55 Differential Equations Exact_Diff_ Eq. A differential eq of the - form (1) M4) dX + NOGY) = (2) where an = an is called an exon differential eq- Example (37 y42)0x% +84) dy = 0 @ @is of the form MX, 78) ¢NOG9) =O where > IM10G,4) = 3x942 NOY) = ey Q) wo 2, (axtye2) = ave ae 2 a OY) =a Hence @ is exact Giff.'eq- Method of sol. () Integrate M wrt X [max = flaxy42)dX keeping y constant 0 = faxydx + f2dx 3Y [xix + 2% xBy 42% (2) Integrate wert y Judy = % the terms of N free. from x (3) Equate the sum of these integrals to @ constant 3 2 KAYAK + Yo = c.: a 56 Example @ysinxcosx + y's) AX +(SiIMX -24 03x) dy = o ——@ he yo) =3 = Here ‘ 2 2 Mogg) = 2YSIMX COSKFYSINA 9 NUKY) = SINK—2YCOSK = LSINXCOSXKALYSIN x += 2SINXCOSKE 2Y SINK - OM aN Z -Ot 2 397 ox eq-@ is Exact fMdx =f @ysinxcosx+4’sIMK) AX Where y isconst = 2y{ Ginx) cosxdx + YFf Sinxdx 2 = ay. G9 * E-C084) = ysirix—yreosx zt No term of N is free from %& * 22 2 Hence general sol- of O'S ySiNs%-YCcosx=C ——® Cenditien Ylo)=3 3 X= 0,4 =3 putting in eq-@, we get 33iro-38cos0 =e} = -9 put iN@ we get ysirdx -ycosx = (3x4 4x9) IK +(2x242y), = © ——__ © 2 2 M0GY) = 3X44XY4 NOGY) = 2CH2Y eee ane ay = 4% ax since + x 1 © is Exact eq- Jean = [areal dx = (3Cdx +fuxydr = apde+ uy fade = 3K MYM, =H 24 fy is constant) fry dy = 2fyay = away| | | | | . $7 2 Hence generat sol-® is xe 2xy ae (ary ey -tanyydx +Gbxtany + see y) dd <0 2. ——O Sel:- Mix,9) = 2X4 +4 -tony NOGY) = datchjescey OM = 2x +1-secy aN. ax-tardy ay aK 2 = X-(secy-t) = 2K -secy+i @ setx = 14earkse) since ne 1 @q°@ is Exact. : JMdx =f 2xy+y-tany) de = [2xYdx tydX-{tanyax = 2Y[XAK+ YX -taNy-x = YXFYA-xXtaNY (Yis cons) fsety dy.= tany HEMmce general Sol of @ is Ky +Xy ~ Ltany-+tang=¢ C&S) ax- $5 yody =o ——_ 7 €9-@ is Exact {mdx =f Max = Le fmesian- sq (edx fu 2 2, : 2 py) Racy 2a ae we )- FS Nate that = S227, ey bean “Peay 2ESAE BEGET 2G? [Noy = (ae ae afer ays 4 Ty58 : eg.@ is 2 ae Ug)” gay =F x44! = 2e(9-1) Hence general ‘sol. of OY . —axthy) AX” “(hx by) Sel:- (hx+by)dy = ~cax+hy)dx fox+hyy dx +chx+byjdy <0 o MOY) = axehy NOY) = hit by aM aN ag =F we th since yea + @4-@ is Exact 2 fm = fox +hydx = Joxax+ fhydx = aX enyx. (gis con 2 J eydy = 6s 2 2 Hence Sol- of €q-is oF thyx+ be =¢c = Oxt4 2hXY+ by?= 20 | (he In xy) dx +4%) dy = 0 o Sel MOGY) = Lelaxy OM ta oe Bg al etx La xy eg : Qa N . since spay eq-@ is Exact JMdx=fU + IMxy)ax SJOXt fImnydx = x+ (nx +tiayy at = XtSINXAX +fInydx =X + I x-1 dX 4UINY)X by parts EKHINK R= fbx] THING = x4 XINK-side4 xing KRING 4 IAY 2 x Cinating) = XINKY Yeconst) fidy sy Hence generat sol. of © is XINXy+Y He59 BAAR 8 ax = 0 Image a Sel:— EL aac +XAXK = 0 taxi yt OM Lx ade Zo 1 Gey)? f x9) Tag * a = (odx ay epin( 22% - eee) ah xy = ct : fees seas) ig x? = 2G 1+%u ) In 1 =a) + sc (oxy +2975) dx + (3274 4tY 6) dy =o @ Set:- 2 2 Here MOGu! = 6*94+29-5 , NOGY) = 3BX4+4xY4-6 om ON 6x +h ay Xray ~ y | since eet » €q-@ is Exact. {max =fleny + ays) ax = soxyax +f 2dr-(sdx (y is const) 2 = bYJKAX + 2YX -5% = by X poxyione aXytKy-on Jirerdy =. -69 Hence generat Sol- of eq-@ is acy +2xY>5x- 6 =c gy sex FSECKEOMX) AX + (tOMX +24) dy=0 —_@ Sel:- Moy) = ysecxrsecx 5 am. ay “9 NO49) = tamx+2y sécx aN = séex aX : aM aN, ; since 55°37 4 O Exact60 [MAK = [(YSEen + SECKtAM x) dK (4 is constant) = sysecx dx +f secitonid% = ytanx+3secx 2 L fady=2y <9 . Hence generat sol Of Mis’ ytamy+seckr +y =e c Yeosx +2) AX + (SINK + Vet-1) dy co —O Sel:- 4 i Moyy) = YCOSK +2KE! NOY) = SinK+ LE] Me cosx+ xe" | NN Lg 3 3g xe O3SK + 2KE aM _ ON, eg. Oi > = *O-is Exact gan 7 <4 JMoix = [(ycosn+2Xe") dy = fy cosedy + (meta eysinns eft y is constant) fendys -y Hence generat sol: is ysinxt eX-y sc x xy Am (ye 3cos2x-2€ sin x) ax sine ecosm-aydy =o S@l:~ Lot wy f xy Mix) = YE Cos2x-2€ ‘SiN2M+M® NGY) = XE CosZX-3 Yay 2M ~ cosax 2tye )-23inK ae" : ye nage rasan a F cosm[ye KE J -25I2x- *9. x x #4 We xy@*cosmK+ 2 cos2K-2KE SiZK uw =O (xy cos2k+ Coax ~2X5iN2x) oe i § re cose) x x 5 xe easinx)+ re 2 ycose e Y cos2t x xy ees xy e %cos2X 4G COS2K *Y Coy Sian + RY COT 2% + COB 2x) | =e am. 2N , eq.