4aercfl cnrHarr, rro
KoropoMy Bce ocraHaBJrr4-
)Je}lufl. Balorct B .qrlaMerpa-uruofiruIocKocrr4, vr npv noMorrllr ceKyHAoMepa
)f,HMO-
r43Mepserc.rr npo-
Aonx(I{TeJlbHocrbIuecrI.I-ceMH p€l3M€lxon(narnonenufi c o.{Horo 6opra na
l:u. B Apyroft).
TorAa nep'oA co6crseHH'rx Korre6asuir nafiAercs us =2tcyuii,
Qopnaynw T6 ,a"
fiLtMr4,
/"w cyMMapHoeBpeMt n pa3MaXOB, a Merar{eHTpuqecKaflBbrcora onpeAenr,rrcfi.H3
7.t4Y
Qoprwynu(7 '19): h: "2 82 lT3 . KoeQQnqHeHrc Mox{er6nrr upuHrr rro nprdBereH-
o.f,bl, a
HbIMBbIIIrepeKoMeHAarIpItMHJII{no cyArry-[pororu[y. OAuaro nau6onee
N. Tilfl rorrHoe ero
3HaqeHLIeMoxer 6rITr noJrynreHo,ecJIHAJU{oAHoro rr roro xe
cocro fl:ur4fl.
Harpy3Kn
cyAHalrepuoA KaqKHH3MepHrbpacKaqHBaHr4eM CyAHa:a Merar{eHTpr4qecKyro Bbrcory -
I'I3orIbITaKpeHoBaHus.TorAa roe0Qnqueur c naitgercfi.u3 BhrpaxeHHs., -T,JE
r;,7.17) c I B,
KoropblM n 4zurruefiIueMMoxHo noJrb3oBarbctyx(e
AJrrApyrzx cocrof,Hrlfi rrarpy:rn.
[1tt' cygoB 6offirxux pa3MepeHprfi
co6crseHHrrfi lrepnoA KaqKrdMoxer 6urr oue-
(7.18) HeHLI3MepeHI4eM cpeAHero BpeMeHIiIKa'9aHuflc 6onrurofi alan.nuryAoftnpu rroJroxeHr{H
cyAHaJrafoMK BOJTHeHHTO.
XAqKH ,{nr neroropbx rHIIoB cyAoB co6creeHHbrenepuogu 6oprosofi H Kr,rJreBo fi xa\-
Kr{rpuBeAeHbrB ra6n.7.2.
iitl Mo-
o npo- /.2 . -
Ta6nu\ a 7.2 KarrKucyAoB bIX THTIOB

. KOTO- Tun cvana Ilepr,ro4 xa'rKfi I

6oprosofi KHJIEBOId
r. r 4.cr^.epbr
nuAUusMeuIeHI,IeM
lu uutl_luu 000 r
}{qHHbI 9-ts 7-tl
2. Kou6nrupoBaHgrrecyaa (ne$repytososu):
a) c rpysoruue(prn
9-t6 7-9
6) c rpysou pyau
t7.r9) 7-14 7-9
3. JleAoronrr
8-12 3-5
re.flro- !. lacgaxnpcKraecyaa npr,r6pexHoronrraBa'lrr BoAo'3Merqe'r.reM
50-200 r 4-7 2-3
5. Plr6ononnbreTpaynepbr
6-8 34
6. Eyrcupu-cnacareJrr
7-11 3-5
T.flacca>rupcKr{e cyAaBoAoH3MeuIeHr.reM 30 000-50 000 r
8. To xe, Bo.qotr3Merqeur.reM
2018 10-r2
l0 000- 30 000 r r6-20 7-t0
9. To xe, BoAou3MerqeHr.reM ao l0 000 r 10- 15 5-7
10. fpysomr e cyAa cpeAHr.re
0 8- ls 4-7
1L KonreftHepoBo3br BoAolr3MerrienreM 20 00G._30000 r
I r6-19 7-9
12.BaaxepuBoAoH3MerqeHHeM 20 000---40 000 r
6 l4- 17 7-9
13.fasonosrr BoAor{3Meuleur.reM 70 00G--90 000 r t7-20 8-10
14.Cyla po-po eo,{o[:r,rerrleHr,reM
40 00G_60 000 r
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17l
7.2.3.BrHcHuecrrr conporuBJreHlrr.
oTHOOI'ITeJIbHOxoropOfi
PaCCuOrpI{M BJII,ISHI,IeHa KaqKy CnJIbI co[pOTI4BJIeHI4t'
npe.qlonoxlIM, qTO OHa IIpOnOpqnOHalIbHa neprOfi CTeISHI'I CKOpocTIl'
(7.4) u (7 "7) cJlaraeMble' Bblpaxarcque cHrIbI co-
,{o6aBrrfrfl. B ypaBHeHw (7.!),
corpo-
nporuBneHu B BHAeNe C; Ne7 u Nr1,,V,rA€ N o6ogna'Iaerroe$QuqlleHr
ypaBHeHI'I-fl'
Tr4BJreHr{flcooTBeTcrByloqero BI41iaKaqKI4, [OJryqI'IM AIa$QepeHIII4aJIbHbIe
rIIeHax 6y.Uyr I4Merb BI'I'q
KoTopbre 11ocJleAeJIeHI{t na xos$$HIII'IeHrbI npu [epBbIX
^
i+2v2+n"z=0, (7.20)
pa3HblxBII-
f.qe qepe3 v o6osna.reu ros$QuIIVeHT 3uryxa1nx (raruenur), roroprtfi Alr
A0B KatIKI4OnpeAeilf,eTct BbrpaxeHvflMHi
N1
vE
V r =-
z(o+AD)'

vo=fr;*NsNJ; (7.2r)

NV

ypaBHeHUn(7 '20)
Tax rar Bo Bcex o6HqHHx cnyitrrflx v < n, to o6u1eepelueHl4e
6yaer
(7.22)

HaqaJIbHbIe
Te 111e qTo H paHee: np1 t =0, Z = Z0'2 =A'rO
yCJIOBHS,
VgeCIIkIB3flTb
"l12 - rz .
rrocrotrH'brxroryq uvt:C1 - z,i Cz = v zg I
Ax, npo'3BoJrbHbrx

(7.23)

Xaparuep xole6asPtfi B
3TOM CJIyqae [peAcTaBneH Ha
puc.7.2.
Vs BbIpalKeHHt (7.23) 14
pnc. 7.2 BIaAHo, qro BcreAcrBl{e
nl
c onpoTI{B ITeHns'aMnJII4TyAaKaqKI'I
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ta
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TO
JTHTCflBbIpaxeHI4eM
1 r T !t(
T.:-+ , (7.24) \{(
tln'-v' il-v'

Pucynorc7.2. -3aryxanne cno6oAnbrxxole6auuft cyAua

t72
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Eucrpora yI!{eHbIueHI{t aMnJrefiy1 xapaKrepu3yerc.fl Sarroporur 3arp(aHurr
4,
npofi IrpeAcraBI.sIouIHMoTHoIueHHeAsyx lrx cMexHbrx 3Harrennit.kIs BhrpalKeuua(7.23) na-
rr l
"o
bI CO- ,t =l
xoAHM | - "r"' .
orpo- lzu+tl
HarypaarHrtft norapuQu eroft BerurrnHbrHrBbrBaercrnorapuQnanvecrraM AeK-
ICHH-'I,
1 . _ )
I peMeHToMA,= lnry= : rV / I - v - . 3rofi BeJrnlnrHofinonrsyrorcfl, Arrfl,onhrr-
;rT,
(7.20) Horo onpeAeneHnx roeQSnqnenra 3aryxaHr{J{rro 3a[ucn KaqaHr,ritcygtta r,rjrlrero Mo-
;IX BII. AenI4.t{ro6rr KoruqecrBeHHo oueHr4TbBJTH.nHLIe co[porI,IBJIeHHf,paccMorpnM rrl,IcneH-
nuft upnuep.
3rcuepnueHTbl noKa3blBalor,rrro rns Bcex BHAoBKaqKr.rorHocuTelrnrrfi ros$-
Quqnent 3aryxaHl,It o6rtqHo He npeBbrruaer 3HarreHr4r0,2. fIpunuvlafl, gro 3HaqeHue
gnx V, rroJr) rLrM,qro nepuoA KarrKr,r
c freroM conporr4Bre1ns.
T
t7.21) T"--7,=1,027;
"11-(0,2)'
lorapuSnru.recxufi,{eKpeMeHT
r '0,2
A- - 0,64;.
r (7.20) [402h
Qamop 3arlD(aHr{fl
(7.22) e : eo'64= 1,90.
I4z nptrceAeHHoro [pI,IMepa BI4AHo,qro Aaxe ilpl4 cHnbHoM3aryxaHvrvt,KorAa
= 0, To
Ka)d[as'IlocneAyrcIrl€ulaMnnvrryl.a n 1,9 pa3a MeHlrrre npe.qrr4yu1efi,cr,rJrbrconporraB-
NEHI4fl HE3HAqI4TCJIbHO BJIHf,IOT HA I{ACTOTY 14 IIEPPIOA KAqKI{.
Tonmo B ucKrIorII4TenbHoMcJIWae Anfl M€urooctofiqusoro cyAHa Blrnfl:ntreco-
nporl'IBneH,HflHa nepuo.q KaqKHMo)Ker 6rrru cyulecrBeHHhrM.Ecnn xe ocrofiirgBocrb
(7.23) HacroJlbKoMaJIa,qro oKaxeTcfl,nlu , To cyAHo ue 6yger coBeprlraruxole6agnit, a or
KJroHeHHoe or noJro>Kennfl.paBHoBecun6y[er acr,rMrrrorflqecKr,r
npn6rnxarbcfl. K HeMy.
'1. B o6rFrHbIX xe cnr{arlx rrpu pacyere co6crBeHHbrx rtepaoAoB KarrKn MoxHo
noJlb3oBa$cx SopMyJI€lMpI (7.14H7.16), nonyreHHbrMr46es yrera cun conpornBJre-
rrHfr B HI{fl.,
iICH HA

7.2.4. 3a*reqarurff K ynpoqeHuofi reopurr KarrKu.

7.23) 14'
CQoptuynnpoBaHHbleB HaqaJIe [aparpaQa 4orryrqeHr{r rro3BoJrr4Jrn roryrrr,rrb
te.fcrBue
[pocrble BblpaxeHws,Anfl, flapaMerpoB, xapaKreprcyroqux co6crBeHHbrerone6asu.a
IA KAqKN
cyAHa.Kparro orMerIiIM, KaKI4eH3MeHeHHrnpou3oilg4yt B xapaKTepeKaqKr{na tuxofi
iIECKOJIb-
BoAe,ecJrr4yKa3aHHbre Aonyqenur He 6ygyr BbrnoJrH.rrrbctr.
0.f coor-
Ecnu aMnnHTyAaKaqKI,I3HaqurelbHa, qro orHocurcr DraBHbruo6pa-:ou x 6op-
onpeAe-
rosofi KarIKe,To B ypaBHeHI4H(7.4) BoccraHaBJrnBarcrrlrafi naoueHr HeJrb3rBbrpax(arb
\IeraltreHTpu'IecrcofiQoprraynoftocrofi.IlIBocrrr, a ueo6xoA[Mo r4cnoJlb3oBarbsaBvcn-
17.24) ltocrb' orlpeAen.f,eMyloAuarpaMMoftcraru.Iecroft ocrofrqunocrlr. flpu srou ypaBHeHr,re

t73
KalrKr{6y4er HeruneftgbrM r.I Hapyuaercx csoftcrBo }r3oxpoHHocru, T. e. He3aBucI,IMo-
CTLI[eppIOAa KaTIKI,IOT aMnJII{TyAbI.
,{nr onpeAeJreHaf,rrepuoAa upu nro6ofi aunru'ryAe MoxHo [oJr63oBarbc.rlcre-
ayrorqeft upa6nuxesuofi Qoprraynofi,roropax ,qaer rorrHocrr, B[oJrHe AocrarorrHylo
Anfl npaKTHqecKHXrleneH:

700 =
rel (7.2s)
2L
rge Tg - rrepuoAM€Lrrhrx xore6aHrafi,oupe4ersenmrfi no Soprrayne(7.15); I (0o), d (0o)
- bespa:uepnble(r 4onxx MeraueHTprE.{ecxofi Bbrcorbr)nreqr4craruqecKoft v rnlna-
unqecrofi ocrofiqunocTu,coorBercrByroqr4eaMrrnuTy.ue xauxu 0o.
I4s nrrpaxenyrfl,(7.25) Br{AHo,rrro ecJrrrAr{alpaMMacrarnrrecxofi ocrofiqltsocrn
pac[oJraraercflrroA KacaremHofir Hefi npu 0 = 0, To rrepraoAnpu nro6ofi auunnry4e
6olrure T6i n rrporHBorronox(HoM cnr{ae - Ha HeKoropoMHaqiurbHoM Avrafia3oHe aM-
rnraryAon 6yAerueHrure IB.
flpu nnnefisoft 3aBr,rcr{Mocrul(0) $oprr,ryna (7.25) Aae"rTgo-70. Ecrn He Bbr-
rronHeHoBTopoe r.r3Aorryqemuir, T. e. rleHrpbr rrx{ecTr4 (IlT) nnoqaAn BarepnHHvrldvr
Macc cyAHa He Jre)KarHa o4Hofi BeprnKaJrr,r,To npr{ BeprnramHofi KarrKecnJIbI I{Hep-
rrnn 14us6uroqHofi unanl^recru o6p€Byror rapy culr c MoMerrroM B AnaMerpamHofi
rrJrocKocrra,Koropbrft nHsoner KuneByro KarrKy.B erou cJryqae qncras. BeprnK€ulbuafl
KaqKa,KaK LI rrvr}TaflKnJIeBa.f,, ycno-
cyqecTBoBaTbHe MoryT: npl4 nIoobIX HarI€IrIbHbIX
BH.sxoHr,rBcerAa6ynyr cofipoB0x.qarbApyr lpyra.
Hapyureuuerperbero 4orryuleHur o ropH3onraJrbHocrnrpoAonruofr HasHofi
ocprLrHepr{uuMacc cy.qHaMo)Ker Orrru cyulecrBeHHbrM,HarrpnMep,npn xoAe cyAHa c
6omurnu auS$epeHToM, qro xapaKTepHoAnr cyAoB c KopMoBbrMpacflonoxeHueM
B cocroflHr,rnuopoxHerra.B 3ToMcnflae 6opronax KayKaAaxe
Marur{HHoroorAeJIeHH.f,
na rnxofi BoAe 6y4er corrpoBox4aitbafl.pbrcKaHuena.flpn oroM ynroBbre ycKopeHurl
pbrcKaHuru6oproeofixaqrrzcBr3aHhr3aBr,rcrrMocrbro e=(I*r/I)6,rge I*, u I, -
qeurpo6exnrrfr MoMeHTlruepqr4raorHocr,rreJrbHoocu XZ H MoMeHTIaHeprIHHorHocu-
TeJIbHoocu Z rore6ruorullxct Macc.

7.3. KaqKacydHa Ha eonHeHuu.

7.3.1.B;ruRnue rlry6unrt Ha BoJrHeHHe.

I4s ncrperrarculnxcr B Mope BoJIHoBbrxABI{xeHHfi pasnuvHbrx rrrlon ocHonuofi
nnTepec c roqKn 3peHr{r noe4eficrBnfl,Ha cyAHo npeAcraBJrrrcTBoJrHhr,[opo)KAaeMble
BerpoM. 3rl,t sorlrbr flpuHrro pa3AeJltrb Ha BerpoBbre,HaxoArrq]recr B cra4nvr pa3BI4-
TuA vrlrv rloA.{epxuBaeMbleBerpoM, E Ha BoJIHbrMeprBoit su6u, [peAcraBn.f,K]ruueco-
6oft cso6oAHbreycraHoBr{BrlrllecffBoJIHbr,ocraroulnecfl nocne npeKpauewus. EeficrBr4fl
Berpa. Borurr ueprnofi srr6u Aocraroqno 6magxHK rlr{nnHAprarrecKraM BoJrHaMcurry-
cor,rA€urbHoro npoQr4Irs.c HelI3MeHHbIMpIxapaKTepHcrLIKaMH. Bomrenue, o6paroBaHHoe
TaKI{MI{ BOJIHaMIII,Ha3bIBaeTCS npaBUnEHbIM l,lnn peryngpHblM.
174
HMO. OcnosHrrMu gJreMeHTaME, xa-
paKTepH3yrorrlHMr4BoJrHbr, flBrrfl-
cIe- rcTC.I CJreAyroque napaMeTpbr
rHlrlo Qnc.7.3):
Arruna BoJrHhr1- ropu-
3OHTanbHoepaccTotHl4e Mex[y
7.25) 7.3. - OcHoeHHe3neMeHTLr
Pr,rcyHox cranycou,4a;rrnofi AByMt coceAHI,IMI,IB€pIUI{H.lMr{
BOJIHbI (rpe6Hrlall) vrJrLr no.qoursarurr,r
(rna4rauarraa);
(Ua)
BEIcora BOJIHbIh - 2r0 - Beprr{KzulbHoepaccrosH}re Me}KAy Beprur{Hofi n no-
ulHa-
4orueofi, paBHoey.qBoenHofiaunrunyAe Bonnbr r0;
yroJl BoJIHoBofocKJIoHaa - Won MexAy KacareJrbHofrr npoQr,rJrroBoJrHbrH ro-
IOCTH plr3oHTOM;
IT,vle cKopocrb 6era nolnrr ($aroaaa cKopocrb) c - cKopocrb rrepeMerqeuufl"npof,nnx
e aM- BONHbI;
IIepLIoA BoJIHhr7 - BpeMn npoxox(AeHlil.a eorHofi paccTorHnf, paBHoro ee
Anr4He;
3 BbI- KpyrH3Ha (orHocuteJrbHar nucora) BoJrHbr- hl A.
Opguuara [oBepxHocrl,I cI,IHycoHA€rJrbHofinolstr B MoMeHT BpeMeHH / B ToqKe c
lrll4 Vr
a6cqnccofi { onpeAen.rrercf,
Bbrpar(eHr{eM
rHep-
rnoft Cs = rg sin(ail+ k€) , (7.26)
IbHAf, a yron cKJroHan rofi )KerorrKe
!'cJlo- Ar
u x tgd = -* = a0 cos(CIt+ k€). (7.27)
oE
BHofi 3rn nupaxenng,a raKxe reop[r BoJrHuanofi aMnJrrrryAbr
Ha rrry6oroft Bo,qe
ITHA C [pr,rBoA.nT
K cJreAyrorrlHM
cooTHOrUeHuflM
MexAy [apaMeTpaMHBoJrH:
HHCM NTId}IA BOJIHbI
Jaxe
znc2 gr2 _ 2ng
)EHH'I )"= = (7.28)
I, - g 2n 02)
nan6olrunfi yrol BoJrnoBofocKJroHa
HOCI{-

e0=k0=+=4rr, (7.2e)
^ g
SaronaxcKopocrb
0)
L - - -
(7.30)
k
[epr{oA BoJrHhr
)BHOE
)"
Ellble
4
!
q
- - -
(7.3r)
&3BVr-
c
TIACTOTA BOJIHbI
Ie co-
CTBHfl.
cIIHy-
,-2-a=^[G=ff-ff, (7.32)
IHHOC qacrora Qoprrlrr Boiruhr(nolHonoe .rncro)

175
 ,,

k - ? 7 T= ' o , (7.33)
) " s
9Heprus BoJrHbr,npr4xoArrqaflcfl, Ha eAI4HI,IqynnoqaAlr Mop.rl,
u2
L t = y- -; '.0
D (7.34)
B
Teopur r4HelocpeAcrBeHHbreHa6JrroEeHHfl. rroKa3brBaror,rITo upu rIpoxoxAeHI4H
BoJrHbrqacrurlbr xlr,{Kocrn ABrararorcr no upn6JII,I3I,ITeJIbHo
KpyroBbIMTpaeKTopI,ItMc -1
paBHoMepHotr cxopocrbro CI r , nplrl{eM rracruqbr B pa3Hbrx Mecrax no AJIHHe BoJIHbI
Qa." ABI,IxeH}It(puc.7.4).
HaxoA.rrrc{B pa:}Jrr{qnoft
.."+
c C ruy6unoil pauaycbl op-
I 6ur 6ucrpo y6uearcr) cre4yfl
3aKoHY
o o o o o Znz
o o e o o
o o
o
o o
o
o r=r\e (7.3s)
rqe z - rny6rana qacrnqbl B co-
Pucyrior 1.4. - Tpaerropun u (fa:u qacrtall B BoJIHoBoM aTofiHvrv paBHoBecHt.
ua rrry6oxofi eo.qe.
ABr{}KeHr.ru Tax xax nnvna BoJIHbr oc-
Taercr rrocrorHHofi, ro rro roMy xe 3aKouy y6rrnaror LI yrnLl cKJIoHaBoJIHsI.
OrHocIareJIbH€uI Bblcora BoJIHrIHe HMeero.{Ho3gaquoficegsu c ee .qJIHHofi,og-
t
HaKooHa He MoxeT upensofirn 3HaqeHr4 i,'/ ,o- lr, TaKKaKrIpI,IAaJlbuefiueu Bo3pacra-
HI'II,I BrICOTrI NPOHCXOAHT PA3PYIIJEHI'IE BEPIIII4H BONH. KAX NOTA:rIBA}OT HA6TIOAEHI',
cpeAHee sHaqeHpre Kpyrpr3Hbr BoJrHbr naAaer c pocroM ee AJILIHrI. Am opHeHTEpoBotI-
r{brx rleJreftnucory BoJrHMoxHo orrpeAenflTbrro $oprvryne,floJrf{eHHofi na ocHoBecra-
KHX .IAHHbIX.
TI'TCTLTIICC

Cxopocma eempa, u/c h = 0,r71% (7.36) .L

7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 922s12 5 2 7 2 9 3 1
\(r
vfirvr no rpa$rEry (pnrc. TC
7.5), no KoropoMyMox- 3T

,ffi zrt
21 f
so nafiru raruKe Ia Apy-
rUC 3NCMCHTbI BOJIHEHU'.

tonT"-ffi "H -o
Bcre.ucrsue Bo3-
1 7t tE pacTal]ufl, cKopocTl{ ne-
r caR peMerrleHr4r BoJrH c poc-
136 TOM r4X AJrI4HhrBO BpeM.u
11
9
rrrropMa BoJrHbr6onuueft
7 AJTHHrIo6roHsror BoJrHbI
5
3 6oree KoporKue, Koro-
0 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 310 380 120 460 s00 510 pbre K ToMy xe 6srctpee
flnuaaSonnu'u
3aryxaror. 3ro [prIBoAHT
Pucynor - 7 .5 . Hotuorpanaua .Ilnfl orlpe.lleJleHrff3JIeMeHToB
BoJIH K TOMy, r{TO AJII'IHHbIe

t76
 BoJrHbrMoryT yxoAHTb 3a npeAenu o6rac-ru, oxBarrenqofi luropMoM, Ia o6pa.soBblBarl
' i 3')
BOJTHeHLTe r"repraofi sH6H B coceAHExo6racrsx Mop'l.
B Br,r.qe

7.3,2. Kaqrca cy^qHaHa peryrflpHoM BoJTHeHHI{.

|.34) CyAuo, HaxoAflrrleecrHa BoJTHeHI{r4, ucrrbrrblBaer co cropoHbl nocJleAHerocrlilo-
Bbre Bo3Aeficrnnr, r{3MeH{K}rrlr4ecsBo BpeMenu. [px rronfreHuf, ypaBHeHut KarrKn
)Hl4l4
cy.UHaHa BoJIHeHt4Lr3^rr4cl4Jrbr,H€l3bIBaeMbIe BO3MyuIaIoUI,IMucr4JTaMLt AOJIXHbI6rrTb
f,\I C B ypaBHeHuqxKaqKHHa ruxofi BoAe.
4o6anreHbrK TeM,Koropbrey{HTbrBanr4c6
I.-IHbI Paccl,rorpuu 6oproByro KaqKycyAHa,pacilono)KeHHororlaroM K BonHeHIrIo,H Ha
oroM npuMepe BburcHr4M xapaKTepnrreoco6eHHocrraKarrKIlHa BoJrHeHHI4.
o
- rn - Ecnu [oneperrHue pa-:MepbrcyAHaMarrbrno cpaBHeHr.Irc c AnHnofi BoJIHrI,To oHo
ef,)'s 6y4er yBJreKarbcrABHxeHHeMBoAbrr.IcoBepruarr op6uraJlbHoeABLI)KeHIae, uo4o6Hoe
ABE)KeHrrro qacrull )KllAKocrrr. lIpH groM Ha
cyAuo 6yger 4efictnoearr qenrpo6exHail
r . 35 ) cfira nHeprlux, Koropafl, cyMMrlpytcb c cu-
! co- roft rxxecru, fIorITI4He rI3MeH[er ee BeJII,I-
TII,IHbI, HO OTKJIOHf,CT HANPABNEHI4E OT BCP-

I OC-
THKarrrrTaK, lrro pe3ynbTHpylouat cHJIaBce
== BpeM{ HopMaJrbHar npoQI4JIa BoJIHrt. Tar
x{e Ha[paBJreHa u cvrlra rInaBrIecTI4 cyAHa
r otr- Ha BOJrHe,TaK KaK [OBepXHOCTbBOJIHbIeCTE
lcTa-
noBepxHocrb paBHbIX laBnesufi. llogroMy
iHrLg., MoMeHT, geficrnyroqufi na cy.qHo Ha BoJI-
tBOq- Prcynor - 7.6. MorrreHr,,ueftcrnyroruuit
wa HeHlIIr, MOXHO BbIYI,ICJrrrrbKaK BOCCTaHaB-
cra- cyrno, coBeplnaloqee6opronl'ro Karrxy Ha JIIlBarouII4ft uotrreHr rlpn HaKnoHeHuIl ero Ha
BONHE yron0-a (pnc.7.6).
llpn pasuepax cy4na, cpaBHIaMbIXc
7.36) AruagofiBonHbr,noBepxHocrb BoJrHbrB rrpeAenaxcy.{Ha Herb3.scrll4Tarbulocrcofi, rpo-
Me roro, yfJlbr BoJrHoBbrx 6rrcrpo y6rtnaror c uy6unoff. Bce 9To npIaBoAr{T
cKJroHoB K
[puc. ToMy,rrro BMecroyrna cKJroHa,coorBercrByroqero noBepxHocrl{BoJIHrI,neo6xo4Iluo
HO,\- BBoAHTrsQ$errnnuuft yrol cKJroHa,HcrrpaBneHnrrfipeAyKqHoHHhrM roeQQuqueHroM
f,p)'- Xe<|, )rrlHTbrBaroquM coorHorrreHHepuBMepoBcyAHapIBoiIHbI.
:Hlt.g. B coornercrBr4r4co cKa3aHHbrM cneAyrouee aaSSepeHIIHanrHoeypaB-
rroJrln{r.rM
BO3- HeHr.{e6oproaofi KaqKH cyAFra IIa BoJrHeHlrr4
ne- ( / * + N * ) 0 + 2 N s 0+ P h ( O- X e ' d ) = 0 , (7.37)
poc- [noAcraBIrflfrBMecTod ero BblpaxeHue fis Qoprraynrr(7.27), fiper € = 0nory.II4N{:
r.rJrr,r,
pe\{t
rureI
0 + z v s 0+ r f i e- r 3 o " c o 0s t , (7.38)
O--IHbI
r4e ae - aMnJruryaae$SexrnBHoro yrna BonHoBorocKnoua;
KOTO- 02
;Tpee &e= Iea0 : z0 (7.3e)
7ro.
P.]HT
EHbIC

177
ero perueHlle npeAcTaBI4TCtCyMMOI'I
- t),
, - P)+ eo cos(a)t (7.40)

rAe rrepBoecJraraeMoeecrb perueHr4eo.qHopoAHoroypaBHennfl.uBblpaxaer cno6o4Hue

rone6anufl sy4na, Koropble c reqeHneM BpeMeHH3aryxalor lI craHoBflTofl'npaKTLIqecKu
HeCyIqeCTBeHHbIMLI.
Ocnosnoe 3HaqeHI,Ie I4Meer BTopoe cnaraeMoe
0 * 0o cos(arf- e), (7.4r)
orrgcblBaroutreeHe3aryxarcrque ycraHoBnBrrrrrect rone6aHnfl c rracrotoft soruu. 3ru
KoJIe6aHI,IlI,BbI3BaHHrrena6eranulr4Mtl BoJrHaMu,HuBbrBtrrorcrBbIHyxAeHHbIMHKoJIe-
flattuguu..ftx roro .rro6H HafiTunx aMrrJruryAy0g u $By t, tIoAcraBHMBblpax(eHl{e
(7.41) B ypaBHenue(7.38) H, npupaBnr4Bas. B o6eux ero qacrtx rosQQuIII{eHrbI or-
H3 KoTOprtxsafrAeu
AeJrbHonpu cos Ot n upU sin Ot , ilonYIHM ABaypaBHeHl{.tr,
0g = Koas, (7.42)

rre

KE=
"3 (7.43)
ff- tt

l\'r -,'f +4vfratz

tga-4+ (7.44)
,a-a'
KE B reopr4rlrole6annfi na.srteaercrxos$$nqueHroM AIIHa-
KoeSQrEur4eHr
cJrflae oH noKa3blBaer,Bo cKoJIbKopur aMTIJII'ITyAa
MHllHocrlr. B paccrraarplrBaeMoM
ycraHoBr.rBrunxc, BbrrryxAeHHbrxrore6anufi cy.una [peBbl[Iaer aMnnaqyAy s$$er-
Tr{BrIOfO yfJla BOJIHOBO|OCKJIOHaAe.
rlacror BOJIHbII{
3asilcuMoctr roeQQnqraenra AHHaMurIHocrHor coorHoureHnfi
cyAHa rrpeAcraBJreHaHa pr{c. 7 -7 B BI,IAe ptAa KpHBsIX Ant pa3HbIX sHa'reul4fi
v -v0 I n0.
fpanuuHar KpfiBafl., coorBeTcrByroulafl orcyTcTBulo cO[porHBJIeHI'It'
o[peAenterc{ BblpaxeHueM
2
n0
Kr,= (7.4s)
"fi
_02'

r78
te Ha Vlz pucyHKa Br4IHo, qro
roNry lpr,I Mztrrrrxu 6olrrulrx orHorue-
H'UAXqaCTOTKplrBbreAns pa3ruq-
Hhrx conporuBne-suin cxopTc.rr
7.40)
orreHb 6lprsro. OrcroAa cJreAyer,
qTo B 3TUX C[yI{.aflX C|||JA COnpO-
IIHbIE
ICCKH Tr4BJreHr,rt He lrMeeT cylqecTBeH-
HOIO BIrVrflHprfl Ha aMnnHTyAbr
KaIIKI,I tr C HeKOTOpbTM3anaCOM ee
7.41) MO)KHO Onpe.qeJr.flTb IdCXr,OASVr3

3tu Soprwynu (7.45), o,qHaKoqeM

KOJIE-
6nuxe K paBeHcrByr{acror al v
n0, Teisd cylqecTBeHHee BJII{f,H}Ie
ieHI{e

'I OT-
conpoTr,rBrLeHufl.
Paccnaorpr.{MxapaKTep-Hhre
0,25 0,5 1,0 1,25 1,5
cnlnraH KaTIKHcyAHa Ha BoJIHe-
7.42) 2,5
Hrrr,r,Hcxo1ir.r4srpaSura puc. 7.7
Pucyuorc7.7. - 3anucrEuocrrroe$$uuueHTaAr{HilMuq- u Qopnaynu(7.43) u (7.44):
Hocrr,ror coornorrrenurqacror u 6erpasvrepHoro
colpo- l.Orsoruesue at/ng=70lt
THBJIEHUq
oqeHbMano(Te lr + 0). 3ro co-
7.13)
oTBeTCTByeT CyAHy C OqeHb
6omruoft ocrofi.rusocrblo (Tg oueur rraano)rin6o BoJrHaMoqeHb 6omruofi gnnuw (t
orleHb nenuro). llpu srola aMlrnrrryAa KarrKH6nusxa r nau6olbrrreMy yrJry cKJIoHa
7.44) BOJIHbI.CyAuo 6yger cne.qoBarb3a H3MeHeHI4eM BoJrHoBorocKJroHano,uo6uo rrJraBaro-
nlefi Aocre uiln nnory (p"", 7.8, a).
IHHA- 2. OruorueHr4eatI n6 =1, LULH T0 = t, T. e. nepHoABoJrHbr paBeHco6creeHHoMy
rT)'Aa rlepHoAy KaIIKIIcyAHa. Taras BoJIHaHa3blBaerc.f, cl{HxpoHHofi, a caM art.FFq.qlav
Hocr4rHa-
l0ex- 3BaHr{ep$oHanca. @opnryna(7.43) B oroM cn}rqae ilaer l.nfl aMnJrrryAbr3HaqeHHe

IHbI H
es-:-a" (7.46)
zvo
teul.tfi
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JIeHI4s. IlpoflBnreTcs B STOM
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0 = i
no Hn) H OHO B OCHOBHOMOrpaHr4-
lIHBaeT 3HarreHHe aMrIJrr4TyAbI.
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Jrocb, npu 6onrurux aMrrnrTy-
fr'* Aax ypaBHeHr.reKaqKr.rcraHo-
BHTc.rinerrEHeftnblM,lrro roxe
npI4BeAeTK OrpaHr4areHHro aM-
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cnyqar4 pe3oHaHca tBJrgeTc.rr
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HA BOJIHEHI,II4
t79
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MeHee6naronpuflTHa,qeM cyAon c 6omrunM nepuoAoM.
(Doprwyna(7.44) roKa3brBaer,trro B ycnoBnrx pe3oHaHcapa3Hocrr Qa: MelKAy
I
KaqKoftcyAHa r,rcKJroHoMBoJrHbrpaBHa tr /2. 3ro osHaqaer,qro Ha BeplunHeLI no-
I
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I
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T
3. OtnoureHl{e at I ng = Te /r oqeHb BeJIHKo(Te lr + o). 3ro cnyuafi'Miulooc-
rofiqusoro cyAHa ryr6o oqeHb M€urbrx.qJrrrHBoJrH.ArvrnnlrryAa KaqKI{ rtpll groM TaKx(e
6yaer uzurofi, T. e. Heocroftqneoe cyAHo BoJrHaMr,r pacKarlnBarbcflne 6yAer (pnc. 7.8,
n). Tarurra o6pasou, orcyrcrBr,re peaKrlraucyAHa Ha BoJrHeHr,recJryxI4T yKa3aHHeMHa T
ero Manyroocrofrqueocrb. 3
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(raxyrqnficr nepuog) )
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I,Is Qoprraynu(7.47) Br,rAHo,
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Ecnu ulc, To rrpu KypcoBoMyrne, onpeAenreMoMpaBeHcrBoMcosq --clu,
lxAy
raxyUufrcff nepuoA o6paqaerct B 6ecxoHe.rHocrb. Cy4no B eroM cny{ae ABr{xercfl
t no-
BMecre c soJrHofi Ia ero nono)KeHueorHocuTeJrbnoBoJrHbrHe MeH-flerca.flpz 6olrnrux
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[paBJreHrru6era BoJIH,o6ron.f,er r,rx.
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lK)KE
[pnMep, yAaJIHTbcnusodnacTll pe3oHancaH cHvrg*rrbaMnnHTyAyKarrKH.
7.8,
lnx onpeAenenl,It coqeranufi cropocrLt xora r4 KypcoBoro yrura, He6laronpuflT-
[1 Ha
HrIX B orHoluenuu KaqKI4,p€BJrHyHbrMr4 aBTopaMH6lun flpe,qiroxeHbrA]rarpaMMbr,no-
3BoJIf,IoIqueycTaHaBJIHBaTb TaKLIe3oHbI npu IrJraBaHLruHa BoJrHegnu.Hau6olrruee
pacflpocrpaHeHrrefioJryqIEnaAuarpaMMa,npeAcraBJreHHzur ua puc.7.10, xoropas,6l.lrra
rrpeAJroxeuaI0. B. PeMesoNr.
TITO flo ropusoHT€LIIuor IIeHTpanonyKpyra ornoxeHbr 3Harrenus.Dcosq. flo eepru,
I{KY. K€UIHHaHeceHbIAJIHHbIBoiIH. B orux KoopAnHarax [ocTpoenbr flapa6olnr, coorBercr-
ie-'Ib- Byloqlae rrocrotHHblM 3HaqeHI4tMKaxcyuerocf, rrepnoAa BoJrHbrr*. HnxHrfl qacrb
AI{afpaMMbI coAepxI,IT KOHIIeHrpUqeCKr,re roJryoKpyxHocru u pa4vrurbHbrenprMbre,
raro- coorBercrByloque nocrof,HHhrMcropocrrM xoAa H KypcoBbrMyruraM BoirHeHzf,.lpn
onpeAeneHrlJlycnosufi nonaAanI4fl.B pe3oHaHccyAHa c nepr{oAoMKarrKHT npu rrJraBa-
HI4I{Ha BoJIHeAnIanofi ),, Ya ocpl opA}rHar rro ruKur[eHaxo.{{T AnHHy BoJrHbr2 u npo-
locH- BoAflr ropl{3oHTaJlbAo rtepeceqeHnflc xpnnofi, coorBercrnyrcrqefi nepr4oAyT .]l1::raq-
VTAV KH nepecerleHllt onycKarcT BeprLIKilJIbAo noJryoKpyxHocrr4, orBerrarcqeft cropoctH
xoAa cyAHa. Yron MexAy ocblo a6cqucc vr pa4r4anrsofr npruofi, npoxoArrqeft uepes
t s Qt uafi4eHrryo rotlKy, Ha nonyoKpyxuocrlr onpeAenr{T Kypcoeofi yroJr, cooTBercrByro-
t{: ugafrnona4aHHroB pe3oHaHc.
0,1- Eolrruue aMnJIHTyAbIKaqKI4ua6mo4arorcff He roJrbKo rrpu paBeHcrBeKaxyqe-
rocf, nepliloAaBoJIHrtu co6crBeHHoronepHoAa KaqKH,Ho H upH 6nra:Kr{x3Harrennflx
ry'
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ropI,I3oI{TtuIb,coorBercrByloqyo pacqeruofi Anuse BoJrHbr,npoAonxaror Ao nepece-
IIIOA qeHHs c JrHHI{fMH KDl(yqkrxcfl. [epHoAoB, orBeqaK)Iuux rpaHI{qHbIM 3HarIeHI{flM gTOrO
roit I{HTepBa.na, u H3 ToqeK [epeceqeHr{f, rrpoBoArr Beprr.rKanuAo rpaHrrr{ ullxHefi qacrn
) ,{r,IafpaMMbr.
O6nactr Ha rlonyKpyronofi qacrn Ar.rarpaMMbr, orpaHr{qeHHarnpoBeAeHHbrMH
BeprI,IKtuIflMH)I{ [peAcraBJr.r{er3oHy coyeraH}rfi cxopocrefi cy4Ha r{ KypcoBbrx yr-
7.17) lor, ne6rarouplrgrHblx B orHoIIIeHnkrpaccwarpuBaeMofoBHAaKarrKLI.Tarue o6lac-
TH crpotr Ant Ooptoeoft I,I KHJIeBoftravxu, ucKrroqar H3 pe3onancsoft 3oHhr .qnt
6opronofi KaqKLrKypcoBbleyrnbr 0"Sq<l2 u 168" Sq3180o xarcrpaBoro, raK H
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lpt /Ao6crna HaA graarpannuofi[oMeuIeHbI IuKzuIbIsHa.IeHHfi T,T/0,7 H

T 11,3,rro KoropblM [porrurblBarorct rpaHl4r{Hble3HarIeHI{tKaxyuerocg nepl{oAa no
sa.qaHuofiBerr4rruHeco6ctneHHoronepuo4a I. H(
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JroMK BonHeHr,rro[pr{BoA}rr K yMeHLIxeHI{Ios$SerrurHoro ynra cKJroHaBoJIHbIB npo- )'(
AolrHofi H flonepe.rHofi nrocKocr.sx cyAHa, a raKxe nepeMeHuocrl4sToro yrJla n Aax(e --I(
ero 3HaKano AJrrirHe cygi*a (crvr.puc. 7.9 ceqenw l, 2, 3). BcneAcrnue 3Toro san6onr- pe
urne aMrrJrnryAbrKarrKH6ylyr lrMerb Mecro ne o6sgareJlbHoB ycnoBl4flxpe3oHaHca. BC

182
 7.3,4,Kaqrca [apaMerp[qecKoro rntra
Kponre paccMorpeHHblxBbrrueocHoBHhrxru[oB KaqKu - cso6o.4Hlrx KoJredauuit
na trxofi BoAe I,I BbIHyxAeHHbrxHa BoJrHeHHu,rrpuro[peAeJleHHbrxycnoBntrx Mo)Ker
Bo3HHKHyrb[I HepeAro na6nroAaercr KaqKa cyAHa 6oree cJrox(Horo rvtna, Koropaf,
eos6yxgaerct BcneAcrBl{e[epnoAurrecKoro r43MeHeHr.rrr Bo BpeMeHr{oAHoro r{3 napa-
MerpoB, xapaKTeprcyroqux cyAHo xax xone6areJrbHyroclrcreMy. Taroro po.qarone6a-
HI{t HOC.f,TH€BBaHr{e napaMeTpnrrecKHx.
9ro6u BbrtcHIiITbSrasu.recryrc KapruHy aor6yNgeHnr, xore6anufi 'raroro rurla,
rIpeAcraBLrMcy.qHo,pacrroJroxeHHoeHa B3BoJrHoBaHHoM Mope 11coBepruarcqee BeprH-
KEIJIbHyIo paBHoBecufl,o6pa:yercx
KaqKy. flpn norpyxeHulr cyAHa Hlrxe BarepJrr4Hr,rlr
fis6rtror c[IJrbr[oAAepxaHur, Koropnft npu HzurLrLrr4ur
KpeHaco3Aaer Ao[oJrHr{Temsufi
BoccraHaBJluBarorqr{fi uoueur M oon, 3aBuc.nuluitor yfJra KpeHar4 H3MeHxroulufrcxno
BpeMeHH(puc. 7.ll).
Cynrrr,rapnrrfisoccraHaBJrlrB€rloulufi
uoueur 6yAer r4MerbrosQ$uqrreHT npm 0,
cocrotlqufi ug nocro-sHHofiqacrH rr cJlaraeMoro, o[peAeJrrrouero nepuoAHqecKoer{3-
MeHeHLIe MerarleHTpn.recrofrBblcorbr oKoJroHeKoropofo cpeAuero 3HaqeHr,rt.3To tte-
puoAlaqecKoecnaraeMoe BoccraHaBJrlrBalorqeroMoMeHTa.f,Birgercr npu.{prHofi [apa-
MerpuqecKoronor6yx4euux 6oprosofi KarrKH.
Hapr6onee cr.rJrbHoe pacKaqn-
Baroqee eogAeficrnne coorBercrByer
cJrfraro, KorAa qacrora nos6yN4aroqefi
napbr 6yaer BABoe6onrue uacroru 6op-
ronofi KaiIKIr, TaK qro 3a BpeMr HaKJro-
HeHHr cyAHa c o.qHoro 6opra Ha 1pyroft
eo (norynepuo4 6oprosoft rauxn) oHo co-
BepIuI/tT noJIHbIH BepTHKiuIbHoId

