hi everyone welcome to this episode of carpet labs in today's video we're going to be talking about

precipitation reactions so we're going to define what we mean by a precipitate we're going to look at this
process of a precipitation chemical reaction and we're going to look at how a precipitate actually forms in
terms of the physical steps and then introduce a technique that we use to describe these precipitation
reactions called a net ionic equation so what is a precipitate where you can see some visual examples
here that you've seen ones in the past that have formed in front of your eyes we're talking about an
insoluble solid and it's not just something that doesn't dissolve but rather is something that forms when we
mix two soluble ionic compounds together so we take solution a and we take solution B we combine them
together and bear all of a sudden an insoluble solid gets formed we have this cloudiness that we can
notice you know this we've got the same compounds here in these two ones called lead iodide are really
beautifully distinctive yellow and then we've got some different kind of a hydroxide precipitates different
colors that get made over here okay that this idea it doesn't dissolve in water that we started with
solutions to begin with and so that's kind of how we define a precipitate so when we're looking at
precipitation reactions when looking at this idea what we it's also kind of known as what's called a double
replacement reaction it's a chemical reaction where we've mixed these two ionic solutions ionic
compounds and then the cations and anions are swapping apartments or swapping places they originally
paired up in certain ways and then they're swapping over and then during that swapping over process like
you can see here that a precipitate gets formed okay so we've got two chemical reactions here that
represented with the chemical equation so we've got this one we've got copper sulfate and sodium
hydroxide combining together to make a copper hydroxide precipitate in a colorless sodium sulphate
solution so the sulfate and the hydroxide have swapped places or you can look at it's over the copper and
the sodium have swapped places either way we've got two new combinations okay unlike wise over here
we've got nitrate and potassium iodide we've mixed together we formed a potassium a lead iodide some
precipitate in a colorless potassium nitrate solution okay so our cations and anions are swap places
here's a general kind of chemical reaction to illustrate how this works that's it's like we can see that C and
D have swapped places okay that's how this Works and we're gonna dope with two new pairings however
one of those is insoluble in water and then the precipitate ends up forming okay so we're going to go
through how that works now so we've got two solutions we mix them together in that mixed solution that
combined solution we've got all four ions so in we're going to go through this is using lead iodine as our
example so we've got lead nitrate we've got potassium without iodine ions all combined together now
what happens is that the lead and iodide ions strongly attract together okay so they're from being
separated solution they're able to overcome the fact that we've got water molecules in the way to actually
pull close together you know and move the water aside they're more strongly attracted to each other than
they are the water molecules that are surrounding them already and what we do is that that then starts to
form ionic bonds we're starting to build that crystal okay so we're starting to build that lattice of positive
and negative ions in a 3d arrangement connecting together getting bigger and bigger and so we get solid
lead iodide forming as we this crystal grows larger and larger is more and more and more ions attract
onto it and then we can start to see it and we in this case we see it as a yellow precipitate it doesn't have
to be yellow like like compounds that have to be colored it can be a white precipitate for things and this
particular one happens to be yellow okay but so as that crystal grows larger as those chunks get bigger
we can start to see them and then you know if that crystals are large enough that then they'll actually start
to drop to the bottom of the container over time if they're still really quite small then they might actually be
what we call suspended like that is that they're just not dense enough they're not heavy enough to
actually start to denote B to be sinking to the bottom they'll just stay there that they will be cloudy and
noticeable the thing to remember here also is that the potassium and nitrate ions are still there but they
remain in the solution that is their aqueous so they're still dissolved in water they haven't disappeared
they are in the container but they're not in the precipitation okay so two ions to join together to make them
precipitate the other two ions are left behind as it is and so what we want to be able to do is we want to be
able to write a meaningful chemical equation to describe this process but I'm gonna introduce you to a
particular type of equation that we tend to use okay that keeps things just that little bit quicker and simpler
so the kind of equation that you're used to writing is technically known as a neutral species equation okay
we write complete formula for all the substances that are present in that mixture okay so we'd write the
lead nitrate formula potassium iodide formula the lead nitrate and lead iodide and potassium nitrate
formulas as our products okay but one thing look what we were looking at is this idea that these ions are
they're not all stuck together as as combined compounds that the ions have actually already separated in
solution so we have a lead iron and nitrate ion potassium ion and an iodine I'm all actually dissociated
from each other already and then the lid and the iodide are the ones that are sticking together to make the
precipitate the potassium and the nitrate are remaining behind unchanged they haven't reacted to go at
