MATH-ALGEBRA EXPONENTS AND RADICALS > SHELTER APPROACH = for finite radicals and infinite one term radical expressions and HAIR APPROACH = for all infinite radical expressions. | LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION | > logpa=N ~ a=b" | > ‘TYPES OF LOGARITHM: 1. Common or Briggsian Logarithm (base: b = 10) In equation form: log a= log a 2. Natural or Napierian Logarithm (base: b = e) - In equation form: loge a=ina 1. logp a” = M loge a 3. log (ab) = log a + log b | > IMPORTANT PROPERTIES: | 2. logoa=loga/logb 4, log (a/b) * log a log b QUADRATIC EQUATION >» General Form; Ax? + Bx+G 20 | > Quadratic Form: | -B2VB?-4A0Cc | Xs | 2A >» Sum of Roots; h+nme-BIA > Product of Roots: hxymeClA Where: §B?~ 4AC is the discriminant. B? = 4AC = 0, the roots are real and equal. B?~ 4AC > 0, the roots are real and unequal. B? - 4AC < 0, the roots are imaginary.> TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF NUMBERS: BINOMIAL THEOREM A. REAL NUMBERS . Hs a. Natural numbers = example: 1, 2, 3, ..., etc; > General Form: (a+by b. Integers = all natural numbers and zero; c. Rational numbers = it has an equivalent ratio of > Binomial Form: eh term = (m + 1)" term = nGma™™ bh two integers; and 7 d. Irrational numbers = it doesn’t have equivalent > Number of terms; Nen+1 ratio of two integers. > Middle term: MM term = ‘4(N + 1) = %4(n) + 4 8. IMAGINARY NUMBERS = not real numbers usually > “In every term, there consists of a goefficient and a variable. penton yes Otherwise, it is constant.” . ' io a ‘ Every integral rational equation in a single variable has SUM OF EXPONENTS AND SUM OF COEFFICIENTS a iGeane tert tt i > — Sum of Exponents: SOE = ¥4(m)(n}(n + 4) a Where: n= exponent of the binomial expansion. THEOREM 1: f(X) = 10 — BX? + 22x - 20 = 0 m = sum of the exponents of a and b. NOTE: Sum of Exponents (SOE) is applicable only to binomial expansions. Degree of equation: n=3 Therefore, the maximum number of roots is 3 such as: Roots = 2, (3 +1), (3-1) >» Sum of Coefficients: Simply take the difference after THEOREM 2: f(X) = 4 8 — 7x? + 13K+6 = 0 replacing the variables by ONE then by ZERO. Solving for its roots: Roots = 1, 1,-3, 2 Degree of equation: n=4 REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREM Therefore, there are 4 factors that are linear in x such cacy as: £0) = 0 = 1) = 1) + 3) = 2) > EI DER 1. Set the function, f(x = 0. THEOREM 3: ; 2X SAO Olen gana hetietL Kens ra | CONaRe ie o ie root) Ms er a +31 (“4 = SI 3. Remainder, R = f(ra) = : (6-41) (8 + 4i) > GENERALIZED FACTOR THEOREM: > Oo eB OF IS: 1. Set the function, f(x) = 0. f(x) = 2x4 + Bx? - ay 4 = 0 2, Set D(x) = O then solve for the root, x=1a=__. No. of (+) roots = 1 because there is 1 variation in sign! 3. Remainder, R = f(ra) = 0. NOTE: The two theorems are applicable if and only if there Bere oes CONT AG) 1 OAR dnat ab exists a real root of divisor, ra. No. of (-) roots = 1 because there is 1 variation in sign! Therefore, the no. of imaginary roots = 4-1~1=2 THEOREMS OF EQUATION ot > TwoTypes ofNumbers: 1. Cardinal Numbers » LIMITS OF COTS: 2, Ordinal Numbers THEOREM 6: Upper limit is obtained when the values of the 3 row in using synthetic division are all positive integer. >» Two Types of Numerals: 1. Arabic Numerals Start your trials from integers 1, then 2, then 3, dnd so 2. Roman Numerals on... 1THEOREM 6: Lower limit is obtained when the values of the 3" row in using synthetic division are alternating (+) and (-). Start your trials from integers -1, then -2, then -3, and $0 On... » INVERSE OF A FUNCTION: ~ Simply interchange the variables (i.e. x and y) then simplify the given equation. PROPORTIONS > Three terms involved: a:b=b:e <— a(c)= b(b) >» Four terms involved: aib=c:d — a(d)=b(c) Where: aand d = are the extremes band c = are the means VARIATIONS > Joint variation: xXazy + x= k(zly) NOTE: Varies directly = place variable at the numerator Varies inversely = place variable at the denominator >» Solve for constant, k= x) x22) a) Xnl¥q) 4 22 2n CLOCK PROBLEMS > CLOCK EQUATIONS: j 12 A. Minute vs. Hour: Mes W (lob + Ip) i) B. Second vs. Minute: $= ry (Ibo £ fs) &. Second vs. Hour; $= s (lop & foe) NUMBER PROBLEMS » It requires broad knowledge of mathematical language in order one can formulate the iright equation to be solved. » For problems involving averages and probabilities, simply use the principles of Varignon’s Theorem.DIGIT PROBLEMS > Q-digit number: teu > Qdigit number: 100h + 10t+u PARTIAL FRACTIONS >» Use Reflexive Property of Mathematics. For some special problems, it could be solved by assuming values of "x" to formulate equation/s and then simplify. RATE PROBLEMS - Distance, D > Constant Velocity, ue “Time, tT > If two situations or conditions are given, then look for the relationship of the two situations or conditions then apply the rate equation (V = D/T), whicheyer is applicable. NOTE: For constant velocity, the acceleration is ZERO. WORK PROBLEMS >» Rate,r=1/t + applicable if and only if It can be done or finished alone. >» WORK EQUATION: 5 [rate, (time,)] = Accomplishment iad MAN-HOURS OR MAN-DAYS CONDITIONS AL I Al = treat man-days or man-hours as time then apply Work Equation. B. = combine man and days or man and hours in the numerator while separating a 3° quantity (if any) on ‘the denominator. s MIXTURE PROBLEMS » Represent every mixture by a box and label on top of it its percentage concentration. » Two sources of equations: A. Volume relationships B. Percentage-volume relationships AGE PROBLEMS > Represent all given data in a table with respect to their time relationships (i.e. past, present, and future) and use vertical solution, Never include relationships in the table. ARITHMETIC AND HARMONIC PROGRESSION >» Sommon difference = az— a1 = as — a2 = ag a= a > oh term: an ® am + a(n ~ m) » Sum of terms: $ = %#(ai * an)(n) or $= %[2(a1) + d(n ~ 1}](n) > For NI SSIO} take the reciprocal of each term then treat them as Arithmetic Progression Sum of HP (Euler's Approx,): S$ = n(In n) + 0,577(n) + 0.60 GEOMETRIC AND INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION >» Common ratio oe, aq a2 ag >» on™ term: An am (r?~™) >» Sum of terms: S* a(S *) > For INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION, the sum of terms ARITHMETIC MEAN, HARMONIC MEAN, GEOMETRIC MEAN AND RELATIONSHIPS > Arithmetic Mean (AM): AM & %A(a, + as) > Harmonic Mean (HM): ea (a4 + a3) >» Geometric Mean (GM): GM & Jajay > — Relationship: (AM)(HM) = (GM)?VENN DIAGRAM using (+/-) METHOD > This is the best method or approach when the problem contains mutually inclusive events. The solution Is represented in a diagram of overlapping circles whose total set is solved by summing the figures in an order of alternating (+) and (.). COMPLEX NUMBERS >» Values of imaginary number, I: is V4 Pei ee4 >» Algebraic form; (x yi) > Polar form: 126 » — Trigonometric form: rei = r [(cos 8) + i (sin 6)] Properties; (1) (ricis 8) (recis B) = (r1t2) cis (8 + B) (2) (ticis 8) / (r2cis B) = (r4/ 12) cis (6 - B) (3) (cis 6)" = (1) cis (n®) MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS > A SEQUENCE is a succession of numbers formed in accordance to some fixad rule and its sum is called SERIES of numbers. >» MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION can be an application of some sequence problems. > TERI NO, IFICANT FIGURES: a. Zeroes between