M
III4KI
KaqKI,Iu rag6uroK c[rJIbI [naB]nrecru 6y-
4et rofi xe BeJruqrlHbr,a AorronHr,rreJrb-
urrfi BoccraHaBJluBaroqrafiruouenr r43-
MeHr,rrrnar (na pnc. 7.11 nso6pa)r(eHo
rryHKrnporvr).flpn eroM aMunlrryAa 6op-
7.11.- Bos6yx.aeune
Pr.rcynox 6opronoftra.mra ToBhIXxore6aHufi 6yaer Hapacrarb. Ta-
napaMeTpHrrecKoroTr,rrlaBcneIcTBI,re
KOe SBreHr,reHocr4T Ha3BaHHenapaMeT-
BeprHKaJIbHofira.rrN
puqecKoro pe3oHaHca.
e ypaBHeHrre,orr}rcbrBaroulee6opronyo KarrKyrapaMerpnqe-
,{u$ {epeHIIpI€r.rIbHo
cKoro Tvlna, I4MeeTBI,IA
0.1 14
0 + 2vs0+ n2 1I-pcosot) - 0. (7.4e)
rJa no 3ro ypanHeHneHe peuaercr B 3neMeHTapHnxQyHKrIHrx,oAHaKooHo xopouo
uccneAoBaHovr onpeAenenrr o6nacrr4 coorHoruennfi ero [apaMerpoB, npr4 Koropbrx
o.r )T- Bo3MoxeH IlapaMerpn.IecKufi pe3oHaHc.I,Is Hux, B qacrHocrra, cJleAyer, lrro BaxHhIM
B IIpO- ycJIoBHeMBO3HI,IKHOBeHIIf,napaMeTpHqecKorope3oHaHcaflBrs.eTar.4ocTaTolHa[ y4a-
I.faxe .-IeHnocrbIdT cyAua or nrlocKocrrl geficrnytoqeft narepnr4nurr. Ectru xe I{T cyAHa
16o.rs- pacnoJloxen sdrusu erofr nJrocKocru,To npu Tex 3HarreHr4"sx
coflpornBrennfl, Korophle
ca. BcTpeqaloTcflypearlbHblxcyAoB,Kar{KanapaMeTpr4qecKoro rvrna He Bo3HHKaeT.
183
 PaccrraarpuBaeMoro ^rt4rra KaEIKa
MO)KeTBO3Hr.rKHyr6TaKXe npll pacno-
JIox(eHHE cyAHa HopManbHo r rpe6nru K
BOJIH. B
Ecru cyAHo [Meer KpeH,To Bo3- u
6yxgarorqefi npuulrrofi n oroM cJry'lae c
{BJI{eTC' napa CI4JI,notBrsloularlct B c
pe3ynbTare nepepacnpeAeneHLlt c74IT )I
lnoAAepx(anvrfr - AononHnrelrHofi cz- T
B MecTepacnoJlox{e}lwfl.
nbr rlJlaByqecTr,r p
rpe6nr BoJIHbrH ee Ilorepu B pafioHe B
BnaAr,rHbr (pnc. 7.I2). llleqo grofi na- T

Pncynox7.12.- Bos6yxaenue6opronofiraqrn pbr 3aBHcI4TOT yrna KpeHa,H MoMeHT

[apaMeTpr{qecKororPrrlanpH xoAecyAHaHop- napbr MeHfleT3HaK BMecre co 3HaKoM c
MiUIbIIbIM KypcoM K BOJIHaM. yrna KpeHa (wa puc.T.l2 uzo6paxeno c
nytxruporvr). B
reM xe ypaBHeH}IeM
3ror cnyrafi KaqKr4onr{cLrBaercq n H
(7.49), Ho BeJII4qHHbr
p r{MeK}TApyrue BbrpaxeHr,rrqepe3 rrapaMerpbl cyAHa H BoJIHII.OcHosHHe BrIBoAEI,
noJrrreHHbrereopeTl{rlecKI,I,3aKr}oqarcTcgB cJIeAytouIeM.
fipn sagaHHorococrosHlrc Harpy3Kr4cyAHacyulecrByer nocJleAoBareJlbHocrb 3oH
sHa.reHnfilracror BoJrH(4nran nomr), B Koropblx Bo3MoxHaycraHoBuBlu€ulctKaqKaIIa-
paMerpnqecKofo rvna. To.rHo raK )KerrpLr3aAaHnofisorHe AJII o.quoro H Toro )KecyAHa
cyulecrByror 3oHbrcocrorHufi ero Harpy3Kr4(roe$$raqueHTa ocrofi.{unocrrl I,I MoMeHTa
Hrreprdr.ruMacc orHocnTeJrbHonpoAoJrbHofiocu), npu Koropblx IIotBJUIrorct napaMerpl,l-
cl
qecKnerote6auug. Bne srlrx 3oHKaqKanapaMerpl4qecKororutra He Bo3HI,IKaer.
H
llepzogllsecKoe r{3MeHeHHeocrofiqr{Bocrl4 cy,qHa TIpLIBoAI{THe roJIbKo K Bo3- T(
MO)KHOCTH rrapaMeTpl4qecKorope3oHaHca,Ho TarcKeK HecLIMMeTpUl4
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cpeAHr{e3a nepr{og 3HaqeHrarKpeHrrrlero MoMeHTaBoJIHHa oAuH u 4pyrofi 6opra cy,u- CJ
Ha oKa3brBaroTcf, B ycJroBllsx pe3oHaHcaBepTl{K€ulruofiKaqKI,InocTO.tH-
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t 84
(aqKa 7.3.5.Heperynnpnoe BoJrHeHHe
n ero npeAcraBJreHue
lcno- Ha6nroAas B Mope 3a BerpoBbrMBoJrHeHr{eM, MoxHo orMerlaTb orcyrcrBlle Ka-
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Brra(I4H,o6pasyrorqux B3BoJrHoBaHHyro noBepxHocru. Taroe BoJrHeHHe, Ha3rrBaeMoe
) BO3- HeperynrpHbrM,cJry?Kr{rnpelnocbuxofi K paccMorpeHnrc ero KaK cryraftHoro npoqec-
D'r{ae ca u rrpHMeHeHnIoK ero rr3freHlrro MeroAoBTeoprur BeporrHoctefi u MareMarn.Iecrofi
tcf B crarr{crnKr,r. HcroqHrrKoM AaHHbrxAJrflHccneAoBaHHrHeperyJrrpHoro BonHeHI{t cny-
cvlJl xar 3anl{cu ImMeHeHpItBo BpeMeHr,r ypoBH{ nonHosofi rroBepxHocrr{B QnxcnponaHHofi
Vrcu- ToqKeMops, Koropbrenpon3BoA{Tcrp€BnntrHororra[a BonHolpaSarrau. Tnuuqnrrit o6-
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u"l0He B3BoJrHoBannofi noBepxHocni B HeKoropbrfirrloruenrBpeMeHLr c noMorqbrocrepeo$o-
fi na- TOCbEMKH.
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cMarpl,IBaerrarrfi cnyrafiHofi Synxquu. 3na.reHue
DI(EHO clyvafiHofi QynruIav rrpu KoHKperHoM qacrHoM 3Haqenuv apryMeHTaecrb cJlfraitlnan
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nennunnofi, T. e. rarofi,
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3HAIICHH' KOTOpOU
reTpL{- crIJIoIub 3anoJlHtlor AnanazoH,olpaHnqennufi Har,rMeHbruprM u uau6onrrurlM 3Haqe-
HI4IMHopAVHar 4aHnofr pearru3alluu. Taxue cJrfrafiHbre Belurrr4Hbrc BeporrHocrHofi
K BO3- ToqKpI3peHut rroJrHocrbroorrpe4errf,rcTcf,3aAaHLreM nJrorHocrr,rpacnpeleJreHur (nlor-
eTprIH Hocrl4 Bepo.r{THocru),Koropiu [peAcraBrser co6ofi npegen orHorueHr4sBeporrnocrr4
16lsc- [o[aAaHHr crqrvafinofi senu.rlrnbr B gAuH r43MaJrErxr4HTepBirnoB, Ha Koropble rroAp€]3-
eHI{e\l .Ienf,ercg Becb AHa[a3oH ee sHa.reHr,rft, sroro r4HTepB€rJIa
K AJIr.rHe npv crpeMnenr.rurro-
a c)'J- cneAHero K rryJrro.OAHaxo Anr peIueHur MHoTHXnpaKTHqecKHX Bo[pocoB uet na4o6-
:TO.ttH- Hocrl{ noJlHocrbro onrrcbrBarb cnfraimyrc BerHr{HHyee nJrorHocrbro pacnpeAeJreHrdr.
r{acro drtnaer AocraroqHo ofpaHvrtvrrbcfl. qr.rcJleHHbrM}r xapaKTepr{crr,rKaMlr,Bbrpa-
xauIorIIIiIMH
OCHOBHbIe qepTbr 3aKOHa'pacllpeAeJreHlclfl,.
BaxHefiruvrMlnTaKvrMr{xapaKTe-
( 7 . 50 ) pr,rcTuKaMlrrBJlrroTcr :
MaTeMaTl,rqecKoe oxr{AaHr,rem;, npe$cTaBnrroqee co6ofi cpeAHee 3HarreHI,Ie
iII"{ KO-
crytafiHofi serH.rHHbr,oKoJroKoroporo rpyllnnpyrorcr ee 3HaqeHHr;
nl4cllepclr,flDe, xapaKTepr43yarqarpa:6pocaHHocTbclyvafiuoft nenuqnuu ( u
KAqKC
olpeAen.f,eMaf,cpeAHHM3HaqeHrdeM KBaAparoBorKJronennfi cryraftnrrx BeJrurrlrnor
L'IOHC-
IlareMaruqecKoro o)r(I,rAaHHx,nu6o cpe.4HeKBaAparnqecKoe orKJroHeHr4e(utm orau-
rapr) 61 t cBfl3&HHoe
c .4HcnepcueficoofirolreHr.reM
o( =^t"( (7.51)

185
 O6pa6orxa MHorovI{cJIeHHbIx3a-
fr(e) nucefi BoJIHeHHTIB pa3nLIqHbIX Mopsx
0,6 noKa3brBaer, lITo Heperyn.fipHoe BoJIHe-
HUe flBJr.fleTcffHOpMaJIbHbIM'rIJIH rayCCO-
0,4
BbrM,trpoqeccoM, T. e. rITo coBoKyrrHocTb
0,2 opAuHar BonHorpaMM pacnpeAeneHa no
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0 r{yneBblM MareMaTI,IqecKHMOXQIAaHTIeM,
-1,0 0 1,0 2,0eE
ecJturop,4r4Harbr rsMeprrcTct or ypoBHf,
Pucynor 7.I4. - CouocranreuneAaHHbrx rr3- cnorofinofi no4u. 3ro ulmocrpl{pyerct
KoopAlanarc Hx reoperll-
uepeuraftBoJruoBbrx puc.7..I4, ya KoropoMcryileuqarasKpI{-
qecKlrMpacrpeAenenraeu (uo fayccy) norrfreHa o6pa6or-
eax (rncrorparrarraa)
roft sannca Bonuenus. pr rrnoulaAb Kax-
Aoro croJr6l{KaAaer crarucrr4rrecKyroBeporrHocrb rlonaAav,vrr.opAHHar BonHorpaMMbI
B coorBercrByloquft uurepnilr 3HaveHufi, orroxeHHblx no rop?I3oHT€uIH, a cnlorunofi
nuttueit nao6paxeH HopManrsrrft 3aKoHpacnpeAelrenr4s.nJlorHocrl{ Bepo.flTHocrl4,on-
peAeJrseMrrfiaupaxeHl,feM
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I
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Jr\e)-
'[2ory"
rAe D( I.r4cneqcbrn oPAHHar
BOJIHEHI,Tfl.
Pprc. 7.14 tloKa3blBaerxo-
poluee coorBercrBue cTaTI4cTI,tqe-
crofi r{ Teoper}I.Iecxofr KpI{BrIX.
IrIg non.sttlu IrJIorHocrI4 Be-
poflTHocrHoqeBLAHo,IITOBepOtT-
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lpr6o 3HaqeHHfMr421 ta z2 orrpe- Hl

32
0 21 22 C, Aenrerct nnoqaAbro rIoA rcpunofi
Mex(Ay 3TLIMH3HarleHrlrv^u ( (ta
Pncynor 7.15.- K onpegeleHl{IoBeposrHocru[ona-
puc. 7 .15 ona 3arurpr{xonaua).3ra
xanvr op/ILIHaTEI BoJrHbI s ga,4aHHrtfi Al'rala:loH
BeporrHocrb Mo)Ker 6rtrr 3arrvca-
HA B BPIIE
r2
-,*
21
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pQt <( <,z)='lr, (cv(="t ;D, i" (7.s3)
zl v > z1
rge p(4 < ( < z2) olozuaqaer BeposrHocrr co6urtrfl,yKa3aHHoro s cKo6rcax.
floAcranonxa/ - ( l^IZOE rIpI{BoAIrrBblpaxeHue(7.53)
KBuAy

186
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0ptx ^l2DE )
r - r l
u-IH€- P \ z t < e< 2 2 ) = J e-t dt. (7.s4)
rcco- .1; z1
ocrb
aIIo
w
Stot uHTerpaJrHe Bbrpaxaerct qepe: gJreMeHTapnrre
SynKrIHH,Ho oH Moxer
:a),c qepe3$yt*tl"ro Jlannacap (x), Ha3brBaeMyro
6rtrr npe.{craBJreH raKxe r,rHrerpaJroM
1{eM,
BeporTHocTH:
OBH'
reTct
a
z . ?
X-t )
Q@)- r- Je dt . (7.55)
h?I,I. Nfr o
r6or- OtIraernu cneAyroulue caofrcrna grofi
xax-
Synrurara:
q (-x) = -e@); q(-*) - -1;e(m)-r.
}TVbI
usofi
Llcnolrsyr$yHrqraronu"ou:? BbrpaxeHue
(7.54)ro*ffo 3anncarb
BBrdAe
:. oII-
p Q r < ( < zL'
, 2, l)+=l+- rl l +' l l (7.s6
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)l
Ycrpenanrt 3Aecb zl ) -oo, rroJr)^rr{MBepotrnocrb norBJreHr4r ( He rrpeBbr-
i.52) warorqefi z2:
,[ ( \l
FIHAT p ( ( < z-zL ').=r l;#l l l (7s7
\n 2 /)
' xo-
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Ecnu xe B Qopnayne
tHqe-
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flBrrenprs.
X.
E BC.

Posr-
pc>,t)=;['-4d1 (7.58)
: B
iH){Il- B reopuu crryvafiHrtxQynxqnfi norassrBaercr,rrro ecJrlropAr,rHarbr
rone6arem-
0ilpe- HO|Onpoqeccapac[peAeJleHbr uo HopManbHoMy 3aKoHy,To ero aMnnHTyAbr cneAyror
lsnofi 3aKoHV
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0,1 Anaroru.rHo npeAlrAyrrleMy
( 7 . 5)3
3aKoH Pare.fl no3BoJlrer Bhlqplcrcrr
BeporTHocTb npeBhlrueHl4f, vrIrr4 He-
[peBhrrueHrds aMnJrury.uofi 3aAaHHoro
Pucyuor 7.16.- Conocrasreur,reAaHHhD( r,rsMepe- 3HaqeHu.fl. fipt [paKTHqecKHx rlenefi
Hufrsucor BoJrHc r{x reoperurrecK[MpacilpeleJre- oco6esno BOKHrTM flBrfl,ercfl, o[peAe-
nueu (uo Pereto) JIeHHe BepO'THOCTI,I nOtBJIeHn I aM-
r87
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/2
_ ra
@ f
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nPanofi qacru
l
w(z)- P(( , ")= [f nG"V(, : ,1!e
Dr d(o I4urerpan B
l
BbrIIHCJrteTCt 3JIeMeHTapHo H MbI non)n{I4M: )
a
\
2DC (7.60)
-
w(z)=s
3ra Ne 3aBl4crlMocrbuo3Bonter peilaru o6parnyro 3aAarly, T. e. onpeAensTbaM-
rInLIryAy saAanuoft o6ecne'reHHocrla. JIorapn$nalapyfr paBeHcrBo (7.60),Haft4eu:
1 r 2
lnw(z) = -;-, orKyAa norrfrl4M
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t

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r:--
= KI G f , (7.6r) H
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r.qeo6osHaqeHo rt
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no $oprrayne(7.62) 3HaqeHHtrosSSuqvreHrak Ans'pa:nnvuofr
BH.rracreHgbre 6
ra6r.7.3.
o6ecne.reHHocrn,BblpaxeHHofis npolleHTax,npLrBeAeHHs pi
5
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rHofi qq
rlneHrbr k l.trs pa3rILIqHoI{ trlg:g}IHog1g c(
% 0 , 1 0,5 I 2 5 5 1 0 20 3 0 40 50 60 7C 80 90
k 3,70 ?75 3,04 2,79 2,64 2,44 2 , 1 5 1,79 1,56 1 , 3 6 1 , 1 8 l , 0 l 0,8,5 0,67 0,45

Bucora BoJrHbr(y.qBoessaflaMnJrHTyAa) onpeAeJlesnofto6ecneqeHHocrl4f,BJIfl-

Ti
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rX Eonee11 IrIcr.nroqnreJIbHoe CT
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188
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Ta6nr,rqa7.5. - Hapr6onuuue BhrcorhrBoJrH

acru 3ona oxeana h3yo,* h^*,u
YuepeuuarsouaCenepnofiArraururr,r(4G-60oc.u.) 20 28
YuepennaxsonaIOxHoftArnasrurcu(4G-60oro.ro.)n l,Iuguficrufiorean ZJ 32
Cenepnaa (42- 55"rc.m.)qacruTnxorooKearra
(25* 50" c.u.) u rox(Huur 2T 30

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b aM- (7 .61) H 3HatIeHHeMI{3 ra6n. 7.3, arruncru'ro AncnepcaroBoJrHoBbrxopAr,rHar:
IJCM:
D(=
' +(b?]
=o,r+
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t (7.63)
12[ 2 ) 2 )
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7.61) Ha6ruo4euueMc xoAoBoro MocrHKa. flponegeHHbre colocraBJreHrar Me)KAyHra3oMep-
gauncrro roro xe BoJrHeHr4r
Hoft oIIeHKofi eorHenvIfl H LlHcrpyr!{eHT€ulbHofi rroKa3€rJrr4,
qro cpeAnlle 3HaqeHI4tBblcor BoJrH,Koropbre Ha6ruo4arenb onpeAeJr.rrerKaK xapaKTe-
. ". o L ) plt3ylorllue greleHb BoJIHeHr4r,HMeror pa3rr.rrrHyloo6ecne.reHHocrbB 3aBr4clrMocrr,r
or
rqHofr 6allurocrl{ BonHen:afl,14 Bblcorbl Hr€BaHa6moaarelg. Ha ocHoBecrarrlcrr4rrecrofi o6-
pa6orrn pe3yJrrTaros 6ommoro rIHcJracr{HXpoHHolrpoBe.4eHHbrxI43MepeHHiru laa-
6moAenufi nomrenulr c orerlecrBeHHbrxu:apy6elxHbrx cyAoB nonfreHrr ocpeAHeHHbre
cooTHolueHliuMexqqy hua6nu hZVo
l- rol h3yo= kphsa6n, (7.64)
0.45I
3HaqeHn.rr
Korophrx npuBeAeHHs ra6n.7 .6.

flBJg.'
Ta6nHqa7.6.- 3Ha.reur.rs
ro:QQnqueyron k,
a cre-
lt. co- hral6t,
2 J 4 ) 6 7 8 9 10 II t2 13 l4 l5 I6 l7
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kp 1 , 3 01 ,2 71 ,2 5 1,23 1,20l , l 7 1 , 1 61 , 1 51 , 1 3l , l 0 1,081,071,07 1,061,05 1,04

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HHr Ha ocHoBeBa3y€rxbHrrxHa6ruoAennfiBoJrH.
NIKA
B sapy6exHofi ruareparype rrpnHrro cqHrarb, .rro Ha6rro Aarenr o6rr.rHo Quxcu-
pyror cpeAHIoIo Bblcory oAnofi Tperr,rHapr6olee BhrcoKHXns Ha6rroAaeMbrxBoJrH;Hx
Ha3bIBaIOT 3Haql4TenbHbrMrr
BoJrHaMr4 u o6osua.{atot h113.Cnxsn MexAy soruav,.vr3yo-
Hofi o6ecueqeHHocrlI vr 3HarrHTeJrbHbrMH BoJrHaMr.rBbrpaxaercs coorHoIIreHI4eM
h3oA = 1,3 3 h 1 1 3 .
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lpoqecca KaqKHcy.qHa..ftr eroft qenr4 r4crronrcyercr cneKTpuurbHoe
TepI4crI{KI,I npel-
craBJIeHHeHeperynrpHoro BoJIHeHr,r-fl.
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TJUIpHOeBOJIHeHpIe paccMaTp[{BaeT9fl,
KaK pe3ynbTaT HaIIox(eHLIt HeorpaHI,ItIeHHOro

189
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Tbr Koropbrx crrJroruHrur,ro6pa3oM 3aIIoJIHtIor rlucnoBylo uonyocr (0, m ). Cau xe
crreKTpBoJrHeHHrxapaKTepr8yeTpacnpeAeJreHuegHepfr.rHBoJIHoBoroilpoqecca flo
qacToraM cocTaBJurrou{I{x ero rapMoHIaK.
B Br,rAepflEa <Dypre vr crpofl rucrolpaMMy c
flpe4cranrrflA 3arrucb BoJrHenr4fl,
nnorqaArMu crotfluKoB, nponopqproHzrJrbHbrMr4 cyMMapHofi enepruu LE BoJIHoBbIX
rapMoHr4K,rracrorbl Koropblx nonaAalor B uHTepBan Aal, [oJr]n{nrr,rnpn6nnxeHHoe
paclpeAeJreHr{esHeprr{H BoJrHeHI4.[ no qacToTaMcocraBntlouu4x I'apMoHrK. Anupor-
cHMarIr4.rIcry[eHqarofi 4narpaMMbr KaKI{M-JIIa6oaHalur[rIecKI,IM BbIpaxeHI4eMAacr
Kpr.rByro, opArrHarbr roropofi S(crl) MoxHo paccMarpl,IBarb KaK rlpeAen:
Sr(,'l) = limAE/(Acrl)lAro+0 = dE l(druo).OyHrqn, S( (<o) HasuBaercncneKrpanruofi
a rpa$nvecKoe ee uso6paxeHrle - gHeprerl{}IecKl{McIIeKTpoM
nnorHocrblo BoJrHeHyIfl.,
BOJIHEHIU.
Coruauro Soprvryne(7.34) oHeprr{r, rpr4xoAf,rrlafrc. Ha eATIHI4IIynnoulaAll rap-
MoHrrrrecKofieonHrr, [ponopuproHaJlbHall2r', rro r ee aM[nuryra. He rpy.{uo BLI-
Aerb, rrro r{ Ar{cflepcu-flrapMoHnrrecKororrpoqecca paBHaerofi xe BeJIHquHe.,{eficrnu-
TeJrbHo,Bbrrrr4cJrrr,qHcrrepcHloKaK cpelHee 3HaqeHueKBaApaTaop4nlraT npoqecca
( = , cos(rrl/+ y) za nepnoA t - 2n /ro, nonytralt:
' r- n
1 tlr- r 1 1
Dr' : l(z dt = r" 1 [cos'(or+ T)dt= )r' ,
,o ri, z
T. e. AI4CIIepCVlt OpAHHaT BOJIHeHT{' npOnOpqUoHaIIbHa 3HeprLIH BoJIHeHLI', B CBfl3U C
qeM 3HeprerlrqecKnfi cnexrp BoJrHeHHfl Ha3bIBaIorraKxe cneKTpoM4lrcnepcufi.
IrIg cra:aHHoro BbIIue oqeBHAHo,r{To rrJIorIIaAb,orpalrnqeHHafl crIeKTpoMBoJIHe-
Hr,rr, npoflopqr{oHanbHa [onHoft sueprplr4 BonHeHkrfl. Lr paBHa AI{cnepcHI,IBoJIHoBoro
flpoqecca:
@

D€ = jSg {r,r)arrl
. (7.6s)
0
[peAcraB-
3ro coorHorrreHlreBhrpaxaer oArry us cassefi Mexqy cneKTpaJIbHbIM
JreHr{eMnpoqecca BoJrHeHLrrr4ero BepotTHocTHbIMH paccMoTpeH-
xapaKTepLIcTI4KaMu,
IIbIMPI BbIIIIE.
4aer fiopMyna Aa.acpeAHero neplaoAanpoqecca
[pyryro cB.rr3b
rJr
4
tcp -- 1 L+ t L
t
(7.66)
D,
H
f,{C BEII4TII4HA
n
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dar (7.67) n

[peAcTaBnset co6ofi AlacnepcruocKopocTu n3MeHeHI,ItypoBHt nonuoeofi IIoBepxHo-

CTI,I.
3aeucuNdocrEtcp or Bblcorlr BoJrHbr3o/o-uoiao6ecne.Iennocrl4 AJII pa3BuBaro-
qerocr, pa3BllTorolI 3aryxarcqero sorHeHufi tloKa3aHaHa pnc. 7.17.
190
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txe crarluoHapnbrMnour,[Maerct rarofi upoqecc, cneKTp€InsnuficocraB Koroporo He r,rcMe-
aI1o H.SeTCr CTeqeHUeMBpeMeHH.
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lfv c Aerb, KaK Ha nepBoHatl€rrlbHo cnoxofiuofi nonepxHocrrr Mopf, o6pasyerct. px6r, npeA-
)BbIX craBJlteMafl rapMoHrlKaM[ BbrcoKr{xqacror. flo uepe pasBvrLrfl BoJrHeHr,rr B cocraBe
EHOC cneKTpa6yayr Bo3pacrarb cocraBJrrrorr{HeHr,r3Kr,rxqacror. Co npervreHeM cocraB cleK-
POK- rpa 6yaer c'ta6unusr{poBarbcfl,,u nprr Her,r3MeHHoftcure Berpa ycraHoBurc.fl HeKoro-
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l.lel: BoJIHeHrireu 6y4er npeAcraBurb crar{uoHapHbrfi cnyuaitnrrft npoqecc. flpra 3uryxailLrvr
rHofi BoJIHeHrrrflpex(Ae Bcero Haqlryr racqe3arEBbrcoKorracrorHLrerapMoHraKra ra cnertp 6y-
rpoll AeT CylKaTECr B CTOpOHy MeHbTUHX qaCTOT.
T"p flparruuecKoe roJry-
1 rleHI,Ie cneKTpoB BoJrHeHHt
rr q* t} .,\ -
ocHoBbrBaercqHa cnoficrne
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KrloqaeTct B ToM, IITO OAHa
Ie cca pearrr43arlrlrr cnyrafiHoro
[poqecca Aocraro.rHofi
rrpoAonx(LrTeJrbHocTH Mo-
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peanHeaqufi rofi xe cyM-
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uapnofi npoAonxu-
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xa-
cJrrlae cTaTucTI4tIecKI,Ie
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paKTepHcTr,rKr{ rpouecca
6ylyr 0AI{HaKoBbrMI{.
'7.6s) flparrnxa roKa36rBa-
5 10 75hr,u eT, qTo An_sqeneH l{ccneAo-
BaHlas. KaqKrrcyAHa neo6xo-
lcTaB- Pncyuor 7.17. -3anncuprocrbcpeAneronepuoAa?cp
.ITHMO HMETb 3ATIHCb BOJIHE-
TpeH-
or BLrcoTbr
nonu h3y":npr4ycTaHoBr.rBmeMc.rr
(l), pasaanaro- Hr{r, coAepxaqFo 120-150
IqeMcr (2) u saryxarculeMronneuuu (3).
nocJIeAoBaTeJIbHbrx BoJIH,
qro o6rr.{Ho coorBercrBver

(7.66) 20-30 lannyrnofi HenpepbrBHofisauucr,rBoJrHofpaQa.

flpu pacueraxKaqKrr[cronb3yror ananwrvrqecKae BhlpaxeHvrs, Altfl.cneKTpa Bon-
HoBbrxopAr4Har,Koropbre6smu npeAJroxeHrrMHorHMr4 aBTopaMI{. B ore.recrseHHofi
npaKrl{Kenonrcylorc.s creKTpoM,3aAaHHbrM orpacJreBbrM
craHAaprou 1981 r. llpune-
(7.67) AeHHoeB craHAapre BbrpalreHueMoxer 6rrrr npeAcraBJreHoB BHAe
56(r,r)- c^hly,v@)ro-2, (7.68)
PxHo- rAe o6osHa.IeHo x = crr/omi 0)m = 2z / t^i rm = l,3t"r, Tcp lpr{Hr{MaeTct IIo
pwcJ.l7 ws. p€BBr.rroroBorrHeHEx,
a $ynr<qnx \y(x) onpeAeJrrerct BbrpalKeHneM
f,Baro-

t9l
 ('
v(x)=3,66x-6*r[-F){-
0,07e6x-*..0[
T),
(7.6e) K

ee rpa$rar uro6paxeH Ha plac.7.18, K

PaccuorPeHHoe E
Bbrrue npeAcTaBJIeHI{eHe- K
peryntpHoro BoJIHeHI,I' p
oTHOCHTCU K Cnlqalo 3EI- Ki
6w, KorAa Bcs. gHeprut Xi
BOJTHeHI4' COCpeAOTOqeHa
B CI4CTeMe BOJIH OAHOTO n
HalpaBJIenHq. Taxoe BoJr- v
HeHI4e flBIrfleTCfl AByXMep- )1
HbIM, A ero c[eKTp K(
rlacro-
Synxunefr ToJIbKo T(
ThI U Ha3blBaerct oAHO- H(
MepHEIM.flttx BerpoBoro \T
BOJIHeHH'paCCMaTpI{BaIOT H2
MOAeJIb TpexMepHofo He- BE
peryJltpHofo BoJIHeHHt, c)
xapaKrepl{3yeMoro AByx- n(
MepHbIM cleKTpoM. B ra- f,€

Pncluor< 7,18. - @1rrxqul, 3aAaloquu crIeKTpBonHoBbIx xoft Mo.{enu cqnraerct,

opAIrHaT qTO BOJIHEHI,IC COCTOHT H3
c!
BOJIH, paclpocTpaHslo-
onpeAenteMLlx yrnoM g orHocHTeJIbHoreHep€LrlbHoro
uryrxcr r.r3pa3HbrxHarrpaBJremuit, IL:
(rocuo4crByroqero) uanpanneuvrfl, rr rroJrH€uloHeprn.fiBoJIHeHH.IHMeer yrnoBoe pac- n(
npeAenenr{e,clrMMerpr4rrHoe reHepallbHoroHanpaBJIeHH{.
orHocr,rreJlbHo B etou cly-
H
qae creKTp BonHentI.go6trqHo rrpeAcraBrltlor B BHAe npoI,I3Be.4eHH.fl oAHoMepHoro
cneKTpa Sr" (ro) u $ynrquu pac[peAeJleHnr oHeprlltt ro yrJly t, rprqeM B rlpaKruKe
pacqeroB KarrKusau6olee yAoBnerBoplrrenbHblM crlnTaerct pacilpeAeneHneno 3aKoHy
A

3Heprer}rqecrnfi cleKTp rpexMepHoro BoJIHeHVfl,3a[aercs

cos* 6. B sronacJr1n{ae Bbl-
paxeHr4eM
(7.70)
(7.68) u (7.69).
r4e ,S4(o) no-upexHeMyonpeAennercrSopruynaMl4 TO

IA
7.3,6. Kaqna Ha HeperyJrflpuoMBoJTHeHHH
HO
KaKcyMMbI rapMoHrrKc pa3nI/FIHbIMH
flpe4cranJreHue HeperyJrfpHoro BoJrHeHHfl rol
r{aCTOTaMvI vr aMwIVTyAaMU IIO3BOJI'eT nonyqHTb BbIpa)KeHLIe' OlHCbIBaIOqee KarIKy Ha
gToMBoJrHeHr.ru. qacrb ypaBHeHHr. (7.38) cyMMy ry
.{eficreureJrbHo,rIoAcraBI{MB rpaBylo BbI
u uaitgeM Arq raxAoft H3 HIIX perueHlle BHAa
BoJrHeHLre,
rapMoHr{K,npe.qcraBJrflIorqr4x
-lel

192
 (7.42). Cyrrarrtaorux perneHufi H Aacr HcKoMoeBbrpaxeHr{e,Koropoe oilpeAeJrrrr Bcro
t.6e) KapTHHyABrrxeHHr cyAHa Ha BoJrHeHr{r,r.
Ognaro c [paxTrlqecrofi Toqxr,r3peHr{nBaxHee ycraHoBr4TbraKr,renapaMerpbl
Ka!IKI'I'rar nau6oJlBlrreeBeposrHoe HaKJroHeHrie cyAHa B 3a,qaHnbrfiuepraog BpeMeHH
HHOE I'Inil cyl!{MapHaa[poAOnx(HTeJIEHocTL BpeMeHpI,B TeqeHLIeKoToPoro cyAHo I{MeeTHa-
r H0- KJIoIreHHs,npeBbllllarcu1uesa4auHufi yroJr, H Apyrtre noAo6nrre orIeHKr{.Ha raroro
eHl4fl.
POAaBOTpOCbI OTBeTbI.{aCTpaCCMOTpeHHe KaqKu CyAHaHa HeperyJrrpHoMBoJrHeHr4rr
36I- KaK cJryrlafiHoro flpoqecca a onncaHr,Ieero 3aKoHaMnpacnpeAelren:atrn trucJroBbrMlrr
Pfufl. xapaKTep}rcTuKaMr4 sTLrX3aKOHOB.
ceHa flolrsyxcb rlprlHtrofi repnauHonorneft, 6ygena Ha3brBarb BoJrHeHrreBXoAHrTM
HOfO npoqeccoM, cy.{Ho - AuHaMT{qecroficacreuoft, a ero KarrKy- BbrxoAHbrM [poqeccoM.
BOJI- YpanneHue (7.38), onpeAeJulloqeeKaqKy cy4*a, ecrb JrnHeftsoeauQ$epeHrlr€urbHoe
]rep- ypaBHeHHec nocro.flHHblMplro:SQuq[eHTaMr4. .{NnaruuvecK€ulcprcreMa, ro-ne6anprs
p xoropoft onucblBalorc.flTaKlrMypaBHeHHeM,Ha:lbrBaercs, crallr{oHapnofi nzueitwoit cwc-
tcro- reuofi. Eclu Ha raKylo cucreMy 4eficrnyer cnyrafiHoe Bo3MyrrleHrre,-rrBJrrrouleect
rfHO- HopMaJIbHhIMcraIII{oHapI{bIM [poqeccoM, To BbrxoAHofi npoqecc 6yaer raKxe Hop-
rBOlo MaJIbHhIM H cTaW4oHaprIbIM. Tarutr o6pa":ov, KaqKa cyAHa ecrb HopMzurruufi crarlr4o-
BA}OT HapHrrfi flpoqecc, n AJrt ee I,I3freHHr rrplrMeHHMbITe xe MeTo,{br,Koroprre r{crroJr63o-
) He- B€urI'Icb nprr paccMorpeHl,IuHeperyn{pHoro BorHeuur. B .racrHocru, ecJruHaKJroHeHr.rt
)Hfifl.) cyAna nprr KaYKeorcql4TblBarbor cpeAHero noJro)KeHufl,, To onn 6y4yr pac[peAeJreHbr
lB,vx- no 3aKoHyfaycca, a aMnnI{TyAbIKaqKr4- no 3aKouy Palex, ,r srkr 3aKoHbr6yayr onpe-
] ra- Aenrrrcs roJrbKoqepe3Ar4cnepcuroyrnoB xaurcu Dg.
gTct,
PaccuorpnM Ha npnMepe6opronofi KaqKHcuaqairaupocrefiunfi crryuaii,ror4a
rT w3 cyAHo He l4Meer xoAa rI pacnoJloxeHo Ha AByxMepHOMHeperyJrfpHoM BoJTHeHHH.
E-[FO-
@opnaynu(7.39) u Q.a\ ycraHaBnxBarornnHefinyro3aBncr.rMocrb
MexAy aM-
,HOIO
nlnrygoft KarIKll 0g vr aMilnurylofi rapMoHr4Kr4
BoJrHhrr0, rpHrrenr roe$$raqueHr [po-
pac-
ropql{oHEtilbHocrH <D(ro)3aBncar or rracrorhr BoJrHhro H corJracHoQoprrrynav-(7.39)
c,1y-
)IIOfO
u Q.a3) paBeH
iTHKE "fire(')r2
fioHy
@(crl) = (7.7r)
I BbI.
TAK IITO
0o = Q(ar).0. (7.72)
7.70) Bupaxenue <D(al)B reopur4clyrafiurrx rpoqeccoBHocnr HEBBaHrrenepeAa-
ro.rHofiQyHxquu.
flepegaroqH€ulQynrqur O(crl) Moxer 6um raKxe onpeAeneHa sKcrreplrMeH-
TaJIbHo,rryTeM HcnbITaHI.Ir KarrKr4MoAenH cyAHa B o[brroBou 6accefiHe Ha BonHax pa3-
Hoft'Iactorbl, co3AaBaeMbIXc[eur4ulrlbHbrMycrpoficrnou, Ha3hrBaeMbrMBoJIHonpoAyK-
ITIMH ropoM. I{zvepnx raNAuft pa3 aMrrnvrryxy BoJrHhr rn 3a1an:aofi qacrorbr (Dn E aMtrirr.r-
K)'Ha
ryAy KarrKI.[MoAena 0n ua srofi BoJIHe,3HarleHr4e[epeAaro.{Hoft QyHrquu nofl)rruM H3
!-\llfy
BblpaxeHurl@(ol, ) = 0n I rr.flontoprfl r4crrbrTagr{fl
np1pa3HbrxqacroTax ol, no nafi-
BHJA
AeHHIIMToqKaMcrpocr rpa$ax nepelaro.{Hofr Synxqua.

r93
 JrerKopaccqr.rrbrBarbcneKTp{trlbnylo
3sanue nepeAaro.rHofi Sy"*uran rro3BoJr.ser
[irorHocrE KaqKr4.,{eficranreJrbHo, opAIaHarLI cneKTpzr"JlrHofiflnorHocrl,I BorHeHn.fl flr
[ponoprlr4oH€urbHbrKBaAparaM aMnJrraT]ArapnaoHaK,cocraBn.flrolqr,rxHeperyntpHoe B{
BoJrHeHr.re,
cJreAoBareJrbHo, B coorBercrBr{t4 c $oprrayroit (7.69) An.r crleKrpantuoft TZ
NJIOTHOCTH KAqKI{ NONYqLIM
0
SB(ro)-- @' (or)^56
(ro), (7.73) 7
nJIH, npl{HuMar, Bo BHHMaHrreBbrpaxeHkre(7.71),

=4
sB(') "fixfit'>
56 (co), (7.74)
KI

r' bZ-,2f ++,],2 IIl

T. e. opAr{Harhr crreKTpaJrcsoft[JrorHocru KaqKHnon)qarorc{ nyreM yMHoxeHtafl op- pi

AHHarcrreKTpaimnofinJrorHocru BoJrHeHkrfl. Ha KBa.qpar[epeAaro.IHofi Synxqnn. C
3ra Qopuyna ecrb Bbrpa)KeHneo6ulefi reopeMbr Xusqusa o npeo6pasaBannu -s
nuHefiuoficracreuofi.I,IsQoplaynw(7.72)uaxo4una
Bxo.qnororpordeccacrarlaoHapHoft
AHCIIepCnIOyrnoB KarrK[ Q
o o @
ttu
De : JSelr,r;aro= IQz(r)Sr (ro)dcrr (7.7s)
0 0
14cpeAHeeKBaAparr4r{ecKoe
orKJroHeHneQum craHgapr)
6e = ^loe . (7.76)
AHar ornqHo orrpeAeJrfrorcr Ar4cnepaHu n cr aH4aprbryrJroBbIXcxopocrefi
@
. . 1
DO= lr'Se(or)dor;oe = ^lnO (7.77)
0
r4yrnoBbrxycxopeuuft
@
? 4^ f:-
De = Jro'JB(trl)dcrl;66 = "lUe . (7.78)
0
B 6onee cJro)KHoMcJrf{ae xoAa cyAHa,cocKopocrbro u troA KypcoBbrMyrnoM q
Bo3Aeficrsue BoJrHHa cyAHo 6y4er rrponcxoAprrbc raxyrueficx .Iacrorofi
K BoJrHeHr,rro
a
0K=(D+(o'lgucosq,ilpvqeM A i r f , T p e x M e p H o r oB o J I H e H v rqf l-,q f +t' rAe qf
B erolracxf{ae a xoe$Qarlu-
BoJIHeHrrs,.
rypconofi yroJr K reHeparbHoMy HanpaBneHl,Iro
eHTeAHHaMHqHocrr4, BXoAquIeMB nepeAarorlHyloQynxquro, rlcrr{HHa;Iqacrora Aonx-
Ha 6rrrr 3aMeHeHaHa Kaxyutyrocr, TaKrrro npa HaJwr-tn:n
xoAa cneKTp KarrKLInpeAcra-
BHTCTBhIpaXeHr,reM

SB(')= g
"fizfir,l (7.7e)
r'brn-,l| *+r2n,!
flnorqaAr cneKrpa SO(,o) orpeAenur Arlcnepculo yi'JroB KaqKr.rDg o[HaKo B
oroM cJrfrae caMa 3aBI,IcI{MocrrSB(ro) He 6y.qer npeAcraBJrrrbpacnpeAeJreHlle
eHep-
rI,IH KaqKLI IIO qaCTOTaM, B CBtr3I,IC rIeM ee Ha3bIBaIOT nCeBIOCneKTpOM KaqKI,I.