@ is Exact ay On61 xy 4 JMdx = lwe COS2X-2E sine + 2x) dX 4 Y is constant {ye 9 cos2x AX ~ a SOK AK +f AK aufé Sos 2K AX et 4 sinax ade +2 o By parts) =yfe Les aKelx~ (a COS 2) = Jecos2x)e tyax) 3 eyfet Coshdnt 6 Losax “uf 4 cosfcon +x? x = @Jeosan ex? Judy = (esdy = -34 ha ; Hence general sol ofO 1S © Cos 2X +x-3y QXY-3AX + OZFKY) dy =o © ym=2 Se@l:— MOGY) = 2XY-3 9 NOGY) = xray, am aN S— = 2% — = 3g x OM Since e = a + @ is Exact JMdx =[(2xy-39d Xx =f 2xydX-{3dx= IY Ho BK = 4 -3X (yis constant) Saydy = 4 y= 2y* Hence genera! sot of © is xy-3% +2y'2¢ ——® Conditien yay =2 3 xXai1 ¥ =2 putting in €q-@, we get, aay-30) +22 se = C= 7 putting iNn@ we get Vy-3x+2y7=7 QAxcosy + 3xzy) an + OC- xsiry- Yay = peraiy Sel:- 7 er Yyoo)= Moy) = 2xCOsy+3K4 NOGY) = KK bala | aM _ Laxsimy +3 QN _ 3x axsiny Oy * Ox OM _ aN sIMce Sgro? €4- © is Exact-62 {ridt =((2xcosy + aly) dX keeping y constant) a w{rccosyax + faxyax = 2EeOsy: aay: x | = xX cosy ey femay = 9, Hence general sol-of@ is Keosys xu =C+@ | Cenditien YO) =2 > x= Or, Ys? putting in @, we get. fo)? fostz) roy" (2) -% =C sy -2 puttingin®@ we get xX cosy ey Y =-2 Gx Poy 20) Ax + Cin y-sxua1) dy so @ Sel. : yeayen | 2203 3 | | MOGg) = BXU-9 + 2X NOY) = aCy-seut au = 3 2y-3y N 2y.3x? a = 6x'y~3y = oxy-3y since 2M ~ aN -@® is Exact 2g ee aq O4 Jax = faty’-y?e2x) dx “(Keeping y constant) 322 = f axudx -fytaxrfrxad = ae My~ Sat 2x padyexsne | “ fiey ey 7 32 32 Hence general sol- of €9-O iS KY -XY +X +y = C —@ Cenditen UEaat wy K=-2, 49=1 putting in@, we get (2) jo <¢ BUY cay USC = C=-1 puttinging we get, 7yixygaxcey = -1 » BBdyax + EBay =0 xe 7 - Sel:- Mou) = 33 NOGy) = SOB | Mow an Uy Te RM x63 4 = doy = Esto) 2 2 = =X = -x < “since 212 2N , ga. is Exact ay 8x ‘4 Smdx=(22ax = (ra fide=O-wyt « SY. 3 (y is conse) x +S x fray = -27 Gey --29, = Bw Hence generol sol of ® ts Wr Hr YW =e > y2-34 42x = cxy +—® Cenditien ‘ SCN = 2 = %e-1s Y= 2 putting in@, we get (2y-3Q)42E1) = CENA) 4 © =2 putting in@ we get yay 2X = 2KY ; y y (18 at Sax yan (Seay) ay so o Sel yco) =1 Sy xtY Mays re 4X E 42K NOGY) a xt zy ame a OF tS an ott, Saxe 3g ax simce we, €q-@ Is Exact ary Sra = [Ure ate 21) dx = fue Man [Ce Fax 4(axdix . uty) 3 a) auch tart SL (e Yards +2 iy ake re Jrmsdys ay, sy? 5 ; te yt eT. heat Hence general sol. of O iS) KE “4 XtY = C3anditien SW) =1 4 %=0, Y= putting ing, we get 2 * Oe "+ersur=e 4 ¢ =1 putting iIn@ we get. xt ea xe yt atReducible to Exact Differential Equations Integrating Factor Suppose M(x, Y) dX +N (KY) dy =o—@ is:not Exact Tf we multiply® by some expression 0%,y) and WE Jet 60%,9IM OGY) dX + MOK YIN OGYAY = O an Exact aiff.eq- HEN 46%,y) is called an iNtegroting foctor of equation @ Rules for Integrating Factor eee eee eee eee eet Suppose M(%, y)dx+ NOGY)DY = 0 —-@ is not Exact aM _ aN aM 7 fpogd% a If a =P) then Fre Maitipying © by IF, we get an Exact diff. eq. aN am Pee [ate fae Speydy 2 ¥ 8 =Piy) then LF=€ Muttiptying®@ by LF, we get an Exact diff-eq (3) If © is Homogeneous diff: eq ' ana xm+yn eo then EF= Sage Muttiplying ® by LF, we get-an exact ©q- (4) Tf © is of he form YFtxyy dk + ¥9OXYIAY =o t ~YN -F= and *M-YN +o then 1-F