other significant figures are significant; b. For values less than one, Zeroes immediately to the right of the decimal are NOT significant; and ¢. For values greater than one, zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are significant. > ‘TRUNCATION means rounding-down to the nearest integer. DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES >» Sign pattern of any matrix system: tor totr aeecy ea . a © > Go-factor of matrix = (-1)"™" (Minor of matrix) > SINELAW: a" = : “ss » Adjoint Matrix = (Matrix A)" x Det(Matrix A) A 2 = si *™ END OF MATH-ALGEBRA FORMULAS ""” iad I een acer ¢? = a? + b? ~~ 2ab(cos C) PLANE GEOMETRY QUADRILATERALS (POLYGON WITH FOUR SIDES) TRIANGLES (POLYGON WITH THREE SIDES) > AREAS OF QUADRILATERAL: c >» “To solve a given triangle problem, there should be at least three 1. A= %2(di)(d2\(sin 6) given data.” 2 A= Iis -a)(s — b)(s ~ ¢)(s~ d) - abed(cos 6)? f= (ZA + £0) = 4 2B + 2D) 3. CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL A= [= a)(s — b)(s — ¢)(s - d) Also, As o{(ab + ed) (ac + bd) (ad + be) ~ aR 1, A= “ébih) ZA+20 = 2B +20 = 180° 2. A= %ate)(sin 0) Ptolemy's Theorem; ac + bd = did _ 1 [b?(sin A)(sin c) eo 2 sinB Also, A=R(s) 4 A= ,/(s)(s- a)(s - b)(s—c) S$ = half perimeter = 4(a + b + ¢ +d) = abe a ar) 6. A=R(s) sa . 4. TRAPEZOID 7. Az(s-a)R < s=half perimeter = %(a+b-+c) 2 a ban a 5$§. SQUARE AND RHOMBUS = both have equal length of sides; = the four (4) areas formed by the intersection of two (2) diagonals are equal; # — the included angle b/w diagonals, @ = 90°; = the angle b/w sides of square is 90° while that of rhombus is either greater or lesser than 90°, « the length of two (2) diagonals of square are equal while that of rhombus are not. 8. RES TANGLE AND PARALLELOGRAM both lengths and widths are equal; « — the four (4) areas formed by the intersection of two (2) diagonals are equal; = the included angle b/w diagonals, 8 # 90°; » the angle b/w sides of rectangle is 90° while that of parallelogram is either greater or lesser than 90°, = the length of two (2) diagonals of rectangle are equal while that of parallelogram are not. POLYGONS >» POLYGONS SIDES POLYGONS SIDES Triangle 3 Dodecagon 12 Quadrilateral 4 Tridecagon 13 Pentagon 5 Quadridecagon 14 Hexagon 6 Pentedecagon 15 Heptagon # Hexadecagon 16 Octagon 8 Septadecagon alte Nonagon 9 Octadecagon 18 Decagon 10 Nonadecagen 19 Undecagon 11 Ieosagon 20 » $UM OF INTERIOR ANGLES OF n-SIDED POLYGON Lnt = (n= 2){180°) = n(8) SUM OF DEFLECTION ANGLES (see SURVEYING) Laer = nd = 360° SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES OF m-POINTED STAR = (m ~ 4)(180°) = m(y) NUMBER OF DIAGONALS: == 4(n)(n ~ 3) Alternative: MEReC Triangle 480° Arecutar poLycon = N(Ararr) = Ya(n}(x) cot ( )CIRCLES (PLANE GEOMETRY) 4. Area of Circle: A= tr = Yard? 2. Circumference of Circle: C = 2n(r) = 1d) 3. TANGENT-SECANT THEOREM: (AT)AT) = (ADEA) = (BA)(CA) a1 %4(01 ~ 62) 4, INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM: 8= A(R) §. CROSS-CHORD THEOREM: (AD)(BA) = (BA)(CA) = Cave = ¥.(01 + 62) . Lore 2, 207R 6, Length of Are: ° 360° x : Asector _ WR? 7. Area of Circular Sector: —~e 360° GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS >» If there’s a given chord in the problem, it can be assume diameter of the circle, provided all other givens in the problem are varlables or dependent values; and » Ifthere’s a given independent figure (i.e. figure with independent values), it can be transformed into a unique figure without limitations provided that all other conditions or principles behind ‘the figure didn’t changed. SOLID GEOMETRY PRISMS AND PRISMATOIDS » Volume of Prism: V=A have > Prismoidal Formula: Ve : (Ai+4Am+ Ac)h CONES AND PYRAMIDS >» Volume of Cone/ Pyramid: V= ; Veriom = ; Ath) Lateral Area of Cone: Ay = trr(L) Slant height: LeVier FRUSTUMS OF CONES AND PYRAMIDS » ~~ Frustum of Cone/Pyramid: > Lateral Area of Frustum of Cone: POLYHEDRONS POLYHEDRONS VOLUME Tetrahedron a (a’y (4 triangles) Hexahedron a (6 squares) Octahedron 2 (a°) (8 triangles) 15 + 76) Dodecahedron ee ay (12 pentagons) 15 + 55) Icosahedron 15518) (a’y (20 triangles) > Height of tetrahedron, Vad (a+ As Vaan Avan(R + ok SURFACE RADIUS OF AREA INSCRIBED SPHERE v6 v3 (a) 2 6 (a’) ; fa) V5 (a?) 8 fa) 20.86 (a”) 4.11 (a) 8.66 (a”) 0.76 {a) hea le : a3SPHERE AND SPHERICAL SEGMENT > Volume of Sphere: Ve : TR? > Surface Areaof Sphere: A=4 TR? > SPHERICAL SEGMENT: 4 V2 5 wh4(SR~h) Azone * 211R(h) > SPHERICAL SEGMENT WITH TWO BASES (FRUSTUM OF SPHERE): Ve : ‘mh[3(R? + Re’) + h?] Azone * 201R(h) > SPHERICAL WEDGE: v ame Avune , 40R? eo” 360° @ 360" > SPHERICAL POLYGON: (SPHERICAL PYRAMID) Ve mR‘) 2 TRAE) “340 “7180 Spherical Excess, E=A+B+C+...#N—Zim > SPHERICAL EXCESS OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE; a. Three anglesgiven: E=*A+B+G- 180° b. Three sides given: tan ()Je= tan (5) tan (5) tan (== *) tan (25° s5‘Ala+b+c)> SPHERICAL SECTOR: V= 3 (Azone)R Also, V5 Vs.scoment + Veone |_PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY | STRAIGHT LINE IF STRAIG 4 > Standard Form: Ax+ By+C ro » Point-Slope Form: X=X_ run Y~Y4 we Yar-¥s >» — Two-Point Slope Form: » — Slope-Intercept Form: y=mx+b x >» Intercept Form: = ze 41 ‘TANT PROPERTIE: STRAIGI 1. Distance from a point (x1, ys) to a fine Ax + By +C = 0. D= Ax, + By, + (awa? + BF 2. Distance b/w parallel lines Ax+By+C1=0 and Ax+By+Gz= 0. = [a-Si /p? + BP 3. Distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). D= | (Ax)? + (ayy? = joe =x +Q-y,F 4. Location of the mid-point of a line. D Xm = XaveRace Y= Yaverase IMPORTANT THEOREMS ON SLOPE: 1. Parallel Lines: m4 = me 2. Perpendicular Lines: my (img) & 1 GENERAL EQUATION OF CONIC SECTIONS hyperbol GENERAL EQUATION: | Mert} 4 Ax? + Bxy + Cy? + Dx + Ey +F =0 arabola Fenty B’-AC=0 — PARABOLA B?-AC<0 + CIRCLE /ELLIPSE B?-~AC>0 + HYPERBOLA > Standard Form of Circle: R?= (x = h)? + (y= K)? Center at (h, k) PARABOLA » Standard Form of Parabola: directrix [y-axis {y =k}? = 4a (x -h) Vertex at (h, k) 4a = length of latus rectum ELLIPSE AND HYPERBOLA 1, Definitions: a= distance from center to vertex c= distance from center to focus d= distance from center to directrixRelationships: Ellipse: a? = b? + c? Hyperbola: ce? a? + b? Equations: ELLIPSE HYPERBOLA -hy?* =-ky* = )? ak ch rad se a4 (x-hy 4 a b’ a? b? * all signs are positive * positive & negative signs *a&bare interchangeable * +a first before -b *a>b always * eithera>bora Major axis parallel to y-axis; c a ab? ees ean latus rectum = ~~ a d a do + dy = 2a ix — hy? -k? >» Major axis parallel to x-axis: a + ve a4 (-W? , xh)? age SereHYPERBOLA DIAMETER OF CONIC SECTIONS >» Take differentials on the given equation and substitute the given slope, m. POLAR COORDINATES Ria x24 y? Tan O=y/x y = Risin 6) x= R(cos 8) PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS (x= hy? y- ky? La > To obtain an equation given its parametric equations, simply > Transverse axis parallel to x-axis: equate the parametric equations using its given parametric a? b’ variable (usually “t” or “8”). x (y-k? (x=hy? > To obtain a parametric equations given an equation, simply >» Transverse axis parallel to y-axis: a “e =4 use the relationship: y=x(t) > EQUILATERAL HYPERBOLA Where: x and y = are the variables It is a hyperbola whose asymptotes are perpendicular with t= parametric variable each other or its transverse and conjugate axes equal. xi-y? a? “Oxy = a? TRANSLATION AND ROTATION OF AXES y?