t94
IbHyIo B cnyrae xoAa cyAHa BMecro BoJrHoBorocneKTpa, Aarolqero pacnpeAeneHne
ECHI,I.fl nonnoft gHeprun BoJrHrro HX tracroraM, parlnoHaJrbHee paccMarpuBarbc[eKTp BoJIHo-
[pHoe no KaxyrrlllMc.s qacro-
Boro Bo3Aeficrsux Ha cyAHo, rrpeAcraen-floulafi pacnpeAeJreHl,Ie
nrsofi TaM qacrn oHeprulr BoJrH,nepe.uaBaeuoficyAHy, T. e. oneprtru, pacaqHransofi no sQ-
QercrnnurrM aM[Jrr{TyAaMBoJrH,y.rnrbrBiuotrInM irep$ peAyKIILIonHrtfi roeQQnqueur
(7.73) X coorHorueHuepiBMepoe cyAHa H BoJrH,a rarcKe nx KypcoBofi yron.
flnx 6oproeoft KaqKHsneprur BoJrHoBoroso:geftcrBr4s.gJreMeHTapHofi rapMoHLI-
KH npolopqploHErJrbHaBeJrr{r{I,rHe
(7.74) dEe - @4I gz Zj@,ar + e)56(a,e)dade
,
nonHtrfi xe cneKTp nair4ercs. HHTerpHpoBaHlreMno rracrore E yrJly e. Cnoco6u
rs op- pacqera raKlrx crreKrpoB AJrflAByxMepHoroH TpexMepHoro BoJrHerrurpaspa6orauu
C. il. Cropxo. Ha puc. 7.19 u 7.20 rpeAcraBrreHbrpaccrrprraHHbre IIM cneKrpbl
BAI{IdU SSe(a) rnrla <fepon naH$rnnoBublD.
nonnonoro Bo3Aeftcrsur .rlirr KoHTefiuepono3a
(o.fHM cnyxur roe$-
flepe4aroqsofi Synrqnefi Anfl crieKrpaBonHoBoroBo3Aeitcrr;us.
$nquenr Ar4HaMr4qHocrH Ko, nupaxeHHrtfi qepe3 KarKylr[yoct qacrory, kr crIeKTp
KaqKupaccqflTbrBaerct no Qoplryne
(7.7s)
"]s )
Sa(con)=rc?Sqa(co)= Ee(,on (7.80)
I't tV ) )
(7.76) V'e-rft) +4vfiai,
O.{esLrAHo, KarrKa6yaer Ha6ruoAarbccrtpll6nzgoctu
trro uau6oree HHTeHcT4BH€ur
MaKcHMyMoB c[eKTpa S; e rarooQourlHeHra Ar{HaMr4rrHocrl4.
\i.77) lucnepcux yrnoB
KATIKI{ OIPEAEJII,ITCS INOUIA-
Abro cneKrpa SA(t* ), a
(7.78) ArCnepcpll{ yrnoBblx cKopo-
crefi Lr ycKopeuufi - nno-
rrIaA.sMHcneKTpoB c opAI4-
rlo\{ g ,|
rorofi HaraMH tcl'"Sa(<o* ) kr
A
c1| rrliSB (o* ) coorBercrBeH-
$rruu- HO.
JO,-i)K- Hafi.qennue Auc-
e.lcTa- Trepcnv Yrfl cTaHAapTbI
rroJrHocTbro ollpeAeil,Ilor
BepotTHocrHbre xapaK-
(.7e) Tep[rcTHKr4 KaqKH CyAHa Ha
3aAaHHOM HeperynrpHoM
BOJIHEHHI,I.
IAKO B
0,4 1,0 1,2 ar, l/c PaccnaorpuuHeKoro-
: lHep- pbre pr3 TaKHx xapaKTepl4-
Pucynor 7.19.- CuercrpBoJrHoBoronos4eficrnnx
= 8,5r"r
cTr{Kcne.qyloqnx I433aKoHa
IIByxMepHoro BoJrHeHr.r
s 7 6asmos,
h3"7"
faycca "fr@) pacnpe.qene-

t95
 H 3aKoHaPsneg f n(9o) pacnpe4enrennfl,aMnJIHTyAKar{KH,Ko-
Hr4r yruroB HaKJroHeHfis.
(7 .52) u (7 .59) c salvleuofiB HLtxAllcuepcull opAHHar
ropbre Bbrpaxarcrcr SoprrayiraMrr
BoJrHeHurID( = o2, nuAucnepcl{Io yrJIoB KaqKHDe = o7.
a) Hallreporrnefi-ru€ul aM-
sge, nJrvtry4a KaYKfi, COOTBeTCTByIO-
epadz.c
MaKcI{MyMy
rqEUI f n(?o),
9 =
0m 60' (7'81)
ee o6ecne.reHHocrb cocraBJlter
60,60h.
6) Cpe4uxx aMnrluryAa
KaqKH (IraareuaruqecKoe oxLIAa-
Hr{eaMrnury4u)
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 atr, 1/c
0 = ^lloo ol,25oe, Q.82)
Pucyttox 7.20. - Cnerrp BonHoBoronos,4eftctnfis \2
TpexMepHoro : 8,5r"r
s.7 6unon, h37o
BoJIHeHTI ee o6ecne.IeHHocrb cocraBJlter
45,6oh.
ry Aa trpol{3BoJlruofto6ecne'Iertll.oc'ru w o/o
n) Avrunra
?wyr = kog, (7.83)
r1e k npuHlIMaercfl no m6n. 7.3 utru no Sopr,ayne (7.62).
r) O6ecneqeHHocrbaMnnuryAbr3a.qaHnofisenuqnHbl03 (oepotrHocrb npeBbl-
weuwn03)

- '{; t'\'
'\"0 I
p(ooro)=w(q)=e ) (7.84)
frt
lll

n
,q) CpegHts r{acrora I{ cpeAHl4fineplao4 Kar{Ku
B(
,e =9; T ,= ? = 2 v 9 - Q - . (7.8s)
69 {xg o0
e) rlrEcnoHaKJroHeHuitcy[na (nonynepno4on) 3a BpeMt / rnaBaHnfl'Ha BonHe- 4
qI
Hvr4gailannofr unreHcllBHocrl,I B HeI43MeHHrIX
ycnoBl4tx

Nr=?' (7.86)
Ts
x) tlucno HaKJIoHeHwir
cy$ua3a ro xe BpeMt, "Or."tt1atoulux 03,

u,I
-11
Ne,=Ntp(oo,o) =? "-tl* ) (7.87)
T6
0,
s) O6ufax [poAoJDKI,ITeJIbHocrrupe6uBaHllt cyAHa c HaKJToHeHLIeM 0Z 6c

,r,=tp(o, -r(+-))
oz)=,1[t (7.88)
ce
2l '\J2.6e )l
196
 cyAHanpu 0 > 03
n) Cpeanflr npoAorlxurerlbHocrrnpe6brBanus,
, Ko- a

rr4)--
,(#:r)l:?'(-n'-'-"
EHAT
tez I t l

A ;
lllq = _t0 "2\ot) lt_ (7.8e)
Ne, 4 L
: aM-
rle o6osuarreHo
Blro-
t2 ,- , -'l
F(x) - s^ l1- q(*)1. (7.e0)
7,81) fpaQur eroftSynrqnarpeAcraBrreH
Hapuc.7.2l.
L'I'ET r) O6ecnelreHHocrrHaIa6omurefipr3BeporrHocrHbrxaMnJInryAzanperw. t
-VVt
r T B (7.er)
rr)'Aa
=---,
.
I\r, 2t-
iHIA-
orKyAa
;, ^

7.82) e["* = klo - - 2 l n ? o e . (7.e2)

paccMoTpenr4
L'I.gCT
ooproByro KaqKy cy.qHa H
noJrrlr{nu ee BepotrHocr-
Hbre xapaKTepucrrrKu.Co-
BeprxeHHo aHafiofr,rqHo on-
peAensroTcr xapaKTe-
pr4crr,rKHAByx ApyfHX oc-
HOBHbTXBTTAOBKaqKH - Bep-
u xnrenofi, o,q-
THK€LIrbHofr
Pncyttox 7.21.- fpaSux Sy:awryuF(x)
HaKOrrpr,r3T0M BXOArrqEeB
nepeAaToqHyloQy"*utan BeJrr4rrr{Hhr
xe, n0 r v0 AonxHbl 6uTb 3aMeHeHbroAHo-
(7.84)
I{M€HH6IMHB,eJIIaTI*IHaMI,IAJIfl cooTBeTcTByloqero BLIAa KaqKH, "t. e. Z€, n( V v6 - Anx

H XV, nV ^ vv - 4m xureaofi.
BepruKanurofr
(7.8s)
3auernu TaKXe,rITo, rlocKonbKy cneKTpBoiIHoBorOsogAeficTB6Ifl'
gaBilcr4ToT pe-

)oJHe- AyKrIrEoHHororoeQQuqueHra X, Anr. Kax(Aoro BuplaKaqKr4gTor cleKTp AonxeH Bbr-

IIHCJI'TbC' OT,IIEJIbHO.

(7.86)
7.4. Bonpocbr MopexodHocmucydoe

7.4.l.3a.nunaeprocrb
llpu uuananvrr cyAHa Ha BoJTHeHHLT ypoBeHb rroBepxHocrrl BoAbr no 6opry rco-
ti.87) le6lercg BcJIeAcrBI4e rrpoxox4enurfl BoJIHrI KarIKr/rcyAHa.
Ecrn BoJIHeHLTe peryntpHoe, ro HerpyAHo nocrponTb lpaHnrlbr rroBepxHocTI{
6opra, oMblBaeMofinoAofi. fleficruureJrbHo,rore6anzs ypoBHr lroBepxHocru z(x,t) v
cetreHnuc a6cqncc oit x cKJlaAbrBanrcfl,vg cJreAyIoqHXcocraBJr.firolr1nx:
(7 . 8 8 )
z(x,t)-- (r(x,t) - CG)- x\r(r)+ (*(x,t) , (7.e4)
t97
rAe €s@,t) - opAnHara BorrHErB paccMarpuBaeMoMceqeHnu; ((t) - cMeIrIeHI4e or
BeprnK€rrlrnofiKaqKIl; tV(/) - cMelrleHneor rullenofi KaqKH; (*(x,t) - opAuuara
BoJIHrI,BbI3BaHHofixa.mofi .
Onpegenex uara6onrurve vr HanweHbruI,re 3HarIeHIatz 14orKnaAbIBtuIrax no 6op-
ry, noJryruM BepxHrorou HuxHroro rpaHr,rrlbloMbrBaeMofrnonepxHocrl{.
Ecnn BepxHrr rpaHurra z nperlbraur BepxHuo KpoMry 6opra, To rpousofiAer
3aJrnBaHHe narry6n, r.rreM s 6oruIuefi crenenra, qeM 6onrure gro npeBbIIueHI'Ie.
Ecru BoJrHeHlreHeperyJrspHoe,To rlpuxo4vrrcfl. oIIeHI{Barb BepotrHocrb roro,
qro Berurruna z rrpeBbrclarBrrcory ]raABoAHoro6opra f(*), r. e. o6eclerleHHocrbco-
ObITI{II
zo>f' (7.es)
flpuHnuar, qro role6anur ypoBHr z(t) xnnxrclrcr HopMilJIbHbIMnpoqeccoM I4
Pelex, Anfl HcKoruofto6ecneqeHHocrt4
ero aMunI{TyAbI EoATITIHSIOTC'pacnpeAeJleHnro
IIOJTYIII4M:

Qr=2"/zo -t\c
r (t \ '
4
= PQo' f)=
w3arr ' ). (7.e6)

trCI,
3r0
,{ncnepcHfl D, role6anplfi yPoeux,
! Heo6xoAHMaJ[Ant olpeAeneHlrt craHAap-
r=-
2r0 Ta 6 z = "lD,, MolKer 6rrrr nafiAena tu6o

1r0
I sr z-'=-
KaK Ar{cnepcufl cyt!{Mbl clyraftnrtx BeJITI-
rrrlrH,o[llpeAeiullonlHx z, tn60 qepe3 nepe-
Aaroqnylo Qynrquto orHocIlTeJIbHbIXKo-
ne6anuir @r(co) H cneKTpanbHylo nJlor-
/ Hocrb BoJIHeHI,Ixno o6rqefi Soprvryle
1,0 2,0 3,0 L/2 4,0 (7.73).
Ha nctper{Hblx Kypcax K BoJIHe LI
Pucynox7.22.- OcpelnenuasxapaKrepn- TpH cKopocrl4 xoAa, coorBercrnyroqefi
crlrKaornocrrreJrbnrxxore6anufiHocosofi
pe3oHaHcy rto xulenofi KaqKe, ocpeAHeH-
oKoHetIHocrI4 Hat nepeAarorlHafl dynxqnx orHocI{TeJIb-
Hbrx KoJrelasufi ypoBHfl Ha HocoBofi oroneyHocrll [peAcraBJIeHaHa pI,Ic. 7 .22, Ha Ko-
TopoM 3arurpr4xoBaHaoOnacrr ee orKJroHeuutrtAn{ pa3Hblx, Ho 6ln:rlrx no rnny cy-
,UoB.
I4z pucynKa BHAHo,qro npv .qnrlHeclilryconAalrHoft BoJIHbI,6fitsxofi K AnuHe
cyAHa, aMnJrHTyAa rcole6asuft zo Moxer n 3 pa:a [peBbllrrarb aMrInI,ITyAyBonHbI r0. C
yl{eHbrrreHueMAIHH BoJIHaMrrnr,rryAblKarIKnraKxe IIaAaIor I{ nepeAaroquafi Qynrqnr
@(") crpeMr,rrc.sK 3Haqennrc 1, TaK KaK KoJre5auwsypoBHt onpeAeiltrcTcs roJIbKo
npoxox.qeHr,reMBoJrHbr.fIpH ouenb AIHHHrIX BoJIHaxcyAHo cneAyer 3a Iax noBepxno- c
crbro n xone6annt ypoBHt crpeMtrct K HyJIro. T
llo gafiAeHnoft o6ecneyeHHocrr4lr3arr MoxHo onpeAeJII,ITbcpeAHeequcJlo 3uru-
saHHfi narry6rr Nr- 3a AaHHEIfrnpouexyroK BpeMeHr4t i nl
Y
t98
eoT N:an=!-"^, (7.e7)
HATA
Tz
rge T, - cpeAHlrftnepuo4 orHocnTeirbHbrxrore6annfi sorHosoro npoQunx
6op- (7.e8)
7r=/v93-.
o2
EJeT t natyda 6y,uer
Koroporo 3aAansufi LIHrepB€uI
BpeMr/f , B TerreHr.re
cyrurnrapuoe
uorpy)KeHanoA noBepxHocrb BoAEr,uafi4ercs r43ycnoBu.f,,tITo opAHHarbI z IlpeBLlctr
rolo,
HaABoAHbrfi6opt, H Bblpa3nTcf,r{epe3SyHrquro Jlannaca
b co-

7.es)
,G)1
4=tp(zrf)=,ilt (7.ee)

OV I4 OrcroAa Hafi4ercr cpeAHrf, [poAon)Kr4TelrbHocrboAHoro nofpyxeHkrfl' rlzrnyobl

IOCTH rroA BoAy

7f=
ty --,( r )
-Lz'W (7.100)
Nr* or)'
)6) (7.90) u puc' 7.21.
r4e QyHIcunxF(x) orpeAerlnerct BbIpalKeHrIeM
OBHg,
Cytuecrrytouu,re eKcnePH-
MEIITAJIbHbIE OIIEHKH CTEIIEHI'I 3EIJII'I-
[Jap-
BaeMocTI{, ocHoB€lHrIbIe Ha HaTyp-
ru6o nrx sa6ruoleHlltD( rI MoAeJIbHbx
BCJIT{- r4c[brr€lHl4tD(,Azllor ilIaBIIbM o6pa-
IIepe- 3OMKaqeCTBeHHbIe XapaICr€pHcil'IKI'I
x KO- Ha
flBrreHl4rl. puc. 7.23 wso6pDKeIIbI
II.'IOT- 3aBIIICI4MOCTII MaKCHMZIIIbIIbD( 3Ha-

)]ryne qeruill ruIoIIIa4a 3uftlnautrs'nany6u

(n npoqerrilO rpLI xoAe raIIKePa
IHC H noA pailruIlbn/fl4 I(YPcoBbIMu Yr-
purefi iraMH Qx pa3BI4rOMy BSrpoBoMy
EHCH. BoJHeHI4Io,AJUIpzrlJlr,r.lllbn<na6rno-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
rreJb- AaeMbx BbIcoT BoJIH.
ta Ko- Pr.rcynor7.23. - Xapartepucrl;IKrl3anrlBaeMocrn
narry6rr Vs pucyHKa BI,IAHo, rITo
q'cy- TaHKepa uau6oree He6naronppltrHblMu B
OTHOIUEHI,II 3ANI'IBAEMOCTI4 'B-
E-r!iHe Jrruorc{KypcoBbleyruIbIBoJIHeHLT.{ 70-90o.
B Anana3oHe
t rg. C
HKUI{JI 7.4.2.Clreunnr
p.-IbKO
flpu xauxe Ha BoJrHe[r4vroKoHeqHocrb cyAHa, noAHI4MMcb ll3areM BXoAt B BoAy
ryxHo- c 6olrruofi cropocrbro, MoxeT HcrrbrrbrBarb 3HarII4TeJIbHyIoI{MnynbcHylo HarpFKy-
Ha3llBaerct cJIeMHHroM.
Taroe .flBJIeHI4e
) 3&-IH- 9acrufi cJIeMr,rHr B6r3lrBaer ycrarlocrHrre HanpflxeHl{t s o6urueKe I{ Moxer
rrprrBecrg K MecrHbrMnoBpexAeHHrM KopnycHblx KoHcrpyrqIEfi. On rarxe BbI3bIBaer
yrlpyrue xole6anut Bcero Koprryca, noJIy{HBruHeHtBBaHHeBHnnLIHra.
199
 O.IesuAHo, sro cJreMHHrMo)I(er Bo3HI,IKHyrb,ecJrn aMrrnl4TyAaoTHOCI{TenbHO
rore6alur ypoBHr Mopr npenrofiger ocaAKy cyAHa I e goHe yqapa ra npou3oftAer
oroJreHlieAHI,IuIa,T. e. KofAa6yget BbI[oJrHeHoycnoBne
zo )7. (7.101)
Bepoxrnocrb BhrrroJrHeHnr SToroycnoBplt
r(r\2
/ \ ') \l"a2 ' I/
P(zo 'T) - " (7.t02)
OAHaro ycnoBlrr (7.101) HeAocraroqno AJrr norBJrenvfrcJreMr{Hra.
Heo6xoAuuo
eu1e,vro6br cKopocrn c6nraxenkrfl.oKoHetrHocTHcy4na c noBepxHocrblo Bo.qbr2 npe-
B3OIUJIaHeKOTOpOenOpOrOBOe 3HaqeHVeUn T. e. qTOObr yCnoBlre
BbrrrOJrHrJIOCb
2)on. (7.103)
Mugnrr,ralbHoe3HarleHnecKopocrrac6ruxenu{ AHI{IqaId BoJIHrI,Hlrx(e KoToporo
cJreMrrurne Ha6ruoilaer cfl , Bblpaxaerct 3MrrI{pH.{ecrofi $oprvrylo ft
Dr = 0,0%^[gL (7.r04)
ycnoBl4t (7. I 03)
Bepoxrnocrb BbrnorHeHplf;

-tfg.)'
2\"2 )
p(2 > un)= n (7.105)
Cleuuur Hacrynaer rorAa, KorAa o6a ycnonun (7.101) u (7.103) BblttorH.slorct
TaK,qTOBepO{THOCTb
oAHOBpeMeHHO, rro.f,BJrellr4fl OlpeAer.seTcff[pou3BeAe-
CJreMUHra
rrr4eM (7 JAZ)u (7.105)
Bepo.nrHocreir

-4rr)'J'.l'l
2[\o" ) \oz)
) (7.106)
Per: € fl
Bsrqucrennag. Bepo.f,THocrbcJIeMVHra pct rlo3BoJlget naitru cpeAHee rlllcJlo pi
3I
yAapoB .ly'"nsa IrpoMexyroK BpeMeus t:
H
t-
1vc;r = - Pct' (7.r07) M
T? 3I
3ra senuqlrHa Bo MHorux crpaHax npl,IMeHgercfl,Alrfl,HopMl4poBaHufl. ycrorufr )1
B orHorrreHrrr4cJreMr4Hra.
rrJraBaHutr B o're.recrneHnofi upaKTHKeB KallecrBe Kpl,rrepllfl cl
I{cnonb3yercf rlacrora rIotBJIeHvrg.
o[acHofo cJIeMI{Hraffo.r, Bbl3blBaroulero
AaBJIeHHe, IIi
npeBbrrxarouleeHecyqyrc cnoco6 Hocrb AHI4uleBrIX nJIacrHH.
n

7.4.3.Parron rpe6Horo BITHTau ABurareJrfl

Bcle4crwre KarrKlrcyAHa HerrpepbrBHoE3MeH.{eTcs [olpyx{eHl4e rpe6noro BEHTa K(
no,q [oBepxHocrb BoAbr.Ecnn norpyxeHue r43MeHHTcq HacroJrrKo,qro KoHIIn nonacrefi HI
B rax BepxHeMrroJro)KeHr{uerrfiAyr r43 BoAbr, To [por43ofilyr noAcoc Bo3Ayxa (arrrlo-
c$epnax KaBr4Tarlurr)n ua4eur,reynopa rr MoMeHTarpe6noro BHHTa.3ro uoxer rlpplBec- ol
Tn K pa3roHy Br{HTarr Bbr3Barb6onruue AHHaMT{qecKr,re Harpy3KrrHa ABurarenb. JIT

llorpyxeHne ocx rpe6noro BuHTarroA [oBepxHocrb BoAbI H

h ( t )- h o- z " ( r " , r ) , (7.108)

200
lbHo rAe hg nofpyx(eHr{e ocn BHHra Ha ruxoft BoAe npu crotHKe cyAHa;
Fr.le'r zs(xn,t)= z(x",t)+(p(x",/) - xole6aHrd.fl
ypoBHr roBepxnocru BoAbIB Mecre pac-
rroJroxreHr.tr z(xs,/) - roledasuit ypoB-
rpe6Horo BHHTa,KoropbrecKJraAbrBaKlrcs.Lrs:
101) - AononHI{TeJIbHoro
(7.94) npn x = xsu'rui (p(x",t)
Hr, olpeAefif,eMbrxBbrpaxceHueu
H3MeHeurtf,ypoBnr or BoJIHII,nopoxAaeuofi rpe6HnnaBuHToM.
krv y cnoBrrfl,
Orolenue Jronacrr{ rpe6Horo Br{HTanponsoft 4er npr4BbrnoJIHeH
t02) h(t):h-t3.R, (7.10e)
IHMO
rcore6annfiyponnx z"(x",t); R - paqnycrpe6HoroBHHra.
rge z$ - aMnxl{ry,qa
npe-
O6ecneqeHHocrbrarofi Berr{rrlrHbrz?,r. e. Bepof,THocrboroJleHuflBI{HTa,olpe-
. 10 3 ) AeJrlrTcrBbrpalKeHHeM
rpofo
{ u-n\"
| \ '2\ "l zoB- ^) l
. 10 4 ) w o r= p \ g , h s - R ) - e (7.110)
IIo HafiAennofi o6ecne.reHHocrr4orrpeAeJr{ercflcpeAHeetILIcJIooroJleHl{fi loua-
crefi sa rpoMexyroK BpeMeHu/

Nor = J-ro* (7.1n)

.r05) T,B
IOTCtr a cpe4HlrfirepuoA rore6auufi norpyxenns. BI{Hra
BEAC-
0 t' ^o
Tro =2n (7.1r2)
ozn
OAnaro HHTeHcHBuuft uogcoc Bo3Ay(aBo3HHKaer roJrLKororAa, KorAaHalpy3Ka
'.106) rpe6noro BHHTa[peBbrruaer Hexoropoe noporoBoe 3uarreHr4e.flostol"ry BepotrHocrr
IIICNO
pa3foHa BHHTaorrpeAeJrfeTcrKaKBepoflTHocTbnpeBbrrueHHflefo Harpy3KI{IlopoloBoro
3Haqenr{s.flo srofi Bepof,THocrr,rorrpeAen.f,ercrsaudomuruia za6poc qacrorbl Bpalqe-
uur rpe6noro BHHTarpu pa3roHe Bo-BpeMrroroJreHrrf,Jronacrefi. flpegemHo Aottycrl4-
/.i 07) Mat qacToTaBpalqeHr,rrABl{raTerrfl,I,I BHHTapeHlaMeHTr,rpyeTcflHopMaMI{rexH[.recrofi
gKcnJryararlnvr,r4 HenpeBbrrrreHrreee 3au1urrlaercfi,coorBercrnytouefi peryJllaposxofi
rosnfi ypoBur Hacrpofrru Bcepex(LtMHoro perynsropa qacrorbr BparIIeHr4e.TaK,.rro6H qacrora
TepI4t He rrpeBhrrrralanrr6paHnoro 3Har{eHuAilpv AaHHbIxycJIoBI4{x
cpa6arureanr4fl,3aulrarbr
IeHHe, IIJIABAHH,I.

7,4.4. IllropruoBble Ar{arpaMMbI

B. F. Jlunncou r4 A. B.Kou4paroBbrM rrpeAJroxeHbrrrrropMoBbleAI,IalpaMMbI,
BHHTA Koropbre noMorarcT Karrurany flpuHrrMarb o6ocHosaHHoeperueHpreo pexI,IMe nJIaBa-
racreft HLIACyAHAllpvpa3nplqHblx3afpy3Kax u pa3HbIXcocTofrHvrflxMopfl.
iaruo- .{rlx xax,{ofi cepnr,r cyAoB crporrcf, ABa KoMrrJreKTaoAHorI4[HbIX ArIarpaMM,
)lIBeC- oAr,rHLr3Korophrx coorBercrByer rrJraBaHr{K) npn 6onruux ocalKax, Apyroft - npu ua-
lrrx. OrAeJrbHbreAr{alpaMMbrKoM[JreKTaorHocrrcs K p€BHIIMKypcoBbIMyrnaM Berpa
rr BoJrHrrpH Ao[yuIeHHH, tITo I4x Ha[paBneHH.[coBIIaAaIOT.
7 . 10 8 )
201
 Ha puc. 7.24 npuneAeHaruropMoBafl,AvrarpaMMa yHnBepcanbHorocyxorpy3Horo
cyAHa rr,r[a <<Brr6oprDnpu lrJraBarrr{Hc ruarofi ocaAxofi Ant cJrfr€ur KypcoBoro yrna
BeTpar,r BoJrHeHHflq = 0, a Ha pl4c. 7.25 - aHalfiornqnafl.AnarpaMManpu unaBa]d,urc
6onrurofi ocaArofi [prr rex xe ycnoBrrtx.

'ftrrL"

c
3I
Il

Pucynor7.24.- lUropnronax c Maroir

cyAHanpu rnaBaHlrpr
cyxorpy3Horo
Ar,ralpaMMa n
ocaaxoft p(
v
[Io ropra:oHT€lJrbHoirocu orrroxeHa nHTeHcIaBHocrbBoJIHeHHt,BbIpaxeHHuuIBbI-
B(
coraMprBoJrH3Yo-rtotrto6ecueqeHHocrl{ u na6lroAaeMblx BoJIHht/2, no BepTI{KanI4oT-
T(
JIoxeHa rracrora BparrleHrirBnHTa.Ha gnarpaMMe HaHeceHbIcileAytoqlle KpHBbIe:
- KplrBbreI sar;ucvrvrocrl{qacrorbl Bpalr{eHufr.BHHTaor HHTeHcI,IBHocTH
p(
BoJIHeHI{trrpl{
nocrorHHbrx cKopocrgx cy,qHa,BblpaxeHHbrxB y3nax;
o(
- BepxHrr KpHBafl A, orpaw,Ir{HBaroutr€ur MaKcI{MaLrrbHoAorrycrr{Mble cKopocrl,I I4 qac- nl
BT
Torbr BparrleHrurBHHTar.r3ycnoBHft grzrenrrrofi pa6orbl ABl4rarenc6eg [eperpy3Kl4;
- KpriBbre ,8, orpanuquBaroulne AorrycrrrMble cKopocrn cyAna u coorBercrByrolllne TC

qacrorbl BparrleHlrr BIdHTar{3 yCnOBKrOTCyTCTBI'O[aCHOrOCJIeMITHfa ilpU pa3nl4tl- Tt

HbrxocaAKaxHocoM; cc
- KpHBbreC, orparu4quBaroqr4eAo[ycrnMhre cKopocru H coorBercrByloque llacrorbl pa
BparqeHr{r BUHTar{3 ycJroBr{r oTcyTcTBufl,pa3[oHa BHHTanpu pa3nI4qHbIXOCaAKUIX H3
xoprraofi(nyurrupnrre xPnnrte). HC
3u
n
202
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n,
)Tna o6/uuu. 1 5
ttpl c _1

120
X 4 a
13 aa)aea

4 \ K ('fi*
110 {
\
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10-
h >a
9
I

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x *
7

104 -/t
4
wi:"x b $-

I
1'W
(r
t^fr'l
Itn.

I /

90
4
I
5 7 9./
Fs;'o[;
hr*,v'
hro,ltt

Pucyttox 7.25. - lUropuonax AHarpaMMa

cyxorpy3HorocyAHanpfi rnaBaHauc 6ornurofi
ocaAKor.r
Ha graarpaMMe 4na 6orurlux ocaAoK BMecro orpaHurrnTeJrbHbrx KpHBbrx B no
cJIeMI'IHry HaHOC.flTCfOrpaHr4lrr,rTeJrbHbleKpHBbre rro 3€Lirr{BaeMocrr{,nocKoJrbKy nppr
3HaqHTelbHbIx ocaAKax .fiBJleHr,re3aJII4BaeMOCTlr CTaHOBI{TCfl, rIpIMVrTrrpyrOqI{Mpexr4M
ru.IABaHId[9a CJIeMLIH|He npOf,BJUIeTC.tI.
PaccuorpltM rIoJIb3oBaHr{emropMoBbrMu Ar.ralpaMMaMH Ha flp]rMepax perueHut
3aAarrro Ar{afpaMMe, flpnBeAeHnofi Ha puc.7.24.
Ecnu ocaAKI,I HocoM u xoprraofi ilpeBbrru€rror Hau6olbrrlue ux 3HarreHr4r, EMero-
IItrHect Ha ALIarpaMMe,To cJreMHHrau p€BroHa BHHTane 6y4er. B sroN,rcJrfrae cKo-
pocrb cyAHa H qacrora BpaIr{eHHsrpe6Horo BHHTao[pe.qeJrsrorc{ no Kpr{Boit A u nu-
Mrrrnpylorca pa6orofi 4nnrareJlt 6er neperpy3Klr. Haupnvrep, ecJrr,rHHreHcHBHocrb
UI BbI-
BoJIHeHHtxapaKTepn3yercrsrrcorofi ua6nrcAaeMbrxBoJrHhy3 = 4,5 u (ky" = 6,0u),
rut oT-
To pexldM ABI4)KeHI{IcyAHa uzo6pasurc.s rorlKofr M, n naH6olbrua;r Bo3Mox(HarcKo-
pocrb cocraBI,ITu=13,4 y3 rtpn qacrore BparrleHr.{-fl
BHHTan=121 o6lvtu:n.Eclu Ne
u{ npH
0CaAKLI OKOHeqHOcT'MI4 MeHbIIIe COOTBeTCTByIOIIIUX TOqKe M1, rO peXUM EBl/lx(ennfl

E qac-
upu rofi xe HHTeHcI{BHocrLI BoJIHeHllf,cJreAyeronpe.qeJr.flTb
rro KpuBhrMB utn C ssa-
BHcI{MocrI4or roro, Karoe Lr3TBJIeHHfiuar.nagusaer 6omnee olpaHntreHne. llpu erou
!3KI4:
rotlKa M , uso6paxaloul€ul AonycrllMrrfi peNnM, nepeMecrrrrcr rro Beprr,rKiurr{BHr{3.
IOIIIHC
Tar, nanpuMep, ecrn ocaAKaHocoM6y4er Ts =3,6 M, To npn rofi xe lrHTeHcuBHocrr4
f,3-lHq-
cooTBeTcTnyroqefihl l3 = 4,5 u, AonycTrrMufipexuna uro$pa:uTcf; rorlKotrtMZ, KoTo-
ICTOTbI pafl oupeAeJr.f,er
cKopocTb u=I1,2 y3 n ilacrory Bparqentrr,n-106 o6lrrauH.Taroe
;a-lKulx H3MeHeHHe pelKuMao6ycromeno ns6exaHueM onacHoro cJreMrrHra.Eclu xe ocaAKa
HocoMHe MeHee3,9 u, a ocaAKaroprraofi Tx =7,0 M, To Aonycrr,rMufrpexuu *tso6pa-
3HTct roqrofi M3 t Koropoft coornercrByror cKopocrb u = 12,3 y3 H rracrora BparqeHrrfl.
n - ll4 o6luutt.llpuveu oror pexrdrra6y.uet Jrr,rMurnpoBarbcrycJroBraeM
purroHa Br,rH-
203
ta. flpn u3MeHeHr{vrvrtTelcHBHocrrr BoJrHeHH.fl TorIKa, Iaso6paxaroulas AonycruuuE
peXHM, cMeulaercr BnpaBonpn ero Bo3pacraHHLIH BJIeBo- npu el'o 3aryxalFlvl4.Onsa-
Ko cMeuleuuesrofi ToqKr46yner nponcxoAnTb BAonbpa3HbIXKpHBbrxB 3aBI{cHMocrH
or roFo, KaKoeH3TBJIeHI{ft6yaer JrUMI{TEpyIoqI,IM.
Ecnu ocaAKu cyAHa npeBblluarcT3HaireHr,rr,HaHeceHHbre Ha KpHBrIXAHarpaMMBI,
TOnpH LT3MeHeHHI{ BOJIHeHn
I,THTeHCI,IBHOCTI4 I pe)KI,IMHaJ{TOqKanepeMelllaeTcfl.IIOKpH-
r;oiaA, orpaHurrusarouefi,4BnrareJrc6es neperpy3Kn.HanpnMep, ecJluLIHTeHcnBHocrb
Bo3pocnac htt3=4,5M Ao hll3=5,5ru, To rorlKa M1 cMecrkrrcflB TotIKy
BoJrHeHr4-rr
6y4er xapaKTepll3oBaTbcs
M q w pe)Kr4MABlrx(eHrdrr cKopocTblo D : 10,6 yl u 'racroroir
BparrleHl{tBHHTan =II3,5 o6/rrlnn.
Ecln x{e xoAoBofi pexnu npu h1l3 =4,5M JIrIMHTrrpoBalcq ciIeM}IHroMu I'I3o-
6paxa.ncr ro.rxofi M 2 npu Tn = 3,6rvt,To rrpu ht I 3 = 5,5 rraAolrycrtlMntfi pexulvt 6yAer
nro6paxarbcfl TOtrKofi M5, rloJlfraloulefics cMeIrIeHlIeMToaIKI{M2 BAonb xpunofi,
coorBercreyroqeft yKa3aHHofiocaAre HocoM LrorpaHl,IqnnarouqefipexuM ABH)KOHH9 no
cJIeNrHHry.
AnaloruqHo, ecJrr.rflepBoHaqalrHrrfi pexllM orpaHnrll4Burcfl.rlo pa3rony Bl"arrTaH
nso6paxancs, HarrpHMep, ToqKoiaM3, coorBercrByloulert T* - 7,0 tt, To c pocroM r{H-
AorrycrtrMufi peNuM ABHxeHnx 6yAer u:o6paxatlcl tovt<oE,
TeHcHBHocrI{BoJrHeHHfl.
cMerrlapqeftcx BAonb rpznofi Tx=7,0 M, I,I rrpx hll3 = 5,5 u uso6pasurc.f,to'Irofi
M6.
cynna,JII,IMHTrIpylot4uitct,
Moryr 6urr raKxe cilrryar4,KorAapex<rrM4BrDKeHnfl
oAHI,IMtBJIeHHeM,frPV
BoJrHeHr.rq
lnpg HeKoropofi r.rHTeHcHBHocrr4 gpyrofi HHTeHcHBHO-
cru 6yler Jrr,rMuTr{poBarbcrgpyrofr npuunnofr. Tar, Hanpl4Mep,ecJIlI cyAHo l{Meer
T, = 4,0u pr Tx = 7,0v., To rtpu r4HTeHcLlBHocrH Bo]IHeH]Ifl, xapaKTepusyevrofr
K
hIl3=4,5u, Aonycrl{Muftpexral,rnso6paxaerct ro'{rofi M3, a upl{ Bo3pacraEr4vr B
BoJrHeHr4r Ao hll3 = 5,5rrauro6paxatoulas rorlKa cHaq€Lna6yaer nepeMelrlarbct tto
pexklM no pa3roHy BnHTa,Ao rorIKH [epeceqeHlat
xpnrofi Trc= 7,AM, Jll4Mr,rrnpyrorqefi lr

c rpunofi Tn = 4r0MH .qaneeno srofi xpunoft Ao rotIKI{ Ml upexHM .UBTIX€HLIL6yget o

yxe tBJIeHI4eMCJIeMI{H|a. F
nr4MI{TI{pOBarbCt
florssonaHr{e ,ur.ralpauuofi, orHoctrulefics r [JIaBaHHIo cy.qoB npn 6olrurux
IIpeAbIAyIIIeMy,TOJIbKO 3AeCbAOnyCTI{Mbre OCaAKH ct
ocaAKax,coBeprueHHoaHaJrorr4r{Ho
HocoMnuMuTnpyrorct ycJroBr{eM3€urraBaeMocrl4 narry6u, a yfpo3bl onacHoro cJIeMI{Hra p(
He Bo3HHKaer.,{narpauubr AJrsKocLIx KypcoBblx yrnoB [o3BoJlgror oIIeHI,IBurbBlruff- B(

Hr{e r43MeHeHHr Kypca cyAHa Ha AonycTI4MyK}CKOpoCTb I4cxOIq I43TeX Xe OrpaHldT{vt- y)

TeJrbHbIX yclonnfi, Koropble paccMarpaB€ull'IcbBbIIue. CI

B ocuony olpaHHqureJrbHbrxKpr,rBbrxruTopMoBbIXA[arparrlv 8.6. Jlnnuca u .x

[.B. KonApHKoBanoroxeHbr cneAyroqr4eHopMbIKpl4repueBMopexoAHocrl{:
a) cpe4nee qrrcJrooracHbrx yAapoB npl{ cneM}IHre- A,2 ga 100 nepl4oAoBKI4JIe- cr
nofi rca.mu;
- ro
6) cpe4nee qrrcJrocnfraeB olracHoro crpyfiHo-6prrsronoro 3uulnBanr4fi' 3,0 :a
HA
100 nepnoAoBKHJIeBofr xauru;
y't

204
I\{bII,1 r) cpegHeequcJrocpa6arrreanus.3arrluTbr rro qacrore BparqeHnsnpu
.rBgr-areJrr
lHa- pa3loHe Br{HTa- 0,1 3a oAnH qac.
OCTI4 Kpoue orMeqeHHbIX,npldnllMiurrrcb Bo BHnvaHue AaHHbIeHarypnrrx ua6rroAe-
ul/.itzattnBaeMocra, onacHofi c roqKH 3peHHr noprrH rpy3a r{ MaKcnMaJrbHo Aorrycrr{Mo-
d\{bI, ro AaBneHl/,fl,Ha naly6Hsrfi rpy3, a raKxe nan6oerurue ycKopenlrr or KarrKr,rHa Hoco-
KpI{- BOMnepneHAr,rKyJrrpe.
iocTb Oco6yro onacHocrb npeAcraBirrer rxropMoBaHVecyAHaHa norryrHoM BoJrHeHuH
oqKy npH KypcoBbIXyHlax BoJIHeHLIT q = l80o + 45o. B groM cnfrae peKoMegAyercsnoJrb-
oroft 3oBarbc.flrrrropMoBbrM[AnalpaMMaMr,r 4.I4. F or4anona.
flraeaHlae cyAHa B ycJloBlatx norryTHoro BoJrHeHrrrr cyu{ecrBeHHor43MeHrerero
ocrofiq[rocrb, KarIKy14yrrpaBnfleMocrb, rrro MOXer nprrBecrn K aBapnfinofi ctTyaqilru
H30-
vnw Aa)KeK O[pOKr4AhrBaHr{ro cyAHa.
i1'le'r
OcnosHrre tBJIeHI,I.fl,
Bo3HnKarouu4e rrpu rrJraBalnvrHa rlonyrHoM BonHeHI4Ilt,
Ko-
raofi, Topble MoryT npHBecrI,Ir anapufinofi curyarlnr4 r{ [pu3HaKr.rr,tx nosBreur,rr cocro.rrr B
t{g ilo cneAyro[treM:
a) yueHrrueHue rlolepeyHofi ocrofirrnBocrr{ rrpu npoxox(AeHr.rr4 BeprunHlr BoJrHbr
HTA VI B.qonbcyAHa n pafioHe MLIAenf,.3ro oco6enHo orracHo, Kor.qa AnHHaBoJrHbrn e€ cxo-
Nt I{H- pocrb 6mrsrn K AJInHeu cKopocrr4cyAHa, trpE oroM BpeMr upe6ueannfl cy$l;rac no-
rxoft, HI'IXeHHofi ocrofi.Il{Bocrblo Moxer 6rrrr Aocraror{HhrM AJrf, HaKJroHeHLrfl cy1na Ha
l.Ixofi onacHrrfi yron lInI,I Ao onpoKuAhrBanvfl,.llpnsHaxoru npn6nraxeHr{.flTaKoro .rrBJreHpnr
cJryXI'IT HeoxI4AaHHoeyBeJIIiIqeHHeKpeHa cyUecTBeHHOIIpeBbrrrIaIOUerOO6H.rHHe
aMnJIHTyAhI KaIIKH,notBJlflIolqeecr trpu [poxoxAenr4v BeprrrnHorAenbHbrxBoJrHs6rra-
tttitcs.
3I,IMLIAeJI'H Me.UIeHHOe BO3BpaIqeHHe cyAHa B trcxoAHoe noJroxeHHe;TaKIreHaKJIOHe-
HBHO-
lnnfl.u3+a cMeuleHl{t lpy3oB HJrr{BHeTuHHX ycJronufi uoryr 6nrr HecHMMerpurrHbrMH.
[\ICCT
6) uonagaHne cyAHa B ycJIoBH-rr ocHoBuoro HJrH[apaMerpuqecKoro pe3oHaHca,
1eltofi
KorAa xaxyqufict rrepuo,q 6yler coorBercrBeHHo paBeH LrJrHBABoeMeHbrrreco6cr-
talgvlu
BeHHororepuoAa 6oproeofi KaqKn(u.7 3.a.)
Cf TTO n) norep.r ylpaBJlteMocrl4, 3axBar cyAHa sorHofi 14pa3BopoT cyAHa JraroM K
qCHHC BoJIHe(6pouuur), ero f,BJIeHueoco6o olacHo Ha rrepeAHeMcKJroHeBoJrHbr. flsreHraro
61'aer 6povHnra rorBepxeHbl B ocHoBHoMrraanrreu 6ucrpoxoAHbre cy1anpu qucrax @py4a
Fr > 0,23.
IbiIIHX llpIEsHaror"rupn6nnxarou{erocx 6povnHra flBJrrercr cyqecrBeHuoe r{3MeHeHHe
rca,TKH cKopocrH npl{ npoxoxAeHHrl BoJrHbrBAOnbCyAHa,ero crpeMJreHlreK pa3rorry Ha rre-
}IHHTA
peAHeMcKrtoHeBoJIHbr,yxyAlueHueycrofivr{Bocru Ha Kypce E crpeMneHuecyAHap€r3-
BJlrfl' BepHyTbcf,JIaroM K BOJIHe,yBenuqeHr4eqacroTbr H aMrrnr4TyAnepeKJraAKHpyJrf, Ant
lHHLIN- yAepxaHnfl cy!.Ha Ha Kypce. IW npeAorBpalqeHr,Ir6povuHra peKoMeHIyercfl r4Merb
cKopocrb HI4xe vena0,6-0,7 ot cKopocru pacupocrpaHeHkrflorracHbrxBoJrH,T.e. BoJrH
trlca u .qnr'rnofi6olee 0,8 4lunu cyAHa,He Ao[ycKarb crarr.rqecKoroara$QepeHTaHa Hoc, a B
cnlqae olacHocrr 3axBara cyl'na norHoft yMeHbrrrr4Tb cKopocrb, He repsr [pr,r groM
] KI{JIC. cnoco6nocru ynpaBrrrrbcfl.,
Illropuonhre AuarpaMMblA.H. Bor4anoea parpa6oraHbrHa ocHoBeKoMuJreKcHo-
3 . 0s a ro noAxo.4arcrrt6opy 6e:onacHoft cxopocru r4Kypca cyAHanppr ruropMoBoMnJraBaHr{H
Ha lronyrHoM BoJrHeHnLr. SrH 4uarpaMMhrcrporrc.r{ 4nr Qopubr KoHKperHoro cyAna c
vqeroM ero oco6eHHocrefi14MoryT lrcnoJrb3oBarbcrroJrbKoHa cyAax oAuofi cepun; B