the start there haven't been in a different form at the other end they we say they are spectator moments
so it will be simpler for us if we can actually just kind of take the nitrate and the potassium ions out of the
equation to reflect the fact that they're not changing and we could just write an equation with what's left
over we call this the net ionic equation so the net oil is the most important ones that are involved are I'm
the only ones being shown because they're the ones that are changing okay any spectator ions are
ignored they are left out of the equation because they're not participating in the reaction now we know
that they're still there okay we're not assuming that they vanished that the ideas that we're leaving them
out for simplicity okay so we had a led iron and two iodine ions joining together to make lead iodide as
Assad okay that our state script is a Q and s help to tell the story of what's happened here don't they were
dissolved and so we have ignored those spectator ions so we define what we mean by a precipitate is
insoluble solid that forms when we mix two solutions we talk about this as a chemical reaction a type of
chemical change and this formation of a precipitate we've went through the steps that are involved in
going from two solutions that mix to having a precipitate there in the container and then introduce net
ionic equations as a handy tool that we can use to describe this process a little bit more simply

Tugas 4 april

Prinsip, cara, dan yg berkaitan, contoh aplikasi dalam dunia farmasi

hi everyone welcome to this episode of carpet labs in today's video we're going to talk about precipitation titrations we're going to start by
reviewing the principles of titration we're going to look at the different types of titration that exists to kind of put things in context we're then
going to look at how precipitation precipitation titrations say that 10 times fast how do they actually work we're going to look at the different
types of kind of variations of precipitation titrations and kind of go through each one in turn and then we're going to be able to spend some
time kind of comparing precipitation titrations versus traditional kind of acid based titrations that you might be more familiar with so let's have
a quick look at remind ourselves of the principles of titration or volumetric analysis kind of the other alternative name that we're using a
chemical reaction between two substances to help quantify or determine the concentration of an unknown one by reacting with a another
substance and reactant with a known concentration so we're using something that we do know to react with something that we don't know in
order to not just identify what it is but to quantify or determine its concentration it's solubility or some some numerical value about it okay so
we typically using this sort of equipment a a burette and a conical flask so one reactant is in one place the other reactant is in the other place
I realize that here they're labeled as acids and bases but we can think more broadly than that nil and we use a pipette to transfer a known
amount of one reactant into the flask as we add reacted from the burette into the conical flask we get to a point in which we need something
tells us to stop and then we use the values of the volumes that we have there to help determine the concentration and he is kind of a photo
of what that looks like okay we're all by this point very familiar with titration and probably to the point of frustration even you've done it so
much sometimes but now we're gonna see how this is a specific example so the one that you're probably most familiar with is an acid based
titration or a neutralization titration where we're looking at an acid and a base and using that sort of reaction but some of the other titrations
other types of chemical reactions we can base this on it a redox reaction we can also look at what's called complex electric titrations when
we're forming a complex ion and also then precipitation and these are kind of the four main types that we might encounter as chemists and
but still using that same principle of reacting a known substance with an unknown one but as to how that reaction looks what type of reaction
it is we see there's some variation so how does a precipitation titration actually work well what is it specifically about this technique that
makes it useful for us well you can see here some photos of the three different types of of these this sort of reaction we're going to go
through in a moment but it's essentially the idea of formation the formation of a precipitate to help quantify the thing we're looking for the
analyte so rather than neutralization alike an acid and base that we're looking at the formation of a specific amount of precipitate so yeah
typically we're looking at using over the reaction between silver ions and halide ion it's like chloride bromide or iodine because we know that
silver chloride bromide and iodide are insoluble and so as we add silver into a solution with chloride ions or vice-versa that then we'll get a
precipitate that forms and that so then and as a result because we're using silver in each of these examples that they're sometimes known as
or alternatively known as our gentle metric titrations because our gentle being the latin for silver where the symbol AG comes from so we're
because it's silver is the kind of key ingredient that we're looking at here that's where that new Arises so there's three different types or
variations of this type of titration and the first one is called the more method and so we're going to go through some of the specifics about
each of these techniques and the more method involves a neutral medium so a neutral solution that we're putting silver nitrate in the burette
that is it's called the titrant the thing that's added from the Verret is the titrant so silver nitrate is added into a solution that's got the halide ions
in it we use potassium chromate as a compound in this dissolved in flask as an indicator the reason that it works is so we get the silver halide