~x? = a? 2xy = a? > TRANSLATION OF AXES: xX + Xo TANGENT AND NORMAL LINES OF CONICS y=y'+yo > To obtain a tangent line, simply change the: Variables To » ROTATION OF AXES: x= x'(cos 8) — ~y' "(sin @) x2 (x1) y = x'(sin 6) + y’(cos 6) y2 Z wee ** END OF MATH-GEOMETRY FORMULAS ** y Aly + ys) >» To obtain 4 normal line, use the theorem: m (m,) = -1 | PRO BABI LITY AN D STATISTICS Length of sub-tangent = is the horizontal distance measured from the tangent point to the point intersecting the x-axis. PERMUTATIONS > Length of sub-normal = is the horizontal distance measured from » — Fundamental Principle of Permutation 2 the normal point to the point intersecting the x-axis. The solution is using “line method’.> Permutation of n-things taken r at atime It is the use of calculator nPr. It is not applicable when repetition is allowed. al Fie arre al nl Pin.) # Pa OF =n NOTE: Ol=1!=14 rsn > Permutation of n-things not all different P* @aneD.. nepeqere.. > Cyclical Permutation: Set one term as reference then deduct it to the number of terms as: P=(n- 1)! COMBINATIONS > €ombination of n-different things taken r at a time itis the use of calculator nGr. nt P(n, r) Sheers ai OF Pinsn) , nl G(n, n) # nCy = i nl 20 > Total number of combination of n-different things C(n, 1) + C(n, 2) +. + O(n, n= 1) + C(n, n= 2"= 4 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS » Mean = the average of all samples. >» Median = the middle term for odd number of samples or the average of two (2) middle terms for even number of samples. » Mode = the samples with the most number of frequency. > Range = is the difference between the highest value and lowest value of the given population or samples.> POPULATION VERSUS SAMPLES: Mean and SD of a binomial distribution: a. Population = (or target population) is the collection of all elements whose characteristics are being studied. p@np and o= /npg b. Sample = a portion of the population of interest. The Binomial Experiment: z. 1. There are n-identical trials. in other words, the given Quantity Population Sample experiment is repeated n-times. All these repetitions are Bx performed under identical conditions; Mean = 2. Each trial has two and only two outcomes. These out- xs comes are usually called a success and a failure; Gy = w)? 3. The probability of success is denoted by p and that of Variance o N failure by gq, and p + q = 1. The probabilities p and q remain constant for each trial, and ues 4. The trials are independent. In other words, the outcome 2 1, Stand, Deviation = Vo? of one trial does not affect the outcome of another trial. > USE OF STANDARD DEVIATION: b. Hypergeometric Probability Distribution = is used when a. Chebyshev’s Theorem: the trials are not independent. It is a case when a sample is For any number k greater than 1, at least (1- 1/k*) ofthe data drawn without replacement from a finite population. values lie within k-standard deviations of the mean. C(r, x) C(N-1, nx) b. Empirical Rule: For a bell-shaped distribution, approx.: P@s Sn 1. 68% of the observations lie within 1 SD of the mean : 2. 95% of the observations lle within 2 SD of the mean. 3. 