20s
 H npHBoAI'IMLIe HH)Ke IIpUMepbI AI'Ia-
3TOMCMbrCJreOHr,rHe -rrBJrf,roTcryHr,rBepc€lJIbHbIMa
rpaMM rrpeAHiBHaqeHbr ToJrbKoAnr nJlnlocTpaquu IIX coAepxalJLls. H noJIb3oBaHHfl'I4MI{.
''t---
n77lt77n
OnacnoeeonHeHue
I
I
He6naeonpuf,mHoe
eonHeHue
/
I
EL

f
s(9

I
1,u
00 120 i60 180
t't,
llt

Pucynox 7.26. - O6nacrn oruourenufi hlNftny"pac,tut A I L , ilplt KoropbrxrlnaBanrlecyAoBHa

noryrHoM BoJTHeHI,IXctll,rraercfiue6laronpfitrlrblM I,InuonacublM
r{i
flepnuu BonpocoM Bo3HlrKarouIHM rrpll nJraBaHnvrHa norlyrHoM BoJIHeHHHflBlrs.
A
eTcr onpeAeneHr4e xapaKTepHcTI,IK BoJrHeHnI, ilPE KOTOpbIXCTaBHTCfl3aMeTHbIM ero
ne6naroupusrHoe BJrHflHrreHa cyAHo u Heo6xo.{HMo rloJlb3oBarbct .qI{alpaMMaMH AJIf 6r
X
rrpoBepKu 6egonacnocrpr [JraBaHH.rr.O6nacrr raKHX napaMerpoB BonHeHLrflorpauprlleHa
T2
BHeT1HHMMIroroyroJrbHHKoM Ha pr4c. 7.26,- Ha KoropoM rro ropH3oHT€uII4orJlox(eHa
HI
cpe.qHrr AJrLrHaBoJrHbr 2, a no BeprI{KulJIHBblcora BoJIH h3yo QexnpoUeHTHofi o6ec-
c)
nerreHHocrn. 3arurpr4xoBaHubrfi IraHoroyroJlbHuK orpaHl,Irlusaer o6racrb IrapaMerpoB
f.l.
BoJrH sau6onee se6rarouprrrrHbrx r{ onacHblx. [r,rarpaMMa puc.7,26 nocrpoeHa Anff,
BE
cyAHa Anuuofi L =96v. Ecln rorrKa, coorBercrByloqax napaMerpaM BoJIHeHnI pacno-
Jraraercf, ua puc.T,26 sa [peAeJraMla BHeIIrHero MHoroyronbHuKa, To fIJIaBaHI4eHa ra- ol
KOMnOnyTHOM BOJrHeHr.rH CqHTaeTC.s6raronpuxTHblM I4 [poBepKI{ nO IUTOpMOBOfiEUa'
rpaMMe ne rpe6yerc.s. Ecrlr xe coorBercrByloqarl ToqKa flonaAaer Bo BHerIrHufi uuo- ru
royroJrbHnK Mrru B 3arrrrplrxoBaHnyn o6lactr, ro rpe6yercq [poBepKa 6esonacHocrkl oc
no rxropMonofi AlrafpaMMe, oco6eHHo Bo BTopoM cJD {ae, KorAa^[JIaBaHI,Ie Ha norryT- BO
-- 0,7 + 1,3.
HoM BoJTHeHI{E oco6euno se6naronputTHo, a raKxe onacHo npu /f
rF
6ir
rp
Hb

206
JI4.A.
t/3(H) cropocrb BonloBoro xqAa Ha rrxof, eoge
I.iMI4.

1. eonr
HeAOGTa-
To,{Hoi
ocToiqr-
4. rona 6pornxra
BOCTI.
gr 14

{
BepxHir 6e3onacHan 3oHa

3. roxa
napaMer-
pl|qecroro
pe3oHaHca
6oprosoi
t(aqKx

10 20 30 40 0 15 3015 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,

-€H,u -+ p, rpac I _+ h,M I
. max
rrenxoBoAbe rnySoxarBoAa hmin
"aon flaon

Pucluox 7.27.- r{uarpar,ar,,ra

[ITopMoBoroilraBaxr4sHarrolyruoM BoJrHeHHu (ocnonnar, ilIrHHa
L
Bo.rrHbr :96 rra). Kypconofipon K Borrnerp=180o! 0
a
OcHoBHrre IIrropMoBbIe,ql4alpaMMbr crporrcq Anr HecKoJrbKHXnrr6pauuux cny-
qaeB Harpy3Kll npn mau6oJree onacuofi B orHorrreHnn ocrofi.rnnocrx
flBllfl- AnuHe BoJrHbr
), = L r{ rpex 3HaqeHHrx
e€ nsrcorurh3yo; 0,75fuyo;0,5h3y";xapaKrepr43yrouirx
Har{-
L\t efo
su EIrfl 6onee ne6rarouplulTHoe corleraHr4enoHrarxeltsoftocrofi.rHeocrn lr pe3oHaHcHrrxpe-
IUqeHa xHMoB 6optonofi KaqKK.Ha puc.7.27 nor<acaHBHA raxofi AraarpaMMrr.flo ropr,r3on-
OX9HA ranrnofi ocl4 orno)KeHhl3HaqeHI,ItMerarIeHTpHrrecKHXBblcor, r{cnpaBneHHbleHa BJrr.uI-
o6ec- Hprecno6oAHhlx rloBepxHoctefi xu4Knx rpy3on. llo BeprHKErrrH orJroxeHbr cKopocrpr
aynna B y3Jlax, Ho BeprnK€LnbHbIX
ocefi ABe lpynnu. O4Ha orHoclrrctr K nJraBaHuroHa
(erpoB
rny6oxoft BoAe, npu pa3nprqHbrxKypcoBbrxyrnax "(g); (B - o + 45") Bropafl - K nJra-
ta \JTfl
pacilo-
BaHHIoHa orpaHra.reHHofrrny6une u(u); (n o fi + 40u), o6e rpynrrbr rrocrpoeHbr B
HA TA- oAHoMuacrura6e, KaK u npu F:0.
fi, rua- B none ALIarpaMMbIorpaHuqeHbrrurprrxoBrofi n.srr soH He6naronpnrrrHbrx Ant
E uno- lnraBaHu.xcoqeraHLritu, F, h n H: 1) 3ona HeAocraro.rHofiocrofi.rzsocru, 2)3ona
CHOCTLI ocHoBHorope3oHaHca6oproaofi Ka.{KH,3) 3ona [apaMerpuqecKoro pe3oHaHca6opro-
nonyT- noft xaqxu, 4) 3oHa 6po.rnnra 5) 3ona HeAocraro.rHofiylpaBnseMocrlr.
,{uarparr,rnablIro3BoJlrror orleHr{ears 6esonacHocrb pexHMoB ilJraBa:nurfin pefice
flpu.qJII4HaxBoJIHM€uroorruqa]ouluxcfl, or AJrr,rHbr cyAHa rrpn nJraBaHvrrn o6lacru ne-
6naroupnffTHoroBoJIHeHHT orrpeAeJreHHoro uapuc.7.26. louonHr4TeJlbHhreArrarpaMMhr
rrpeAHa3HaqeHbr Anq orleHxra6esonacnocru nnaBanus,rro BTopoft n rpemefi pesoHanc-
HbIM 3oHau 6opronofr ra.Irn npu AJIr{HenonyrHblx BoirH ornnqarcquxcfr or AJrraHbr

207
cyAHa. 3rn pexuMbr He 3aBr,rcf,Tor Brlcorbl BoJIH,nosroMy pa3Hblec[Y$r4 Harpy3KI{
rpeAcraBrrtlorct Ha oAHofi AHarpaMMepuc.7 .28.
nonpaBxa
*'l). u"(p) c(opoctl aonroBoro xoAl tra rrxoi BoAc
Harny6xfly
xopt H
lU"(tt,t), yr
E I

s
a BcoxHtr 6€3onacHat 3oHa
o
:o I
i

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o

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c
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g E n
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ap
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drM
--*H,r - p,rpaA
I-{ l:3'
5,0
r|enr(oBoAbo rnySoxarBoAa
Jr e,o
t/sF, I,B) = 9.{x=*, I,Fl - a'al3(H,}.} 0,2 0,4 1,2
6,57
mar
tnfll -.-+ h, M h AOn
o
Pucynox 7.28.-,{rarpavrua rrrropMoBoro[JraBaHr4t Ha IIonyrHoMBoJIHeHHn (AonomrureJlbuuul' K

ArIf,An.IH uorn A, : 40, 80, 120 160rrl) . Kypconoftyron K BorIHecp=180" t f p

Ki
Ha none Ar{arpaMMbr HaHeceHbI naphl KpI4BbIXorpaHIarII4BaIoIqI{x 3oHbI 2 ocuon- n
Horo pe3oHaHca r,r 3aruTpr{xoBaHHbre 3oHbI 3 napauerpl,HecKoro pe3oHanca, Altfl. BoJIH Xl
Anunofi ).:40u;80u; 120vru 160u.Oco6ar{oracHocrbnapaMerpuqecKoro pe3oHaHca III
6opronofi KaqKH3aKrroqaerctB ToM,rrro r{HTeHcHBHbIe
KoJle6attus.6onruroftaMIIJI}I- o
ryArr Moryr Bo3HHKHyrb HeoxuAaHHoflpu npoxoxAeHl{u rpyrllbl ne6raronpHsrHblx
BoJrH(6nr,rsrnx K perynrpHbrMHa Sone o6qefi 6narouonyrHoft lpegruectnytorqefi u
KaprLrHbIrauru.) il
fluanaHues3-it 3oHeHepeKoMeHAyerct BceMcyAaM. x
Ha AonolHuTeJrbubrx Ar{arpaMMax ocl4 lrs(11) rarvreneHbl
Beprr4KzLrlbHble Ha ocll e€
rorrpaBoK Lor(H,F) " cKopocrflM cyAua us Ha rny6uny Mopt, Koropble rplIBeAeHbI
BP
AJrr AJrrrHBoJrHB Alrafla3ose )" = 40 + 200rra, u Ao6asneHblropLI3oHT€uIbHbIe
ocu h(T) '
HI
pa3HbrxocaAoKcyAHa.
AJr-rr
klmenna6op ocHoBHbrxAr{arpaMM(puc.7.27),qns pxna nrt6panHux xapaKTepHblx OT
crfraeB Harpy3Krarr AonorrnnTeJrbHbre AHarpaMMrr(puc.7.28) cy4onoAl{TenbMoxter Bo TU
BCeXCJTTItUIX IUTOpMOBOIO trJraBaHlr.f, CTeneHbero
OrtreHr,ITb
Ha noIIyTHoM BoJIHeHI/.I{ :
ouacuocrn npr,r QarctnuecKl{x napaMerpax BoJIHeH}rt,rrry6unrr Mops, cocrotH}rx Ha-
lpy3Kr{ u ocroft.rr{Bocrra r,r B cJrfrae seo6xo.q}IMocrn o6ouronauno nu6pat 6esonac'
Hrrfi pexuM tIJIaBaHHt.

208
N'3KI4 7.5. Bosde{tcmeue Ka'.rKu

7.5.1. Vcrcopenrrfl, BbI3BaHHbrera.rrcofi

llpu raure cyAHa ero ro'KH [epeMerrlarorc{ c ycKopeHvrfiMvr, ra3MeH[rorrlnMuct
Bo BpeMeHI4IIo BerHrIHHen HallpaBneHr,fto.3ro nrrsrrBaer nof,BJIeHHeaH€uror]rqHoMe-
HtIoIrIHxcfl cvn IIIH9pIITIH'Korophle nos4eficrBylor Ha
!py3br, MexaHH3Mbrr{ upu6oprr,
HaxoAfllrlvecs'Ha cyAHe.PaccnaorpnMcnarr€uraKaprprnyycKopeHrrft,cos4anaeMbrxKaq-
rcoft.
flpra xo4e cyAHa Ha peryJr{pHoM BoJrHeHnrrBce BrrAbrKaqKr,r [npaMiurofi auttu-
ryAe r,rMerorcuHycor.rAanrnsrftxapaKTep c oAuofi n rofi xe .racroroft, pannofi Kaxy-
qlueficsqacrore o)K, Ho c pa3HbrMHaMnnr4TyilaMvw $asaun, T. e. olncbrBaroTcs Bbrpa-
)I(EH}I.fiMH BI",.ITA
I
, z = z0 cos(rrl*r- r), (7.113)
t
T rAe noA z no4pasyMeBaerct reKyll{ee lusefiHoe ruu yrnoBoe orKJroHeHrrecyAHa or
r0
cpeAHefo noJlox(eHEsrlo6oro BI4AaKaqKIi, a z0 Lr a - aMrrrrury1a H HarraJrbHax
Qasa
cooTBeTCTByrOqero Bvr4aKarrKH.
[rE0$epeHllnpyf, BblpalreHue(7.113) anax,qbr ro BpeMeHrr,noJryrrnMBbrpa)Ke-
HHeAJr{ ycKopeHr{fl,rrpu KarrKe:
i - -roi?zo - a) = -r?, .
cos(orK/ {7.114)
I4r nsrpaxeHu.x(7.1I4) BHAHo,qro ycKopeHkrflrrponoprtrr4oH€urbHbr orKJroHeHrrro
or cpeAHero rloJlo)Kerrvr LI, cJIeAoBareJIbHo,
gau6olruule HX g1aqe;g{prg, coorBercrByloT
fl. xpaftnuu noJIoxeHI,llIMcyAHa; 3HaK((-> B BbrpaxeHuu(7.114) norasrrBaer, rrro ycKo-
peHH{ Ha[paBnelrbl B cropoHy, trporrrBonono)KHyroorKJroHeHHro. BparqareJrbHbreBHAbr
KaqKu co3AarcT, KpoMe roro, rIeHTpocTpeMHTeJrbHrre (noprvra-rrrurre)ycKopeHrarr,H&-
CHOB. [paBJIeHHbIeK ocl{ Bpalqenns, Koropbre Aocrr4raror nan6onbrur4x sHa.reHfifi npr4 npo-
BOJH XO}K.{EHI4}IIIOJIO)KEHHflPABHOBECNfl,I,I
PABHbI HYNIOC TPAfiUTTXNOJIOXEH'1flX.OAHATO
IaHca IIeHTpOCTpeMHTeJIbHbIe ycKope}J.ug.MaJrbr no cpaBHeHr,rn c raHreHrluarrbHbrMhr, Lr HMH
dI1--IH- o6rr.rHo npene6peraror.
tTHbIX
OcHosHod 3HaqeHI4e I{MeIor ycKopeHr4sB nonepe.{Hofi rrJrocKocrr,r, cocraBJr*o-
ourefi IrIHe Koroprx o6pa:ylorct BceMLIBLIAaMr.r KasKr,r,KpoMe[poAonbHo-nocryrrarelrnofi.
{nx oupeAeleHu.a ycKopeHllfi xaxofi-nu6o ro.rxr ay1*a MoxHo paccMarpr{Barr ABr{-
xeHHe gtofi ToqKI4npH KaqKe,a 3areM B coorBercrBr4rac BbrpaxeHueM(7.114) ruafiru
ta ocn ee ycKopeHueB ruo6oft MoMeHTBpeMeHLr.
:JCHbI flepeueqenrI.{ nro6oft ToqKI,IcyAHa B nonepeqHoft [JrocKocrr4 MoxHo npeAcra-
h(T), BuTbcocTOtuInMLI143rOpLI3OHTalIbHbIX I,I BepTI4K€uIbHhIx[epeMeIIIeuuit. fopnsoHraar-
HbIe nepeMelrleHl{-f,TotIKu c Koop.4pIHaraMH (x, y, z) cxnayrtBarorcr r43rrepeMeuteuafi
pHblx or nonepeqHo-nocTynareJlbHofi ra.Iru 17,ioproyofr xa.rxu z0 upbrcKaHrirrxX , aBep-
TCTBO -
rrIKaJIbHbIe I43IlepeMelrlenufior BeprprKalrnoft KarrKH( ,1oprovoit y0 n rnlenofi
Ib ero ( y .Taxula o6pa:oM, rroJrubrenepeMeuleuus6ygyr:
lfl Ha-
rl - rl + z0 + xtr - f6 cos(r,l*,- o)t
pIIac-
( 7 . 1l 5 )
( = ( + ye+.rV = 66cos(@*t - g),

209
 qepe3 aM-
FAeaMnJrrrryAbrrtO v lO,uraKxe HarraJIbHbIe Sasu a kr p Bbrpaxarcrcs
[nHTyAbr u Sa:sr BHAoBKarrKr{,BxoA.sil{ueB Bsrpaxelus ,t " 4 coorBercrBeHHo. H

Tpaerropllt, Koropyro 6y4er onucblBarb roqKa B flonepeqHofr [JlocKocrvI, Hav' v

noJIfrI,IM
Aercf,, ecJrr4u3 ypaBHerrnit(7.115) racr<nroqnrbBpeMt r. fIpo4eJIbIBa[ 3To'
TI

ypaBHeHLIeTpaeKToPLIHB BI{Ae

T' * 4'
--;-r -_
zr! "o"to_ .|
(7.116)
_.t _ _ F)=sin'(a-f).
i; 6 noLo tI
3ro ecrr ypaBHeHHe sJlnl{nca' Bu;a- H
caHHoro B nptMoyfoJIbHI'IK, CO CTOpOHaMH,
6
paBHhIMr{ pa3Maxy role6asufi paccuarpH-
aaevofi TorIKH, T. e. paBHbIMI{ ZQo 14 210
(pnc. 7.29).
flpn usueHeHltt'Ipa3Hocrntfas ropu-
3OHT€uIbHbIX I4 BepTI4KanbHbIX COCTaBJLIIO-
rl3MeH-aer-
6anufi $opua 3JIJIHnca
rrlrrx KoJIe
- =
cx. flpu a p 0, r. e' ecrll4Sa:u o6eux
cocraBJltKllqux role6agufi coBnaAaK)T'
ypaBHeHne (7.116) nPHHHMaer Br4L
/ - - r 1
= 0, H siIrII'IncBblpoxAa-
l,t lOo-€ l(o)'
ercg B ABe coBlraAaloque rlpf,Mble, tBJItto-
uuecf, AI{aroHaJIbIorIpsMoyroJIbHLIKa.
IIpn yBeJMqeHHr Pa3HocrI{ Sa:
a-P:2)72 vno a - B or 0 Ao r /2 ennunc pacruI4p{ercs.
flpn a- P- r l2 ypanHeHue ( 7.116) npu-
Pucyuox 7.29. - Tpaertopra onl{cbl-
BaeMbIetoqxofi B nnocKocruIunalroyra BI{A(rl trti'
HHMaer -E t4)2 = l, r. e.
upr.rKaqKeHaperytspHoMBOJIHeHI'IH
9JIJII,InC CI{MMerpI,IrreH oTHOCIATeJIbHOropu-
-
3oHT€urbHofiu neprnxalnnofi ocefi. flpu 4anrsefiruerrl yBell4rleHprv a B ennwrc cHo-
Ba cyxaercs. Lt npv a- p - z Bbrpox4aercfl B Apyl-yto AI{aroHaJIblrpflMoyroJlbH[Ka. I(
flpn ga.nrnefiureu pocre a - B npoqecc rloBTop.flercqaHaJloruqHoonl{caHHoMyBbIIue. t-d

CouacHo Sopuyne (7.114) roplr3oHrurbnas. H Bef)rI4K€uIbH€uI cocraBJullo[il{e c1

BeKTopaycKopeuus orJrr{qarorcs or nepeMeuleHrafii u ( JII{IIrb3HaKoM14rrocro{H- 3E

HbrMMHoxr{TeJreMrl, .rorroMy KoHeIIBeKTopaycKopeHusxarcofi'tu6o rotrKLIcyAHa

npr,r KaqKe 6yger raKxe o[ucbrBarb oJIJII,IIc,uogo6nuft rpaemopuu erofr toqxu. Ta-
xrEnao6pa:oM, cocraBJrrrorrlneycKopeHuft no oasM rl vr ( , 6yayr coorBercrBeHHo,
)- )-; c)
-(Dt"rt 14 -@i( , alconrorHar BerurruHa rroJlHoro ycKopeHl4.fl TotrKI,I onpeAenI4Tct Bbl-
H
paxeHIaeM TE
- ' r ' t f f i ) ) . A \
W = A ? , 1 2+ ( " - rof lng' cos'(trln/-a)+ 60 cos"(co*/- p)' (7.rr7)
BA
IIC

210
 , a - 1
t aM- ero MaKcI{MaJIbHat BeJIHTII,IHa Wmax = t ?lrlc- + (0 coorBercrByercnyqarccoBraAe-
xore6auplfi cygua. HanpaueHlle BeKTopa
uux Qas roplcoHTiurbHbrx r{ BeprnK€L-rbHbrx
safr- ycrcopeHnfi rpornBonoJro)nHo HarpaBneHurc BeKTopa cMerueHl4spaccMarpunaeuofi
TOIIKI,I OT ITOJIOXeHr4UpaBHOBeCr4r{.
lqI4M

7,5.2. Cn.nrr, geficrnyroutne Ha rBepAbre rpy3bl

. il6)
VcranoeneHHarl BEIIrreKaprI{Ha H3MeHeHr,rsBeKTopaycKopeHl4t no3BoJlrer Bhr-
rII4cIHTb cvlny LIHepIIHH,IIpHnoXeHHyrc K rPY3Y,HaXoAtIIIeMyC.f,
Ha KaIIaIOqeMCtcyA-
BNH- geficrnyroulefi
ne. Cocraurrrorrlne cr{JrbrHHepr1HHno ocrM rt H ( na rpy3 Maccbr m,
tauv)
6ysyr:
arpH-
*a);
Frt=*rn?rt=*r?rtocos(ro*/
|, '1: r70
(7.118)
* P).
F( = *r?( = *r?(ocos(con/
ropH-
IIo 3TprM cocraBJltrouplM Moxer
L-LflIO-
6rnr BbIrILrciIeHa cv[ra, crpeMrllr{€ulct
HJICT.
c.qBunyrb rpy3, ycraHoBJleHsufi Ha naxy-
r6eilx
6e, zuauue rcoropofi ueo6xo4aMo An-xpac-
traloT, qera KpenJreHurrpy3a. 3ta cnla cKJIaAbI-
BI4A
Baerc.flH3 npoeKllufi cocrasntrcIrlnx Fry ^
oxAa-
FE, a TaKx(e CIIJIbI TDKOCTI4 mg HA nJloc-
&-I.flIO-
Kocrb pacnonoxenarnrpy3a (p"c. 7.30) u
DABHA:
Sa:
flercfl. 0 = l*e * F( )sin(d+ v) + F, eos(0
+ v)
Pr.rcyHor7.30. - Cnrur, .qeficmyroIqueHa rpy3 (7.rre)
) npu- IIpLI KaIIKe
,
r 4 e 0 - y r o n K p e n a ,a v - AonOnHHTeJIb-
, T ' e ' uufi vror or noru6u nany6u B Mecre pac-
ropu- rroJroxeHHflrpy3a.
tc cHo- Bclegcrn[e pirnuqut $az d n P Hau6omruefi eennquHbl cABnraloqal cuna Q
bHI4KA. Aocr[raer rrpu yrne KpeHa,He coorBercrByroqeM ero aMflnnryAe. 3ror yroJl, KaK Ir
BbIIIIE. caMo 3HaqeHr4e Q^u*, Moxer 6rnr Haft4eur43paBeHcrya(7 -119).Ecln xe I4MeerMe-
[OUIHC cro paBencreo Sar a * p Lr onyrcoBnaAarcr c Sarofi 6opronofi KaTIKLI,
ro Han6oJlbruee
crof,H- 3HarIeHI4e ""tpu*"L
Q onpegeJrurcs'
c)'.uHa ll \2 .,-
=*l\r +a?1of
eyau6 * r*ry&. (7.r20)
rut. Ta-
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Tarurra o6pa:ou, Airr Bblrrr{cJrennfl.
cyAHa rrpz xo.qe Ha BoJrHeHuu,ueo6xoAr,rMo[peABapnreJlbHo onpeAeill4TbaMnJIIrryAhI
fct 86I-
n Sasrr Bcex BuAoBKarrKr4, BXoAruIux B BbrpaxeHr4r(7.II5) att-snepeMellle:auit,vr 3a-
nplrBeIeHHFIMI4 BhI[IIe @OprvrylarUU.
TeM BOClOJrb3OBaTbC.rr
(i.rr7) ,{o nocleAuero BpeMeHI,rAJII BbIrIucreHHc cHJr HHepr{Hrl Irpu KaqKe I4cnonb3o-
6olee npocrofi, Ho ycnoBnrrficnoco6IO. A. IIIuuaHcKoro.flo erouy cnoco6y
B€urc.fl
nollepellHbre r4 [poAonbHbre ycKopeHHr onpeAenfioTc.fi pa3AeJIbHoB ycnoBH.flx pe3o-

211
uancnofi 6optoeofi u KHJreBoft raqrra Ha BoJIHeHUH c AII,IHaMH cI{HXpoHHbIx BOJIH
1e =2rg/"3 -4nr 6oprosofiKalrKH
u ), =2rg/"?y -Nrfl.ruresoft KaTIKI{,
rle ng
v ftv - tlacrorbl cso6oAHHx 6opronntx Id KHJIeBuxrone6anuit cyAHa.
cyAHa, crruTarl ero KpyroBbIM c pa-
Y.rurrrnapr raKxe op6nranrHoe ABH)KeHrre
KOTOpat[pHHHMaeTCtpaBHoir'/2sAJII4HFI
Ar{ycoM,paBHbrMnoJroBllHeBbrcoTblBoJrHbr,
cnuxpouHoft BoJIHbI Anfl cooTBeTcTByroqero BHAa KatIKI{, T. e. r0 = 0,0251'0 Lr
or yrnoBblxu op6u-
rv = 0,02ilry. Cocramsroruuecr4nHHepquuno ocf,MKoopAI,IHar
TzrrrbHrrxABr4xeHraficyurranpyrorcs.vr nau6omurl4e 3HarleHnx,AeitcrByloq[e Ha Maccy
rpFa m Koop4vrHaTaMu IIeHTpaTsxecrll x1 !' zt nonyqaloTcf, paBHhIMrr:
or 6oprorofi xa.Iru
Qy= *"fi(teo* rBsinoil* mgsinos
I
;
(7.12r) I

Qz = *"j\oo * rs cosos)**ecosd6I I

OT KIIJIEBOH KAIIKH
- ) l \ I
Qx = *r'r'\"Vo + r, sinVol+ rzgsinYg i
(7.122) t
- ) / \
Q, = mnivl"VO+ r, cos{g )+ *g cos{g I(

B grux Qoprrlynax [epBbre cJraraeMbrenpoucxoA{T or yrnoBblx xoleGanuit, vro-

pbre - or op6ur€urbHoro ABHXeHrrsu rrocJreAHI,IecJIaraeMLIeilpeAcraBJltror co6ofi co-
CTABJUIIOIIHC OT CHJIbI TfXECTH.
pacqera, a rro cneAyloule]I
npuHuMarorc{He Ha ocHoBaHHH
AuunuryAbr KatrKr4
peKoMeHAartuu:gnx 6opronofi KarrKH0g - pannofi yrJry BXoAaKpoMKH6opra B BoAy;
AJrrKHneBofiraqru Vo - pannofi yrrry BXoAanoly6ara B Bo,qy. p
flpn paccMorpeHnr4 KaqKuKaKcJrflafiHoro [poqecca ycKopeHruInpLI KarIKen T
Bbr3BaHHbIe nMH cLIJIbrr4Heprlr{HMoryT 6rtrr oIIeHeHbIJII4ITIbc BepotrHocrHoft ToqK}I K
3peHr{s.3ro gnaql4T,trro MoxHo yKa3arbJrrrlrrbo6ecueqeHHocrb(nepoxruocrb [peBbl- K
ruenrnr) crrJrbrprHeprlr4r4
saAaHHofi BeIHTIHIIbInu6o naircu c:any LlHepqnu eagaHnofi
o6ecue'{eHHocrrl T
B npaeunax r HopMax o6rrqno npuHrro 3alaBarb BerHqHHyycKopenufi c o6ec- p
o _
nerreHHocrbro w -- l0-" . EcrH BocnoJrb3oBarbcrAJIfl cocraBJltloulnx ycKopenufr uo 7
ocrM, cB.f,3aHHbrM c cyAHoM, HanplrMep,BbIpaI(eHI4f,MH, [pI4HflTbIMnB KoAerce I4MO
1975 r., noJr1nreHHurrarzHopBexcKr{M6ropo Bepurac sa oinone 3aKoHaAonroBpeMeH-
In.a cyAoB, nJIaBaIoqI{x B Cenepnofi Auanrnxe,
Horo pac[pe.qereHn.s orHX BeJrr,rrrr4H
AJIf,CocTaBntloulux cun no 9TIIMocflM IIpIdMyTBLIA:
TOBbrpalKeld.nfl.
t a
+ A' -0,25A;
Qx = mgao'l0'06

Qy = mgao, t (7.123)

L,.r- (
Q , = m s a o ! t.. [ 1L{) )U' z
,
*o.os.12fgg)''t,
)\di
212
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rAe o6ognatreHo:
En9
.- -0,2u
ao= ,34-ry
c pa-
-li* t:t
IIIIHbI
k - 1 3 ->
hr , (7.r24)
2,6 Lr B
tpSu-
, = (o' . t - L * s z ) 9 9 ,
{accy \. 1200 L) 6

L u B - AnI{HaI4 rrrupuHacyqHa, M; h - fioneper{HarrMerarleHTpplqecK€tflBblcoraoM, r

-
v z orcTo.sHneIIeHTparrxecrlr rppa or Mr.r.qenc, v or BarepnllHun (uonoxureJlbHble
r.121) B Hoc u nrepx), M; d - roe$SurlueHr o6qefi noJrHorbr;u - cKopocrb cyAHaHa rnxoft
BOAe,y3.
Bemn'rHHH Q* 14 Qn BKrroqarcT cocraBJrf,rolttyrocr4lrbr rflx{ecrr.r or KpeHa H
auQQepeHra cyAHa; BbrpaxeHue Qz, rarofi cocraBJr.srou{efine coAepxr{r) 14ona Aonx-
I 1??\ Kooplnnara y He BXoAr,rrn Soprr,ryJlbr,
sa 6rrm BBeAeHaAorroJrHr4TeirbHo. raK KaKyc-
KOpeHHs AJrryriroBbrxToqeKrrarryobr.
AaroTc.s
. BTO-
(Doprrynu (7.123) H (7.L24) nowqerrhr anrpoKcurraaquefr
Lr Aaror pacqerHble
lfi co- aulr co6ecue.reHHocrrrow = 10-8.
3HarreHr.{rr

|oruefi 7.5.3. Cn.rrrr, 4efi crnyroulrre B cbrnyqlrx rpy3ax

BoAy;
Cunu r,rHeprlur{
npu KarrKecnoco6crByrorcMeulenr{rocbrr1^ux rpysoB.llpn on-
peAeneHnn ycJIoBHfi,npu Koropbrx Bo3MoxHo cMerqeHue,[peAnonararcT, rITo ouo
I{KE I,I
rrpor4cxoAr{Trro HeKoropofi urocxocru cKoJIbxeHHr, HaKJroHeHnofir ocnosHofi nJloc-
TOqKI'I
Kocrr4 cyAHa. Pexe ilpe,unoJrararor, rrro cKorbxeHne ilpor{cxoAr{T rro noBepxHocrl{
p€BbI-
KpyFoBoroqunr4H,qpa.
rnsoft
,{4r nuuncrenr4fl, cHJr, crpeM.rruluxcs cMecrr,ITb6ror rpy3a, BbrAeJrr,lM
AByMr
rrJrocKocrsMnrrrnaHroyroB, HaxoAculnxcs. Ha e4r4nurrHoMpaccrorHvtu, cnoit rpy3a I4
oSec- paccMorpnM cr{Jrbr,4eficroyrorque Ha sJreMeHrapHyroqacrr,rqy rppa rraaccofipds Qtuc.
rft no 7.3r).
I,n40 Cocrasrsnu{as dQ cunl';.,4eficrnyroulefr na gry Maccy BAonb lrnnrtrr cKoJrb-
€:\teH-
na yron B r<ocuonnofi nJrocKocrrr,paBHa:
xenrrfl, HaKJroHeHnofi
ilTllKe,
dQ=Lb + pS$a,
*'?f)'in1a+F)+af,r7cos(0 . (7.rzs)
C ocraeflrro uI a.fl, rreprreHAraKynrpHar R rrunr4vrcKorb x eHra.[
dN-[r * t?f)cos1a
+ n - r]r7,ing + P1las. (7.126)
7.123) 3Aecr p - unorHocrb cbrrfrero rpy3a, Koropas Moxer 6nrrr flepeMeHHofino ce-
TIEHHIO,

213
 Irlurerprapy s. HanvcaHHbleBbIpDKeHilr
no nJlorqa.quS ceqenu-fl6roxa, cJleAyer 3a-
Merr,rrb,rrro B ypaBHeHlanx(7.1I5) w r7 w
( cJraraeMblenepeMeIrlennfi or 6oproeofi
KAI{KII COACPXAT MHOXI,ITCJI'MI{ KOOPAI4HA.
TbI z V !, MOH5IIOUIIIIe9IAJIfl'pa3HbIXTOqeK
cerreHr4{ 6rorca. floetovy npn uHTerpelpo-
!\1
BaHvLt3TI{ cJlaraeMble 6ylyr coAepxarb LIH-
Terp€tilbl, Bblpaxarolldne cTarHqecKlre Mo-
MeHTbI Maccbl 6lora. orHocI4TeJIbHo ocefi
KOOp,4r,rHaT.
My= [pzds=rnzs.r.,
Pncyuox7.3I. - Cunu, .qeficrnytoqfieHa
s A
3JreMeI{TCblly.qefo rpFa npfi KarIKe M, = lp ydt = m!s.r., fr
s o
rAe -/u.r. v tu.r. - KoopAHHarbIrIeHTparfl)Kecrr{ Maccbl 6rora, Arq Bcex ocrtulbHblx A
M
cJraraeMbrxr{HTerp€Lnu6ylyr Bblpaxarb rlpocro Maccy 6nora.
T
Tannu o6pasou, noJrHa.rrcvra Q, cgr,vlrarcqafl 6rorc no JII{HLIHcKoJIbxeHlIr, orl-
fl
peAenr4Tcf,BbIpax{eH}IeM

e - *W+a?(u,.Iin1a * F)1,
+f) +^?rtu.r.cos(d (7.127) B
acL'ra' ^i,ff
nepreHAl4Kvn o
""#i;:jft +p)-,?,to.,.sin(e
* p)1, (7.r28) *,
ci
(7.I15), a xoropblx B Kar{ecrBe
rre fu.r. vr Cu.r. BbrpaxarcrcrreMr{xe $oprwyrraMn /
Qr
,r z fipv d AolxHu 6rrrl noAcraBJreHhrKoopAI,IHarbIIIeHTpa r{xecrtl Macchl cABI4- H
6rora. B qacrHoM cnfrae oAHopoAHororpy3a (p=totttt)
rarorr1eroc.f, sro 6yxyr ro-
opAr,rHarbrIIeHTpartxecrH nnouIaAI,Icer{eHns6lora.
flna cyx.qenprr o Bo3MoxHocru cMerrleHr4.r 6rora cuily QHyxuo cpaBHI{Tba crt-
nofi R [penrrrcrryrouefi cMeIIIeHI,In.
OnrocnreJrbHo cr.Inbl R npe4noJraralor, qro oHa cocronr H3 crIJIbI cIIenJIeHLI-tl,
parnofi BcroAy [ocroqHHoft nelnqune c Ha eArIH[rIIy nloqaAr4 cKoJrbxeHuf, H cHIr
TpeHr4s/cN, roropbre nponoprlr4oH€lJlbublHopM€uIbHoMyAaBJIeHIIIo N na [-TlocKocrb
'
cKoJrbxeHurc rosQ$uqraeHtoMnporopqlloHzrnbHoctu k.
Eclu I - AnlulsailLrr.lrrucKoirbxeHr{t B npeAeJlaxMaccbl fpy3a, To rIoJIHa{ Qvff7a,
rperurrcrBytoqat cABHry 6loxa lpy3a, 6y,uer
R = cl + kN. (7.129)
3,uecr c u k ecrbrlocrotHHble, xapaKTepn3yrcrrluecBoftcrsa cbltryl{ero rpFa B AaH- CI
HoM ero cocrotHl,Iu (uaxHocrb, reMrreparypa, Harrr4rruevw6pau:z,nH nP.), a y'/ onpe- M
Aenrerct Bblpa)KeHuev(7 .128). Ki
Vcnoeue HecMelrlaeMocr[cbrflr{ero rpy3a, oqeBEAHO, COCTOpTTB BbInOJIH9HHH
HepaBeHcrBa CJ
Q<R (7.130) Hi

214
)HLIfr Ha Bcex Bo3MoxHbIxJlrirHr,lrxcKoJrbxeHuflrpy3a I,I B KaxAbIfi uoueHr BpeMeHI{.
r 3a- Eclu B KaqecrBe Kpr,rrepurrHecMerqaeMocru rpy3a rlpuHtrb orHoIrIeHHe cvlr,
4u' fipensrcrByfoll1nx cABI{ry 6loxa rpy3a, K cHJIaM,cABnrarorqrlMero, T. e. orHoIrIeHI4e
reofi ) "- R l Q , (7.131)
I{Ha- TO ycnOBIiIe HecMeIIIaeMocTH 3a[HIIIeTCf B BHA€
OI{CK 2>1. (7.r32)
Hpo- OAsaro orbrcKaHnenoBepxHocru cKoJrbxeHllfl, coorBercrByuqefi nauueHbllle-
r HH-
My 3HaqeHr,rroKpr,rrepw. ), upn nan6oree ne6laronpntrHblx ycJloBrllx KaaIKlI,flBJlter-
\10- ct,qocrarorlHo croxnofi saAa.Iefi.
ocefi
7.5.4.BosAeficrBneKaqrcr Ha MexaHrsMbln npu6opu
fupocrconwtecKue iloweHmbr so spaulawt4tmct MexaHusiiec. B piBnI4r{HbIXcy-
AoBbrxMexaHH3Max,r{Meroqrax 6rrcrpo Bpalqarcull4ecsMacchl, uplr KatIKecyAHa npo-
stp$exr. 3ror sQ$exr cocrolaTB roM, rITorlpll noBopore
rBJrrercr rr4pocKonuqecxufi
ocn Bparqaroqeftc.a qacru MexaHr{3Ma BcneAcrBne KatIKx cy4H.a [otBJltercfl MoMeHT,
bHbIX geficrnyrorqnfi s nJrocKocru, nep[eHAr.rKynflpHofr nlocrocrli floBopora ocz. Tarcofi rvro-
MeHT, nocgrquft Ha3BaHrIernpocKorltallecKoro MoMeHTa, BbI3bIBaer 3HaqureJlbHble ycu-
t. on- rrkrfl B oceBhrx rroArur4llHl4Kax, KoTopbre n3MeHtloTct Bo BpeMeHu IIo BeIuqLIHe u Ha-
[paBneHHro B cooTBercrBrll{ c KaqaHHtMI4 cyAHa.
Iaso6paxesHuftHa puc. 7.32,
Ilycrr porop cyAonofiryp6rlHu, cxeMarr{qecKn
.127) BparqaercsBoKpyrocu AB, pacnoJroxensofiBAonbcyAHa.IIpn xuleeofi xaqre oTaocb
6yger r{3MeHrrL cBoe Ha[paBJreHueB Beprr4K€rJrurofi fiilocKocrla c yrJloBofi cropocrblo
KaqKH.BcreAcrsue raroro BparrleHr,r{oc}r poropa, HuBbIBaeMoro npeqeccl4efi,nolnut-
. 12 8 )
cf, n{pocKonrarrecKufirvroueHr M*p, geficrnyroulnfi s nnocKocru, npoxoAq[{efi qepe3
Bel
ocs AB u neprreHAnKyirrpHoftnnocxocrr,l ee rroBopom. Sror MoMeHrBbBoBerAaBne-
l.lBlI- B TorIKaxA u B .
BaJIapoTopa,pacnOJIoXeHHbIe
lrnn N tr u N A Ha nOAIuI{IIHuKI,I
T KO.
Cornacno reopl4l4 rnpocKo-
na BeJrr{lIHHaTI,IpOCKOnHqeCKO|O
c cH- MoMeHraBblpax(aercx$opvrynofi
Mr p =IcDoonsina, (7'133)
gHHt,
oTcIoAa nonrrplM cuIry,{aBJIeHI4fl
a cI{lI
Ha Ka)Knbrfiug uo,urul{nHuKoB
KOCTb
N=Mrroll. (7.r34)
c11Ja, Pucylror7.32.-fzpocronuqecKgecunblrpu KarIKe 3.qecr 1 - uoueHT LIHepI{klgB;pa'
cyArra qarcrrlHxcg Macc orHocHTeJIbHo
f. 1 2 9 ) ocH BpaIIIeHHfl; o0 yI'JIoBas
I .laH- cKopocTbBparqarcquxcr Macc; o)r - yrnoBas cKopocrb npeqeccKK,B paccMaTpHBae-
onpe- MOMCJrrrae yfJroBafl cKopocTbKarrKH;d - yroil MexAy ocbro BpaIrIeHIa{Macc n ocElo
KaqKH;I - pacctotHrle MexAy rIoAIrItInHnKaMHBaIIa.
ICHI{I,I HaupanneHr,rerr4pocKorrnqecKoro MoMeHTaonpeAenterc.a B coorBercrBnl'I co
cneAyrour4M rrpaBulou. EcrrE nso6paxarb yDIoByIo cKopocrb BpalrleHut BeKropoM,
r . 13 0 ) HanpaBneHHbrM B Ty cropoHy oclr, orKy4a BpauleHr,resa6ruoAaerct [poficxoAtIIII4M