ron Multiplying @ by TF, we get an Exac eq-65 Example y.dx +00g-x19Y¥ = 0 Sel: Here MOY) = Y > NOGY) a xCy-%- =i and 2N = axy-t x am, oN, ; 7 tt +e @ iS not Exact. oO lo S | a ec Reducing © into Exact, we Find integ raking am _ an eer OS OX NAY a2 ny | 2c) 2 : N XY yen eye = POD JPHAK f-B%IKX -2INK Ay? |. Leese ad OO yp 2 2 2 = KIIX +X (KY-X)AY = 0 Muitiplying® by LF CY dxe (Y-xXdy zo © Eq-@ is Exact ond Mou) = XY aNd NiKY) = YX! fmdx = [kya = yfCdre y Xe -y (y is const) = teren of N free Fromx Is 'y” Syey = % 2 SO! of €9-@ iS 73 +3 =c = w-ny=cx Example ; (2K +242) AX + 2xYDY = oO ——___ © Sel- z Here MOy NOGY) = x! fMox = [0+ 9-9 )ax =fidn+( Be +fyioe = exeins=yl No terra OfN is free fromx (geconsey Hence generat sol of@ iS x +imn+$ ac (SSOX) x + dy = 0 © Here -M(4,4)= end NoGY) =1 Mla on wR) ax = ° a «OM ON eq. @ i og OK 4O iS Mot Exact Reducing @ into Exact, we find integrating factor om _ aN ay x _ 0 fe ee ae ee = XZ ePond fponde fide ine IFe@ <€ =e €@ 2% Multiplying eq-@ by LF, we get (y - SIM) AX + KY @ €q-@ Exact and =MOGY) = Yy-SINX » NOYY) = JM dx =f Cy-SINWAX = (Ydx—(SIMXAK = YXFCOSL (y is const) No term OfN is free from X Hence Jenerl sot. of @ iS yX+CosX =e"1 year +2) dX 8 dy <0 sel 2 x Here. MOY) = 2XY+YE 4 N(%Y) aM x aN _ _@* ag ste mx Te ¥ 3g tae * €a-@ is not exact. Reducing @ imto Exact, We find integrating factor OM _ ON: i uxy +46" axy+2e% Se = SRE + PO) ~ex ex x x x _ ree eu eww GH ger — Deyhwex” Vouey 7g =P) hens 2 zie ZIny tiny? . Des re en ee ee ee Muli piying 9-0 IF, weget Hee gy (any+ ) di~ Peay co ——o | 1k 2X eq-@ iS Exact, MOY) =2xtYE 4» NiGY)= -Ye Qoxn+ Jean - Ve dy = [MAK = § (antGSVdK = frxdntpPedx rege Gis conse No term of N is free from * Hence general sol- of €q-@ is X49 ‘eX = < (yh +2y) dX + (xy 2g LH) dy = 0 9 Sel pallet Mot 4) = 9425 ond: ne wax +2YUXK 2M 2 yyd42 7 ay i sud Dass €q-© is mot Exact- Reducing @ into exact, We Find integrating factor OM _ aN 3. 43 3 39K QYyt2-Y +h BN+6 = - T x Ni Zghagiax RAGE F POY2 aw aM gg " i BR og weuruse2 nau é 2 YY) ig pe) M yh aay yia2y SGP) =P - SPHYAY (Woy -3( DY, p23 [Fee ze? ee INL Muitiplying @ by IF, we get Sgt ayyax + J2OCy3+ 2y4— od dy =o (yt WPA AK + OG429 -uLY?) dy =o @ €q.@ is Exact, and Mogg) = ged? NoyUy = e2y ay” [MX =[y42G%dx alyr2y2yK (y is constant) frydy =2(ydy 2g, 92 ence general sol of eq-@ is xB+™MPH=C Oc? +u2€2x) dx +2"dy <0 ® Seok: Here MOGyy= LEGER 9 NOGY) = 2g aM QN . - ca ont M eer Tog F 30 x €q-@ ismot Exact Reducing® into Exact» we find integrating factor mM _ on ay ok a si ar =POY NY fPOODAX fide x iFee -€ ce Multiplying © by IF, we get Eee yr+rx) an +76 y dy =O G2 e+ yet 2Ke8) AK + 2éydy =o —_ © : €q-@ is Exact and; MOLY) = Ret yee, NUKE) = 229 [max =focetayreXerxeydx = fxtetax +i felax+(2xdax a forzdx + eX frePrarece%ye™ Gisconst)!4 73 No term of N is free From % He 2 x Herce general sol of eq @is KE+Y OQ ac 8) (R+y2Vdx -ayxdy =o ——0 s Here mxy) = x+y NOGY) = -2"4 am ; aN. —=2 = -21 3g 4 ; ox 7 aM, IN st eg-O i it sot ox €q-@ is not Exac Reclucing® into Exact, we find integrating factor. OM aN 2g ax _ 2442 ay 2 ap N ~~ ag = EPOD nice dx 22 2inx ing IFze be Hi gte la cee Tie eine Pn é ey IF, we get, LUCEY AK = ~X7C2KW) AY <0 GHC dx-2tu dy no @ €4°@ is Exact ond MKy) = as? NO) = -2xky Jrdx =f ery) de = fran tpiyex axed eh oxi! (is cony No term of Nis Bn from % . Hence general sol: of @ is x-yxX' ae Pay ocx BY HAXy)AX+C2xK 4 BY) DY =o -— @ Sel: 2 > Here M049) = 3y44xy N(GY) = ax+3xty aur teess ah 2+ oxy a + af # eq-@ is not Exact Ridincaeg into Exact, we find imtegrating factor 2M _ oN O97 ax _ 3+ 8xY~2-6xy = 2xY4t = ONY 2H POG