precipitate that forms but once we've reached the equivalence point we're adding X says silver ions we get a reddish brown silver chromate
precipitate because it's highly insoluble so still excess silver ions that we've added now form this reddish brown crust extra precipitate so the
reaction goes from the formation of a white precipitate to then this additional color which is that the thing that we look for and so you can see
kind of the three different stages of the titration so this is set up and ready to go so we've got chloride ions with the chromate in there as an
indicator our titrant and we're at the titrations in progress and silver ions are draining out of the burette we get this formation of the precipitate
but we've still got excess chloride ions remaining we're not done yet but as soon as we've reached that equivalence point we had excess
silver we get a color change and they're forming that reddish brown silver chrome it color the next technique all in the next variation is called
the vault art method so it's very similar but instead we're doing this in an acidic solution and it's a particularly useful for acidic solutions so in
this situation it's a back titration that is we're adding a known excess silver nitrate directly into the flask and then which we're going to get a
precipitate that forms and we're detecting the excess silver by reacting it with potassium thiocyanate okay Cass silver thiocyanate is a forms
of precipitate okay we use with this compound called ammonium ion 3 sulfate and as an indicator it's a source of fe 3 plus ions that's the
particularly relevant bit so we've we've added a known excess of silver some of which has been used to make the silver chloride or highlight
precipitate the excess silver ions we've added thiocyanate and so in which which forms this extra precipitate and then we get to a certain
moment when all the silver is precipitated we own that excess little bit of thiocyanate scn- we get on red ofE you know thiocyanate complex
on so it goes from this yellowy kind of color with a white precipitate to banlist this kind of reddish tinge that develops in the flask okay as so
as soon as we've hit that point and the last technique is called the vey jhin's method and so which was developed more recently in the
nineteen to the previous ones were in the 1800s it involves again a neutral medium but instead of an silver nitrate but instead of a
precipitation or a complex reaction that we actually use a colored dye so dichloro fluorescein and which is an ionic so it's negatively charged
dye and it's essentially and it was called an ad desorption technique with the D not a be ad zorp ssin so what happens is that the anionic dye
so so we get the silver chloride precipitate that forms at the bottom and then there's excess chloride ions that still stick to the outside and
they push away the anionic dye molecules okay so these chloride ions are kind of stuck to the outside and then push away the dye
molecules so they stay in solution but as soon as we've used up all those chloride ions we now add a little excess of silver which then it's
then sticks to the outside and it adds orbs or attract that anionic dye and so instead of being pushed away it's now pulled towards the
precipitate and we go from a greenish yellow color when it's dissolved in solution to a pink color when it's absorbed so it's just how that color
is actually generated and how that color change develops which is the difference here but obviously they had to develop an ID to identify this
this died before it could actually be used in this technique which is why it's a slightly more recent technique now we have these three different
techniques that apply in in different situations or different circumstances depending on what other kind of oils might be around so on what
ones we're trying try to detect so it's just different options available to us that might be useful so let's compare side by side with our acid
based titrations okay which are more the ones you're familiar with so acid base we're determining the concentration of an acid or a base
precipitation we're looking at halide ions chloride bromide iodide we've got a neutralization reaction between hydronium and hydroxide ions
all we're talking precipitation with silver ions okay and the formation of that cloudy insoluble compound we can determine the equivalence
point with some different techniques and with acid-base titrations we're using an acid-base indicator like phenolphthalein litmus methyl
orange little red or bromothymol blue okay a color change as the pH changes we can also monitor the pH changes using a pH probe or
electrode and we can also measure changes in conductivity which can help us to identify the equivalence point and we've got some slightly
different techniques that we'd use for precipitation so whether it's the formation of a second colored precipitate our silver provide in the more
method the formation of a colored complex on and in our Volk our method or also in the dye in the Fagin's method but also conductivity
measurements can be useful because we see that conductivity starts high at the beginning and it drops as we form that precipitate because
we're removing ions in solution to make a precipitate as soon as we hit the equivalence point the conductivity starts to rapidly increase again
we haven't really gone through that in in great detail beyond just now but to recognize that there are different techniques that we can use to
identify the data that we need from the titration okay so we looked at reminded ourselves of the principles of titration we looked at different
types of titrations to help put precipitation in context we looked at how precipitate rate pursuit still struggling precipitation titrations how to
actually work we looked at the three different methods or types of precipitation titrations and then we compared them with the acid-base
titrations that we're more familiar with alright thanks very