215
npoTLlB rIacoBoH crpeJIKI,t, rorAa rog (crvr.puc. 7.32) npegcraBlIr cKopocrb BpauleH'nfl
poropa ryp6nnsI, I 0n - cKopocrb BpaIIIeHHs. cy1na npI,I KHJIeeofiKa'Ire, KorAa Hoco-
nofi noAu111unHHK nana B o[ycKaercfl, a ropnaoeofi A - no4rtllMaercl. lIpH erou rupo-
cKorrlrrecrcufi uonaenr 6y4er Jrexarb B rrJlocKocrn BeKTopoBorg H on v HanpaBJIeHB
TaKyro cropoHy, qro coorBercrBylouas, eW napa cut N 1 w N A crpeMl4rct coBMec-
Trrrb BeKTop(r)0 c BeKTopoMon no nparuafirueMy paccTotHI4IO.
B paccMorpeHHoM cnyqae xuresofi KaqKr4 yrnoBat cKopocrb npeqecclll4
@n=v=-rDrvgsin(oln/-uv), a yroJl a=90o, TaK rrro fHpocKollHrrecrrafr uoiraent

no rapMoHnr{ecKoMy3aKoHyc qacrorofi raqrn o* u auulnryAofi

6y4er H3MeH.fiTbcr
I
Ms.
I
MX :,Irrrgrrr*ryp. (7.135)
I
Ha
Sror MoMeHT Bbr3oBer nepuoAxrrecKu H3MeH.stoIrIHecgropH3oHT€IrIbHbIeAaBJIeHrr.fl
roArrrurrHurnryp6HHbI.
rl4pocKonflqecrnfi vtotueut 6y-
AnarornqHo npu pbrcKaHHHcyAHa Ha BoJIHeHI{H
IIO TOMy Xe 3aKOHY,HO efo aMlJlkrry4a oyAer
AeT H3MeHflTbQfl,
M( = I:.o,str.*ffg, (7.136)
r[e l0 - aMIInHTyAaPbIcKaHH9.
Lr rupocKo[uqecxuft irao-
OAgarcoocr xole6annfi cyAHa lrplr DToMBeprHK€LIIbH%
MeHT BbI3OBeT BepT[K€uIbHbIe cI4JIhI AaBJIeHUfl Ha IIOAIIInIIHnKI4.
Bosayr4eHue zupoKoMnoca.fnporcourac, ycraHoBJIeHHbIftna cyAHe, IIpu KarrKe
HcnbrrbrBaerycKopeuvrs,nepproAuqecKuH3MeHsIoIqHectBo BpeMeun.3ru ycKopeHl4t
Bbr3brBaroTcHnbr r{Heprluu, KoTopbleoKa3bIBaIOT BllklflH.ple fI'IpoKOMIIaCa,
Ha IIoKa3aHUfl.
florperxHocrb, Ha3brBaeMyro
Bbr3brBafl or raqrn n o6osHarlaeMyrod. Pac-
AeBI4aI{I4eft
cMoTpr{Mnpr,rquHyrro,rBJreHHfl, OTKaqKHHa npl4MepeoAHorupocKonHoro Ma-
AeBI/,AI!II,I M
rrHgKoBofo rr{poKoMnaca,y Koroporo IIeHTpMacc rupocQepbl cMeIrIeHBHH3or IIeH-
Tpa noABecaHa paccTofHvle q. H

llycrr cyAHo ABuraercc xypcorr,r,I{ K

(puc. 7.33) H coBepmaerKaqKyc'racrordfi
Ti
(DK,rrpr{roropofi IIeHTpMaccrupoc$epn
rt
r4MeeTaMnnI{TyAy ropH3oHTarIbHbIX nepe-
ueuleuufi {6, onpeAerseMylo $oprraylanau
(7.115). Toraa cvra LIHepIIHH,rpI'IJIoxeH-
Hafl K HeMy, 6y4er
Frl = EOocosorl ' (7 'I37)

rAe Frn : *2r2*Vg; *2 - Macca rHPo-

,^)
cSeprr.
Pucynox7.33.- Mouenrrr Aeficrryroqlle Cur.a Fry co3Aaer B TIJIOCKOCTI,I
Ha rl{poKoMfiac npH KaqKe
IrrnaHloyTa MoMeHT
L: aF, = aFqo c o sc D K / ,
(7.138)
216
e}lvrfl. rcoropufi r.r3MeHlerct no BeJrHqHHe
raHarrpaBneHprro c qacroroft xaqxu.
Pasrarar iraouesr Z Ha cocraBJrf,rorrlaeno oc.{M X u Y rupoc{epu, coBrla-
ioco-
Aaroqr.IMcooTBercrBeHHoc MepHALraHoM non) IHM:
H [apa"irJreJrblo,
Hpo-
Lu =ZcosK:l
ICH B --'| (7.r3e)
tl{ec-
L_, , - I s vi n K . I)
Moueur L*, AeficrnyrorqHfi BAoJrbruanuofi ocu rr{pocKolra (ocrz nparqenua),
ccvlkl Bbr3oBerpacKaquBaHr4e BoKpyr srofi ocu.
rupocSepbr KaKMIUITHI{Ka
trlEHT lurpQepeHrluuurbHoe ypaBHeHHe 3Trax xaqannfi 3arlrrurerct B BI,IAe
Iyct+ Ba=I;go coson/, r4e 1; - MoMeHrr{Hepquurupocsepbr orHocureJrbHoocl4
1.:ofi
[oABeca;B=mrga MoMeHrrnpocoepw; Lyo = aFrlo cosK - aM-
- MarrHr4xonrrfr
[nI..ITyAacocraBJl{}ouefi uon,tewraL*. 3Aecr Mbr He yr{HTbIBaeM Kaqa-
conporHBJIeHI,It
.i35)
HHflM, TaK KaK CI,ICTeMaHaXOAHTCfl A€UreKOOT yCnotsHr4 pe3OHaHCa.
dA HA
BuuyN4eHHhre ro.lre6aHHq rnpocSepn onpeAen{Tct BbIpaxeHI4eM

n 6y- & = d1cosrrro/= rAe ltl : BlIf - qacroTa coocrBeHHhlx Ka-

lL{o a\cosco*/,
rrVi - @i)
/.136) \aunfr rrEpocSepbr
BoKpyrr.nannofiocn.
B o6uquux ycnoBurx ,? =(100+200)arfr, nosroMy MoxHo IloJlararb
r )-
I-I MO- ctli?o
d o = 3+- "osK u KarraHne Bbrpa3r'rcrr
rrapocQepbr 3aBr,rcr,rMocrbro
Irni g
KAqKC
)_
peHI4t airlo
f,ilaca, d - " ' " c, o s K c o s c o * / . (7.140)
g
. Pac-
Ha ror xe yroJr a 6yger HaKJroHrrbcrocb I' rnpocSepbl, z cocraBJltK)ulat Mo-
ro Ma-
MeHTaL, carta Moxer 6uru npeAcraBJreHaB BlrAe roprl3oHTa.nruoft Lf u BeprHK€uIb-
r lIeH-
w.oit L, cocraBJrrroqux. OAHaro nnlrAy roro, qro yror q H coaraBJltroula, Ly MeHfl-
:oli -f{ ror 3HaK oAHoBpeMeHHo3a KaxArIfi noryuepproA KaqKrr, cocraBJltroulaf, Ly 6yger
;ror<ift Tanre MeH{Tb 3HaK, a L, I{3MeH.rrrBenr,IrluHy or Hyn.u Ao MaKcI{MyMa, 6y4er coxpa-
cQepn
Hflrb HanpaBJreHHe(p"c. 7.34).
ilepe-
IJIAMI4
IOxeH-

"7.r37)
flrpo-

CKOCTLI

Pucytrox7.34.- O6paaonauue
nocrotnnofi cocraugrculeftMoMeHra

2r7
 flepuOAnrrecKoe lr3MeHeHnecocraBJlnoqefi Zp, Ho oKtrblBaer cylqecTBeHHoro
Brrw]'i6HuA fr4poKoMnacaI{3-3aMaIIocTHnepl{oAa KarIK}Icy4Ha IIo cpaBHe-
Ha uoKa3aHlr.rr
Hrrroc uepuoAoMnpeqeccnn rrapocQepu.Beprl4Karlbnalxe cocraBJlflIolq{u,paBnal.
/ ^t\2
I
L, = L, sinax Lra = +\fu+ | ,in2K cosz
a*t, (7.r4r) I
;
,Jr,.o"oo *;*" ,:"!i.,l"oour.
uMeercpeAHee HepaBHoe
rrynrc: 1
/ r\2
" = llToaft'
cp.L,
4 [ s )I
sin2tr. I
(

3ro uocroflHHoe3nayeur{eMoMeHTaL, nrtzslaer npeqeccl4n rupocSepu, 6la-

roAap.sroropofr npn HeKoropoMorxJroHeHuu6* rnanHofi oc?I rl4poc$epu or MepH-
Auana cp.Lz ypaBnoBerrrHBaercrruoresHofi cocranr*oIqefi 3eMHoFo BpaIIIeHHt
nol.L, z = dlfa, l cos(p, rA€ H Kr,rHerrarrecxufiMoMeHT poropa rnpocKorla;

3euln; e - I[[Ipora
oy = 7,29.10-) 1lc - yrnoBarcKopocrbcyroqHoroBparrleHns
MecTa.
rupoKoMnaca
flpnpannr4Bu [paBbre \&erve HaftAeu BblpaxeHue Ans.AeBvraT\vrvr
OT KAIIKII CYAHA:
/ 't\2

6=
B
sin2K (7.r42)
4Ha, cos(p try,1
I4s eroro BrrpaxeHus cneAyer, rrro Ha rJraBHbIX Kypcax, r. e. rpu K -0;90; 180;
or KarrKHorcyrcrByer; Hau6oJlbrueeee 3HarreHl4e
270", AeBr4arln.fl Aocruraeras. Ha tler-
BeprHhrxKypcax, r. e. K:45; 135:225;315o. Bra,qnoraKxe, rlro AeBLIaI{u.l yBeJIHquBa-
ercfl c pocToM IUI4porbIMecTa.
Ilocxonrry nau6onrurprft sxnaA B aMrlnuryAy noneperlHblx rtepeMellleruuiarlg
.qnr BbIcoKopacnoJroxeHHbrxroqeK cyAHa Aaer 6opronax KaqKa, npa pac[onoxeHplu
rr.rpoKoM[acan6nusv ocprtca\anufrtcyAHa AeBrlaqut or KaTIKH6y.uer MeHbuIe,r{eMnpu
ero pac[onoxeHl,In Ha 6onrruofi nncote.
9ro racaercr rrr4cJreHHoro 3HaqeHu{AeBrraqr4u6 , ro upn He6nafoIrpurITHbIXyc-
JroBr.rrxy oAHorrrpocKorrHhlxrr{poKoM[acoB oHa Moxer Aocr]Irarr 20-30o, {To, Ko-
HeqHo,HeAorIycrHMo.
Am ycrpameHr4fl.yKa3aHHoro HeAocrarKa B Hacrotlqee Bpelffi llclloJlb3ylorct
AByXrI4pOCKOlHbIe IUpOKOMIIaCbI,y KOTOpbIXrupocKonbl I{MeIoT KuHeMaTLIrIecKyIo
cBt3b, a raKxe rnpoKoMnacbr c xr,rAKocrHhIMHMaflTHLIKaMI{, 6larogapr KoropblM Ae-
BvaIILtAOTKaqKIdCBeAeHa Ao npaKTuqecKllAoIrycTIIMoftsenla'rlaHrr.
BosuyuqeHueMazHumHozoKoMnaca. Marnuurnfi rouuac, ycraHosneuHHfi Ha
cyAHe,Bo BpeMf,KaqKr4pIcrIbITbrBaeT Bo3MyrrleHn{,KoTophlenpHBoArr K pblcKaHnloero
KapryrrrKtr.3ro prrcKaHlre Bbr3brBaercf,AByMt npHqHHaMr{- rr3MeHeHueM MarHIlTHoro
rroJrf npr,rKpeHecyAHa LI nosBreHI,IeMcrIJII,IHepIIIU OTKaqKn. )

PaccrraorplrMclrJrbrMarur4THoftnpupo4u, no:6yxAalouue pbIcKaHHeKapryurKtl. Pl

n:Ic
2t8
HOfO
Eyleu cql,ITarb,rITo B nptrMoM[oJroxeHr,rr4cyAHaAeBr{aIIut KoMnacaycrpaHeHa,
HO CyAHOHe pa3MafHI{qeHO,TaK qro LIMeeTCsBeprlrK€urbH:t r MarHHTHarrcr4lraZ, npo-
BHE.
HCXOAflITIaT OT HaMarHIdqprBAIlI.dfl cyAoBOFO XeJre3a.
UI
Kapryrura MarnlrrHoro KoMnacaycraHaBJruBaerc. TaKHMo6pasou, qro npn Ha-
KJIoHeHr,rrxcyAHa oHa Bce BpeMr ocraercr B ropr43onranrHofi rrJrocKocrn n reoMar-
141) HHTHoe[oJre npl{ KpeHeHe H3MeHtrercBoero soeAeficrBr4s.Hanee. MaTHHTH€uI )KecHJIa
Z npn yrure KpeHa cy&Ha I nHsusaer rrorBJreHueB nJrocKocrn runaHroyra ropl43oH-
raxrnofi cocraBnflorqefi F = Z sin? HJIra,B npeArronoxeHr4r{M€rirocruyrJra, F - Z0 .
flpegnonoxllM, rrro cy.qHo,qBnxercflHa BoJIHeHur4MarHLrrHbIM KypcoM K uuc-
rrblTblBaer6opronyro KaqKy 0=,}cosrrrn/ c aMnnr4TyAoit0g r4 qacrorofi roo. Tor4a
F 6yxer rtepnoAnqecKrrl43MeHrrbcr c qacroroft raqru no 3aKoHy
cwlz;;.a
6ta- F - F1cos{ D*1, (7.r43)
repH- rAe F'0- 200.
FHI,I.f, PasrarascurryF Ha cocTaBJrtlolllue no HanpaBneHHroMarHurHoro Hopga F1 u
KOIa; rrepneH.qr{KyffpHoeMy F2 (puc. 7 .35), noryqr.rM:
Ft = F sin K = Fo sin K cos<o*l;
rpora (7.r44)
F2 = Fcos K = F0 cosKcosr r lK/.
O6e cocraBJullolr1ne6yayr [epnoAnqecKrd H3MeH{Tbcflc qacrorofi Kat{KH,u fl.a-
ffIaca
Ho, qro cocraBJltloqar 4 6yger cyMMr{poBarbc.flc roplr3oHramHofi cocranrrnlqefi
reoMarHr{THorotroJrflH ,taxrrro paBHo4eficrnyroqax6y4er
'.r42) Ht= H -FosinKcosro*/, (7.145)
a cocraBJltrcrq€ul F2 6yaer nepuoAnrrecKu orKJroH{Tb ee r,r BbBoBer pacKaqr,rBanve
KapryIrIKH,T. e. norrBJreHne AeBHarIuu6 or KarrKr4.
; 180;
I qer- V.{ntrrnar ece AeficrByrorrlne cr{Jrbr,auQ$epeHrln€lJrbHoeypaBHeHr{epbrcKanns
!IHBA- KapTyIIIKH3arlurleM B Br4AeI*6 +2f6 + MHf = MF2, a rrocJreAeJreHnrruaI* H [oA-
craHoBKI,IHafi4ennux Bhrpaxesuit ilns.cr4Jr[oJr]rurr4M:
fi rto I + 2f5 + all* (t - ,p, sin K cosco.r)d = r,l'*oeocos
K cosrD*/, (7.146)
KCHI4H
[r llpll FAe BBeAeHhr OOO3HAYeHI/.[.1
-
_ qACTOTA COOCTBEHHbIX
0*up MN IIK KOJIE.
rx yc-
o. Ko- 6auuia KapryruKl{;
M - MarHHTHhrfiruouern KapryrrrKrr;
y'roTcf, In - uorrreHTIaHeprlulaMaccbr KapryrrrKr{ c npn-
9CKyX) coe4uueunofi uaccoft xnAKocrn orHocr.rreJrbHo
L\{ .Ie- Beprr,rKaJrrnofi
ocu;
Q0 = Fg / H = Z0 I H - orHocureJlbH€ulBerpItII4Ha
ufi ua BepruKzururofi cocrannxroulefi cyAoBoro MarHe-
I}o efo TI43MA;
TTHOTO f xoeSSuqHeHT conporrlBnenufl. prrcKaHnt
KapTyruKr4.
IIIKH.
Pncyuor 7.35.- Mantutrrr,recurhr B
[J'rocKocTH [pr,r KpeHecy&Ia
KapTyErKH
219
 Vpannenne (7.l43) auanorr{rrHoypaBueHr{ro(7.49), orprcbrBaK)rrleMynapaMer-
n upaeofi qacru Bo3Myrrlarculeficumt. I4s
pnrlecKyro KarrKy,Lr orJrurraercr H€r"rrurrr,reM
ypaBHeHr,rr,a raKxe ug pvrc.7.35 rraoxHoBlrAerbHecI{MMerpHrceoa4eftcrBuJlKaqKtIHa
KapTyruKyKoMnaca.[eficrnnreJrbHo, [epHo.4prqecKUrc]f,.j-ila F2 cvM,iMeTpuqHo pacKaqH-
Baer Kapryrrrr(y K O ux W ot MarHrlTHoro Mepr{Ar4aHa, a HanpaBn{rcqlae MoMeHTbI
KapryrrKr,rrpr,r KpeHeHa npaBsttrrw ressrft 6opra 6ynyr pa3HhrMlr,TaKKaK cura 4 6y'
Aer ll3MeHrrrb3HaKr,IB oAHoMcnyqae 6y.uer yMeHbrxarbMarHHTHyrocnny H , e B Apy-
roM - yBen[quBarb.
B saxnoM qacrHoM cnfrae, KorAa cy.qHo [rAer no MarHrrrHoMy MepnArrar{y K
N, nru S* ypanneHue(7.146) ilpeBparqaercr B o6rrKnoseHHoeauS$epeHIII4arIbHoe
ypaBHeHuec [ocrorHHbrMrirrosssuqPreHTaMlr:
6 = r?upescoSo*/.
8 + 2f5+ co?up (7.r47)
Ono onpeAenlrr Bhrr{yxAeHHbre rore6anuq pbIcKaHH{ KapryruKr{ B Br{Ae
6 = i}cos(crln/ + a) .Oasa a, He r4Meer3HaqeHr4q,a aMrrJIlITyAapbrcKaHl,Is6y4e:r
zoo (7.r48)
69=kseo=kx
H '
rge fro - roe$QrarlneHrAI{HaMHqHocrLI,
xoropufi onpeAeJlr.IrcrQoprvrynoft(7.43) c ra-
uenofi ne, 0J vr Ve COOTB€TCTB€HHO
Ha OKap, Ax V f .
Ecnn He Bo3Hr{KaernapaMerpl4qecKHxKoJledauwit,ro d6, orlpeAenfleMlafl. Bblpa-
xeHHeM (7.148), gaer uau6oJrbruee3HaqeHr,re aMrnrrryAbr pbrcKaHr4q;ilprz.Apyrux Kyp-
cax oHa yMeHbrrraercr nponoprlr4oHanrno cosK Hnpu Kypcax O* h W* panna Hynlo.
AeBLrauuvor KaqKHnpnBoAtr cyAHo 6nnsro K Kypcy
B cnssn c srr,rMrrpr{ yMeHbrrreHr,ru
N, unr Su tr, nepeMerqzurBeprr,rKamnufr MarHI,IT,KoM[eHcHpyIor MarHI4THyrocl4Jry
Z ,yveuuuar AeBHaIIuroor KaTIKH Ao xenaenaofi aerlaql{Hbl.
Bropaa rtpuqr4Ha nosuyulenufi uaruinrHoro KoMnaca o6ycnoueHa cLrraMr4
rrpu KaqKe.3ru Bo3MyrrleHnn6rl^nnuogpoSHo usyreuu A.
r{Heprlnn, no.rrBJr.firurt1r4uprcfl.
H. KpunoBbrM,rr Ha ocHoBeero pa6or KoHcrpyKr{HrKoMnacon6rtla ycoBeptueHcrBo-
BaHa,TaK qro B coBpeMeHHbrxux o6pa:qax aMnnuryila pbrcKaHnffKapryIuKI,I,ilpol{c-
xoA{rrlero or cHJrr4HeprtrHu, cBeAeHaAo BenI4qr{HbI,He I{Meloqefi npaxrnllecKoro 3Ha-
qEHI,If,.

B osaytqeHueMaflmHuKo 60zo KpeHowempa.O6rrrnoneHurrfi KpeHoMerp,cJryxa-

yrura KpeHa cy4na, npeAcraBnser co6ofi ropotxolepuoAHrrfi Naaqr-
nlnfi .qn.ayKa3anLrfl.
nur (nepuoA oKono I c) ra ycraHaBlrnBaercfi,B lurypMascrofr py6re, a LIHoF.qa I,I B Ma-
ruHHHoMorAeneHr4n.Ha rnxoft BoAe oror npn6op nnonHe yAoBnerBop.{ero6rrqnsre
3anpocbr npaKTraKr4. Ho xpeHoMerpoM rronb3ylorcfl,v npu KarrKeropa6nx Ant onpeAe-
Irennfl ee aMnJrvryAbr.OAsarco B groM cJrf{ae Bolpoc ycno)KH.flerc.fl,TaK xar rone6a-
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BbIBO.IIbI I{3 HHX.

220
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225

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aKTuBHaJrBblcora 6opronoro KoJIeHa.
OAuaro oAHoBpeMeHHo c pocroM 0", 14 yMeHbIxeHI{eM BHyrpeHHero
4ervrusnpoBaHr.rfBo3pacTaroTaMnnrrTyAbr KaqKLI BHe pe3osancuofi 3oHhI qacToTbl.
qacror,
pa6oru B IuI{poKoMAl4ana3oHe
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g- o6rruno He npeBblllraerrelz.tunlr 3,5o.

W
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226
repbl I{ncrepna @panaa2-ro poga,
l.6u- Ha3brBaeMaf,TaKxe orrpurofi quc-
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repnoft, upeAcraBnrer co6ofi Bn-
6u-
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r . B oTcyTcTBIIeM HH)KHeTO KaHaJIa,
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:frcr- soAofi(ytuc.7.44).
aqKe
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I IdC- Pucyuox7.44'.-I{r'rcrcpHaepar'ra2-ropoaa rvJvrr*uvrrr

HacrpoeHHhre,T. e. pa3Hocrb tpa:

f,I{EM MexAy xo.[e6aniulll,I xIaAKocrI{ Lt cy,{Ha6nna oKoJro90o, omocuTeJlbHarrnnolrlaAb or-
mofr. nepcrufi AoJrxHa6urr npu6lusnreJrbHof lFo = 0,1, r1e - cyNrMapHitf,
f rrJrorqaAb or_
tbno
nepcrufi,coo6rqarolrlaxBeprHI(aJIbHyro
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I \,IO-
B cB.a3H c reM lITo BTeKaroularB rlr4crepHyra6oprnax BoAanpno6peraer Kr{He-
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2-ro po4a HecraBf,TcrHa cKopocrHbrecyAa.
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rlucrepnrr (Dpaua 2-ro pogg flpllMenflrorc.s 3HaqnTerbnopex(e.
rryAy
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x efo H€IMHco cno6o4tlofi nonepxnocrblo xr{AKocru, Ho orHocflTcfl,K pe3oHaHcHoHacrpoeH-
nHofi. HbIM. Onu nuerot 6onrnroe pa:noo6pa3ne B orHorueHr,rrrKoHcrpyKTr,rBHorooQoiune-
acro- Hr,rr,pacnoiro)K€Hnr Ha cyAHe u xonSzryparJnrl
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7Ir -

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TOTbI. Pncynox7.45.- I{ncrepurrruna <<OmoM)):

a - co cpe4Heft pacmfipurensnofi
uaxrofi;
acror, 6 - 6espacmupr,rrelrnofi
rtrulxrbr

Xapaffi epnoft ux oco6ennocrblo flBnflerct oAHHaKoBarBbrcora6opronrrx .racrefr

LI coeAHHI'ITeJIFHoroKaH€uIa.I{ncrepHa rlacrrrrHo 3a[orHsercfl xr,rAKocrbro,KaKnoKa-
3aHoHa pHcyHKe,r,rr{Meercno6o4ryro [oBepxHocrb.

227
 HarI[Ba H* vTeM caMblrvrpa6ouyro nnoulaAb ceqeHrlfl KaHaJIa'
I4slrielflsBblcoTy
ee B
MoxHo perynupoBarb qacrory cno6o,qHhrx role6anuft xnArocrvr Lr HacrpaplBarb
qro o6ecneqHBaer flepuoAllqecKoe
pg3oHaHc c co6creensofi .racrorofi KaqKLrcyAHa,
c MoMeH-
r43MeHeHrreMoMeHTa or rrepereKaHus )Io,IAKocrlr B IlplcrepHe B nporl'InoQase
ToM, co3AaBaeMbIMnolHofr .
flpenruryqecrBoM rlr4crepH Tvna <<@ruou>> ro cpaBHeHI,Iroc lrl4crepHarr'ru Opaua
tlacrorrr rone6anuft xuAKocrl,
flBlrflerafl. Bo3MoxHocrb 3HarrnreJlbHoro H3MeHeHH{
rrro cyqecrBeHHo Ax.rrcyAoB, y Koropbrx rlacrora co6crseHHblx KoJle6auuit B npouecce
3KCflnyaT ar\pll4 I,I3MeHt eTCt B rUI'IpOKOM AI{ all €|:tOHe'
nocleAHee AecflrLIJIerHe rorly-
eucmepuut Qupuut <I,Iumepunz> (puc. 7.46.) B I
LrvfikrpacnpocrpaHeHue aKTr{Br{3r{poBaHHbreqplcrepHbl, [peAJIoxeHHbIe Snprraofr <<Wr- (
- KaK ycnoKol4Terv KaqKu B
Tepragr>). 3rn qucrepHlr r4cnon*yrorcfl AJIx IByx uelefi I
ycnoBlr-sx [JraBaHHr Ha BoJrHeHkrr4 v KaK [porHBOKpeHOBhIe CHCTeMbIrlpn [poH3BOACT-
Berpy3oBrx pa6or.
nporrrBoxpenoroftcncreMblB coorBercrByroqee6opro-
llpu pu6ot. B KarrecrBe
Boe KoJIeHo IIlIcTepHbI IIoAaeTcs KgMnpeccopoM cXarrrft BO3AyX,xoropltfi 11epefgHteT
gToM rlpotl3BoAutc[ N'f.a-
BoAy B [porr{Bo[oJroxHoe KoJreHo.Konrponb yrJla KpeHa rlpll 1
cn1nlae
trTHtIKoM, IIepeKpbiBaIOuInM OAHy I43 Bo3AyIuHbIX Haca,4orc.flocronbKy B 9TOM c
ne pe6yercg 6Hcrporo repeMelllenufl. BoAbI c 6opta Ha 6opr (ero ocyutecrBltercs
npr4MepHosa 3 nruH),MOIrIHocrbKoMnpeccopaHeBenHKa'

Pu

Pncyiror 7.46.- {ucrepna runa <<I'InreplIHD:

;2 - y1anranar;
1 - qulungp c KJIaIIaHoM 3 - U-o6pargue Mepl{Tenbuuerpy6rn;
-
4 rorrlnleKc .4arquKoB;5 xoA xllAKocru B III{crepHe
- fIt

c)
H III{C-
IIpu pa6oTe B KarrecTBe ycnoKonTeJUI KaqKU KOMIIpeCCOpOTKnIOqaeTct yr
TepHa pa6oraer KaK naccuBHaq, Ho B BepxHeM TIoJIOIKeHUI4BOAa3aAepxnBaerct [epe-
K(
pex<llMa ynpaBne-
KpbrTHeM Bo3AyIIIHOro KaH€uIa.Aff nnpa6orrll HallBhlroAsefiruero T€
or 4nyx U-
Hr{r KJranaHaMprcr4creMa csa6xena 3BM, Koropaf, noJlyraer cI'I|H€IJIbI rc
AarqI'IKHAaBneHI4f,'{yBcr-
o6pasnrrx rpy6or c xrlrAKocrbKr,B Koropble BMoHTHpoBaHbI
K yrny KpeHau yrnonofr cKopocrl'I KaqKI4'
BraTeJIbHbIe
228
ura, 7.6.3. Iugpo4uHaMuqecnue ycnoKonreJrn KaqKIr
eeB
CxynoeorcKtutu.llpocrefirur,rMycnoKol{TeJreM KaqKId,orHocsrrryIMcsK rI4ApoAH-
;KOe
HaMraqecKoMy rr.rny, flBJrqrorcqcKynoBbreKr,rJrH. Flpunqnn geficreur cKynoBblx rcnreft
ueH- rrpe3Blrrrafino npocr - oHH yBeflHrrr,rBarorcouporlrBJreHlae6oproeofi ra.Iru cy\ua. VIz
pwc.7.7 BHAHo,rrro BJrLr{HHe conporuBJreHusHa aM[JII{TyAyKaTIKI,I oco6o cyulecrBeH-
)aMA
Ho n6nHsrdpe3oHaHca,r,rMeHHoB 3THXycnoBuflx Aeficrsue cKyJIoBbIxrcluefi nau6onee
rcTI4,
sSQexrunHo, r.roco6euHoy cyAoB c 6omuruM paAr{ycoMcKynoBoro3aKpyueuH.a.Ha-
lecce
rrpoTEB,rlx BJrutHI,IeMeHeecyEIecTBeHHo y cyAoB c ocTpbIMlIcKynaMH.
Koncrpyxrr4BHo cKyJroBbreKrrJrr,r [pe.{craBJrror co6oft IrJIacrI{HbI,BbITtHyrbIe B
rolly'
HanpaBneHr4r4 AJr[rHbrcyAHa H rrpnKpe[JrteMbrenpvt6tt*tsureJlbHorlo HopM€LrItI K Koprry-
<rW'
cy n paftoHe cKynoBoro 3aKpyureHr,r.rr. Illupuna rnacrlaH rcprnefinrt6upaerefl H3 ycno-
IKI,I B
nn-x,vro6br oHr4He Bblcryrr€rJll{zara6apurbl MLIAeneBoroceqeHl{t cyAHa.
)f,cr-
Cyrvrrr,rapnarrrrJrorqa/Ir rranefi o6rr.rHo coc"aBntet 3-6Yo or rlnoqa4u rpysonoff
BarepJrlrHvrv\a AnraHarcraneft- 30-50% or AnEHbrcyAHa.
Dpro-
C qenrro cHr.rx{eHurAorroJrHr4TeJrbHoro corrporlrBrrennfl ABHx{eHuIocyAHa, BbI-
)HJIET
3brBaeMoroH€urnrlueu rulefi, rocJre,qH[e ycraHaBJIHBaIorcgrro HanpaBilelautonunuit
It Ma-
ToKa, Koropbre olpeAenrrorc.fl cnerlnaJrbHbrMr{MoAenbHbIMHHcnblTa:avlflMu.B etor"t
T\n{ae
cJrfrae cHn)KenriecKopocru cyAHa He [peBocxoAnT 2-3% or tronHofi cxopocu4 cy4na.
gerct
Eopmoearc ynpanrfleMde pyJtu. Fopronrre ytrpaBJlfleMblepynrz. 3a rIocJIeAHee
BpeMr [oJrr{HJrH rllupoKoe paclpocTpaHeHr4ev ycTaHaBJII4BaIOTCt B KaqecTBeycno-
xoureleft KaqKlrnparTr{qecKr,rHa Bcex Kpy[HbIX naccaxlapcKlaxlafiuepax.
Ocuonsul,ru pa6o.rI{MI4op-
raHaMH 3TI,IX ycnoKouTelefr sBJIff-
roTc.s pynl4, ycTaHaBnI4BaeMbIe B
pafioue cKynoBbIXaarpyruenuft,
KOTOpbreMOryT [OBOpasUBarbC.g
BoKpyr cBoHXocefi. Cxenaao6pa-
3OBaHr.rrcra6nnvzHpyloqero Mo-
MeHTara:o6paxena Ha pwc. 7.47.
OH cos,uaercfl3a cr{er [oAreiugofi
cnrbr I! o6pa:yrouefic.fl Ha nepe
pyn{, KaK Ha Kpblne IIpu ycTaHoB-
Ke ero uoA yrxoM K noroKy, o6pa-
3yrouleMycr 6r arog apfr.ABwxeHI4ro
Pucynox 7.47.- Cxeua Aeficrnus6opronrrx yrpaBnteMbrx
cyAHa.Ilpil uansrx cKopocrtx xo-
pyneu
Ad, d terra 6onee e 4pefi$e nogt-
EMHAS AId'TA M€LIIA H YCNOKOHTCJIb
nepecraer 6rrrr eQQer<runHbrM. floeroruy yrpaBn.rreMbre pynn He ycraHaBJlnBarorctHa
cyAax, Ha Koropbrx rpe6yercr yc[oKoeHrdeKaqKr4B yKa3aHHhIX ycnoBrxx. YupaBJIeHI{e
U IIHC-
yruraMr{noBopora pyneft ocyuecrBrrflercfl c[erlu€urbHbrMnpl{6oport, xoropttfi rloAaer
fl nepe-
or cI,IrHaJIoB,nocryrlarcqux or H3Mepu-
KoMaH.{yHa pyJleBoft npnno4 B 3aBr,rcl,IMocrrr
trpaBne- -
releft napaMerpoBKarrKI,r,
n o6u1eu cJrfrae yrna KpeHa,yruonoft cKopocrl,I u yrnoBo-
FiX U-
ro ycKopeHHt.
, {yBcT-

229
 KoHcrpyrrr,rBHo yrrpaBJrfleMrrepyJrr,rocyulecrBrrflrorcs, ln6o BTtrIaBaIouII{MLIct
Brryrpb Kopnyca, nu6o y6uparoqyruncs. B HrlruLt,pacnonox(eHnble B cKynoBoft qacrra
BAOJTbCyAHa.

7.6.4. 3QQercruBHocrbycnoKorrre.nefiKaqKIr
Cyuecrnyror u rrpnMeHrrrorcr pa3ruqHbre Kpr4repnn Nrfl.oItreHKHe$Qerctnnuo-
crr{ yclorourelefi KaqKH.B oreqecrseHHoft [paKTr,rKeeQQexrnnHocrb ycnoKouTenfl
o6rrqno oqeHr{Baercr KparHocrblo WepeHr,r;r KaqKI{, no.q Koropoft nogpa3yMeBaerct
Ans perynrpHoro BoJrHeHHroTHorueHl4epe3oHaHcHhIXaMTIJII,ITyA KaTIKUnecra6unusl4-
poBaHHorou cm6nlu3r{poBanuoro cyAHa, a l.Irfl Heperyr.spnoro BorlHeHu.fl- orHolue-
Hue craHAaproB yriroB HaKJroHeHvrfl. AnATex xe ycronnft KaqKn, 3naqenlrg KpLITepI{g
KparHocrn yruepeHus,s nau1onee 6raroflpr{trrlblx cJryqaxxHe npeBrluranr 3-4.
flpyrofi cnoco6 orleHKr.rsSQerrunHocru ycnoKol{TeJlscBoAl{rc.aK BbIrIprcJIeHuIo
oruorrreHur roeSQuqEeHToBroroBHocrrr Arlr.,cra6unusrpoBaHHoro H Hecra6unuznpo'
BaHHorocyAHa:Cs = Knlff"..t.
Cau xe roeQQraqr4eHT roroBHocrr4npeAcraBJlterco6oft orHoIrIeHI{eBpeMeHEt,
B TeqeHHe KOTOpOTO CyAHO no yCJIOBI,IIO KaTIKLI MOxeT HOpM€[nbHo BbI[oJIHtTb CBoll

Qynxqun, BceMy BpeMeHI{ ero eKcrlJryarapr4 Tu:

K =t(00 <?oon)lT" = p(00 <?son), rAe ?son- Aorrycrr.{Mafl.Belwr.tvrHa
aMrIrIHrYAu
KaqKH; p -. BepoflTHocrbHerlpeBhlrleHufl.zu\4uJlrrryAoft
senu'{ uutt 0 oon.
Y.qo6nsfi cnoco6 oIIeHKHe$Qer-
THBHOCTI{ yCrIOKOI4TeiIt COCTOI'IT B CJIe-
AyIouIeM.
Pacc.rnrHB€lror KarrKy cyilrra 6eg
H c ycnoKoHTeneMAIIApflAA
ycnoKol4Telrfl,
KypcoBbx yrJIoB K B0JIHeHI/JO H CKOpO-
crefi xoAa LI crpotr KpyroByro AHarpaM-
uy (puc. 7.48), Ha Koropofi yrol pa4eryaa
c BepTI4KarIbIO paBeH KypCOBOMy YrnY, a
grnuna papitryca- cKopocrrl xoAa. 3arevt
cTposT KpHBbIe,orpaHI4lILIBaIOUIUe 3OHbI,
B KOTOpbTXnO yCJIOBII'M KaqKU CyAHO He
Moxer BbIrIoJIHtrE cBoe Qymqraonam-
Hoe HzBHarIeHne. C IIpaBo]r cropoHbl
crponrcfl 3oHa npH Hepa6orarouleM yc-
PucyHor 7.48.- OupegerennesrpQexrnBHocrx noKonrene, a c resofi - npu pa6oraroqeu
ycnoKonrereftxa'rxn (na puc.7.48 3arurpr4xoBaHnbresoHrr).
OruorueHpIe nJIoIIIaAI,I xaxAofi pr3 3a-
rrrrprlrxoBaHuofto6nacrefi x nnoulaAlr rroJryoKppxHocrll Aacr npoUeHTBpeMeHvI,B Terle-
Hr.IeKoroporo cyAHo He MolKer Hc[oJrl3oBarbcs vr3-gaycnoauftKaqKIr.
3Ha.[ AaHHbreo6 uHrescrrBuocru BoJTHeHI{.fl B I{HTepecyIouIeMpaftoue eKcnnya-
TarIHkr,MoxHo nairtn cpeAueroAoBoe yBelnqeHue BpeMeHI{sKc[JryaraIII{I{ cyAHa 3a
cqeT ycTaHoBKHycrloKourert KaqKLI.

230
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tucrl4
CyEHA
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8. COnPOTnBnEHnE

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8.1.tlonnmufl conpomueneHuneodbl.u dyxcupoeoqHoilMot4Hocmu
ITE]Tfl
aeTcf,
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toue-
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replIJ{
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B
Bo3MyIrIeHI4e
llpu 4nuxenuvr cyAHac rocroflHuofi cropocrblo D oHo BHOcI,IT
3Hpo-
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iHV t,
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cv;r, Aeficreyroqrrx Ha ero norpyxreHHyto B soAy rloBepxHocrb (crraoueHHyro
rryAbI
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cocTaBJrrroqyn, HarpaBneHHyroB cropoHy, IIpoTI{BOIIOJIOXHyTcKopocTl4 cyAHa.
DQex- Bepruranbnas. cocraBJrsroqas ypaBHoBelul4Baer Bec cyAHa, a roprr3oHTaIrbHafl
t cJIe- npe.qcTaBJrteT avnIy R, KH, rrpoTlzBoAeficrnyoutyo ABI'IXeHHIo cyAHa u
Ha3brBaeMyro 6yrc up oBotIHbIMcolrp orHBJIeHI4eM.
a 6eg Eclu tr3BecrHbrpac[peAeneHprfl,Aauerutfi p uKacareJIbHbIXnanprxeuufi T
EpflAa IIo cN,ro.reHHofirroBepxHocrH, To 6yr<cuponorrHoeconpoTHBJIeHLIeR MO)KHO
:xopo- rrpeAcraBrlTb B BHAe cyMMbr AByx cJraraeMblx, cotlporr4BlreHns.AaBneHI4t Rp 14
rfpaM-
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co[porr{B nrenr4e,
w{yca
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3areu rAe: Rp : lp cos(n,u) dot ;
3OHbI, O
IHO HC Rr = Jr cos(r,u) dat ;
OHAJIb- O
opoHbI O -cuoqeHHaf, noBepxHocrbcyAHa
3\t yc- OAsaxo ocHoBHarrpyAHocrb Bbrr{rrcJreHr4g.conpornBIreuvrfl.3aKilloqaerctB
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npor/r3BoAr4waflculofi R B eAr,rHr.rqyBpeMeHI4, Ha3rlBaercs 6yrcuponoqnofi
crnya-
MorrlHocrbtoH o6ogna.{aerw, N6:
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Nu=Ru(rBt) (8.2)
231
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ABl4xr,rreneMH Ha3brBaercryuopou. ,{nuxurenb rIpHBoAI,ITcf,e Aeficrsue HIaBHrIM
ABLrfareJIeMcy.qHa,Molunocrb Koroporo BcerAa 6onrrue 6yrcupouo'IHofi MolrlHocrpr
N6, 'r.X. UMeIoTCfl tIOTepU KaK B IIOABOA9MOI4HOCTI'IK ABEXHT€JIK)'TaK I'I B CaMOM
ABulKr{TeJre; nOcJIeAHflt cOcTaBns,er uana6onlruylo llacTb BCeXnoTepb.
Ecstu MolrlHocrb ,qBnfareJl.fl, pr3MepenHyrc Ha BbIXoAe efo Bura) T.e.
s$serrnnHyro MoIIIHocTb ABHraTeJIx,o6osnauurr N* To OTHOIUeHI4e:

ry=#, (8.3)

xapaKTepu3yroqeeo6u{ue florepra, HasrrBaerct nporryJlbcnBHblMroeSSnqrreHToM.