N 2K+3CY aereeg * )4 oN aM : Wg 246xY4-3-8xy 2x9 -1 M 7 Buthxy? ~ SY4qryg? + PCY) “ Also @ is not homo: at ft: eq €2-O can be written: SESHURDAK +124 32H) dy = 0 and *M- aaae sesuaie =2xy e TF = aXYaXy £0 3-H = ay MulfiplyiNg® by De; we get a thny? a y mt avy dy =o ® x2yAKY ey KY €q-@ iS Exact, and Sur uxy? 2x+3xy Mayy= Ses, = 13) yr Nowy) ea Ky ay tung! i3thxy) 3 ax aoe Fes mag TO fae frp (si EK J Ix core +4 seh 3 1X9 er xUeXGy O% TH INU 4x4) Y is cons} 23 ( Ces — FO eg ah ‘rs Xone = Secrexgp AX + HIN + XY) =3 +UIN (xy) = sl nx 3 et “SIN UY) HIN Cexyy = shasta No term of N is free from x 7 Hemce gemerot Sof of @IS IA INU4xU) =C In xU4%KY) EC, “XCttxy) = ect KUL = C (ext 3y29dX + 2XYdYy.= ® sel: Here MOGy) = 4X43", NOGY) 2 2xy1s aM. md IN. ay sy t OK 4 s on ‘ gu #3 4 €4-@ is Mot Exact. Reducing into Exact, We find integrating factor aM -* 6424 ay = 7 49 _ 2 2 ay =X Tae fponde f2ax 2( 9% Lain ing 2 [pee =e 2e'*® “eae a x Multiplying eq-O© by TF, we get LUycesy2ydx + 2x7yax (y3 + ax2y2) dx + 28 ydx —_-__. @ eq @ is exact. and MOG) = rate 5 NOY) = ay IMOX = ((yx24 32702) de = (NCIX +f ty’ = Ri ay No term of N iS: free from * Hence general sot. of @ is xbeey ce (9-xy2)dX+ (X+x7y2) AY =o ————_ © Sel 2 22 MOY) = Y=XkY aes = K4XyY mM LL aN L 2 3g 7 1 2xy x 1+ 2xy bh + x 4 eq:@ is not Exact Reducing © inte Exact, we find integrating factor am an dy Ok. ee aKe-axy KYU) _ -2yCEYD = se # POY N © werege CHG?) lexy? QN_ aM 7 Keay ey ad oy (ue TOR yg Sage = Sy egy = ag + PO) 3 Also@ is Not horno: and XM-YN = xf y = 4G 22¥? = x cy) +O16 ' ' Fant it e XM-YN m2 yP 9) Multiplying eq-@ by TF, we Jet, x49 gy EXE gg eGU-9) =xgtgy 93 = © = eq-@ is-Exact ond atom, te xy® MOOD = Saray N OOS) = Sarg) Mdx= ((a%u)dt 1 we odes j ae (SEs EGO) H™ Gea [RIM FG jo Ee qipinw = GG grind Wis const) anes Bry Ne tet et, wt la iat a) ER Saggy = eet Ey -t -oy J mye =f T-g = ING-y) Hence general sol of eq. @ iS weg (Ggtinnd + in o-y) +e @ GE MY) AX +CrKTYLX AY = 0 sel:- Ak 33 (2 MOG8) = 3X9F2K4 4 CO NOGYY= aC yLx are 2X y 4 2K ve = oxy 2x 3 +E 4 O is not Exact Reducing © into exact, We find integrating factor aM an 3 BT 7 ae _ adyxodutex oxy ux OSD bay NI m Depot eget A(2KYR) an aM 3 2 2 Seo a ottrenistex -ovtye —_ 2cntyon _ 2 poy M Tt ytazny SEU)” 9 (ape y42X) JPOYAK p24, gh Pe Dy ah c2 oo Le=6 2) Sy SMS ny. y? =eMuttiplying ea @ by IF, we get 2 (3744 #209) AK + J? DEP) dy = Gx? 42% 5") an +(2x2y 297) dy aso Eq-@ is Exact and. MO6N) = BxZy4paxg) 5 NOGY) [MAX = (Gx"yteaxgh dk = [sxYaxtfardodx= fers No t€fm of N i3 free from x: (¥ is const-). kence genero} sot. of @ is xy S Be xe xz =cy ® 3 22 = Yy-KY u- xe = x+y ge Sel:- Multiplying, by dx, we get, yAX-xdy = KIX + YAY YdAX-xAX ~xdy -YydY =0 G-HAxX- (K+) AY = 0 ———- @ Here" MO%j)4) = YX 9 NOGY) = omy aM ny oR ent a 3x we $s eg-@ is mot Exact. Reducing @ into Exact, we FInd integroting factor aM. _ aN ay Ok itt Es eee “a POO N rey aN om. ; ox oy rt m= 9X seg e PU Also Q is homo: ond. xMeyN = xyodxy-ye oy? to - elun TFs [Han 7 ea Mul&plying © by If weget, A oe ate AS oy <6 ——-@Eq-@ is Exact ond 7 oe) : NOGY) = ae MOA) = Sag , 1 eae [Max =| HY gy S ~[2a XOX (ude axdx z xeay2 ay? Port =a eg 9 (oe = 4 I oe Py-y- $ tos) = sinuded) =ton {¥ is comstent) No term of N iS free from % Hence general sol. of €9-@ is Sinoced) -toA(é) ac Be ey se =(e ey -dx eee ay = 0 ——— 0 Hefe Mct,y) = 1-y-e” NOG = 1 ane, aN ay ax aM 4 Ns eq-o is Mot Exact Oy * Ox Reducing © inkO Exact» We find integrating fac. OM aN ay 9X _ to =-l= =X = PO i je a fendx ~%& = é, = @ Multiplying eq-@ by IF, we get eU-y- ax 4S dy so — ® eq: ® is the | Exact eq and noun eye N= &* fiicdk= (ey OY Ey dx = [COLn -(YS"dK-fedx Yisconst) =f NAE YS ETen dn-e%- -O YET E No term of N is free from x Hence sol. of eq.