A.

Choose from the following list the correct items to complete the corresponding
sentences:

1. Primase makes an RNA primer to initiate a new strand of DNA in prokaryotes.

2. Helicase unwinds DNA and separates the strands so it can be replicated
3. Ligase seals single stranded nicks after the primer between Okazaki fragments is
removed and replaced with DNA
4. Polytene chromosomes consist of thousands of DNA copies side by side in a single
cell to form very large, visible chromosomes in Drosophila salivary glands.
5. Single strand binding protein prevents the two strands of DNA from coming back
together before the DNA is replicated.
6. LINE is the most common repeated motif in the human genome.
7. Uracil is the RNA base without an exocyclic amino group.
8. Heterochromatin is highly condensed in interphase, and is not transcribed. These
regions typically have few genes.
9. Major Groove displays H-bonding groups specific for each base pair
10. Poly I removes the RNA primer in eukaryotes.

B. Describe in your own words the DNA replication process either in prokaryotes OR in
eukaryotes. The names of the respective proteins involved should be included .(7 points)

DNA replication in Eukaryotes: In Eukaryotes, the replication of DNA is limited to

once per cell cycle. The replication process of DNA is central for cell duplication and
eukaryotic genome maintenance is essential. Action involves of DNA
polymerases synthesizing a DNA strand which is complement to the template strand in the
DNA process of replication.

To form a replication fork which contains two single stranded templates the double
stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases for DNA strand
synthesization. At mitosis, the single DNA double helix which is copied into two DNA
helices during the process of replication.

The functions of major enzymatic which is carried out at fork of replication are
conserved well in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, compare to prokaryotes, the machinery
replication in eukaryotic DNA replication is larger complex and at the replication site it
coordinates more accessory proteins to form replisome.

In each proliferative cell, the replisome copies the entire genomic DNA, so from
parental cell to daughter cell it allows for high fidelity passage of information of genetic and
the phase cycle of the cell which ensures that the replication of DNA occurs without errors.

Many and more replication of DNA processes of regulatory are initiated in cell cycle
of G1 phase and during S phase of cell cycle the vast majority of synthesis of DNA occurs in
eukaryotes and to form duplicated two daughter copies the entire genome must be unwound
and during G2 phase, errors of replication and any damaged DNA are corrected and one copy
of genomes are separated finally to each daughter cell at M phase or mitosis, and each of
these daughter cells has one strand from DNA parental duplex and one from nascent
antiparallel strand.

C. Without consulting any other literatures, speculate/hypothesize how the initiation of

DNA replication could be regulated in cells.(4 points)

The initiation of DNA replication process can be regulated by recruiting the

replication machinery to the origin of replication sites i.e. having an initiator protein bind to
the replication site.
By Three steps the replication occurs such as DNA strands separation, new DNA
segment assembly, template strand priming and double helix opening. The Origin which
refers as two strands of DNA double helix which is uncoil at a particular location. Gene copy
number increases or decreases along chromosomes in some cell types of DNA replication.

By removing component, more than one cycle of replication prevented. On Cell

division, makes the replication initiation dependent, during cell cycle processing occurs are
highly coordinated and regulated.

At mitosis steps and DNA replication the cell cycle is regulated, a catalytic subunit (a
cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK) and a regulatory subunit (a cyclin) composed by
heterodimeric protein kinases, and 2 ubiquitin-protein ligases and also regulatory
phosphatses. the activities of numerous cell proteins regulated by Cyclin-CDKs
phosphorylate which participates in division and replication, the activities of CDKs regulate
by bound cyclins and time destruction of cyclins by Ubiquitin-protein ligases. So ensures
that irreversible is the cell cycle, and uncontrollably cells divide and replicate in the absence
of regulation which leads to cancer disease.

Origins on the chromosome in which the replication of DNA regulated by replisome

and bidirectionally from origins it replicates DNA and is a molecular machine in a
semiconservative way, initiation is the process of recruitment and elongation is the
replication of DNA subsequently by replisome so it is initiation and regulation site is the
recruitment process, Initiation can be adjusted if there is a change is needed in rate of
replication and in embryos, the replication rate of DNA is two orders of magnitude faster than
in cells of somatic since origins used more, which results in more initiation.