8.2. PasdeneHueconpomueneHun eodbt Ha cocmaeHbteuacmu

IIpn ,qBHXeHr{u cyAHa qacrurlbr xI,IAKocrIa, tIpI4MbIKaIo[$'Ie K ero

noBepxHocru, 6naro4apr Bc3Kocrlr ABllxyrcs BMecre c cyAHoM I,I yBJIeKaIor B
ABHIK9HHe npr.rJrerarorrlueK HlrM qacrlrqbl, o6pa:yx norpaHnrlnuft clo[, B KoropoM
npo.rrBnrrorcr cnJrbr Bs3Kocrr4.Sror crofi, 3apoxAarlcb B Hoconofi qactl4, IIo Mepe
K KopMe yBexuqnBaer cBolo ronlquHy 14,cxolu/^c KoplTyca,o6pasyer
rrpoAB[14xeHu.f,
uonyurrrfi rroroK. Ha roprryce cvJrbrB.rr3KocrnBbI3bIB€lIorKacarenbHbleHarrptxeHl'It,
KOTOpbre,cyMMr{pyfcb, AaroT cvw, Ha[paBneHrIylo [poTI{B ABI4XeHHfl AyAHA,
Ha3brBaervr)/m colpoTl{BJreHr.IeMTpeHur vr o6osua.raeMylo Rf . O4Haro, cI4JIbI
Bg3KocrH KpoMe roro npr4BoArr K [r3MeHeHI,IIoAannenufi, pacnpeAeJleHHblxrro
cMorreHHofinonepxHocrr,I cyAHa, rro cpaBHeHuroc reMH, Koropble uMeJIu 6rr nlecto
upu o6reranr4vtKoprryca HAeaJrbHoft NnAxocrbro, JII{IueHHoficnofictna ssgrocrn. 3ro
rBMeHeHr4e oco6enHo naAeHI4e,{aBJIeHuftn ropuosofi qacrvl, npnBoAIaTK
AaBneHr,rfi,
AononHnTenrnofi cvrile, sagrrnaeuofi conporI4BJIeHI,IeMQoptrtn lalru BI'IXpeBIIM
corrpornBJreHraeMH o6osHa.raeuofi Re. 3rot BIII conporuBJleHl{f, rlpotBnterct
oco6eggo 3HaqnTenbHonpr{ ABHXeHI{I4nroxoo6reKaeMblx TeJrc uolnofi xopuoeofi
oKoHerrHocrbro,npr.r Koropofi sa ropuofi o6paeyerc{ BldxpeBaq,qopoxKa, cocrof,Iqat
r{3AByx prAoB erxpeft, pacnoJloxeHHblxB IrIaxMarHoMnoptAKe.
,{nuxenrae cyAHa rro roBepxHocr}r BoAbI rIp}IBoALITr o6pa^:oBaHllrocLIcreM
B9JIH, cocroflrrlux r{3 pacxoA-flrrlrrxcfl u [o[epeqHblx BoJIH, cxeMaru'{ecrufi BHA
Koropbrx [oKa3aH Ha pIac.8.l. Kar BI,{AHou3 pHcyHKa, IIpH ABHXeHHI,Icy.{Ha
o6pa:ytorcr ABe cl,rcreMbrBoJrH:HocoB€urr.IKopMoBal, Ka)rr4ac.H3 KoropLIX cocrol{T
r{3 pacxoprrluxcr u rrorrepeqHbrxBoJrH,rtpntleM o6e cncreMbl BoJIH3aKrIorIeHbIB
o6nacru, orpaHnr{enHofi lrr4lkrflMkr, cocraBJItIoqLIMIa c I[I yron dw=19027'
(sina :1lt) u xa my6orofi eoAegTor yron He 3aBHcI4T HH or cKopocrla,HI{ or Soprnlrr
2n uZ
ABr,Ixyqerocr TeJIa, a AIluHa BOJIH /'t. OnpeIeJIteTC.[ cKOpOcTbn cyAHa: ) " -
g
flepepacnpe4eneHlle Aasrteunfi nO cNlo.{eHHofi noBepXHocT}I BCneACTBLIe
eOlnOo6prBOBaHHt npI,IBOAI,IT K COCrasrt-trcqefi cOnpOTI,IBIIeHvtfl) nasunaeuofi
BoirHoBbrMconporl{BJleHl{eM n o6osHaqaeuofi R,,
232
cfl. Taruu o6pa-:ou, IroJIHoe
t\T conporr4BreH"I./.e BOAbI npeACTaB-
Ttl rrfleTcs B BHAecyMMbI:
)\1 R - Rf + R, + R.. (8.4)
B coorBercrBuu c reoPuefr
pa3MepHocrefi o6uluir suq Soprwylrt
Ars mo6oir. cutrr, 4eficrnyroulefi na
TeJIO B IIOTOKe XLI.4KOCTLI' HMeeT
.3) BIdII:

t. R = r L S u2, (8.s)
2
fAe p -nnorHocTb xllAKocrH;
Pucylrox 8.1. Cr.rcre*rblBonH [oAur4MaeMbrx
cyAHoM c - 6espa:rraepunrft
xoeQQraqneHr,
sanncilrrkril or Soprvru reJla,
efo ua6eraK,Illero rloroKa n ceoficrsa
HarrpaBJreHnx xI4AKocrI4;
I B -
S xaparrepHat nnoqaAb rena;
)o\1 D - CKOpOCrb.
epe B raqecrBe S o6u.rHo npr4HuMarornnorlaAb cMoqeHHofinonepxHocrl{ cyAHa.
l.er Tarpruu xe $oprr,rynanru( 8.5) BbIpDKaIoTcs.vr cocTaBJItIou${e [oJIHoro
IJffi, colpoTHBJIeHHt, roJrbKo y rax4ofi cocTaBJI-fIoIrIeficsofi xoe$QuqueHT c.
E{3' .{nx uarnrAnocrn p€BAeJreHHe conporHBJreHLI{BoAbI cBeAeHo s ta6r.8.1.
LlbI

no Ta6nr4rlad.l. - Pa:4eneuue BJIeHHTI BOAbI ABI.III(eHr4ru L:yAHa H a cocTaBJUIIOirIHe

Bua
)cro CocranrmoulNe O6osHa- Brg nosuyueHn.s Cnoficrso
IIoBepxHocTHErx
3ro corIpoTHBneHu.fl TICHI,IC I(II.trKOCTI4 xnAKocrrl
cur
f,rK KACATCJIbHbIC
ConporuueHuerpeHut Rf fiorpaHuqHuft clofi Bt3KOCTb
BbiM Hailp.8xeHLIq
gTcfl auxpeeoftnonyrnttfi
Conpornueuze (poprvmt Re Bt3KocTb .IABJIEHHE
NOTOK
leoft
KOpaoenbHiul
luat BorHosoe conporllBileHl{e Rw BecoMocTb .IIABJIEH'IE
CUCTEMABO]IH

]TCM
B11.{

[.fHa 8.3, ConpomueneHue mpeHufl u eeo pacqem

TOIIT
gbl B
ConpornBJleHrle rpeHnf, cyAHa paccqnrbrBaerct KaK conporI4BJIeHI4e
go27'
3KBuBarlegtsofi tIJIacrI4HbI, T.€. nJracruHbl, Iauerculefi [nouaAb paBHoBeJInKyto
)p\IbI nnoqaAr4 cuoqennoft noBepxHocrr{ cyAHa vr [nprry, paBHya AnI,IHe cyAHa rlo
1
,U- 4eftcreyrou5rro BarepJrHHHro, c BBeAeHHeM nonpaBoK Ha BlluflHue KpI,IBI43HrI kt
ruepoxoBaTocTrr [oBepxHo cTI4cy EHa.
g
B cootsercrBurr c (8.5) Ant corporHBJIeHHt rpeHl4s 3anlaureM:
;TBHE
ertofi R.f=@rt*r*)+{ru2 (8.6)

zJ)
rAe cf - roeQQuuHeHTcorrpoTHBJreHr4f,
TpeHr,rflnnocrofi rnaAroft nJIacTHHbI;
fr - xosQQuqnent, frl4rrlBaloqufi rcpuu,I3nynoBepxHocru ay4na;
cu - saA6aBra Ha IuepoxoBarocrr rroBepxnocrl{;
C) - unoulaAb cMoqenHofi roBepxHocrll cyAHa.
KosOSprUneHTc f saBHcI4ror xapaKrepa (pexuva) ,qenxeHnt xI'IAKocrH B
[orpaHr4rrHoM cJroe. llpu MaJrbrxqncrax PefisonrAca ua6moAaerct naMrrHapHoe
ABr,rXCeHlle, Upr4 KOTOpOM OTCyTCTByeT IIepeMeIuHBaHHe
ABI4XeHI4e, T.e. CJTOITCTOe
qacrr,rq Mex(Ay cJrof,MHxHAKocrH. llpnr 6onruux uHcJIaxPefinolrAca JIaMHHapHoe
reprer ycrofiuunocrb r4 rrepexoAprr n ryp6yJreHTnoe, co[poBoxtAaeMoe
.qBr4xeHr,re
uHTeHcrdBHhrM nepeMeIlI{BaHI,IeMqacrllq H o6uenou eueprr.Iefi Me)KAy cJIotM}I
XLI,UKOCTI,I.
flpr ABuxeHr,rlr cyAoB npaKrrlrqecKrl rro ecefi AJIuHe o6reraHne IaMeer
ryp6yneurHufi xapaKrep r,r Berrr{rrr,rHa" ;(Re), roJIfIeHHat eKcrepHMeHr€uIbHO,
xopouruo rpaQrarroropoft noKa3aHuapnc.8.2 a:
arrpoKcuMlrpyerc{ Qynrcqelefi,
0,455 (8.7)
cf = '
(lgR*)2,s8
u L -rrr4ciro
Re = PefrsonrAca;
V
L - lnu;aacy4na rro BarepnvInvrkr,M;
v - Kr4HeMarr4qecKun roi6SuIIHeIrr Bfl3Kocrl{, *'lc; npu t:l50C on
v:1,187'10-6*r'lc,npll Apyrofireuneparypeero MoxHoonpeAenl{rb
paBeH
no puc.8.26.
o rrnoIqaA6 ctvlo.IeHHofi IIoBepxHocTI,I cyAHa, onpeAeJgleTct no
TeoperuqecKoMyr{epreiKy HJII{ro npIE6lIaxesnofi Qopnayle:

{ 2 =L r +1,r3
t npu 6 < 0 , 4 5 ;
[r,:o #) (8.8)
C ) =L r(z*137(6-o,z?4)+)rpu 5 > A,45;
ft - xoeQ$uqaeHr, yrr{rbrBarou\ufi srusHue KpnBrI3HbIcyAoeofr uoBepxnocrH
(k:I,02 npuLf B:10; k:1,08upu LIB:6);
HarpeHne
cut - HaA6aera Ha luepoxoBarocrb noBepxuocrl4 cyAua, Koropafl AJIf,
cBexeoKparuennofiIIoBepxHocrI,I[pHHI'IMaerct cut:O 14'|0-" .

234
 a) 6)
v'l0c, ulc
\10ro"

6
H B

HOe
HI,IC
4
HOe
uoe 3
[\{H
2
ICCT
I

iHo,

Pucynox 8.2. a- Kpunue Anfi onpe,(eJreHr{rco[porr.rBneHllt rpeHI4rIuaAroft nJIacrI'IHbIrIp]I

-
ryp6yneHrHoM pexffiMe o6rexauul;6 - KuneMaruqecKall Brl3Kocrbuoarr (1) - npecrofi, (2)
87) COJIEHOI,I.

yMopcKr.rxcyAoB cr4JrbHbrM $axroponr, BJII4IIoUILIMHa corrpornBJleHne,

rBJrrercr o6pacranue Koprryca MoJIJIIocKaMI{vr BoAopocJItMn. Oxpaurnranne
uoAsoAHoft noBepxHocrl/t cleqI,I€l"JIbHbIMH cocTaBaMI4, IIpeII{TCTByIOIIIHM?I
IIlITb o6pacralu4ro, [peAoxpaHser Kop[yc B TerIeHI,ruro.4a, nocJle qero cpeAnecyrorrHoe
Bo3pacraHge noJrHoro co[porllBJreHu.s cocraBJl.fierB cpeAHeM 0,504 B renloft
I1o uopcxofi BoAeu 0,25o/oB xonoAHofisoAe.

8.4. gxcflepuMeHmanbHHiluemod onpedeneHus conpomueneHue

(8.8) eodbt deuxenurc, cydHa

B HacTotlqee BpeMf He cyqecTByeT TeoperllqecKu paspa6oraHHoro

I4HXeHepHorocnoco6a pacvera uoJrHoro conporl4BJleHllflBo.qblABI{xeHIaIocyAHa,
Aalouero pe3ynbrar c Aocraro.rHoft ToqHocrblo. lloeronay ocHoBHbIM rBlrflerafr
DKcrrepl{Megrallnuft cnoco6 onpeAeneHlat conporl4Brenvl\ ocnosaHHrrft Ha
HC[brTaHUr{MOAeJrr,I CyAHar4 [epectreTe H3MepeHHofocoIIpoTt4BneHHtHa HaTypHoe
cyAHo. EyrcnponaHne rraoAelefi npolr3BoAr4Tcs, B cneqllaJlbnux na6oparopl4tx -
orrbrroBbrx6accefinax. OcnonHbrMgJreMeHToM onblToBoro 6acceftua f,BJlf,ercfl.KaHaJr,
o6uqso fieronuofi KoHcrpyKr{r,rr, 3arrorsesnrtfi ao4ofi, B Koroporra 6yrcupyercfl'
MoAenFcyAHa. Eaccefinrr pa3nr{rrarorcr cnocoborra6yrcLIpoBKHtuo4elefi H 6rrsalor
AByx rnnoB - AnHaMo-MerpuqecKlrer{ rpaBnraquoHHble(pHc.8.3). B 6accefisax
[epBoro runa MoAenb6yxclEpyercr c rroMoIIIbIoreJIexKI{, ABHXyIqefics no peJlbcaM,
ynoxeHHblM Ha 6optax dacceirua, \PV sToM cKopocTb MoAenH 3a4aeTcfl',a ee
conporllBJreHr,rer.r3Mep.flercrAlrnaMoMerpoM; s 6accefiHax BToporo rlana MoAenb

235
6yrcrapyercr fia.qarculuM rpy3oM, 3aAarcIrIHM cHJry corrporl,IBreuvlfl, np]I SToM
H3Meptercs cKopocrb MoAeJII{.
Mero.qurao[Pe-
AeneHl{-f, conporI4B-
JreHut cyAHa no
nclbITaHHIO ero Mo-
AeJrr{ ocHoBaHa Ha
3aKoHax noAo6us.
IIpn ucnbrraHnlx
MOAenU AyAIJA co-
6ruoAaercfl'tpkr Blana
noAo6ns: reoMe-
Tpr,[uqecKoe,KI{He-
MATIIIIECKOE VI NI{'SA-
MurrecKoe. llepeoe
Pr.Icynox8.3. Cxeurr orlblroBbrx 6accefinos: 1 - 6yxcopoBottr{,1,I
HIIX O3HaqaeT,
renexKa; 2 - t*rogerb cyAHa; 3 - polur ycrpoftcrna pg.rt'3arrrrc6
-
cKopocrll Mo.[enll;4 ne.uyque6lorn; 5-- 6yrcnpnufi rpoc;6 - vro Qopua MoAeJIHH
rpF Arrff HarrxeHnr 6yrcnpnoro rpoca; 7 - na.qarol[uftrpys; 8 -
cyAHa .qoxx(Hacoor-
aegyrwrfirpoc.
BeTCTBOBaTboAHOMy
v ToMy )Ke TeopeTl{qecKoMy qepTexcy; ecJII'I o[peAenteTcf COIpOTHBJIeHLIe Ha
B KaHaJre,To rny6uHa BoAbI Ia Qopua KaHaIIa
rraelrofi BoAe vnq rrptr ABr.rxeHr4r.r
.{oJrxHbr6urr B ToM xe Mac111ra6e, qro H caMaMoAenb.Kuneuar}HecKoe noAo6Iae
O3HAI{ACT, qTO B COOTBCTCTBEHHbIX TOIIKAX HATYPHO|O CYAHA H MOACNU, T.C. TOIIKAX'

KoopAHHarbIKoropbrx Haxo,qtrc.s B ToM xe iraacruta6e,rITo H MoAenb, cKopocrH

AonxHbr 6116 B nocrorHHoM orHorueHul4 IIo MoAyJIIo H oAHHaKoBoHanpaBJIeHbI.
3ro uoeo6ue BblnoJlH.fiercf, aBToMarl4qecKn, ecITvI BbInoJIHeHo AI4HaMHrIecKoe
nogo6ue, cocrorlqee B ToM, qro B coorBercrBeHHblx ToqKax 4eficrnytoqne cI{JIhI
HaxoA{Tc.rr B IIocTotHHoM OTHOIUeHI4VI Ailfl. BCeXTaKI,IXTOrleK.
Tar rar cgJrbr, 4eficrnyroqrde Ha cy.qHo co cropoHbl BoAbI, I4MeIor ABotKyK)
npr{poAy (cnnu B.tr3Kocrn 14 cr4Jrbr necouocrn), To Enfl co6lroAenu.s IIoJIHoro
iloAo6gs, npu racrrbrraHuu MoAenr{ seo6xoAuuo BIIIIoJIHeHI{e AByx 3aKoHoB
-
.uuHaMlrqecKoro noAo6us: AJUI Bfl3KocrHbrx cI,IJI 3aKoHa noAo6us PefrnolrAca
(uuclo Re ecrb orgorueHr4e cr.rJr HHeprInI4 K oI,IJIaM B-x3Kocrll, 4eficrnytoql4x Ha
)Kr4AKyrcuacruuy) , a ilrrfl, cr,rJrBecoMocru HaAo BbI[oJIHHrb 3aKoH noAo6ns @pyaa
(uracno Fr ecTb oTHoIueHI{e cHn r4HepI{HH K CHJIaM TqXeCTH, 4efiCtnytoull4x Ha
xr.rAKylo uac'rHr1y).
qI'IceJI Re .4ls
.{nx ennolHegras 3aKoHa PefinolrAca Heo6xoAI{MO paBeHcrBo
'Iro6sr 6rtlo BbItIoJIHeHo
cyAHa v MoAeJrH, T.e. Ra, = Rery, I4HarIe foBopf,,
paBeHcTBo:
D, L, U, L, (8.e)
vc vM
rAe IaHAeKCOMC OTMeTIeHbIBeInaIHHbI, OTHOC,IIIIIdeCfl K CyAHy, a HHAeKCOM J'' - K
ov M,
ero Mo.rIeJIpI.Tax KaK I,Icnbiranr4s. MoAenI{ npoBoAgrct B BoAe, To Bt3Kocrkl vc
IITO NPHBOAI4T K COOTHOIUCHPIIO:

236
-\t L.
utt * uc
;-,
LJM
e-
}Ke pa3
B- T.e. Bo cKOJrbKo pa3 AnHHa CyAHa 6Onuue AnI{HbI MOAeJII'I, Bo CTOJIbKO
Bt3KocTHbre
IO cKopocTb MoAeJrHAoJIXHa 6urr 6olgue cKopocTl4 cy,qHa' npl4 3ToM
Vz cxasaHHoro
o- cr4Jrbr, geficrnytolr1rle Ha MoAeJIb H Ha cyAHo, 6y.Uyt no4o6nrt '
npupogu
EA cJre,(yer, rITo Bbr[oJrHeHne 3aKoHa no,qo6nx B ornoluelvrpt cvur Bs3KocrHofi
J5. (saroua noAo6nq Pefinonr4ca) npu r.rcnbrraHul,I tuogelefi cyAoB TexHHr{ecKI4
f,x HEBO3MOXHO.
;O-
paccuorpnu rerrep6 ycnoBr{e uoAo6us Anfl BoJIHoBoro conporl4BlreKvIfl,
la 3aBuccrqero or cuJI BecoMocTI4.Ono cocronT B paBeHcrBeAnt cyAHa H MoAenI'I
te- quceJr@pyAa,T.e.AoJIXno6rrrr Fr" : Ft* uttt't:
te- ------:,
uc UM
(8.10)
I r l f
1A- Lu
1!8 Lg l8
oe
qro npuBoAr{T K CKOpOCTLI panHo}:_
MOAeJII{,
PT
lL,. t)^v
TII DM= U"
" \'l-+
L,
)T- "lA
\r)' T
HA nAe I -:!- - o6parnrrfiruacrnra6
uoAelIa.
L-
Lla
L.. - I MoAenI4
iue actruuacuma6MoAenI4
Hanpur"rep, to cKopocrb6yr<cnporKl4
&\,
7 i,
tTTI
- L lr u. rlogroMy IIpu I{cnbITaHI{flx
rbl. cocraBgT DM=3, ero ycnoBr4eJrefKo BbInoJIHL4Mo,
KOe
rraoAeteftcyAoB BcerAa co6urogaerct 3aKoH no.4o6us <Dpy,Ua,a seco6lloAeHHe
L-IbI
3aKoHaPefiHomAca r{cnpaBJrrercr npn nepecqere pe3yJlbraroB llcrlblTannfi' MoAenH
Ha HarypHoecyAHo,rcoropnfi cocrol'ITB cneAyfoqeM.
lto
llycrr npn cKopocTla MoAenI4 UM 3aMepeHo ee co[poTHBJIeIIHe r^4'
oro tluclle
Onpe4e.naeMconporuBJleHnerpeHut MoAenu rf no Qoprrayle (8.6) rpl4
HOB
r)
uM f
"M
aca PeftnolnAca Mo,{eJIH Re, = r A?JI9€ o[peAen-aeM pa3HocTE
IJR VM

)fa r - r.f - ,o = r* * ru HO rlpu

Ha3bIBaeMyIo ocraroqHblM COIIpOTI'IBJIeHI4eM'
HA
paBeHcrBe qr{ceJr @pyaa cyAua fi MoAenH uMeeM paBeHcrBo xoo0Qr'rqveHToB
BOJIHOBOTOCOilpOTuBJIeHI4t cyAHa H MoAenI4, T'€' Cwc : CwM, a oTHOIueHI4e CI4JI
A:Lfl' BoJIHoBoro conporI4BJIeHHt 6y4er:
ieHo
Rw cwcpc A, u?
rw c*a PuQr 12,
8e) O, = ^) rInceJI
uo4o6uu 6yger
TaK KaK npll reoMeTpl,IqecKor,t l' , Z IIpH paBeHCTBe
- K o-' M
1
V ,,. tt-
Opy.Ua :* = A. Ecnn MoAeJrb AocTaToqHbrX pi*MepoB vI npI,IHtTbI Mepbl K
u;
237
ryp6ynura$n ee llolpaHHqHoro crros,,To Bl{xpeBoe co[porI'IBJIeHHeHaxoALITc.flB
T.e' ce = const u rorAa Bce ro nepecqlaTblBaercgIIo
o6lacrn aBToMoAeJIbHocrI'I,
@pyAy: Ro = ro f . .{anee oupe,qenterraR7 no (8.6), npuqeM c f onpel'eJltercfl AJI'
rrncra PeftnonrAca cyAHa R€6, u [oJIHoe cOnpoTI4BneHPIe R=Rf +Ro npu

cKopocrr,r cyAHa ," = u, ^[I . Tarc repecquTblBalorcs Bce rolIKlI rpunoft

co[poTI{BJIeHHfl MoAenH u rro gafiAerfffUu Uc vI -Rrcrponrcr 3aBHcHMocTb
collpornBJleHl,I.flcyAHa or cKopocrH xoAa.

8.5. Cnocoiat npuflnryKeHHoeopacqemaconpomueneHue eodbl

B rex cJrrrarx, KorAa Bo3HHKaTOT BOnpOCbI, CBt3aHHbIec colpoTI'IBJIeHI4eM

ABIOKeHT4IO CyAHa, KOTOpbIe IIp]IxoAHTCt peluaTb onepaTI'{BHO, nOnb3yIOTCt
npn6nuxeHHbrMr4 cuoco6aun, ocHoBaHHbIMH Ha pe3yJlbrarax Mo,4eJIbHhIX
HaxonleHHbIXB onblToBux 6acceftnax.
HcnbITaHI,Ifr,
Cnoco6u pacqera, npeAnoxeHHbrepiBHbIMHaBTopaMI{,Mo)KHop€BAenI4Tb Ha
cJreAyroquefpylrnbl:
1) cnoco6hr pacqera roJruoro cofiporlaBneHl,tt unu fyrccl4poBoqHofitrloulnocru;
2) cnoco6bl pacqera ocrarollHoro conpornBneHlrt;
Ha co[porHBJIeHI'Ie.
3) cnoco6br frera r'rwflHvrfi,BHeurHr{xyc.nornfi nJIaBaHLIg
Han6olee npocrbrM cnoco6ou orIeHKH6yrcraponoquofi MorIIHocrI{ cyAHa'
csssaHHofi c noJrHbrMconporr4BJreHl,IeM 3aBI4cHMocrbIo(8.2), tBr-serc{ cnoco6
aAMr,rpanreftcrnxxoeSSuqHeHToB,coruracuo KoropoMy 6yrcrapoeoqHaJlMorrlHocrb
onpeAerlterc.r SoprvrYloft:

N6=Y?(rBr) (8.11)

rAe D -vaccacyl'Ha,T;
u - cKoPocrr, u/c;
C aAMr,rpaJrreficrufi roeSQnqHeHT, npuHnMaeurtfr ilo AaHITbIMcyAHa-
npororrlrra, uMeroqero bnHsKHecoorHolrleunt HIaBHrIX paruepeHnfi,
rIpI4ycnoBI{LIpaBeHcrBaqncen <Dpyaa.
tll4cen @py4a ^y
O4naxo, sTor cfloco6 npuroAeH ToJrbKoAJIxrI,IxoxoAHbIXcyAoB, Ao
0,10-0,12.
3na.rnremso 6olee roqnrrfi pe3yJrbrar Aaer cnoco6 pacqera ocrarorlHoro
cOnpOTr4Bileuvrfl., ocnosaHHufi Ha I'IcnbITaHI'ItX Cepurr UoAenefi MOpcKHX
(DoprraaKoptryca MoAenn I,I3
rpaHcroprHbrx cyAoB, BbrloJrHeHHuxB.M.IllrynauQorra.
eiofi cepnu uzolpaxeHa na pnc.8.4. Eespasuepnrtfi xoe$@uupleHTocrarorrHoro
conpornBJleH[t (o rryeycraBJltercf, B BI'I.qe:
r R o 2 V (8.12)
5 o =D i 7 L o

238
 B
IO

lg

)Ll

rit
Tb

e]1
:cfl
Pucynox 8.4. Ooprraa
Kopnycaceplrfi B.M. Illryr'rnQa
bIX

HA
.{4x onpeAenena{xoeSQuqr.reHra (o oc.raroquoroconporuBrrennfl.cy,{Hac U-
o6pasuofi$opuofi uriaHroyroBrrpn Bf f :2,5 u p:0,982 npn pasHbrxquclax Fr
cJry)KL{r
rpa$ux pllc.8.5,HaHeMx(eHaHecena KpuBarr Vc = f @, ruKrura
sHa.reHr,rfi
roropofr HaxoArrrcqc fipaBoficropoHrrrpaQura.
H?,
:o6 cyAHa3Har{eHurBf T unu W = +
Ecnu y paccMarpuBaeMoro orrrrqarorc.r
t"lV
cTb
oT Tex, AJII KOTOprIXtIOCTpOeHaoTa Ar.rafpaMMa,a TaKxe ecJrr.roHo HMeer v-
o6pa:nue ErraHroyrhl, ro n xoe$Suq?reHr BBoA-srcf rroupaBKu B BHAe qerbrpex
1l) vmoxurenefi:
(o = (, kw knlr an7 kv, ( 8 .13 )
, a= a,w 'c:nvrMitrorcr
k,t,
' a c npuvew aV H ac
f.{e c rpaQara Ha prac.8.6 s zasucnMocrn
tHa-
ruir,, or Fr.
KosQ$zqr4eHrkBp onpeAen.serc.s
B 3aBHcr4Mocrr4
or Fr no rpasury pnc.8.7,
lax
no oroMy xe rpaQnKyonpeAerr.f,ercr
aBE .
tofo KoeoQraqueut ky BBoAr,rrcrroJrbKo,ecrrlr unaHroyrbr r{MeroTv-o6pasuyro
;XHX
0opny,
11vr3
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o6pa:Hrrx runaHroyrax ky: l.
| .l 2 )

239
 u crangaptHofi
Pucynor 8.5. Kos{$urIHeHTocraro!ffiofo co[porr.rBJreHn.rl
.4nnnbrVs or 6, npu BIT
orHocr.rreJmuoft =2,5.

I
I
t
I
I t
t')
l o
t-;
l r
r
I4
L
Pucyuox 8.6. Ilonparorrubre MuoxlrreJrll, K* yrnruBalorrlue Brfl4frHfieLI3MeHeHHtV.

240
 Pucyrox 8.7. IloupanoqHbreMuoxlrrenu, frr.rrbrBnlouueBnr,rsHr,re
HgMeHeHunBlT

Pac.rer6yrccnpouo.rHofi
MorrlHocrrr
ro paccMorpeHHoMycnoco6y yAo6Ho
BECTI4 B Qoprvre ra6n3.2.
llpe4napnreJrbHo oflpeAeJrxeM
6,Lf 8,,1,= LIW ,ar(nopuc.8.5),
v,Q.

PHcyHox8.8. floupanorrubreMHoxr.rreJrn,
frr.rrbrBaioque Brr4snuer.r3MeHeHHJr
Sopnarr
HOCOBbIX IIIaHTOVTOB.

Ta6luqa 8.2.- Pac.Iercouporl{Brenns.

a 6yrcHposo.rHofi
MorrlHocruno cnoco6y

Pac.IerHHe BeJII{qnHbr 3Ha.IeHax DacqerHbrx BeJlrcqHH

ys
1.u, (aagaerrrcr),
2.0 = 0,514u, , Mlc

241
 .uonxeHueraltwlst 8.2.
PacqerHrre BeJII{III,IHbI 3naqeHuc DacqergbD( BerfiqI'IH

5.€c.rc3= f(a) no puc.8.5

6.a, no puc.8.6
4,,,
4 1 V
l'K, =+
' a c

8.kslr nopnc.8.7
9.onlr uo Pnc.8.7
10,kV no prac.8.8(ecnuo6soAHV-o6pa:nue)

tsl. t7l. t8l' t9l' t10l

1r.(o.10'=
=t2)'L
12.Re
v

13.€r.103 = /(R") no $opvryne

(S.7)
14.6:[l1]+[13]

1 5R. = 2 [3] ' [14],rH

2
16.N6=l2l'[15],rBr

llpocrofi cuoco6 Pacrrera

6yrcnponoqHofi MoII{HocrH rIpeAJIoxeH
IO.A.EyaHI4IIKTIM. Cuoco6 ocHoBaH Ha
o6pa6orrce Marepl{utrloB IvtoAeJIbHbIXI4
HarypHbIX I4ctIbITaHI4fi, runorHeHHhIX B
onblToBblx 6accefiHax v Ha HarypHbIX
cy,4ax pflAa rocyAapcTB, II OTHOCnTC'K
cyAaM mopofi ToJIoBHHbIXX rera.
EyrcuporoqH€ul MOIIIHOCTb
rpe.{craB rfler cfl Sopuylofi :
N6 = No h k5, xBr (8'14)
rAe ,n/g orlpeAenfercf I10 rpasury
6a.:oeoro cyAHa (pr.rc.8.9), HMercIrlero

6- 0,55 14 1 - !,",1v
: 6,0, B
3ABHCI4MOCTI4OT D (r) n u" (ys);
k7 - xoeQQnqneur,onpeAenseurtfi
no rpaQury prac.8.10s saeucllMocruor
rII,IciIa @pyla Fr 14 orHocurenrnofi
Avulcll"'.l;
3 4 5 5 7 8 9 1

Molrluocrb
Pracynor8.9. ByxcnpoBoqHas
6asonorocYAHa
242
 k5 - ros$QprqueHr,onpeAerlseurrfino rpa$ury prac.8.11s saencuMocrl,I
or
5 !r napaMerpa0,8/lt'8Fr.

0,16 0,18

Kr or / u Fr
xos(prpuqueura
Pncyuor8.10.3asucllMocrb

TETA
xeH
I H A
Di KT
bix B
}HbIX
ctK

iocTb

8.14)
0utny
nefo

B
I$ or 5 n rapaMerpa
rcoetf(puunenm
Pncynor 8.11.3anucr,rMocrb
0,8/li8Fr
E}{bII,I

TI{ OT
rrHofi Pac.rer6yxcuporoqnofiMorrlHocrr4 y.uo6uoBecrl{n Qopue
H conporl,IBne-Hnr
ra6.u.8.3. Haxo,quM
flpe4napurerlbuo L; D;6; l;0,8lUB.

243
Tadnwp 8.3. - Pacqer 6yxcuponoqsofiMoulHocrr.r ro cnoco6y
H conporr4BneHus

Pac.{efi{rre BeJII,IqI,IHsI 3Ha.reHraspacqerghrx BerurruH

[. u., (ganaeucr),ys
2 . u = 4 , 5 1 .u4" , u / c
^ F U
J..|f: -
.'lsL
4. No(D,u,) no pnc.8.9
5 . k 1 Q , F r )n o p u c . 8 . . 1 0
6 . 1 : 0 , 8 / l / 8F r
t . k d l 1 , d ) n o p u c . 8I. l
8.N6= I4l-t5l .[7],rBr
e.R=191.*H
I2l

llo pe:ynbraraM pacqeroB crporr rpaSraxH 6yrcnponoqnoft MoIIIHocTH14

or cKopocru. Cuoco6 IO.A.EyAHrIrIKoroupnroAeH B
corrportrBrrenuflB 3aBracr4Mocru
cJreAyarqr4xAr4aila3oHaxrrapaMeTpoB:
D:5000...20000 r :0
d: 0,55...0,85;
u r : l 0 . . . 2 5y s ;
Fr:0,14...0,30;
l : 4 , 5. . . 7, 0 .

8.6. ConpomueneHueu npocadnacydHanpu ileuKeiHuttHe

enyauHe
oepaHuqeHHoir

llpu ABHXeHT{HcyAna tro aKBaropHH orpaHnrrennofi ruy6unu xapaKTep

o6rerannfl cyAHa rrcMeruerca. Mesrercfl KaprlrHa BoJrH,co3AaBaeMbIXcyAHoM,yroJl
$poHra pacxoAflulnxcfl. BoJrH(yron u Ha puc.8.1) nospacraer H rprr cKopocrl{
DK = ^fg H, Ha3brBaerrofixpuruuecrcofi cKopocrblo, rAe H r.ny6IaHaBoAbI,
7T
d-+- . flpu tJ = Drc BnepeAI4 cyAHa o6pasyercx oAlrHor{Har BoJrHa,a npn
2
cKopocrf,x u > u* o6pa:yrorcf, ToirbKo pacxo.qrquect BoJIHrt.Bce 3To npI4BoAlITK
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npu6nnxenuv cKopocrrr K D* a npr D ) urc colrporl{BJleHl4e HecKoJrbKonaAaer I4
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ABrDKeHu.s.OAHaro MopcKlre rpaHcrroprHbre cy4a He gKcnJlyarupyrorct nplr
cKopocTrx r43i3a rpe6yerr,roft oqeHb 6onrruofi MorrIHocTI4 Afia
3aKpr4Tr4trecKr.rx
[peoAonenrax rop6a coupornBJreHr4rnpr4aKopocrn, pannofi rcputu.recxofi.

244
)5y
Cyrqecreyer psA cnoco6os npu6nuxeHHoro pacqera conporI4BJIeHI{tcyAHa
IIpH ABIDr(eHr{HHa MeJrKOBoAbe, AaarrIHX npHMepHo oAHHaKOByIO IIOrperUHOCTb.
flpueegervr oAr.rH r.r3 npocrbrx cnoco6os nepecqera rpunofi conpor?IBlrenrrfl.Ha
- cnoco6, 3aKJlroqarouluficsn
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onpeAeneHur4 cKopocrr4 cyAHa Ha MenKoBoAbe uH, npl4 xoropofi efo
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conporuBJreHkre
nepecqeracKopocreftnirreernu,q:
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B ra6n.8"4;
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kal - xoe$$uqpreHT, 3aBr,rcrulufi or ornorueHr,rs IITHpI,IHbIcyAHa K ocaAKe,
/T
npeAcraBJreH
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tI v Ta6nnqa 8.4. - 3uaqenne xosQSnqHeHTa k5 B 3aBl4cnMocrrror rcoeS$EIIHeHra

CHB
UOJIHOTbI IIOABO Asofi l{agTl{r CyAHa
Koe(p(ln{ueHr rroJruorlrnoABo,[Hofiqactrr cyAlra Koe(f$uuueurk5
0,704,71 I
0.75-{.80 0,973
0.8H.85 0.947

Ta6naqa8.5.- 3naqenuerosQQr,ruueHra kp
npoiloplluoHarrbuocru
H Cxopocrs cyAHana rrry6oxofi noAe,u/c
T 6 7 8 9 10 1l T2 13 t4 l5 l6 t7
3.5 r.00 1.00 1 ,0 0 1,00 1.00 0"99 0.99 0,99 0,98 0.98 0.98 0.97
3,0 1 ,0 0 0,99 0.98 0,98 0,97 0,97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94
) 5 0,99 0,98 0,97 0,96 0,95 0,95 0.94 0,94 0.93 0.93 4,92 4,92
2,0 0,98 0.97 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0,89 0,88 0,88
firep
1 , 5 0,96 0.94 0.92 0 ,91 0.89 0.88 0.87 0,86 0,85 0,85 0,84 0.84
\.fOJI
1 . 3 0,95 0,93 0,91 0,89 0.88 0,86 0,85 0.84 0.83 0,83 0.82 0,82
OCTH 0.87 0,84 0,83 0,82 0,82 0 . 8 1
1,25 0,94 0.92 0 ,9 1 0,89 0.86 0.85
0.fbl, l . t0 0,94 0 ,9 1 0,89 0,88 0,86 0,85 0"83 0,82 0,82

rprl Ta6nuqa 8.6. - 3na.reHuexooQ$uu r4enTaO%*aBr,rcI{MocrH or orHorlreH^, 2

T
IHT K Oruourenlreu?Ipr.rHbl
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fIpH
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co[rrporHBre}Ir4fl.
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24s
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rpll xoAe Ha
no (8.15). IloryveHHbre rorrKr4u orpeAeJltr KpnByto couporHBilelJld,fl'
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pa3Hocrb
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cKopocTefisa rny6orcofi Ia uelrofi BoAe, [p]1 KoTopbIXcyAHo I{MeeToAIIHaKoBoe
"orrpottgleHl4e (uorepr CKopocTLI Ha MeJlKoaogre).3ru pasHocTl4onpeAeJlflIoTcfIIo
6u o7o
puc.8.12.a, Haroropofi HaHeceHbr rlocroflHHElx
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3aBucrdMocTlr oT KBaApaTa q14c1a @py4a uo rny6uHe BoIhI I'I rapaMerpa'
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xapaKTepu3ytoqero orHocl'ITenbHyto ruy6lrny Bo4bl B BIaAe T.f, FAe 0M

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H
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ug
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246
rIg flpn ABr{xeHr.rH cyAHa B
K1 Ar
EA 2,0 E KaHaJreBce flBJreHus*Bbr3BaHHbIe
6 BJII,T{HI4eM MeJIKOBOAbT, I8-3a
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cq npoflBrllrorcq 6oree I,IHTeHcr{BHo.
rb ,{onorHureJrbHbrMrr napaMerpaMla,
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no B KaH,Ure,fBr-trIOTC.f,
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12
'be b
* r rA€ b - rur4pr,rHa
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18 H'
20 a),,
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0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 Fr
nnoqaAb [onepetrHoro ceqeHr,rfl
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KaHzLJra. ypoBeHb
llpro ABr/DKeHr4u
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cyAHaHaMeJrKoBoALe.

247
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ffi
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Pucytror 9. 2 . Cxeua aeftcrnna rpe6-

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Kpbrrbqarrrfi gnuNr4rerrb(pnc.9.3 a u 9.3 6) H eoaouersrtfi ABI.DKI'IreJIr
Irlr naperncJreHHbrxrr4noB ABnxI4TeJIeft,6laro ILapfrBbIcoKoMyKnA, MELrIoMy Becy
u 6olrrnofi naAexHocrr.r,rpe6noil Br4HTrroJrfrl{n ncKrroqnreJlbHoepacupocrpaHe-
Hne Ha cyAax r4 B HacrorrrleM pa3AeJrerroApo6no paccMarpl,IBarbct 6y4et roJIbKo
STOTTLIN,{BHX(rITCJI.8.

249
 (a) n nannonsrtrta(6)
c noABoAHbIu
Pucynox 9. 4. BoaorrlerHble.4BI,DKIIT9JII{
nu6pocotrrcrpyH

9.2. Ocnoe* meopuu udeananoeodeu,(umene

MoxHo rroJlln{r4TbBaxHbre 3aKoHoMepHocrI,I pa6otu ABnxrrrent, ecilv!.cxeMarl'I-
3gpoBarb ero AeficrBne, a6crparupyrcb or uo6oqsux o$SexroB IrpeAroJIoxeHHeM'
qro Maccbr Bo.qbr,npoxo.{rurle r{epe3 ABI4xI{TeiIl, or6pacblBarorct B BLIA€crpyr{' KaK
gro uso6paxeHo ua puc.9.5. flpe4noJroxuM, qro ABIIXHTeJIbnpeAcraBrser co6ofi
A1rcK,roropufi coo$qaer [pupaqeHne cKopocrefrMaccex]IAKocrlI' rporeKaloulel4
rrepe3Hero, 3a cqer cKarrKagaetenuit [epeA Ia 3a ABpIxI4TeneM;IlpeAnonoxl'rM TaK)Ke'
qro cKopocri4 xr4AKocrr4no rrnoulaAn ABHlKr4Tens pacnpeAeneHblpaBHoMepuo.EyAeu
paccMarpnBarbABlrxr4TenbHenoABruKHbIM e Ha6eraloqeMpaBHoMepHoM noroKe.
OoosHa.rnMflnoqaAb ArlcKa ABuxureJlr (rn4panrldqecKoeceueHue) uepez Fo.
a
-
flnx rpefiHoroBr{HTaF,' =LT,
+
rAe D - Aual,rerprpe6noro BkIHra.flycrr A Lr Pz
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, A p0 - AaBne-
AaBneHr{r HenocpeAcTBeHHOnepeA Lr 3a ABn)KI,tTeJIeM
Hr{e AaJIeKOBnepeAu H rIO3aAI'IABH}KHTeJI'.
| 5 ;.4ulneKo
O6osHa.rnM cKopocrn: Ha6eraloulero noToKa vp, B AHcKe .IIBi'IXIareJIfl'
- BbI3BaHHaf,,4BI'IXLITOJICM.
3a ABr4XuTeireMB ero cTpye vD+w )r4e w CKOpOCTb,
Torla ypaBHeHne EepHynnv AIrfl'y'ra'
crKa JII,IHI4I4ToKa or HeBo3MyrqenHofi xfllA-
I-I lo ceqeHufl II-II nepen
Kocrlr B cerreHLII.,I
AI,TCKOMAaeT:
'o*no pr2o pv?
P2 =Plt;,
PO+ "
L

(e.1)
A AJI' )ru{ACTKAOT CETICHI.IXIII.III gA .uutcKoM

ao IV-IV AaneKo3a HI{M:

,
ov? Dt
pz+? = p o+ ? \ v o + w\ )r '.
. L

(e.2)
klg e'rux ypaBHeHI,Ifi onpe4el fler afl' cKaqoK
B ATICKe:
naBJIeH.Ids.
/ w )
Lp:pz-pt=r*lro-;) (9.3)
Pncynox 9. 5. Cxeua lr.[eilJlsHol'o aBI'IXI'IreJItl
flomrrtfi ynop, pa3BnBaeurtfi AnnxHTeJIeM'

250
 6y4er:
P = LpFp= p or r(r,.i) (e.4)
rlcloJlb3yfl 3aKoHKoJluqecrBaABvr'
C apyrofi cropoHbr ynop MoxHo Bbrrrr,rcJruTb,
3a[ncaB pEI3HOCTb
)KeHH-fl, KOIHqeCTBaABHXeHH{MaCCbIXTIAKOsTvI m, Uporexarorqeff
qepe3ABHXraTenb B eAI,IHHIIy
BpeMeHH:
P=mw. (e.5)
Oueenguo, qro:
m= p Fpvs, (e.6)
IiI IOSTOMy

lTli-
P=pFovrw. (e.7)
IeM, qro:
Vs Q.$ u (9.7)cne.qyer
KAK v, =vo +! , (9.8)
6oir L

T.e. Bbr3BaHHaf,cKopocrb B AHcKe ABHXHTeJr.rr

cocraBr{er [oJIoBI4Hy nomrofi BbI3BaH-
urefr
cfie,
Hoft cropoc:ru.
'.feM Brrqnclur.,r KlIr{ lrAeanbHoroABlrx{ureJl.tr.lloresHas MolrlHocrb ecrb N : P up, 4
3arpar{uBaewafl.N1 6onrrue N ua Benr.rrrurHy Kl4Herur{ecrofi oHeprI4I,Ior6pacueaeMblx
tr y+.
MaccBoAbr,yxoArrrlrx 3a KopMy,r.e. Ha IloerorrayKnA 6y.uer:

P2- rr D 'Y mwNp 1

Tli =
/V t A
v = (e.e)
B-1e- N l P v o + i . * * ' m w v p n i ** 2 , . + t
BseAervrnoHf,rr{exoeQQraql4eHraHalpy3KHABHIrHTeJIIno ynopy:
;ieKo
P (e.10)
on=
p ri,
o ' F ' P
)--{a- pr,r4crroJlbtyx(9.4), nony{uM:
XHA-
r
^ 1 , w l w
\
repeA o 'n = / . i l + : - i-,
(. zrp)vp
w
oTclo.qaAnn - [onr{aeM KBaApaTHoeypaBHeHHe:
vp
(9.1) ( \ 2
I\OM I A | + z '!p- - 6 p = 0 , (e.11)
Vp)
peruuuero, uafigeu:
w =-l+^f*o, (e.r2)
v I
vn
r
t:9.2)
n (9.9), norryql4M:
rroAcraBJrxe
{oK
17.=-
2 (e.13)
t + r l l + oo
(9.3) KII! BoA.,I-
.[nx npnrraepaHcnonb3oBarrurSoprwylu (9.13) cpaBHnMr{AeaIIbHbIe
fleM,
HOro r{ Bo3Ay[rHofo Br4HToBOAr{HaKOBOTO Ai4aMerpAD:4 rr,rnpn cKopocrH vo: 15 yz
=7 ,72 ulc n ueo6xoAnMoMynope P = 100 KH.
25r
 n KIIA 6ygyr:
Harpy3KLI
,[JrxeoAsHoroBr{Hrap= 1,025r/u3, xoeQQnqueHr
100 =1.0431 ,, = - - L= 01823;
op=
1 1 0 2n54 2 , " . 2 1+./I + 1,043
"''
2 4-
Ans Bo3AyluHoroBHHTap:0,00129 r/u3, nonyrrllM:
100 2
On:-=82817; fl; = ---------r- = 01067.
r 0,00129tT4' , ,.2 1+./l +828,7
"'o
2 4-
Moxno AocrurHyTb oAHHaKoBoroKn.{ Ans o6onx BI,IHToB ) eclrv oosgyruuufi
Br{HTcAeJrarbraKoFo AraaMerpa,uro6rt roeSSnurIeHTbI Harpy3Kla6rrnu oAI'IHaKoBbI. (
Herpygno Br{Aerb,qro Arls eroro Ar4aMerpBo3AyIIrHoroBHHTaAoJu(eH6rtrr: (
D"o,=o*u F; _^
=Deodft,w =28Duo6
'
li; {ffi I
I4: ertpaxesufi (9.5), (9.6) u (9.9) BI,IAHo,.lro 3aAaHunftynop P snroAHee no- I
JD[rarb, yBerlnqnBas.Maccy or6pacblBaeMofi Boilbr m I4 yMeHbIII€uIBbI3BaHHyrccKo-
Fo I{Jrr{,rITo ro xe, AHaMerpBI{HTaD. O.qHaro,AJIf peanb-
pocrb w ) T.e. yBenl,rrrr4Ban
Hbrx BHHT9B,r,r3-3aAo[onHHTeJrbHhIXEorepL, cylqecrByer Hal4BblroAHefiIuufrAlaauerp
Dopt,npn npeBbIIueHHH Koroporo KnA HaurrHaernaAarr.
Vcnonue rocrotHcrBa pacxoAaxI'IIKo:TI{ B Aaer:
lrPfe
Fpr,=F*pO-rw)t
naft,{eu:
orKyAa AJrsnnoulagu F* ceqeHlrr crpyn AarIeKo3a ABI{xHTeJIeM
Fa *r[T+oo
...'.'.._=-------- (e.14)
Fp 2 rlI+o o
yz llpkI o p -) o .
H oroT rosQ$HIII,IeHTcyXeHI{t cTpyu I{3MeH{eTcqor 1 npu o p= 0 Io