@ is -e& ye Le aea (W249) dx =2dy = 0 ® Sel: 7 ?. 7 Here MOG4) = yi xy NOY) = =X on ue ag = tte Qe = 72% 3M aN pi t wt + @ is mot. exact: Reusing €q-@ into Exact., WE Find imtegrating fact 9 Ox _ -2Y+X#2% gxe2y SNe eee POY 2QN_ am DX 9G _-2KAY-K __-3 VY M xyey? ~ yoregy F PCY) Also €q-@ is homo. and)’ 2 XM+YN = xy4174 7G = XY 0 APpeit Lt AM tYN = XYE Muttiptying eq-@ by IF, we get 1 2. A Fg (Se HH) AK Ob dy 26 Yah my A Roy =o @ | €q'@ is the Exact and Moqyy = AE 7 at y /NOGS) = yr xr JMdx= { 278. SJ HIMey bdxe Geeinx Cy isconst) No. t€rm of N is free From x Hence generat sot of eq @is Yy+inxn se BAU + AK + OP4XY)AY = 0 @ Sek- 7 MOGY) = 3944 NOGY) = xe XY aM _ an OM 2 3x42 an og +2y wR aKtY iM oe a is t 9 eK ai ot ExactReducing eq-@ into Exact, we find integrating fact: LiSprg aan 4 Wy OK KEAN Le N ay xOUY) LP SM Ink =P et Multiplying eq'@ by L-F;-we get- (axty +d) dx + 4) dy =o ———@® | eq: @ is the Exact eq: | My) = sxXyexy — NOGY) = XY | | | | 4 : 2 JMdx =f axyexdrax=(atydx+(ugdx= ayy,+ de No térm of N is free from x (g is const) HEAce ge reralsol of @ is y+ Sy =ac 7 Gty+ xy +y7) dx Ol dy <0 o Teh- 2 3 ee MOGY) = XY +2NY4Y 4 NOY) = X44 omy? 2 ane ag 2 + 2X+3Y me 2K aM iN aoe €°O snot Exact Reducing@ inte Ex t, ye find integrating factor aM _ oN Gast 2p OY ak BK BL BOG) ae 8 | N x op = 3X =P(x) | | - _ fPoodx 34 MK | ree Sta =@ Multiplying® by Li . we get, 2 a GxXesewye’s "dues Ye dy -o —__© eq is Exact @& 7 Ei KO 3K 2.3K 2 3X MOY) sxe yer FFE” Ny sre +e : % [Mdx = (axe "y+ 2k “ax ie 3 yy = Uf dike afm KAY | | |et aie Xadk + 2UfxeX dx +4 eae FYE s Se axdx] +24 (xox +4 ye = ute * ayhgstin vf ange" = tye syre™ te term of x is free fromnx, 2% “ General sol- of &4@ js, ye” + 4ye yde+ (2xy-e") dy co @ Seli— =y Nowy) = 2xXY-e an aN. : ax 28 + eq © is Mot Exact Reducing @ Om EeeN 29 aK _ ny OX xi iten # PO into Exact, We find. integrating factor Ie ane 3 2y-t - an ay =I Ae Ln eye M g y =P) ae LPs Sad dy. faay- 8 IrFse -e e 2 -Iny “1 rr R zy ings a 2 eT a ve e@ Multiplying © ee IF, we get, edu +(xe%-g') dy So ——___ eq'@ is Exact ae MG = e? » Nays men y zy [Mdx={ ea = etx 2 xe fev yay = -J a = -lny + Hence general sol f@is XE -Iny =e82 x dx +(e coty +2ycosecy)dy —?o Se@h- Msg) =e e@ NG,y) = ecoty +2Ycosecy aM oN x ss = cotye. we ox = COS am ay Saad * eq. is not Exact. Reducing © inte Exact, we find integroting fact: x ag 7 aX _ _ _o- Ecoty = VF PX) N e*coty+2y Cosecy a aN _ OM x 2K _ aS coky _ coty = pty) M en [Pedy — feotydy. Asiny IFzee =é Ze = SINY Muttiplying® by Ty we a :. a nyde + y(ercot’ 2y¥COsecy)dy=0 Suing de +6 gS ary S04 Say) dy =0 @ sing dx Ce ose 4) ay ao @ @ '3 Exact eq M048) = @sINY Not = Scosye 2 Jordin =f esingdX = sim 2 J2ydy = 2-9 = 9 x Hence generci sot of@ 3 E SING + y =c 2 (KF Si Ax+ scosydyeo ———__@ Sel:- Here MOGY) X42 4» Nigyy= xcosy te “Cosy ae = cosy aM 4 ON 24:© snot Fract oy tx [ Reducing® inte sact, we get. integrating foctor:83 ahh _ an ay ax _OH2Cosy~cosy _ CORFOHTN yi gd poy N i RCOSY COSY * aaPon spony Sra Le XIX rp-e =e et x om & Multiptying eq-@ by i we get, xe%(x+2) sinydarX = e*cosydy =o €¢-@ is the Exact. ond, Mox,4) = XE CH2)SINY » NOG) = Ce'Cosy [Mdx=[xe*oursingdx = siny[ etaody = siny x? (yisconsty , sf EMafoatfondts eH ® No term of N iS free From * Hemee general sol of €q-® is ¢ e sing seLinear Differential Equations of order one Linear Diff. Eq of order one A differentiot eq of the form : ay : pee ese is called & linear diff: eq iN y” of order one Example = 3IM% Se +y Q oO @ is linear in y of order one Method of sol. Le MPO = %q oral [PEDAL = Bax =2f SF = 2x fpoode — ain tax 2 . bree = eé = ae iplyi “v6 33 Y= XSIMKX—® Multiplying® by DF: | x gy + 2* (©) muttiplyin@ by dx KAY + 2X4 AK = XSINKAX @ GH) Closing L-H-s of © in CUE) = XSINXAX ——O differential Linondie mwnigh eats linear Integrote @ fatyH) = fxsimxdx yt = J x SINK AKa5 Example Oey PBS A OY = Xtl Sel: ay = tt ax? ad ~ 6603 @ is limneor ing Let Pog = =(4 =4 (3% Spoadx Sarat auf hinge) Ifee =e JPQUD® Alot get a(x" Multiplying eq-@ by IF ray Bryony = ON OH) Gentdys yoenyde= En dX fayucns) = Jaen adn Yor = [xPdx-fd% yout = Y~ K+E Example oe +rtan€ = cos8 FO) =1 scat + (tané)r = cos8-_@ @ is linear inr Let Pcé) = tang JP(@)d@ = ftanedé = Insece 8 ree" =e secé Multiplying eq: by Le secé s + PFsecetanb= cose we gel Sec%, Example (x+2y)S% = y Sei- By y ax SG2g3 It is mot linear iny we write it as, ox xy? ag og Ox 7 = 442 “dy: g : SE cry = 29 0 og we @ is tinear in x Let PU) =-Ww JPtydy= f-Yydy = -iny =tng) rr Se fe Multiplying® IF, we get “1g: 2 y ay. -~- 9X =2Y Ydx - KY ay a2 ygory Jdlxd}) = (2ydy xyes yrec dtrsecé) = Cosédé fdtrsecé) = fcosedé r-sec@ = sim +c —O FO) =1 =» 8=%%y, 7 HT puin® BINA +e [Ses Fsec8tombdé= cosed® => fi= Gre = € = VG puttingin®@ rsec6 =sIM6= hy86 Equations Bernoulli Eq. A ‘differential eq: of the form BS Poo) oo ax TPONY = Q is called a Bernoulli differential equation. Example uy Bay = oo @ © iS Bernoulli dife. eq: Methed of sol. @) Muttipiyingo byy FP+Hy' = xX —@ q@) Let ve yt => i aay gy Phan YS mages th peg =e Un. Multiplying eq-@ by 4 Hrzyv =i © Now eq:@ is limedr im voand con be solved as im previous method-Example gy + G may = xy sere @ is Bernoulli diff -eq- Multiptying® gt > we get yg? et GS =x—@ Let vs y® > gv yay tax dv _ hay an Tae Put values oF Vj 1 gros in ea-@, we get av = 2+G may x—@ Pane by 2, we get av x ox” Tas =%—@ ® is lineor inv x bet POO? CI = xX lirica lnea the 2 if ano Fs Lined) “y = Inaeey fPpood% IfFz€ ory 4 inn ¢ i ma x Multiptying eq @ by lF F ax Xn Multiplying eq © by dx (Hx? Faves x0-0) Bde (ava aoe = 3% xo) ds Gone) = hxc ax £ §xciexy dx vassey -Efte xy Meany dt a vaexty etl 3 4e vm ay = foe 4c Stasey 2 KO) 40 gee, Cay ae eee 2 ‘ Xe ceey”8B eee EXERCISE 9:6 Bhy = eo _ Seb : €q © is lineor in gy Let Pog = ath JPoady = ( BE ax =(@+hax = (rdx+f = 2x+INK [POD AK 2X41 ax INK ok 2K ee = @e@ 2 GX =xXE Ray 2k et net e QxX4Y =x ——@ multiplying © by IF Ke dy + Prayar sxdx—@ _ Multipying® py dx igs : writing LH'S of eq: @ in differential form s HK W 2x, ACY-xXe } 2x facuxe ) xyer% = wR. +c 2% 2x Yeixe +06 ne x10 Srhly <6 — 0 Sel: : eq @ is limear iny Let. PX) = 3 wu : 3 JPOdK =f RAK =3f/ FF = sie ain POOAK 3 bese & a xe w2dy + CYAK = 6%dx— @ Murtipying ea-® by IX ACCY) = 6X7IK we erential tore Jdocy =fexrdx ey = 6 yee > ye x+ Sea9. +g ) = x __@ Ox \xIRx ARK Sel:- Eq-@ is ean ing Let Pas San Senex =f ok KK _ =f 2X 2 In UIAX) XIN: TAX InX JPonyohe Ux) =e = = Inx dy 2 seta Inn Ser doa Muttipt e€q-@ py LF mK + 3x @ lultiptying eq-@ by Inxdy+ Bax = a¢dx—@ Multiptying ea-@ by dx ACYINX) = axon writing LHS of eq.