9.3. gneMeHmb,eeoMempuu epe6HoeoeuHma

Jlonacru rpe6noro BHHTaupeAcraBJltlor co6oft npo$nnupoBaHHbleKpbIJIbt,co-
BepruaroqHe oAHoBpeMeHHoBparrIaTeJIbHOe BAOnbOCI4BpalqeEnfl'
I,I [OCTyIIaTeJIbHOe
ABuxeHr,rr.B cnssn c grlrM [oBepxHocru Jlolracrefi o6paroBaHblno BUHToBrIMrloBepx-
Hocr{M. EcnH KaKiur-Hlr6yarqacrb AB paguyca OB Bpalqaercfl BoKpyr ocu OO1!I oA-
HoBpeMeHHorlepeMelrlaercg BAoJtbocu, To nro6ax ror{Ka C otoro pal.tryca onucblBaer
a orpe3oK AB - BlIHToByrcrloBepxHocrr (pnc.9.6). flyrr, rpoxoAl{-
Br.rHroByroJrprHr.rro,
MHfi ro.m ofi. C BAoJrbocu 3a oAHHo6opor, Ha3blBaerct IxaroM sl,IHronofi rnHLrH)a or-
pe3KoM AB - ruaroM sraHrosoft rroBepxHocru. Ecma pa3pe3arb no o6paryrou{eft no-
BepxHocrb rIunHHApa c BuHroeofi ruEuuefi LI pa3Bepl{ytL Ha IIJIocKocrb, To BI4HToBat
nin ^ usolpazurcfl rurorenyeofi TpeyroJIbHI{Kac KareraMu 2 n r u H (ruar nuHrosofi
xuuuu). Hauon rnrloreHy3bl onpeAeJlterct IuaroBbIMyrnoM :
H
V = OfCtS-.
zEr

252
 fpe6uofi Br.rHTxapaKrepr,r3yercrHe
IrraroM, a oTHoIueHueM IIIara K AI.{aMeTpy
BHHTa HlD, Ha3brBaeMhrMruaroBhrM oruo-
IUCHHCM.
Bnuronyro noBepxHocrb Heirb3fl pa3-
BepHyrb Ha rlJrocKocru6es r4cKaxeHu-s, no-
eToMynnoIIIaAbJronacrn npu6nuxeHHo on-
Pncyuor 9. 6. O6pa:onaHr,re
BlrHToBofiuonepxnocrrau peAenrroT KaK rrnoqaAb cnpf,MneHHoro
pa3BeprKasr.rnroeofiruHNr4
blrl KoHrypa rroracrlr (puc.9.7), xoroprrfi nony-
!bL
qaeTcfl, ecJrHHa KOHTypenpoeKrlr{H Jro[a-
CTH npOBeCTA CeqeHHfl JIOUaCTH I\kIII]1lHApaMn, COOCHbIMI4C BLIHTOM, II OT OCH JIOnaCTH
OTJIOXIITb ANI,IHbI BIIHTOBbIX Nl,i.NNfiT,
IONr{EHHbIX B CCqCHI,I'X.
OOosHa'IHnauepes I flJlolqa.qbcnpflMJreHnoro KoHTypa, z - wcJro rouacrefi
BI4HTa.Ornoruellue n,IIoqaAIl Bcex lonacreft K n;1oulaA12_ Ha3hlBaerafl.Irvc-
AvrcKaBHHTa
lo- KOBbIM OTHOIIICHLICM
KO-
A
lrb- o=t . (e.15)
Ad
3rp fpe6Hue BHHTII TpaHcIroprHbIX cyAoB HMeror ArrcKoBbre orHolrreHprs.B,Ilr4ana3oHe
0,35...0,90.
OcHosHstMI4qacr{uu rpe6Horo BEHTarBJrrrorcfl. cryilr4rla u rprrMbrKaroque K
Heft nonacru. fluatvterpoM BtIHTaHa3brBaerc.rr ArdaMerpoKpyx(Hocru, npoxoAf,rrlefi .re-
p€3 KOHIIbIJlonacrefi. 9acrr Jlonacrlz, npuMblKarouar K cryrrr{qe, Ha3brBaercrKopHeM
JIoIIacrI{, a saX6olee y.qaneHHuul or ocl/t - KoHI{oMJrorlacr}r.Bragru AeJr{Tc{ Ha npaBo-
ro rI JIeBofo Bpalqesus. Ecll0., rJlfl,qffB KopMy yAaJr.sroqeroc.rrcy;irra, Mhr yBLrAr.rM Bpa-
l4)
II{eHHeBHHTaIIo qacoBofi crpenre, To 3To Br.rHTrrpaBoro BparrIeHH{,a eerrvBparrleHr,re
rrporuB .Iacosofi crpeJrKll, To oro BT,IHTJIeBoro
BparrleHnfl.Eoxonylo KpoMKy Jronacru, o6pauleu-
Hyro B cTopoHy BparrleHLr.rr BnHTa, Ha3brBaroTBXo-
4xqefi, a npoTaBolono)Knyro eft rrxogaulefi
co-
rpouxofi. llonepxHocrb Jro[acrvr, Ha Koropyro nppr
HIt'
rIepeAHeMxoAe gefrcrnyer peaKrlr{x or6pacbrBae-
px-
trrofi BoAbI, Ha3hIBaIor uarHeratoulefi noBepxHo-
o-1-
cT6ro, ua nefi Bo3Hr,rKaer rroBbrrueHHoe AaBJreHHe;
laeT lpornBonoJro)KHar rroBepxHocrb Jro[acrpr (o6pa-
IJII-
IItreHH€urK xoprrycy) 3acacbrBaroqaf, [oBepx-
oT- Hocrb, na nefi o6pasyercf, pa3pe)KeHue.Jlunus, te-
no- peceqeHr,rso6eux noBepxHocrefi o6prryer KoHryp
)BAJI
Jlorracrlr. Ceqeuue Jlonacrn uI,tJIpIHApoM,cooeHbrM
noti c rpednrrM Br4HroM,Aaer ee upo$nnr. .{na rpe6-
Hhrx BI,IHTOB npr{MeHfloTcr cerMeHTHbreH aBl,i.a]qJcl-
Pucynor 9. 7. Konrxp uoprrlalrHofi rpoeK- oHHbrenpoQulra ceqeHr{rlonacrefi .
rlHrrr.IKorrryp cnpxuleuHoi Jronacrr,r

253
 xapaKmepucmuKuepedHoeoeuHma,
9.4. KuneMamu.tecnue
Ecln 6u rpe6nofi nuur.qBr,rrancgB BoAe,KaKB HenoABLDKIroft rafire, to:a o6o-
por oH [po,qBuHyJrcs6rt BAoJrbocu HapaccrorHne, paBHoellary, Ho rorAa He 6rrlo
6tr or6pacbrBaHurrMacc BoAbrLr ux peaKrIHHHa Jronacrrx. B .qeficrBHTeJIbHocrLI BIaHT
3a oAr4Ho6opor npoxoAr,rr BAoJrbocl{ paccrorHne ft, ueHlrue ruara H , a wa paccrot-
nue H -h, orralKuBaer BoAy.PacctosHwe ho H€l3brBaercx nranefinofi uocrynblo BI{HTa,
a pa3Hocrt H -ho - nnnefinrrM cKoJIbxeHI,IeM.
llycrr rpe6Hofi Br4HTBparqaercr c qacroroir n (o6lc) u nepeMeulaerc-{ BAonb
ocr4co cKopocrbw.rp. TorAa ero rnHefiHafl rrocryur 6y4er:

h'r = u no .

3ry nenu.runy Bbrpaxaror B AoJrrx AnaMerpa BIIHTaH H€r36rBalororHocl{relrnofi no-

cTynbrc:
^) - -h D vD
tt,^
P
- (e.r6)
D nD'
a cKoJrbxeHI,Ie BblpaxarcT B Aonf,x IuAIA BI4HTA:
H-hp
S = =t--b- e.r7)
H HID
Kar 6yaer Br,rAHorr3 AulJlbHefiuelo, ornocureJrbHtur[ocrytrb ).0 tnnr,erc.x B€DK-
sefirueftxapaKrepracrnrofipexl{Mapa6omI rpe6noro BI,IHra.
9.5. Ocnoeub,enoHnmunmeopuuKpbma
Eclu KpbIJIo,T.e. nilacrr,rny c upo$nnupoBaHHhrMucevrenilnMlr,noMecrl4TbB no-
ToK xHAKocrLr,To xl,rAKocrr 6yAer o6terarr KphrJro,orKJroHf,tcbor nepBoHarltlJlbnoro
HarrpaBnenvrfl,a Kpbrno BcJreAcrBrae sroro 6yaer l4crrblTbrBarbpeaKrlnrc xI{AKocrH B
BHAecnJrbr,Koropyro o6H.IHo onpeAemror, pa3Jrarilr ee Ha ABe cocraBrsrcque: cnlry
I/, nepneHAuKyn.flprryrocKopocrra na6eraroulero rroroKa rI Ha3bIBaeMyIono.qteuHofr
cnnofi, Lr cvrny X , nanpaBJreHHyro rro cKopocru sa6eraroulero [oroKa I,I Ha3bIBaeMyIo
ro6oeHr\acorporuBJreHr{eM(ptlc.9.8).
B coorsercrBur,r c o6rqefi $oprraynoit p.nscr{Jrbr,geficrnytorqefi co cropoHbl xul-
Kocrl{ HarBepAoereJlo,cocraBJrtroqneX u I npe4craBJl{lorB BH,qe:
y = C , , L s u 2 t x = c - P s 1 2' . (e.18)
. Y ) )

rAe p - ITJIOTHOCTbXr,rAKOCTr4,

s- nJrorrlaALKpbrJra,
l
v cKopocrb Ha6eratoulero
noToKa,
)
a C y u Cx - 6espa:rraepHbleroeS-
SuqneHrrt, Ha3blBaeurterosQQtuq"-
eHroM noAbeMHoficalu u xosQQu-
Pucyuox 9. 8. Cruu, ,ueficrsyloqne na KpbIJIoB [oroKe ur,reHToMro6osoro conporuBJleHnt
COOTBETCTBCHHO.

254
 Ka.recrso Kpblna reM Bbrrue,qeM 6onrure cr4IraI u uesure cuJla X , ux orHo-
o5o- rrreHr4eHa3brBarorxoeQQuqpreHToM KaqecrBaKpbrJra,a qalqe npocro KarrecrBoM:
r./ (- v
irtno - -
r
(e.1e)
L

BI,{HT X C x
;TOtt-
s
s
I4uorAa rlonb3yrorca o6parHblM orHoIIreHIaeM,Hut3bl-
IHTa, .P BaeMbrMo6patunru KaqecrBoMKpblna.
llpu uercoropoM HaTIpaBJIeHHI{Ha6eraloulero Ha
II
KpbrJroloroKa [o.qbeMHafl cvtfla o6parqaerot B HoJIb,
JOJIb T.e. Cy: 0. Yron d vrroKqyHalpaBneHPIeM Ha6eraro-
np}I Koropou Cr:
u{ero rroroKa H HanpaBJIeH}IeM, 0,
yilIoM araKl4.
Ha3brBaeTcs
Koe$$HrIHeHrbI Cy, Cx ,r € AJrfl,AaI{Horo Kpblna
I no-
3aBr{csr or yrJla araKl{ (puc.9.9). Vrol araKvI,rpl4 Ko-
l. l. r"opoil*fr."*".
Pucyuox TOpOM € AOCTHTaeT MaKCI{MyMa, Ha3bIBiUICb HaI4BbI-
e.16) xapaKTepucTlrxH KpbrJra roAnefi urvrM lalrvt onrHM€LIIbHbIM yruroM ararl{ d opt .

.e.t7) 9.6. Cxopocmuu cunbt HasneMeHmenonacmu

Bax- AByMt coocHblMlt c rpe6HbIMBI4HToMIII4-
Brrpexeiu r,r3lronacrn rualrrfi 3JreMeHT
irnuApaMr,rc paAlrycaMylr 14r+dr I,I paccMorpl4Mero KaK 3JreMeHrKpblna(puc.9.10).
3ror oneMeHTHMeeroKpyxHylo cKopocrb @r=2tr r n 14cKopocrb B.4onbocH BHHTL, p .

B TIO-
ByaervrpaccMarpnBarbo6-
TJ palr{eHHoe ,qBI4xeH}Ie, T.e. SJIe-
bHofo
CTH B is
.Ss
fy
n!\

MEHT HENO,IIBI4XHbIM A X(rIAKOCTb

ua6erarorqefi. Fy4err,r f{I4TbIBarb
cHny H.ls
eIIIe Bhr3BaHHbIe BHHTOM CKOpO-
:rrHOfr
d,Y
+! *l $ CTI4: oceBylo wat 14 oKpyXHYtO
re\flTo
dP w11 B CyMMe AaIOITIHew1. TaXUVt
rxHA- o6pa:ou, pe3ynbrl4pytoqaq cKo-
7
pocrb rroroKa, ga6eratoqero Ha

(e.18) sJIeMeHTJlonacrl4, 6yAer vr.

PaccuarpuBafl. 3JIeMeHT JIo-
nacTr4 KaK Kpblno B noToKe co
Pucynox 9. 10. Cxopocrlr I{ cIrJIbI Ha 3JIeMeHTeJlonacrn
v. cKopocTbro v; vI yrnoM dTa.KVIdit
MoxHo o[peleirurb gJreMeHTapHbIe rroAbeMHyro cuily dY u lo6onoe co[porI4BJIeHI{e
oluero dX , tepes Korophre uaitgyrcx ynop dP , xactreJlbHa.f,cvrra dT u ee MoMeHr dM = r dT ,
leftcrsyroqrle Ha gJIeMeHT JIoIracrI4:
xooS- dP = dY cosp, - dX sinB,;
(e.20)
rQnuu- dT =dY sinp,+dXcosp,;
roQQn- c rIeToM Tofo, rITo:
L'IEHI{'

255
 d Y= C/, ,22u ? b d r ,
(e.2r)
dx =cxlnf t ar,
rAe b - unpuHa crpffMJIeHHoFo*oniou Ha paAl,Iycer or oc' BHHra,
b dr _ NJIOIIIAAb 3JIEMEHTAJIONACTI,T.
floAcrasr.nr (9.21) n (9.20) H f{ErbrBM (9.19),nonyruw Artr yropa rr MoMeHra
HaSJreMeHTeJronacrr{BbrpaxeHr,rs:
dP= r, "i , p, -Isiof ;)a,,
t [*, (e.22)
dM= c,"l a(ri" B,*I cospi), o, .
|
flpouHrerpr{poBaB BbrpaxeHun (9.22) B rrpeAeJraxor pa4urycacrynldllbl rs Ao pa!.vyca
sr4Hra R lI yMHoxHB Ha qucJro rouacrefi z, waitgelayuop I,I MoMeHT,pa3BHBaeMhIe
rpe6nurraBHHToM:

P=p,,oo ur[.o,F;-!,io
o,)r(;),
,,'J^trr(h)' (e.23)
M = P nD
Z5 B,*IcosBi);r(;)
,'l^;r.(h)' * ( . *
p€BMepHhre
3.uecrnepeAr4HTerpiuaMuBbrHeceHbr MHoxHTeru,uro6bl caMHHHTerptLnbI
cAerrarb6espa:irrepHblMn.

9.7.llunaMuqecKuexapanmepucmuxuepe6noeoeuHma
poKuMbteeopafiomat
u xapaKmepHHe
O6ogsaqas 6espasrraepHhrer4Hrefp€InblB BblpaxeHutx (9.23) qepes K1 *r K2,3a.-
[nnrueM$opIvrynnrAxr ynopa H MoMeHTa,pezBr4BaeMblx rpe6urtrvrBI{HToM,B BuAe:
P=Ktpr'Do, (e.24)
M=Kzpn'Dt. (e.2s)
Mouluocrc, norpe6JrffeMtulrpe6nuru BHHToM,6yaer:
Np=roM=2nK2PrtDt. (e.26)
floresHa"fl MorrlHocrb, IIpoIiI3Bo.[I{MasBI,rHToM,paBHaP vo, ro3roMy xosQQnuneHrno-
Jre3HoroAeficreus Br,rHTa
6y.uet:
1o
,' ^P= ' u ' = K ' . (e.27)
aM K,r2n
B grnx Qopvryrax K1 Hzl3brBaercfl
xosQ$HIIHeHToM ynopa, a Kz - xoeQ@uqnen-
roM MoMeHra.kIs $oprrayn(2.23) u puc.9.10 sLIAHo,tlro K1 u K2 AJIxAaHHoroBLIHTa
3aBncxTToJrbKoor nocrynil Lp. fpa$nvecKoe npeAcraBJIeHHeKt, Kz H rlp or ).0 na-
3brBaercr KpLtBbIMr,r 4eficrnur xapaKTepLIcr[KaMI{
BHHTa HJrrI ero AraHaMI{tIecKHMH
(pt n c . 9 . 1 1 ) .

256
 PaccuorpnM HeKoropble xapaxTep-
Fq Hbrepexraurt pa6oru rpe6noro BIIHTa.
,2r) \t 1) 2p: 0 - BI4HTBpaulaerc.u,Ho He ne-
ct

g peMelrlaerct BAonb ocll. 3ror Pe-

)rcprMHa3brBaercf,pexlaMoM pa6oru
BIIHTaHa IuBaproBbIX.B erou clY-
)HTA
I
uae K1 vr Kz 6ygyr sall6olrurvuvr)
TaK KaK ynlbr araKtr 3JIeMeHTos6y-
............-
4=# gyr wau6oJIbIurIMIl.Ynop n MoMeHT
TarcKe I4MeIor uan6oluune BeJII'I-
.22) Pucyuor 9. I l. Kpnrue .qeftcrnuarpe6noro rnnra qI{HbI, KilA ep: 0, T.K. Her nepe-
MerqeHur BHHTa.C ynelnveHl,IeM Lo Yrnrt
r)'ca araKn ronacrefi yMeubluaprct, rrro tlpla-
o) b
Ntble ,€ \ BOAHTK naAeHlIIOynopa H MoMeHTavI, co-
rb
s t> orBercrBeHno, K1 pr Kz. llpn uercoropofr
€ nocryrlu .\ ynop BHHra u K1 o6parqalorct
dy B HyJIE.
).23) (_
/dl ttonpa6*:aue 2) Kr: 0; P: 0; 4p: 0; Kz> 0.3ror PexHM
Ha3brBaeTc-q pexHMoM HyneBofo yflopa.
On nacrynaer, KofAa rloAbeMHat cnlra Ha
nonacrl,I 6y4er HacronLKo ualofi, rITo
d M=0 TOirbKoypaBHoBecHTorpl{IlarenbHylo co-
dPo0 craBn{rouylo y[opa or ro6osoro conpo-
5
a) r HBr eHr,r.r{(puc .9. | 2a) . Jluseitsas" ro cryn b
I aa$ BpIHTa B STOM pelKI4Me Ha3FIBaerC-SIIJaroM
IIyJIeBoroynopa .F11,o6rtuuo ,F11>I/.Or-
l;3&-
HorueHLTe 4l D ecrb rtrApoAl4HaMurlecKoe
rrraroBoeorHoIrIeHIle. flpu etr1e6olrruefi
9.24) Sunmo rrocrytnr o6paqaercs B Hynb MoMeHTHa
9.25) BHHTE.
3 ) Kz: 0; Kr< 0 *r P < 0. 3ro pexl{MHyneBoro
e.26) MoMeHTa.Iluweituas, rocryllb BIaHTaB
9. 12.CxeuacHrIHapa3Hblx
Pr.rcyHox pexuMax sTOM pe)KI4Me Ha3bIBaeTCfl IUafoM HyneBo-
T IIO-
pa6orunnxra ro MoMeHTaH2, o1rttno Hz> Ht. 3.{ecr
IIO.IIbeMH€UI Cr.''JIa Ha JIo[acTLI II3MeHUJIa
e.27) Ha o6parHoe H ee cocraBJlf,Ioul€ul
HarrpaBJreHI,Ie Tv ypaBHoBelurlBaer cocraB-

cuta T
TaK,rITo noJIHat KacareJlbHas.
Jr.rrnqyro T* ot ro6oaoro conporr,rBrrenLrfl.
IHEH.
rra rronacru paBHaHynlo (puc.9.12 6).
I}IHTA
flpu eqe 6onrrueft nocrynr{ ynop rr MoMeHr 6yqyt orpl{IIareJIbHbIMu.3ro 6yger
p H4- pa6ora BHHTaB pexrrMe ryp6uHu (nanpr,rnaep,Bepryureqnrrfr rar ulrr4 cno6o4Ho npa-
If,AMI4 ularoulraficxrpe6Hofi sr.IHry MHoroB€lJIbHoro
cy4na).

257
 9.8.fluaepawMH dns pacqemaepednbx euHmoe
npeAcraBJltlor AaHHbIeAJI.fl
B orrtn.rne or KpHBrrxAeficrBlrr BlrHToBAr.ralp€rMMbl
qenofi cepuu rpe6nux BHHToB,ornuq€uoulr4xcfl,IuaroBbIM orlro[IeHLIeM, I4 ,qaHHbIe
nro6paxarorcr Ha AraarpaMMeB HecKoJIbKoHHoMBHAe,rIeM Ha KpIIBrIX Aeficteut. 3a-
Merr,rM,uro K1, Kz lr ep cBf,3aHbrcoorHorueHr,reM(9.27), uogroMy Ha .qualpaMMax
nso6paxaror 3aBncr{MocrbroJIbKo AByx BerI,Iqr,rHor ),0 v Nrs. cepu}I BIaHToBcrpotr
ABe Ar4afpaMMbr:oArry B octx xp ^ Kt Lr Apyrylo B octx 1p H K2, ? Ha HI4x cTpof,T
KpuBbIeflocro{HHblx 3Harleunfi 11o.
Cnoco6 nepecrpo eHnfl,AHalpaMMnoKa3aHHapuc.9. 13, na KoropoM uso6paxeuu
Kt H 4p n $ynrqnn or )"o.3aAasarcb 3HarIeHvntMH
Kpr,rBbre 7ptilepanocl4M coorBer-
cTByroque 3HatreHHflAo Ha Kpr4ByroK1, KaK rroKa3aHona pnc.9.13. llpoaeJlaB 3ro c
c piBHbIMrrruaroBblMHoTHoIrreHpr.rIMI{,
KptrBbrMrrAn.f,Br,rHToB rIoJDrtII{MHa OAHOMfpa-
Qure prA Kpr,rBux x1()") c rouranan, coorBercrByroutrllrrrznrr6panHblM3narrenuflMrlp.
3HaqeHr.r.f,*ur?p, non) IHM JrvrrurunocrouHHblx 3Ha-
CoeAHHx.srorrKtr c oArrHaKoBbrMH
.{eHnfi ep. Conorynuocrutuuuit xrVo)
&,4 nlrfl,pfl.Aagna.reuuft HlD, noA[ucaHHbrxHa
016 HI{x, H nunufi nocrogHHbrx r7o H IIpeAcraB-
JTflIOT OCHOBHbIerlrllvrn Ha AI{arpaMMe
0,4
(pnc.9.14). ConeprIeHHoantulorrqHo crpo-
0,2 vrTcfl u BTopafl AI.IarpaMMa c lrvrHuflMvr
KzVp) o- Br,tHroBc reM xe p.rAoM3Harle-
nutrt HID u nu:rruit ?p =const (pnc.9.15).

Prcyuor 9. 13. Ilepecrpoenfle KpuBbtxAeficrsHt O6e nonasaHHbleAnarpaMMbl ornocflTcfl K

BHHTa B .qr.rarpaMMypacqerarpe6uux BHHToB cepHLIqeTblpexJlonacTHblxBHHTOB C AUCKO-
0: 0,40.
BIIM orHoIrIeHI,IeM

\
s4
N\
*o

,75
0,2
9,75
0,1 p,70
,0,60
0,50
5 0,6 0,7 0,8 g 1,0 Ap
AlIx pacq€rarpe6uux B}lHToB
Pncynox 9. 14. KopnycHtulAI{arPaMMa

258
 N
Anfl, st,
trbIe s
3a-
tr{ax 0,8
ngT
)otT

CHbI
BCT-

toc
rpa- 0,4 ,5 0,6 0,7 A, 0,9
0p' pacqerarpe6urx BHHToB
15.Mauussar Ar4arpaMMa.{nt

3Ha-
t - I
\An I KaxAa.f, Lr33TraxAHaFpaMMcrpouTc.rrAnfl,cepnr rpe6Hrrx BrrHToB,orrurraloulax-
IHa ct IuaroBbIM oTHorueHHeM, Ho c oAHplM Lt TeM )Ke AHcKoBbIM OTHOIITeHHeM I4 ITHCJIOM
TAB- ronacrefi. ,{narparvrMa,rrocTpoeHHa.sB oc.ux lp ^ K1 Ho3blBaercfi.KopnycHoil a 4ua-
}TMC FpaMMa B OCflX 1, H K2 - MarUHHHOfi.3rn HAsBa]c'vrflCB.'l3aHbIC TeM, r{TO eCnI4 3aAaH
rpo- Kopnyc cyAHa H ero cKopocrb, To rtpu no46ope BHHTaHcxoArr I43BenI4rII4HhI conpo-
I[MI{ THBJTeHHI R, uepet Koropoe o[peAeJrrerc{ rrorpedurtfi ynop BI{HTaI,I,noJlb3ytcb Ava-
,aqe- rpauuofi Ao- Kl, no46uparor BHHTH HaxoAflTqepe3 ryp ilorpe6"yto MolrlHocrb I{ rlac-
.i5). MarrrrrHbr,a 3areM, uogo6pae MarrrrlHy,paccqHTEIBaIorBI{HT,,rcxoils.H3
Tory BparqeH*rs.
c{K AaHHbrxMarur,rHbrr.IkrctloJlb3ytAHarpaMMy2r*Kz.
:cKo-

9.9.BsauuodeilcmeueeuHmau KopnycacydHa
B npe4rrAyrrlr4x naparpa$ax paccMarpuBuracr pa6ora I43oJII4poBaHHoro Br{HTa.
B .qefrcrsr4TeJrbHocruBr{HTpacnonoxeH 3a KoplycoM u pa6oraer B noroKe, Bo3My-
rrIeHHoMKoprrycoM. 3ro BJru.flerKaK Ha pa6ory Br{HTa,TaK u Ha cuJIbI,,qefrcreyloIune
Ha Kop[yc.
flonymuatil nomoK
qro 3a ero
flar,rxyuuficr xopnyc cyAHa yBneKaer ga co6ofi Macchl BoAbI, TaK
KopnycoMo6pa:yercs rroroK, HanpaBnenuufiB cropoHy .{BI,IXeHHs. cy[Ha.3ror IIoroK
Ha3brBaerct no[yrHrrM tloroKoM. O6osHa.ruM rrepe3 a cpeAHee 3HatIeHI{ecKopocrl,t
uorryrHofo rroToKano AHcKyBHHTa,TorAa cKopocTbBHHTaB.qoJIbQCVIvp nO OTHOIXe-
HHrcK cKopocrll oKpyxauqefi ero xI4AKocrLIBblpzrlarct pa3Hocrbrc:

vP=l-u '

259
 u
B AoJr.llxcKopocrr{ cyAHaH orHoruegue w=i
Cxopocm nonyrHoro rroroKa orleHr,rBaror
Ha3brBarorxoefiSnqueHToM noflyrHoro noroKa. TorAa cKopocrL BHHTaorHocLITeJIbHo
BOAbI 3ANI{IUCTC' B BI,IAE:
vp =r (t - *) (9.28)
Cxopocm nonyrHoro rroroKa pac[peAeJreHauo ALrcKyBr.rHTaHepaBHoMepHo.
Ona napr6oJrbru€ul B Ar.raMerpanrnofinJlocKocrlr u y6rrnaer rrpu y4aJreHr14or Hee, rlo-
3ToMy oJIeMeHTbr Jrorracrr{ 3a BpeMr oAHoro o6opora pa6oraror c pa3HbrMHyrnaMl{
uraKr4lapa3HbIMKarrecrBoM.3ro npr,rBoAlrrK ToMy, qro ynop P pr uouesr M 3a Kop-
[ycoM orJrnqarorcg or r{x 3HaqeHnit P tt M e ceo6o.4Hofino,qe:
P=\Pi M=izM,
rAe rl rr i2 He3brBarorcrxoe$fnqr{eHToM BrrnflHvrs.HepaBHoMepHocTr{ nolyTHofo rro-
TOKa Ha y[Op LI Ha MOMeHT cOOTBeTcTBeHHo.
fiStlupudruxeHHofr oueHru BeJrr{lrlrHbr
[orryrHoro rroroKa MoxHo [oJrb3oBarbct
Qoprraynarvua:
w = 0150d - 0105 rnt oAHoBr4HToBbD(
cy.qoB,
(e.2e)
w = 0,55 5 -0120 nns,EsWBr4HroBLxcyroB.
Vro racaercx rosQ@nqrreHroB\ H i2, ro oHLro6rrqHo JIeXaTB rpeAeJrax:

CunasacacbrcaHun
Pa6orarolquit za ropuofi rpe6uoft Br{HTBbr3brBaernoAcachrBanneMacc BoAbr,
qero KopMoBar oKoHeqHocm o6rercaerct c 6omuuMu cKopocr.fiMlr,lreM
BcJIeAcrBr,Ie
IIpH Hepa6orarouleMBr,rHTe.3ro nrr:uBaer naAeHlreAaBneHHfrB KopMe r.ryBenurreHlre
cLInrpeHnt, 6raro.{apt qeMy Ha Koplyce Bo3Hr,rKaerAo[oJrHHTeJrbHiur cyrra T , uaupas-
JreHH€IrnporlrB ,qBr{xeHufl.cy4na, Koropiu Ha3brBaercncunoit 3acacbrBaHnx.3ry cuny
orIeHI{BaIorB Aoffx ylopa, pBBrIBaeMoro BrrHTou.OrnoureHr4er = I HasHBarorKo-
P
oQSraqHeHToM 3acacbrBaHus.
Taxuu o6pa:ou, ynop BraHra
ypaBHoBeruuBaer
HeroJrbKocvrry6yrccupororrHoro
colnpornBlrenufl,Ho a cilny 3acacblBanuxP= R+7, TaK rrro Ha npeoAoJreHnecI{JIbI.d.
I,IAeTqacTb cHJIbIyflopa R=Pe=P-T =P(l -t). Cuna P, uazsrnaeTcfls$Qer<rnenrrv
ynopoM ruu rsrofi BrrHTa.
KoeQOHr{raeHT 3acacblBaHr4fl3aBWcI{Tor QoprraucyAHa u npu6xnxeHHo Moxer
6rrru ortreHeHB Aonsx uonyrHoro floroKa:
t=cw
rAe c = 0,5...0r7 nptr ycTaHoBKe3a BrrHTorra
npoouJrHpoBaHHoro pyJl.tr
.
llpu pa6ore Br{HTaB pexuM€x, orrrrdrl€troqnxcr or pacqerHoro, cneAyer fII{TbI-
BaTb, uro ros$QraqneHr 3acacblBalclufl3aBucr,rToT cKoJrbxeHnfl. s1, Bblpaxapqeroct
qepe3nocrynr ).0:
).^
^ 't r= l - - - 4 - .
HID
3anucunaocrr rosSQnur,reHTa3acacbrBaHrrf,
or cKoJrbxeHr,r.fl
onpegeilflercs, Soprraynofi:

260
 u
t=b,
v s1
bHo ( .1"n r , ,
- xosSSr{rIHeHr
" =rl I -=:^
r.{€ /6
HlDl | pa6ore BI,IHTa
3acacblBaHnflilpvr Ha ruBaproBblx,
t
.28)
a nocryub Xp r,r ros$$nqueuT 3acacbrBanvfl,t coorBercrBylor pacrlerHoMy pexl'IMy
)HO.
no- rpe6noro Br,rHTa.
a\1H fl ponynucueHbr
0 K@QQuqueH
m
(op- Tenepr MoxHo or{eHr4TbrroJre3Hoe4eficrnrEe rpe6noro BI,IHTa,pa6otatoqero 3a
KoprrycoM cy.qHa.Kax yxe roBopr,lJrocb,rroA nponyJIbcHBHLIMrooS$uqueHToM [oHI'I-
Maercfl orHorrrenue 6yxcllposo'ruofi MorrlHocrlr K MoIrIHocrI{, ilo.qBoAl4Mofix euury:
0-
Rv 4 P (I-t)v o
n=* i 2M 2 n n ( t - w )
fbc.[ floAcrasnf,r Bblparrenvfl,Ans P fr M , nocne coKpaIIIeHuItnoJryrluM:
q=+llrr=4xop,
l't L-W
.le) Kopnyca.
f Ae 4rc Hzr3blBaercr ros QQI4III4eHToMBJrhrflH]as.
Ha conpeMeHHbrx rpaHcnoprHbrx cyAax 3nayeHnt nporrynbcnBHoroxosSSnqn-
eHTa Aocrnraror ilnn oAHoBHHToBbrxcyAoB 0,70...0,80, a Ant AByxBLIHToBIIX
0,60...0,70
.
)JbI' 9.10.Kaeumaquflepe6narxeuHmoe
qeM C ynenuueHneMrracrorbr BparqeHu.flBo3pacraer ynop rpe6Horo BIiHTaBcneAcr-
}HHE Br4eBo3pacranur,AaBJrenprrHa HarHerarenruofi cropoHe Jlonacru I4 noHI{x(eHI,ItAaBJIe-
PAB- HVf,Ha 3acacblBztroulefi ctopone. OAnaKo,KorAa rroHl{xeHueAaBnenvfl.,qocrurHerAaB-
:H-]1y neHr.r.sHacbrrrleHHbrxnapoB rrpr4Aansofi TeMneparype, BoAaBcKHIIaeru e Hefi o6pa:y-
roTcfl nycTorbr, 3anoJrHrrcrrlr4ec{napaMl4BoAbIIdpacTBopeHHbIMu n nefi ra3aMl{. Tarne
KO-
napo-r€BoBbreny3brpn (ranuraq?roHHbreKaBepHbI)uorpunator r{acrb 3acacblBaloqeft
rroBepxHocrr,IJrorracru r{ ra3Men.srorpexr,rM ee o6rerasns. Xotfl rI{,qpoAHHaMHqecKIae
HOfO xapaKTepI,IcrHKH BHHTanpaKTr{qecKl{He Melrtlorcfl, Ho, cMelrlagcbIIoroKoM B o6lacrr
stR MeHbrrrerop€BpelKeHnfl,rry3brpH cxJro[hrBaloTct, BbI3bIBasKaBHTaIIHOHHyIO 3pO3I4IO,
HbIM pa3pyrnaroqylo MaTepHanJronacTr.I,BcJIeAcTBHe rlefo JIonacTHTeptroT [porIHocTL I4
coKparqaercr cpoK 6esonacHoftpa6out rpe6Horo BI,IHTa. Ouucansble .xBJIeHns, xapaK'
)xeT Tepr43yloTrIepByIOcTaAuIoKaBuTaIIupl.
flpu,uanrneft rueu Bo3pacranr4r,r cKopocru o6rex anvrfl.JIoII acru Hacrylraer BTopat
cranufl,KaBHTarIr{lr,xapaKTepu3ylouatcq reM, qro KaBlaTauueitoxBarblBaerc.l Bct 3aca'
rroBepxHocTbJrolacTlr, TaKrITo cxJronblBaHHeKaBepH[poI4CXOAI4T
cbrBaro[tra"rr yxe BHe
t{TbI- Jronacrtr, 3a ee BblxoArrrlefi rponaxoit, u nogroMy 3po3llt orcyrcrByer, Ho BcJIeAcrBue
troct cyrqecrBeHHoro H3MeHeHr,r{ pexgMa o6rercasuf, cylqecrBeHHo MeHsrcTc.trrI,IApoAHHa-
MUTIECKI.IEXAPAKTEPI,ICTHKI,IBI4HTA I,I PE3KO IIAAACT ETO KT,{. !W' TOTO, 'IIO6TT YCTPA-
Hr{TborpnrlareJrbHhreuocireAcrBur, cBr3aHHbre.cKaBuTaqnefi,rIpH npoeKTLIpoBaHHH
BHHTa CTpeMrrTCt yCTpaH[Tb UJrr,r oTAaJrI{Tb ee notBJIeHI{e, YTO AOCTI{raeTC{ yBeIUaIe-
HueM rtnoulaAr,rnonacrefi, xapaKTepu:yenaofiAHcKoBbIMorHoIIreHI{eM,I,I coorBercr-
OII: ByrorrIHMupoQranupoBaHr{eM ce'IeHufi ronacrefi, o6ecneul{BarolrluM6olee paBHoMep-

261
 A
A Hoe pacnpeAeneHueAaBneHI,Iftuo lrnoluaAu
t1d
ironacru.,ftx npegorBparrleHrs rroflBlrennfl
NR
xopHenofi gpo3rll4 l,IcnoJrb3ylor[pornBo3po-
3HOHHbre OTBepCTI{t.
florsocrrro ycrpaHurb nepBylo cra-
Arrro KaBHTar\HVr He yAaeTcfl,T.R. ero rlorpe-
6ona-uo6rt ynernql{Tb A}IcKoBoeorHorueHlIe
4o raroft BeruqllHbr, nptr xoropoft cyulecr-
BeHHoTra4aerKrrA BI,rHTa.llparcrutlecKn BbI-
dnpamr AI,IcKoBoeorHolueHl4e, ucKJrroqarc-
qtgee[o.sBJIeHHenropofr cra4nr4 KaBkrrar\ktr.
Nrt err6opa rl4cKoBoro orHoIrIeHI4rI
2000 4000 6000 B000
ylo6no [onb3OBaTbct Ar{afpaMMoI4
Px
puc.9.l6, Ha Koropofi uocrpoeHbl KpI4BbIe
Pucynor 9, 16.[uarpauua au6opaAlrcKoBoro
orHorresurrrpe6uoro enrna
norpyixeHvrfl.ocr4rpe6Horo BaJrah", a flo ocLr
ynopa
a6cuucc orJloxeHo cpeAHee3HarreHl4e
:
CeqeHI{t ABI4XI4Tent
BHHTaHa eAr{Hr.rqy[JroIr{aAI,Ir}IApaBnHrIeCKorO
P
Prc= -----T (e.30)
nD'
4
,{uarpaurr,rofiuoxHo [oJlb3oBarbct rrpu 0 <0,75.