@ : in differential form facyingy = { sxx SInx = Bf red SINN = 3% yee wy yu re In% 2 ~3% SH tmy= ate%_o Sel:- Eq. @ is linear in y Let Pw) =3 JPY AK =(3dK = 3X PON AK ree «ee % oly = 3xt © by LE = at we" = 3% 9 Multiplying €q-® by 14 Say + 348" x XIX —® Muitiptying €q-@ by ak WHIEING LHS of €q-@ ee : ae in sett form 3 ye® 2 Pee me yaoGrce”3 cosx f2 +Y COSK 90 = SITY Given eq.can be written as, ae +sedxiy = SINK —s COSK o Eq-@ is linear in y” Let Po) = setx SPCXIAR = ( SECK AX = tanx gromdx tone Les oe tan gy fon, aoa Si ty e iMK Multiplying a ot oe Ys on Code SFO by Tr e x Sy +ye secndx =e » SK ax Multiplying pt €9-@ by dx tanx if ace’) BOM SINK gy, writing b ay tee of eq x im differentia form tanx tanx Sd(yer”) fe. tanxceknax tar yet J torn. EM sedxndx tank tonne > = tanxke —§ +S€cxdx (by parts) = tanx. dO @tomx +0 oP tara +e : -tanx ys ttanx-t) +ee dy Re tt XcotmYy = x Sel Given eq: can be written as, ay it XCOLX =! © Sets =! Eq-0 is tineor in Y”91 Let PO) = 1+kcote % sPoads =| LF XCObe ae J $dK+] CORA = Inxeinsinx POX) AX ir Ie= d = IHINSIN _ fone Sees xsinn gt + (SINKEXCOSHY = XSINX 6. multiplying® by L-F XSIAX AY + SIMK+XCOSX)Y AL = XSINXAX — Multiptying®@ bydx ; ——— 8 ACYXSINX) = XSINNLK writing LHS of eq@ JALYXSINN =f xsinxdx 1m differeneot form YXSINX = x CCOSX)-{ Cosx) AX (by parts) = -XCO3SX +f cosxdX = -XCOSX+ SINK +E = -cotx+tes y cot +7 + F cosecx oy (x) SX “ny = Soy Sen Given eq: can be written as. 0 Opn), x n at Gy = € (cr) Eq-@ is timeor in y Let P(X) = aa JPONdk = J Bede = Nf. = -nincen = Inout” (POOADK y° =I Ir=€ = TS Gey? x ox)” Bnet se @® muttiplying® by FF GaN dy ROH Yale = Bde ——@ _raurtiptying® byax Agcy") = vax er SN ES ~ us Jd(sons?) ferdx yout a ete a ya rouR ohn Soe ang = yx? Sel:- Given eq: can be writen as 2 OY 2K be sy = 7 ox * Gaald® an © €q-@ is linear iny 2% Wat [POO dX = ffi ax = toder) Let Pada 2 re = gh, ON Bar 7 ofan $2 taxy su¢—___@ Multiplying eq@ by rr G24) dy + 2xYAX = UXAX —@ - Muleiptying eq@bydk 2 2 Writing LHS of eq@ AC aoten) a bX de in aigerentia korn JdCyaen) = farts 9 Geel) = GXy+e = 4? © : 308) Ge OM 424 =5i KGL +24. = SINK Sel: Given €q- con be written as ray = Bt —o Eq-@ i3 limear ing Let Px) =2 POA) = (2 =2(Sh= JPex LK) J Zax = 2f Sb =2lnx JPOHAX ging 2 Ife@ <@ -< ex GE + ary = xsinx ® Multiplying eq-@ by LF AY + IXYAR = ASIC AX ——® Multiptying eq@ by ax93 ay ir Writing LHS of @ BEUR) = ASINKAX in Giperantiol Lom. SACU) = [ XSINAX ge = X (+ COSX) — fCOEOSX) A = HXCOSX+ [cosKdX = -xcosx +5IMX #C I= Ja (SINK -xCOSK+ <) G42) Sb ene Vax T49 = Game Sel:- Giver eq. carn be writteMm as \ ia)’ = Ga Oe a: is titeor in y Let Pog = = [Ae os JPondx = | ies {ARSE = inane) = nue? fpogdx. bree = grey = Gat? ——@ Mutkptying eq-Oby IF 2 dy 2 (ex) Se + (bxameyy = wu ae)? ay 4 ALU Yd He = & ——@ muttiplying eq-@ by dx ry _ Ae iHING LHS Of ea@ ACs Cer) = 19 mang L$ of en ok facyanery = { oe YoRey starn'x +c co “ = Taga tone +c) a ax * ek Se@l:- Given eq: can be written as4 OK Ll dx ay AX y ay te sé ay @ eq © linear in x fet Pty) = 1 fPydy = fidysy how ay y IF = ees aX e oy clan + xedy = ety —@ multiplying eq © bY dy 7) 24 IritiNg LHS Of Eq@ d(xe) = oa ‘ni See dentica tore fdcce) =-( eFay xe? = 4fét2dy xe? = ae +o 4x8 = dF ——@ © muteiplying eq.o re n= setice’ 3) OY Q+2y7) Fy S@l:- Given eq: iS not linear in’y” on dn 7 K4293 ax xr2y? ogg ve Saw Ae = 29° Sy th 4)% = 29 ——O Eq.@ is Wreor ine Let P(y) = Jptyydy = a Say =-(=-lny = Ing!fPpayty ny! 6 inst ce y 1 93) 4 @ multiplying © by 1 AX ~xydy = 2ydy —-@ multiplying® by dy j' a ENG, LHS Of & AUS = 2g de dike anual ceed fdug) = i y ago = 24,4 2 Ye bee age y Y NK Sel: FIVE 6 IS NI en Os Rte) He - - 4 Seat Oisg. Mo ac 1 AY _ Ine ; max 7 2 atipl Obh het ve 4 SEE eed ov _ 4 dy : © ax ae * Rok a= ~ Sty =-*% utting above values eq? > Be Gwe & ~~ Hplying by +1 New eq @ fF hocec ; Let POO =~ % fPogdns f- pe > tas \ LF = srme IK x C= wy = Vinx ® * WW 4@ vyre “ 22 ; Rdv-XvdK = —inxdx —@ pe Dx Avil) = -Pinxdkx v sof eq@ . : in ePemwat form Stok) = -finx vax (oy p -ES)96 fa gan) = YIAK - fax a = Kwinn- +e © is Bernoulli eq: Baxt et -@ — muleiplying® bY ya at NEE sea a dv betveg 9 {272 EJ %-hge wes -y, dv © putGiNg obave values ay RG tv eK in ea) > s~ aN = -2X——_@ multiplying by -2 @ is timeor inv" Let P(x) =-2 JPOQdx = f-2zdx =2x fPOdx | -2X : Ife-e =e HW -ave™ 2 xe ~—@ —ttipying @ by LF 7 x peat = 6 dn-2 edn KE AK —®_—atptying@ by dx 22, riting CHS of@ @ dive) =-%xc AK in differential form @ fda) =fx-E rd (oyports) v7, a Had ee § a me Mire er ane +7,€ C2 2 ye are 4E +eGIVEN eq: Cam be written as. Tn 2eS = &) ging ——o €q: © is Bernoulli ‘pathy above vatues nes Eq @ is linear inv Let P(x) = —%e SPQ AX = J- XOX = -InK = In! AX tF=e" = oe tat iad Xx 1 dv . x Sey = —® Multiplying ® by IF FZ AV~ GVOXK = 24x -_© Multiplying @ by dx “ty = writing LHS i 3 dA(wg) = 20x Lin differential toed 7 a faAl%) = J 2cln = Ye = wate = Ve ant cx = Ing = D+ex ¥ velny98 ofan) SE + 4xy = x $Q2) 54 Sel:~ Given eq. can be written as BY pax XX 5 ax * GE sj ——0 Eq. @ is linear in y Let Poy = 4% el Spon J ax = 2 { 2a es 21 Ode) = Inve LE _ ire” fives? J Gear? ody ry tt yeoteny ~10h) —@ Muttipiying eq-@ by LF 02 as ae 4X OCH) YX = KOCHI AX Multiplying eq-@ by dx Ager) 2 xO a Weed LHS oF FAC yoAn’) =f xo dx t.24-@ yodey « iat ¢orm= { x3dn+ [dx JOC 2 We Xp te ® Cénditien JQ) =1 = %X=2, ye! putting in eq-@, we get Pty = yt ny te Weh+2 40 sfe=9 SOE? = =% +, +9 Putting in@, we get, (Eye dx + (ee ay Ser:- Co) = Given eq: Can be written as (Sei) dy = - ets - sleentyax Ou ax oy * Lye 3 (e417)a x + Sa)y = 30% ey) £q-@ is limear in y’ @ x Let P(x) = -S— ent % J POX “f && = In (een) POG AK * Tr. ghee ances = esi Xx oy x x (en) Ft Cy = 3h : ‘5 @ muitiptying eq-o by DF 2 (Qrndy +eydy = acre Muttipiying e-q@ by dX a ED) = eer Sue Writing LH-s ; CyCeeD) = se (ee dx im dligeretion Forme JaCyer%n) = af Kevan wes = af cen eax x ¥(e41) = xen, ce ys +c —____@ Cenditien Soak = X=0, yay putting in eq- @ we get 4 sUrn+e = [<6] putting in eq@, we get yg = (en? ay, gL ax 3x = Sel:- 4 Yu = 3 Oy yt 3 a + Gx)¥ = x9" ——o © fs Berneutt eq: ody 4 ‘pial 3 Sat a8) =X ——_@ muttipiying eq: by.y? aut av 3 dy dv tet vey » Rr gs farses Putting the above values in eq @, we get400 tO pty ee aoe TRY SO @ an 2 ant KY = 4x ® multiplying eq-@ by 4 New @ is linear inv Let POO = % JPOdx = { Zdke2Inx aIng [PON AK Ix? Fea OL ye dv 7 ax @ — Mutipying eq. @ by LF CAV + 2KVAR = A AX Multiplying eq¢@ by dr 2 a #2KV = Lo. Awd) = hax WHEING Ls of ed. @ 7 7 1 differential form faux) =fayrdx ve syne a 42 YX = th 4 @evag! cenditien YU) =2 = x=415 Y=2_ putting ineg@, we get (60) = 1+ sy EG = 1%. PUtkiNg in eq @, we get yi a xt 415 ay Hex) FE tA) Y = 3x? yeu =1 Sel:- : Given eq CoM be written as 2 BY 204K) y 143K @ BK XQaX)” xO Eq-® linear in’y” ; : Let Pam) = 204+x) (24x) fPoaax = (ger = ID Ca%+x?) Phe _ ginaxe®y 2 axa101 xe Bit 2umQy = res __@. muttipiyingo by LE Oxtx* dy + 2U4ex}ydx = U43e)dx—@ Multiplying® by ox ACY axex) = (43x27 dx ac LO faCyaxexs) =fUtsxryax YOXR) = fiax + [3xdx Saxe) = x ac eae gy Cenditien ; Yon = 1 YXe-ty y=] putting in eq-@ Mt) = -r-1+e Be a4 patting in@ YORK) = yaar 2 xe 13y =xy yids 2 sen ete : Given eq: can bé written as a ay 22 ax td)y = XY se is Berroulli eq- r 3 *(B)4 x @®. muttiplying © by y? Let vel oy gy ~ov_ ¥ F ax ox > R= we Putting the obove values in €q-@, we get ~ wn +(2)v = x2 @ Vp woe * Multiplying © by +4 ant G E)v ex —@ €9°@ is linearin v Let P(%)) = 2 JPon) dx =f Se 2-3{ Be inne ie PONAK IN? re-d =e. i = ws 7 ge BY = © nuttipiying Ra® by DF102 a -~3 8 YOK dx ——@© muttipiying eq-@ by dx da Wg) eb dx fdQves) = fox wes eInxte awd : Sy inate @ candi putting in eq-@, we get ZB putting in eq.@, we get © SOC IND)