9.11. Ocnoeubte sadaqu pac.temaepedHbtxeuHmoe

PaccnaorplrMHeKoropbre saaa'tvrno pacqery rpe6umx BIaHToB,Bcrpeqarculuect
Ha npaKTHKe r,r oTJILItIaIOIIIUeCS. 3aEABaeMbIMI4 I4 I4CKOMbIMI{ BEJII4TII4HAMN.
l.3aAaHo:ynop P, cropocrbvp,guauerp D, qacToTa BpaIrIeHvTnn.
BHHToM
Tpe6yercn nafirn: uraroBoeorHorueuueHlD, Kil!- rlp u uorpe6JlseMyrc
MorrlHocrbN p.

rrocrynb^o =
Pacc.rursrBaeM n roeQ$ul{HeHrynopa *, = , Ha Ar4a-
h #l
rpaMMe lp - Kt HaxoAHM TorrKy, coorBercrByloqyo HaIUI{M 3HaqeHIlsM lp rI K1, rlo
xoropofi cHr.rMaeM3HaqeHu.f, HID vt qp, norpe6"yro MorrlHocrb HaxoAkIM rlo BhIpoKe-
P v ',.
I r u t o N' r =
4p
P,vo,D.
2.3aaano:.
Tpe6yerccHafirn: n,HfD,Up,No.
B grorvr cnfrae HeJrb3flHenocpeAcrBeHHo BbIrIucrHTb rorlKy Ha Ar4arpaMMe,T.K.
Herr3BecrHon. MoxHo,3aAaBaflcb n, cBecrrl 3apla'tyK cnflarc 1. Ho HaAopacilopq-
Ar{Tbcssrr6opou n TaKr4Mo6pa.sona, qro6bl nofiyr{r4TbBI,IHT,nrraeroqufi npl{ 3aAaHHhIx
BeJrrrrrunaxHarrBhrcruufiKII{. C erofi qenblo saffAeu ypaBHeHHert4nr4vr,na roropofi
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262
 rlacrorbl BpauleHr.rsn. VpaaHeHLIesrofi lunuu reaitAercs.,eclrkrI,IcKrIorrI4Tbn v3 Bbr-
tII
lfl paxeHufi 2o w K1.
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noAcraB rrfifl,B r\'1
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l kl ' r Il (e.31)
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4A uau, o6pasyrorB ocrx h, - Kt KBaAparHyro
uapa6ory.Ha srofi napa6oleuan6olsrue-
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T.e. Bce roqKr{, y.qoBJrerBopflrorqne
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EuIe rpra 3apaqwBo3HrrKaror,
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I{crIoJrb3oBaHHeMMaTIILIHHoftluarpauurt.
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263
 PaccqntgBaeM ),^=2 y.r=-Jl-. llo sruM .{aHHbrMHa uaurunnofi
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urxarofi roeQQuqreHra:

kh=ror^l+ (e'33)
I tr,
lp, HID v 4n v
Pacc.ruraBkh,HaxoAuMTorrKyuaxpHeofi n6pstrroxoropofi cHI,IMaeM
i n v 'P
onpeAeJltewnopr=-:!- vt P ='t P .
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rrrKruroftroeQ$nqrreHra:

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264
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BCJII{qI{HbI xosSdrquesrur ,{narpaunra I,lcrourre BernrruHhl
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=]?t
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u Kopnyca cydHa
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rrosToMyraxpa6ory HaAopaccMarpnBarbB KoMuJreKce.
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KnHeMaTI,IqeCKafl fte = frde (e.3s)
AI,IHaMI4rIecK€Ls M, =.q, M56t
rAe ry" - KfI! BzuronpoBoAa.
Cn-flgraMe)K.qyBHHToMr.rKop[ycoM:
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l .UUHAMHIIECKA.f,
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4P(-r)=n.
cyAHa Bce 3anr4caHHbre
gefi BunoJlHttorct, Ho ecJII{raxas-ru6o H3 BeJIHTTHH,
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BxoA{rqnx B ycnoBng, I{3MeHrer-
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K ToMy,r{ToecJIHnpn xaxofi-ro
MorrlHocrb3aBlrcr{Teu1eor rrocrynn )"0. ?'ro npI{BoAI,IT
r{acToTeBpaqeHl4t n6 BHHTnorpednreT rlonHylo MOUI-
nocryrrH 14 H uorrlHH€rJrbHofi
n ueHlureft
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ABHfaTenb cHr43pIT r{acToTy BpaIqeHHt, IIoKa MoMeHTHa BHHTeHe CpaBHqeTctc MoMeH-
qeM pa3Bl4Baer
ToM ABgrareJrfl. Taxofi Br4HT,y Koroporo rlpn n = n0 MoMeHT 6olsute,
ecJII{ tIpH
ABgrarenb, Ha3brBaerct rr,rApoAHHaMHqecKnTtxeJIbIM BHHToM.H nao6opor,
n = fio MoMeHT Ha BuHTe MeHbIue, tIeM Ha ABlaraTene,raxofr BI4HTHa3blBaeTct fI4ApoAu-
'HaMI{qecKHJrerKnM} B 3ToM cnyqae ABurareJlb craJl 6rt yeennqnBarb qacrory Bpaue-
HI,Ifl,rrTOHeAOnyCTr,rMO ero npoqHocrH, [o3ToMy peryJlsrop aBToMarI'Iqe-
IIO yCJrOBr'rrM
cKH yMeHbmHT noAaqy TonJIHBa,rroKa MoMeHTABI,IraTeJItHe CpaBHteTcf c MoMeHTOM
"Ha
BHHTenpn Aorlycruuoft qacrore BpaIrIeHHflABHrareJIt.
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Hns I npe4craBJrfler 3aBucr{Mocrb N(,2) upra rocrof,HHofi noAaqe ronJII'IBa; II orpaHu-
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rrJraBaHI,Iq,CTpO{T XOAOBbIeXapaKTepHcrHKH HJII{
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(xpunrre Aeficreug r4ltt4 pacqerHble graarpavrrrtrr),
xapaKTepucrnKn ABnrarenr (saencuMocrb MolllHo-
crn N" or qacrorbt BpaueHvtn n), a Anfl'Hc[oJIb3o-
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3acacbrBa*nfl,
npuHl'IM€lrorct roeQQuqrleHrbl BJTuflHLrr^HepaBHoMepHocrranorryrHoro rroroKa: Ha
ro ynop \ uH.arvrouern i2.
IO-
r{ucleHuuft nparraeppacqera rrocro.f,HHhrxBeJrHrruH,
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s ra6r.9.2 u Ha pkrc.9.18).
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u- Ta6r'wla9.2 Pac.rerxotosofi xapaKlcpncTHKH cyAHa

BenuqaHH 3na.reHr,Ir pacqerHblx BeJIHTInH
iefi
Ap
I V 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,52 0,6 0,7
(gaaaeucs)
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tpH
IH-
n, Ilc 1,52 1 , 6 2 1 , 6 9 r,77 1 , 8 9
1,57 1,92 1,92 1,92
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rpe- peceqeHr4rKpHBbrx R vr
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267
 Apyras AHarpaMMaAnfl.perrreHu-srex xe
3a4aq, Hut3brBaeMalrracnoprnofi 4uarpauuofi,
[pe,{craBJreHana prac.9.19. Ona cocronT u3
AByx rpaQuror, pacnoJloxeHHblxno BepruKa-
ma. flo ropu3oHTa.urnofi ocu orJloxeHa cKo-
pocrb xoAa cy4*a B y3JIaX, rIO Beprplxalrnofi
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n6n.9.3.
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Pucyuox 9, 19. IlacnoprHat AlrarpaMMacy.(Ha

Ta6rurua9.3.- Pac.Iernacil
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\ = fVp) (c xpnaux AeficrBlit

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n., I I *tuu (sa4aerracx)

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ir, (BOIII),
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urofi yron B cropoHy yMeHbrrrenvfl.uta-
ra. 3ro [o3BoJuer ocyqecrBprrb peBepc
cyAHa 6eg r.{3MeHeHr4f, HarrpaBneHut
BparrleHnrrpe6uoro B€Lrra.
Taruu o6pa-
3oM, nppr ycraHoBKe BPIII ABr4rareJr6
Mo)Ker 6urr HepeBepcr4BHrrM,a Ha cy-
Aax c ryp6HunrrMra ycraHoBKaMr.rorna-
AaeT Ha.qooHocTb B TypoHHax 3aAHero
xoAa.Kporr,re
roro, 6onee6rrcrpoe ocy-
/00 peBepca cy4}la npu vc-
rrlecTBireHure
PucyHox
9. 20.TqrosuexaparoepucruxN c pa3-
6yxcr.rpa floJlb3oBannra BPIII cnoco6crByeT ilo-
F
JIHqH6IM14 BI,IHTAMH BbIIII€HIIIIO Oe3OIIaCHOCTI4n[aBAHilfl,.
K ne4ocrarKaM BPIII orHocrrcr 6omuras crouMocrr, 6omruHfi sec r,rHecKoJrb-
Ko MeHbrutaftKIIA Ha pacqerHoM pexuMe, qeM y B{DIII, BcneAcrBr4eyBenrdrrenkrflAr4a-
Merpa cryIrI4IIbI Ao 28-30o/o AuawrerpaBIlHra, BMecro 18-22% y B@III, a raKxe He-
cKoJrbKoH3MeHeHHoirS oprra sr KoHTypaJronacrri.
 10. ynPABnfl EMOCTbCyRHA

I 0.1. Ocnoenb,enoHemus
VnpaelxeMocrbro Htl3brBaercr cnoco6socrr cy.[Ha ABurarbcg tro 3aAaHHoft
TpaeKropuN.B 3aBucr,rMocrr,r or BuAarpaeKropuu pa3nvqaror ycrofivunocrb Ha Iq{pce,
T.e. cnoco6socrb ,qBllrarbcg npflMoJrr{Hefino,H rloBoporJluBocrb,T.€. cnoco6noctr
r{3MeHffTb HanpaBJreHHeABHx<eHH{ }ryxHhrM o6paaou. Haprgy c yKa3aHHhrMI4
ilIaBHbrMr{ cnoficroanan, I{c[onHyeMbrMH B ocHoBHoM pexI,IMe AB]I]KeHI,IIIcy4Ha,
paccMaTpllB€lroTc.[ BcrroMoraTeJrbHbreMaHeBphI,IacnoJlb3yeMbleIIpH ruBapToBKe,IIpu
coBMecTHoMABHX(eIdI.Il.d C ApyrUMHCyAaMU,nppr yAepKa}IIdIdcy,qHaB ycJIoBrlJIXBerpa,
BoJIHeHr,rr,Ho rer{eHnr{ H B Apyrux cil1n{€ulx. flp" groM TaKxe HclroJlb3yrorcfl
pa3flr,rqHbrepexr4Mbr pa6oru ABHXI,rrenefi. Kouurerc croficre yflpaBnteMocrll c
freroM Bo3MoxHocrefr pa6orsr ABuxr,rrenefi cocraBJlter MaHeBpeHHbIeKaqecrBa
cyAHa. I,Inaqe roBoprr, MaHeBpeHHocrbcyAHa - sro ero ctroco6Hocrb n3MeHtrb
gJreMeHTbr cBoero ABI{xeHHt c HeKoropofi cKopocrbro.
fnannue cnoficrsa ynpaBnreMocru, ycroftuuaocrb Ha Kypce H noBoporJluBocr6,
B HeKoropoM cMbrcnenporuBopequBbr;rIeM 6onee yctofivnno cyAHo Ha Kypce, TeM
6olrurue ycvnnt.rpe6yrorcs, AIrr.tI3MeHeHn.rero Kypca n nao6opor.
VnpannreMocrb cyAHa B 3HarrnTeJrbHofi or ero Sopr.an. Cy4a c
creneul,I 3aBHcI,IT
6orruuu orHorueHueuLIB r c pasBlrrbrM 6olee ycrofiuunblHaKypce,Ho
AeftAByAoM
MeHeenoBopoTnrrBbr,qeM cyAa MeHeeyAnLIHeHHEIeC noApegaHnofiropuoft.
Eonrruuucrso cyAoB caMu ycrofivunocrbro Ha Kypce He o6naAaror v AJrfl
pyxeM, B cB.r3u c orllM BBoAlr
yAepxaHufr nx Ha Kypce rpe6yercx MaHeBpI,IpoBaHue
ycrofivunocrrl Ha Kypce, rIoA Koropofi noHHMaIor
rroHrrue sKcnJryaraurroHHofi
cnoco6nocrr cyAua coxpaHfrb 3aAaHHoe Ha[paBJIeHue .qBuxeHl,lfl c noMoIrIbIO
[epr4oAr,rqecKnx [epeKJIaAoK pym. Crenesr sKcnJryaTaIlnonsofi VCTONqI,IBOCTH
xapaKTepH3yeTcroTHorrreHr{eMcpeAHero yffIa oTKJIoHeHLItCyAHa OT Ha3HarIeHHOfo
qypca K cpeAHeMy 3HalreHrarorpe6yerraoro yHIa nepeKJIaAKI,Ipyns u tIIrcJIoM
nepeKnaAoKB eAlIHHrIyBpeMeHH.

10.2.QupxynnquncydHa.nepuoduru eneMeHmHqupiirynel4uu
Ocnonnoft xapaKrepucruroft rroBopornr,rBocrncyAHa cJlyxlar rpaeKropnt,
rIeHTpoMTrxecTr,rcyAHa np[I ero ABHXeHI{HCpyJreM,IIepeJIO)KeHHbIM
our,rcbrBaeM€ur Ha
nocrorHHbrfi yror (prac.l0.1). 3ra rpaerropur, a raKxe caM rpoqecc ABHXeHI,Ixcy4ua,
Ha3brBarorcsqupKyrquuefi .

270
 flpoqecc ql{pKyntqrur npl{H.flro
pa3AeJrrrb Ha rpn nepnoAa. llepnufi
nepuoA, sa.grrnaevruft MaHeBpeHHbIM,
HaquHaerct c MoMeHTa Haqara
rrepeKJraAKr{ pyJrf, kr 3aKaHqnBaeTcfl
MOMeHTOM OKOHqaHLIt eIO ilepeKna.4KlI.
Bropofi nepuoA, HA3bIBACMbII,I
3BOJITOIIHOHHbTM, HaqHHaerCC C KOHIIa
)!1
[epBoro v 3aKaHrll{Baercf,, KorAa
le, rlrrpKynsql{H npLIMyT
napaMeTpbr
Tb ycraHoBneurufics Tperufi
xapaKrep.
{11.
nepkroA, nasnrnaeurrfi ycraHoBl4nureficr
IA,
rlr{pKynflr{ueilt, maunHaerct c oKoHlIaHLIt
P14 BTOpO|O 14 npOAOJrXaeTCrAO rex trOp,
)d,
rroKa pynb ocTaercf, B nepenoxeHHoM
:cn
cocTorHuH.
Caua rpaeKropprr IIT cy4Ha
3a
xapaKTepll3yeTct cneAyroqaMr4
TTb Pucynor 10.1.L{uprymqfir cyAnaH ee
napaMerpalau(pHc.I 0. I ):
SJIEMEHTbI.
- AHaMeTp ycTaHoBHBIUeHCt
Tb,
rIHpKyJr{r{Hr4D - AHaMerp oKpy)KHocrlr, onucrrnaeuofi I-lT cyaHa B rperbeM
€M
[epnoAe rlr4pKyn.rrqr4H
;
- BbrABr{r \ - paccroflHvre, Ha Koropoe cMerrlaercs, IIT cyaua B HanpaBlreHvrur
3.c
[epBoHarlaJlbHoro Iqypca c MoMeHTa HaqaJIa [epeKJIaAKLI pyilfl. Ao ToIIKI'I'
HO
coorBercreyrouefi H3MeHeHHro Kypca ua 90o;
- nprMoe cMerrleHHe 12 - paccToflHne, Ha Koropoe cMerqaercfl. I{T or [rll1tlJ.vrkr
u9
Kypcana90";
Kypca Ao rorrKra,coorBercrByrouefi HsNaeHeHHIo
nepBoHarrulJrbHoro
n.flT
- o6parHoe cMeuleuue \ - nau6orbrrree paccrocHve, Ha Koropoe cMeulaerct IIT
llor
lbro cyAHa or lluH,vrv nepBoHarrarrbHoro Kypca B cropoHy, rrporl4BononoxHyro
CTI4 rroBopory;
- yron ApefiQa p - yrorr MexAy BeKropoMcKopocrrrUT cyasa u .quaMerpaJlbHofi
ofo
IOM IInocKocTblo;
- TaKTurrecruft AHaMerp Dr - paccrogHve MexAy Ar{aMerp€unuofi tlJlocKocrblo
cyAHa B HarraJrerroBopora (ua nepaoHarr€LrrbHou
xypce) H rrocJreI43MeHeHHsKypca
ua 180o.
9ncrennue 3HaqeHraryKa3aHHbrxnapaMerpoBrlnpKynrqulr JTe)Ka;t B cneAyloqldx
)lIfl, npeAexax.
il, HA 1 ); D r = ( 0 , 9. . . 1 , 2 ) D .( 1 0 . 1 )
4 - ( 0 , 6 . . . r , 2D); t z : ( 0 , 5 . . . 0 ,D6 ;) h = ( 0 . . . 0 , D
ltHs: flpra 4alrxenuru cyAHa Ha MeJrKoBo.qbe[paKTr4qecKrl I,I3MeHrrorct Bce 3JIeMeHTbI,
xapaKTepr{3yroulr{ e rlprpKynsrlHro.
Yeennqeur4e AuaMerpa ycraHoerlnrreficr rIHpKyJrsuHHHa rrry6nHe H Moxer
6rrrr onpe.{eneHo no Kpr{Bofi puc.lD.2, nocrpoeHHofi no AaHHrIM HarypHbIX vr
MoAeJIbHbIX or orHorueHr,rrocaAKHcy,qHar rrry6raueBo,qbl.
I,Icrlbrrauufi, e 3aBLrcr,rMocrlr
3ra rpneafl flBrflerc.ncra6nmnoft Anr cyAoB pa3HhrxrlrnoB. Ilonrsyrcr srofi rpnnofi,
271
Ar{aMerp ycraHoBrrsuefics rlupKyr.srlur,r Ha MenKoBoAbe MoxHo o[pe.qenldrb no
Qopuyne:
Ds _ D * (10.2)
ks
rge D* - AHaMerpIIupKyr.s-IIHU
KH
Ha rny6oxofi BoAe, a kp
onpeAeJlrercr no puc.l0.2.
Kporrre I,I3MCHEHI'I'
SJIEMEHTOB TIHpKyJUIIIHLI
MCJIKOBO.IIbC VBEJIHqI{BACT
creneHb ueycrofivr4Bocru cy.qHa
Ha KJ{pCe, pbIcKJIIIBOCTb
KOTOpOIO HHOTIa BO3paCTaeT AO
roe{borqueHtaKs, yrrHrbl-
Pncynor 10.2.3asHcHMocrb
Barolqero BJrr4tHLIeMeJrKoBoAbfl Ha Ar4ul.leTprIrlpKyJItIIHlI. raroft creneHl,I, rITo Aenaer
3aTpyAHlITeJIbHhrM yAepXaHHe
cyAHaHa npsMoMKypce.

detcmey,olque Ha cydHonpu qppKynf,quu

10.3.Cunat u MoMeHmbr,
KorAa cyAHo c [epeJIoxeHHbIM Ha HeKOTOpbIHyrOJI pyJIeM O[HCbIBaeT
II[pKyntqHIo, Ha nero AeficrBylor
cJIeAyIouHecLIrIbI(puc. 10.3):
- cI4JIa Ha OTKJIOHeHHOM pyne
Pn, Koropylo MoxHo
v'
lpeAcraBl4Tb cocraBJltro-
rur4MrlPo, n Ppxi
- rtreHTpo6exuascvtJra P4 c
cocraBJltloqnMHPo, w P*;
- cvrr4, 4eficrrytorqar Ha
norpylKeHnyrcqacTbKopnyca
R, tr
R c cocraBntlo-utrutvru
Pncynot<10.3.Cunu 4efictnyourae HacyAgorIpI4 Rr.
rIHpKyJrf,IIr{I,I Ha IrepeAHeM XOAy. Cwta R B HaqiurbHofi
cTa4uu rIr4pKyJIflIIuuIlpHnoxeHa B
Hocosofi qacrn cyAHa,Ho rro Mepepocra yrna gpefiSa r,rrcneAcrBl{e HepaBHoMepHocrl{
paclpeAeJreHr.uryrura apefi$a rro AJrr.rHecyAHa or rryJlt B IroJIIoce noBopora On),
roropnft HaxoAtrrcr B HocoBofi qacru (ocnoaanue nepneHAnKyntpa, onyuleHHoro I43
rler{Tpa rIr{pKyJrflrIHHC Ha ArdaMerparrbr{yrcmocKocrb), c Bo3pacraHl{eMB KopMy,
roqKa npHnoxeHvs. cujjrbr R cueuaercfl B Kopr"ry sa L{T cyAHa, 6naro4apt qeMy
MoMeurbr Bcex culr orHocuTenbno IIT rlpn ycraHoBnsrueficx qupKyJLflIII{?I
ora3brBriloTcs ypaBHoBerrreHHbrMI,I. Kpoue rolo, flpu qnpKyntql,Iu rlotBJllreTctr
272
no AOIOJIHHTOJIbHaII6oroea{ cvJra na rpe6lroM BHHTe,o6paayroqaflctr BcJre,qcTBr{e ero
pa6orrr B KocoM noroKe LI3-saBparr{eH}rr cy$Ha, a raKxe r.r3-3asaKpfrr{Bauua crpyn,
or6pacrtnaeuofi BITHToM.Ll*ran KaprnHa ocHoBHbrx4eficrnyroqgx cuir HMeer Mecro
.2)
rpu rlnpKynrqrrn cy.{Ha Ha 3aAHeMxoAy (puc.lO.4). llpu gnuxeHnlr cyAHa Ha3aAc
[epeJIo)KeHHbIMpyneM Ha pynb geftctnyer rloilepeqHas cocraBJrrKrulm Ppy, Koropat
Hl4

iH eKBHB€UreHTHararofi xe cHJreP|r, npnnoNeHHOfiB rIeHTperrxecrH

cyAHa' I'I MoMeHry Ppy I p, BpalqarcqeMy cyAuo B cropoHy nepeKrraAKnpynr. EoxoBa.s
wlA
cura P[, Y;lrcstBaer6oxoBoe cMeIIIeHHecyAHa, 6naro4apr KoropoMy uorBJurercr yroJr
Llr4
IET
yl ApefiSaB wcuna R*
Ha Pivi r Ha Kopnyc
AeprcTByrorr{€t
)Tb cyAHa u o6pa:yloutrar
.10 MOMEHT Rvln'
leT
I}Ie
npenrrcreyoqufi
rroBopoTy cyAHa B
cTopoHy nepeKna.qKr4
Pucynorc10.4.Cr.rnu4eficrnyrorqneHacyAHoIrpu qupKyrrrlnr{ Ha pyitx. Kporvreroro, yroJr
3a.qHeMxoAy.
apeft@a VMCHbIUACT
sQ$errrannuft yroJr
nepeKJIaIKH
pyntr,roroprrfi K roMy xe pa6oraer BHecrpyv, or6pacrrnaeuofirpe6urrrra
ler BLIHTOM.Yrasasnue npxqI,IHbIcHr4xaror yflpaBJrfleMocrbcyAua Ha 3a.qHeMxoAy,
IOT BCerAaxyxe, qeMnpu xoAeBuepeA.
KOTOp€LI

i-.Ie
iHo 10.4.fluaepanMaynpaenf,eMocmucydHa
IIo- Xaparrepucrnxoft yrpaBJlteMocrurcy,qHana rnxofi rny6orofi BoAe cJryxr4r
AHafpaMMaynpaBnseMocrll, uro6paxanrrJafl saBvrcaMocrbKpraBH3HEr ycraHoBusflreftcr
III'rpKyntqI{H or yffIa nepeKJIaAKH
pynfl.fluarparrarraaynpaBnreMocrrr rrMeer pasruvurrfi
sn,q y cy,qoB, o6naAarou{nx ycrofiqnBocrbro Ha Kypce
G"c.10.5 a), r{ y cyAoB,
neycroft'u'IBblx Ha Kypce (pnc.10.5 6). flo ropLr3oHrantnofi ocr4 Ar{arpsMMbr
orKJIaAbIBaerQflyroJl nepeKnaAKrr pyilr 6, a ilo BeprnKaJmrofi KpEBH3Ha
III4pKyJIfIIHLI,
ofipeAerteMas 6e:pasrrlepnofiymorofi cKopocrbroBparrleH^r rygt;2,

L Dyt*, I
tofi
= - L - -
(10.3)
R - . - - - - v,ycm
-'ycm . --- R'
IAB
flIe vyr* cKopocTb Ha ycraHonfisruefrcr q[pKyJUIII[u, Koropar Mox(er 6rirr
CTI,I
n), orpeAeneHano Qoprwyle (10.4), uolyrenuofi annpoKctruaqraefr
HarypHhrx
r lI3 r4cnbrraHuft
cy4on:
iI)', Ryr* - pailHyc ycraHoBl{arueftcs llupKynrquu;
l.\V vyt*
wrn (10.4)
tt.cfl
vs I +1,9atl,,cm
273
 Puc.10.5 a noKil3brBaer,qro,{[.fl cy4Ha, ycrofr.runoro Ha Kypce, KaxAoMy yrJry
nepeKJraAKH pyrrfl coorBercrByer e,qHHcrBeHHat KpLlBH3Ha ycraHoBHsuJeficg
rllrpKyJr.squu.BogAeficrsue BHeruHeroBo3MyIrIeHVfl. Ha raKoe cyAHo, plAyulee nptMbIM
KypcoM, Bbr3oBery Hero uosBreHue yrnonoft cKopocrl,I BparueHlas14yrJla ApeftQa, uro
npr4BeAerK u3MeHeHr,rro Kypca cyAua. O.4Harco,nocJle rlpeKpalqeHufl Bo3MyIqeHI4tc
TeqeHueM BpeMeHu yrnoBat cKopocrb Lr yroJl ApefiQa 6y4y" y6rrnarr,

& 6
cyAHa:a - yctofi.uBoroHaxypce;6 -
ynpaBnreMocrll
Pucynor10.5.[uarpaMMbr
HaKYPce
HeYcro[vuBoro
acuMurorrdr{ecKr4crpeMrcb K rryJlro, vr cyAHo nrrftAer Ha nosstfi upxrrrofi Kypc,
ouu.{Hrtfr or nepBoHaqaJlbHoroHa yroJl, 3aBuctull4ft or BeJInr{HHbIBo3MyqeHufl' H
Cy4uo, Heycrof iHnoe
6y.qer ABlrrarbc.{ HoBbrMKypcoM .qo cneAytoqero Bo3MyIrIeHrax.
Ha Kypce, npn nprMoM [oJro]KeHr{Hpyilfl 6yxer pa3BopaqkrBarbcs,no rpaeKTapvrunu6o
BrrpaBo,nu6o BJreBov Ailfl ero yAepxanprfl.Ha Kypce ueo6xoAltMo MaHeBpI{poBaHI'Ie
pyneM.
flpegnonoxuM, rrro cyAHo, neycrofivnBoe Ha rIptMoM Kypce (pnc.10.56)'
O[I,ICrIBaeTycTaHoBLIBIryIocflII[pKyntqI4Io ilp]I PYne, nepeJloxeHHoMHa yroJl 5 O na
npanrrfi 6opr. Eylerra yMeHbrrrarbyrorl nepeKJlaAxu5O, uepex?IAar, IIoKa cyAHo npll
KaxAoM HoBoMyfJre [epeKJraAKraHe sofiAer B ycraHosnnru[fict pex{rlM AB}Ix{eHI'Itc
yBengrruBurraMcrr Ar4aMerpoM IILIpKyJItttHI4. flo Aocrrr)ceHl,tll HyneBoro yrna
nepeKJraAKHpyrrfl cyAHo 6y.uer ronpexHeMy orlacblBarb IIpIpKyntIIIlIo B rlpaBylo
cTopoHy, A€ulee pyJlb rlepeKnaAblBaeTc{B cTopoHy JIeBoro 6opra, oAHaKo cyAHo
rorpexueuy 6y4er ocyuecrBJrrrb ycraHoBr,rBlilyrcct qupKyntql{Io B rpaBylo cropoHy
He
co Bce 6onrurnu Ar.raMerpou.Tax 6y.uer ,qo rex nop, noKa yron nepeKJIaAKu
- 6 Ha nesrrfi 6opr, coorBercrByloqero
Aocrlrrger KpfiTurrecKoro 3uarreHnt
MaKcr{MaJrbHoBo3MoxHoMy Arfl AaHHoro cyAHa AnaMerpy qupKynsqru. flpu
vI3
4alrHefiureu yBeIHrIeHHu yilIa nepeKnaAKl4 Ha lerrrfi 6opr cyAHo euft,qet
gofrAer B IIHpKynflIIuro B neBylo cropoHy c
UHpKyJIflqIauB IIpaByIo cropony u
llpu
AnaMerpoM, o[peAeJrf,eMbrMToqKaMH Huxnefi BerBI'I AHarpaMMbIpI'Ic.10.56.
rueAlennoft [epeKJIaAKe pyns B nporllBorronoxHylo cTopoHy Becb [poqecc

274
 noBToplaTct, Ho rro Apyrofi sersu Ar.rarpaMMrr.CreneHE Heycrofi.rHsocrr4.cy4na Ha
rfny Kypce Moxer xapaKTepu3oBarbc.flHaKJroHoMKacareJrbHoilr nyHKTktpHoMy1r.racrKy
:itcs.
- datl qro
TbIM AxalpaMMEI B Harriure KoopAHHar, T.€. npou:no4uofi :l 3aueruu,
rtTO d5la=o
nsc 3KC[IepHMeHT€LJIbHO,tIpU HaTypHbrX r4CIIbITaHHtX, 3Ty BenUqI,IHy MOXHO O[peAeJrHTb
lilTb, roJrbKoAnr cyAoB,ycroftuuBbrxHaKypce(pn..10.5 a).

10.5.Bnusnue eempa u eonHeHueHa ynpaefleeMocmb cydHa

flpu ABHXeHHITcyAria B ycnoBr4{x Berpa KpoMe paccMorpeHHErx Bbrlue

rHApoArIHaMnqecKHXcraJrHa cyAHo geficrnyror €r3poAr,rHaMlrqecKne uara H MoMeHT
Berpa Ha HaABoAHyro
AaBneHI4rI qacrb. Cocranrgroula.rl cnJrbr,neprreHAlrrynrpHar ,[I,
BEI3bIBaer (apeftQ) cyAHa,Koropoe .{Braraercsc HeKoropbrMyrJroM
OoxonoecMerrleHr4e
cKopocrbrocyAHar.rero ,ryD. Mouenr grofi
apefiQa (yron MexAy pe3ynbrr.rpyrorqeft
cplJIbI orHocnreJrbHo IIT cyAHa crpeMr4rcfl yBecrr{ cyAHo c Kypca. trrrx
[peAorBpallleHr,ur 3Toro 4eircteus Berpa rrpuxo.qr{rcr nepeKJraAbrBarrpynb. Ecrpr
nepeKJIaAKlIpyJlr Ha MaKcuMaJrrnrrfi gorrycraeurrfi pyJreBbrMycrpoficrnou yron
He.IIOCTaTOIIHOAJrr nOAAep>KaHkrs,3aAaHHOfOKypCa,TO CyAHOTepser ynpaBnreMoCTb,
[ocKoJrbKy He Moxer ABrrrarbcg B 3aAaHHoMHanpaBJIeHuH. Bonpoc o6ecue.reuug
ynpaBnteMocrl,I rlpn Berpe rlMeer cyrqecrBeHHoe3HarreHr,re AJrr cyAon c Oonrinofr
r}*Pc,
nJroIrIaAbIonapycHocrr,r. B 3aBHcHMocrHor norroxeHnr rleHrpa uapycHocru ($I) u
nfl\ H
KypcoBolo yrJra BeTpa pynb rrprrxoArrrcr nepeKnaAbrBaTbB cTopoHy BeTpa I{JrrI B
tlrBoe
6opm. B nepeou cnfrae roBoprr, rrro cyAHoyBanuBaerctor
cropoHynoABerpeHHoro
;rH6o
BeTpa, Bo BTopoM - lITo CyAHo IIpI4BoAI{Tct K BeTpy.
}AHHE
flpaxrnuecKoe 3HaqeHrreHMeer yron ApefiSa, c KorophrM cyAHo ABrrraercfl rrpu
Berpe B 3a,qaHHoM HanpaBJrenkrtr. Cyruecrnyer prA cnoco6on otrpeAeJreHnfl
WIra apefiQa.
).56),
OAurau v3 npocrbx r4 AocraroqHo rorrHbrx rBJrrercfl cnoco6 ero o[peAeJreHI,Irno
i- ria
I
m6nuqarrr apefiSa, xoroprrfi cocrouT B nocJreAoBareJrbHofi eu6opre BeJrr4rrr{H
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275
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6nugrcofi K cKopocrn 6era BoJrH.B srux cnyr{€rf,x np}r AnHHe cyAHa, 6masxofi K AnraHe
BoJIH,cyAuo Moxer [oreprrb ycrofiunnocrb Ha Kypce, 6snr 3axBaqeHHbrMBoJrHoft,l.e.
ABurarbct co cKopocrrro 6era BoJrH,coBeprrrarbHeynpasrger,rsrft
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Moxer 6uru onpoKr{HyrbrM.
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oco6esno onacHo AJUrMELJrbrx cyAoB, B coorBercrBuu c qeM n llpanunax Pernctpa
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rAe L - ilnunacyAHa,M.

10.6. Bsautuodeilcmeue cydoe npu o6eouax u pacxot(deHuex

Onacnue cry-rraLr, [prrBoA.rrulr4eB HeKoropbrx cnTyarlurx K rrorepe

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napa.JlnenBHbrMnr(ypcaMu Ha M€rrrbrxrpaBep3Hbrx paccro{Hlarx. B npaKTr,rKe
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oco6eHno rtpu ililaBanvpt Ha MeJrKoBoAbe H B KaHaJrax. llpuur,rHa raK]rx cnfraeB
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no[rleperlHbre cHJIbI H MoMeHThI pbIcKaHI'It cToJIb ooJlbluov BeIwratIlHbI, rITo oHpI He
MoryT 6rrm [peoAoJreHhr o6u.rHtr\,r pyJreBbrM ycrpoficrnou. Kporrre roro, B
3aBUCT4MOCTH OT B3aHMHO|O pacnono)KeH.ilfr CyAOB B npoqecCe r4X npOXOXAeHnfl,
geficrnytounft MorvreHT pbrcKaHl,It H3MeHrrercfl He roJrbKo rro BeJrHr{r{He, Ho u
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oruu6ovHorwy MaHeBplrpoBaHl4a pyneM. B cBr3H co cKa3aHHbrM, npn o6roHax u
pacxoxAeHr4.rrx peKoMeHAyerc.rl err6Hparr AocraroqHoe rpaBep3Hoe paccrotHl,re Mex(Ay
cyAaMI{ pI cHr{xaTb cKopocrb xoAa, r.rc. o6a srn Qaxropa BJrldsrorna AeficrByroqlre Ha
cyAa-naprHepbrcuJrbrH MoMeHTbIr.rxB3auMoAeitcraus.
flpn [JraBaHHr{ B ycnoBr.rrx MeJrKoBoAbr u B KaHaJre cuJrbr u MoMeHTbI
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na ruy6orcofi soAe. B coornercrBun co cKa3aHHbrM,o6ronn cyAoB Ha [oAXoAHhrx K
rlopraM KaHaJIax3a[peqeHu, a 6eaofiacHocrb pacxo)KAeHur cyAoe o6ecueqrrBaerc.fl
npaBI{.nbHbIM nrt6oporra rpaBep3Horo paccrotHrrr MexAy cyAaMH 14 IInIpHHbr
MaHeBpoBofinorocrr.

277
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cKopocrn cyAHa ranpoft4eHHoro IIM [yrI,I or BpeMeHnfipkr p€rrroHeH Ilptl
3aBr,rcprMocrtr
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MaHeBpr4poBaHHLl cyAua B ycnoBrarx orpaHu.IeHHofi aKBaropl{r414B ycnoBrltx yrpo3bl
onacHoro c6nuxenu{ c KaKr{M-nu6onperurcrBneM Ha lryrl{ cneAoBaHr4g' cy4Ha.
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lnoA Aefictnnev cHJrbI conporr{Brrewkrr BoAbI, v aKTInBHoeropMox(eHl4e, KofAa
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'-: C MOMeHTaIIoAarII'{
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zagauit xo4; rperrfir (axruBHoe ropMoxenue) - c MoMeHTa3anycKa ABurarent Ao
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Cynlecrnytor
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rpa6rara, a raKxe ucxoAHbre KpHBbre S(t) 14 uQ), rorrynreuHble rpl4 HarypHbIX
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Puc1'nor | 0.7. Ilu*reitnue rpatf nKI'IropMox enws,.

Tarne lnsefinrre rpaQnxn o6u.rHo crporrcf, Ant AByx cocroflHplft Harpy3KH
CyAHa: B 6arracre
OULIIJIaCT€ yL ts lP)3), I.nfl pa3nur{Hblx
fpy3y, /{Jl}l PaJJrh'rfi-br?r HAqANbHbIX
uilYilJlbtlbl^' cKopocTel{,
vr\\rPwvrvfl' ACrr\ 3TO
KAK Jr\

npeAcraBJreHoHa puc.I}J, Ha KoropoM uso6paxenu lranefiHue rpaQuru npl4

ilaccrrBHoM TopMox(eHr{r{ (pexurra cron) u npn aKTI,IBHoM TopMoxeHI'Iu,
coorBercrByroueM nonHoMy xoAy He3aA. Ha ruK€ulax aKTI4BHoro ropMoxeHl'I{
AonoJrHHTeJrbHo yKa3aHbrMoMeHTbr peBepcaABHrareJIx(rrynxtupHble pracxra),a raKxe
BpeMffAo roJrHofi ocrasonKr{ cyAna (ua nepxHHXKoHIIaxrpaQuxon). B cpeAHefiqacrn
Al4afpaMMbrHaHeceHaruKuurapaccrotHuit n rca6elntoBblx, rro t<otopofi onpeAeiulerct
rryrb, upofi4eunnfi cyAuoM c HaqaJIaropMoxe}'{prfl-

10.8. Cpedcmaa aKmueHoeaynpaeneHufl cydnoM

,{eficrrne pynfl KaK cpeAcrBa ynpaBJIeHI{t cyAHoM flBlrflercfl e$@exrurnrrla

ToJrbKo rrptl Aocraro.{Hofi cKopocru xoAa, Koropyrc rtpla HeKoropblx ycnoBl{tx
rrJraBaHgrHe Bcer,uaMoxHo p€l3Brrrb.B erux cnyraffx [pI{ He6naronpnflTsofi noroAe
o6H.{HHft pynb se o6ecnequBaer HaAnexa[tyrc yrlpaBnteMocrb cyAHa, rITo Moxer
rrplrBecru K anapufinurrl cnTyarlnrM. IrlcuolrgoBaHl4e 6yxcupoe He BcerAa
ocyulecrBrlMou cBrrercr Aoporocrotlql,IM. flostorvry Ha MHorux 6olrrurax
coBpeMeHHbrxcy.qax ycraHaBnuBarorcrlcflerluaJrbHbleycrpoficrna, npeAH€BHaqeHHbIe
Anr nprrA a1Lrfl.cyAHy yrpaBJr{eMocru rpu orleHb MaJIrIX xoAax H 6eg xoAa, t.e. 6es
nepeMerqe1trflBAonbffI. Tarne ycrpoficrBa pa3JIHtIHbIxrLInoB ol:.,e$uusrorclt o6Ilnira
Ha3BaHr.reM (cpeAcrBa aKTHBHoro yflpaBlrenvfl. cyAaMI,D>.Cpe4u raKI'IX ycrpofictn
 nara6omuree pacnpocrpaHeHl'Ie IIoJrfIHnlI:
floApynl,IBaloque ycrpoftc'rna, Kpbulbrlarble
ABLIXI'ITeII{ 14 nOBopoTHbIe BI'IHTOBbIe

KOJIOHKH.
flo4pynnBaroulee YcrPoficrno
cocTonr rI3 TyHHeJUI,[pocrprpalolqeroc{ oT
oAHoro 6opra Ao APYroro' c
pacrloJloxeHHbrM B HeM rpe6nuu BHHToM,
rrpr4BoALIMbIM BO BpaIr[eHHe
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PucyHox 10.8. Cxeua noApynl'IBaroqel'o
ycrpoficma. (puc.10.8) r4trr4 c rIoMoIrIbIo ronu'recKofi
nepeAaql4.

Bneped

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Pucynor 10.9. CxertralI3MeHeHut HaIIpaBneHusyfiopa co3AaBaeMoroKplr.lrrbqaTbItt,r
ABnX0{TeJIeM.

280
 '{acrIa Hocosoft u
flo4pyluBarorJlr{e ycrpoficrBa pacnolaralorct B [oABoAHofi
ropr"ronofi oxoneqHocreft cyAHa. 3ro flo3Boirser cyAlry ABurarbct JIaroM vrIftr
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fLIApaBJrrIecKrrMr{ Hacoc€lMl,rBMecro rpe6nrrx BI,IHToB,c KpbInbqarhIMI'I ABI'IXI'ITeJIflMLI,
pac[onoxeHHbrMrr B KaHaJIenp.fiMoyrolrsofi Qoprrau,u Ip'
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prBBlrBaeMoro ynopa. Cxeua Aeficrsnr Kpblnbqaroro ABI4xc,ITent noKtBaHa Ha
puc.10.9.
flonopotnar BHHToBzI{ KoJIoHKa rlpeAcraBirter
co6ofr rpe6uoft BI/IHT, HarIpaBJIeHHerflrtr Koroporo
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BepruK€rJlurofi ocu. Cxerraa KoJIoHKH uao6paxeHa Ha
puc.10.10. 3Aecr I - .qsnrarenb; 2 - croirra (6annep)
KoJIoHKId;3 BeprHKaJIrHufi npneo,4uofi BaJI BHyrpI4
6annepa; 4 - ronn.{ecrnft pe,4yrrop; 5 - o6reraeMafl
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ABHIaTenb IIOBopOTa KoJIOHrn. VrOl nOBopOTa KOJIOHKII
o6rrqno cocraBrqer 360o, rITo rlo3BoJlter cyAny
nepeABHrarLct nepe.qHl{M H 3aAHI'tMXOAOMHe npUoefarl K
peBepcy ABl{rarent H pl3MeH.f,rbHarIpaBneHHeynopa BI4HTa
AJrr Lr3MeHeHHrIKypca cyAHa.
BHnrosrte noBoporHble KoJIoHKH rIpI'IMeHtIor Ha
cyAax, K KoTopbIM npeAbsBnffIoTcfl Oco6O BbICoKI{e
rpe6onannx B oTHO[reH[n ynpaBJUreMocTI{ Ha Milllbrx
cKopocrrx xoAa, a raKxe :Hacy$ax, KoropblM neo6xoAuuo
npoAonxurerirnoe BpeMrI yAepxuBarbct B oflpeAeJlesnofi
Pucyuor10.10.Cxeua
TOrrKeMOpt.
suntonoftnonoPornoft
KOJIOHKI,I.
 CNNCOK JII,ITEPATYPhI

1. BuSop 6esonacHhrx cKopocrefi pr KypcoBbIXyrnoB npl4 IIrropMoBoM nJIaBaHI4I4

- PA 31.00.57.2-91.- M.: MoprexunQoprrlpeKrlaMa,
cyAHaHa nonyrrroM BorrHeHr,rrl.
t993.
pacqerblMopexoAHblx xapaKTepucrl4K -
cy,qHa.
2. MentHnr B.H. 3rcunyararluoHHbre
M.: Tpancropr, 1990.- 142c.
3. Mypy H.n. O6ecue.{eHr4e Kopa6tx. - M., Boenv3llar) 1965.-
HerrororrJrfleMocrl,I
196c.
4. flpaeuna rnaccnsuKarlur{ pr nocrpofixu MopcKLIx cyAoB: B AByx roMax. t
PoccuficrufiMopcxofi Perucrp CyAoxoAcrea,1999.
5. flpanunarepeBo3Kr,{ 3epHa./ PoccnftcruftMopcrofi PerucrpCyAoxoAcrsa,1996.
6. Pyceqrufi A.A., xtyreHro M.M., fiy6poean O.B. Cy4onue ABHxI4rerIu'- JI.:
Cy.uoctpoeHue, 1971.- 288 c.
7. Cervrenon-T.sH-IllascxufiB.B. CrarfiKavrAHHaMHKa Itopa6nr.- JI.: Cy4ocrpoeHHe,
1978.- 608c.
8. Cgsos B.f. 06 ocrofiqusocrlr cyAoB, repeBo3flIllnx cblrlfrue rpy3bl. JI.:
CygocrpoeHlle, 1958.- Ns 16.
9. Cusos B.f. Onpegelenue xosQQnqlreHroBrrpoHLIIIaeMocrH 3aranJrlaBaeMblx
orceKoBupu pacqereHenoronJrreMocwr ll IrlHsoprraaunonnrtfic6opHnr.- Cepnx
<<FesonacHocrb - Bun. No(221).- M.: MoprexunSoprr,rpeKrlaMa,
rrrraBaHnrr>. 1989.
l0.Cusos B.f. Pac.rer aeapafinofi [ocaAKr4 B cyAoBbIXycnoBl4sx: 3xcnpecc-
unsopr*aaqraxll Eegonaqrocrr ilraBanprs Brtu. 9 (169). M.:
MoprexnnSoprvrpeKJraMa, 1984.
ll.Cuson B.f., CrenaHos B.B. 06 onpe.qeJreHur4 anapnfinofi uocaAru B cyAOBbIX
ycrroBurx.- HayvHo-TexHr4.recxzfi c6opnnrc. Brtn. 22. - C.-II6.: Poccuficrufi
-
uopcroft Pernctp Cygoxo4crna,1999.
l2.CnpanoqHuKrro reopnraxopa6nx:B rpex roMax./ lloa pe4.BofirKyHcKoro4.I4. -
JI.:Cy4ocrpoeHue, 1985.
l3.Crarura rcopa6nr./ PoxAecrBeucrufiB.8., Jlyroncruft 8.B., FopraconP.8.,
Mupoxun E.B.- JI.: CyaocrpoeHue, 1986.-240 c.
14.TeopurH ycrpoficrsocyAoB./ KaquaHO.M., ,{oporocraircrcuft 4.B., KoHnosA.8.,
KoeareHroE.lI. - JI.: Cy4ocrpoeuue,1991.- 416c.
l5.VnpaureHuecyAHoM./ fierrauHC.VI.,Xyxoe E.VI.,Ky6aueeH.A. v Ap.;llog pe4.
CnouronaB.I4.- M.: Tpaucropr, 1991.-359 c.
l6.Derrett D.R., BarrassC.B. Ship Stability for Mastersand Mates, 5th ed. - Oxford,
Butterworth/Flernemann, 1999.- 447 p.
17.IMO Assembly Resolution A.749(18) - Code on intactstabilityfor all typesof
shipscoveredby IMO instruments.

282
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