99.7% of the observations lie within 3 SD of the mean. oi Potsmory Wie ability Bet UnOn | A Od aexperey with random and independent occurrence. The occurrence are random in the sense that they do not follow any pattern, and, hence, they are unpredictable. PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS wey FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY: POON >» Probability of Single Events Where: x = number of occurrence in an interval 3,= mean number of occurrence in an interval _ No. of events 24 \O-ahdunits Total events — " ee Total probability, Prot = Py + Pr = 1.0 Pp >» CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE a. Normal Distribution = when plotted, gives a bell-shaped > Independent and Dependent Events curve such that: Use: (x) = for dependent events (+) = for independent events f(x) = —— e(2)Ct su > Mutually Exclusive and Inclusive Events 41. The total area under the curve is 1.0. The total set in Venn diagram of mutually inclusive and 2, The curve is symmetric about the mean. exclusive events is 1.0. 3. The two tails of the curve extend infinitely, b. _z-values = (or z-scores) is the unit marked on the horizontal PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS: axis of the standard normal curve. A curve Is said to be Standard normal distribution if = 0 and o = 1. > DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE Converting an x-value to a z-value: a. Binomial Probability Distribution (or Repeated Trials) 2 xcH * P(x) = Cin, x) (a)"~*(p)* eee¢. Exponential Distribution = derived from Poisson Equation : on Discrete Probability Distribution. The probability that x- : customer arrives in a certain interval time, t is: 4) X (and) po walt So, the probability that a customer arrives within time, t is: P(customer arrives w/in time, t) = 1-P(0) = 1~e" JOSTEL! FOR! AS: a.‘ Cliff-Hanger: P=1.0 psh p= poh p m b, Gambler’s Ruin: me @) ; uin: lemme Fa] 1-@) Pp, REGRESSION ANALYSES > It canbe solved using your calculator! > TYPES OF REGRESSIONS: A. Linear Regression: y=A+Bx a, =correlation coétficient b, r= coefficient of determination Exy ~ n(X¥) n-1 B. Quadratic Regression: y= A+ Bx + Cx? c, = sample covariance G. Logarithmic Regression: y= A+ Bilin x) D. Exponential Regression; y=A*e°* £. Power Regression: yaAex® F, Inverse Regression: y=A+ BX) ** END OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FORMULAS ***MEReC SOLUTIONS | Assumption Approach = for simplification of equation with two (2) or more terms involved and factoring polynomiats, 2. Cancellation Approach = is a special assumption approach dealing with one (1) term only; 3. Substitution Approach = when solving for one equation and one unknown and the answer for the unknown is in the choices. It is also good for Diophantine Equations (are equations whose number of unknowns are greater than the number of equations usually by one and the unknowns are normally positive whole numbers), 4. Inspection Approach = for some digit and number problems and logic problems; and 6. Asymptote Approach = for asymptote problems. PLANE TRIGONOMETRY ve opposite adjacent > ee eee anes r * hypotenuse spas hypotenuse y r(sin®) sin®@ opposite ae x. r(cos 6) i cos@ fe adjacent > ee— = Soe ne Sec 9 cos 8 = ® cull, 2 cos 8 9 _ adjacent yeas y tan@” sin@ opposite PI ITIES ©) COSINE AND TANGENT: > — sin (6 + B) = (sin 6)(cos B) + (cos @)(sin 6) > cos (6 + f) = (cos 8YX{cos f) F (sin 0)(sin B) tan@ztan B > tan (62 8)= 7¥ (an 6)(tan B) > (tan 6)(tan B)(tan ©) = tan 6 + tan B+ tan} Where: (8+ 8 +) = 180° > sin 26 = 2(sin 9)(cos 6) » cos 26= cose ~ sin’6 > sin’@ + cose = 1 > sec’®-tan’e = 1 IMPORTANT NOTES: > arctan @ = tan“ @= inv tan @ > coversed sin@=1-sin6 > versed sin 6 =1-cos6 > exsecant @= sec @-1 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY > sina sinb SINE LAW: sinA sinB 5 sinc COSINE LAWS FOR SIDES: Gos a= (cos b) (cos c) + (sin b) (sin c) (cos A) Gos b = (cos a) (cos ¢) + (sin a) (sin c) (cos B) Gos ¢ = (cos a) (cos b) + (sin a) (sin b) (cos C) COSINE LAWS F' Gos A = -(cos B)(cos ©) + Sain B)(sin C)(cos a) Gos B = -(cos A)(cos ©) + (sin A)(sin G)(cos b) Gos C = -(cos A)(cos B) + (sin A)(sin B)(cos c) CONVERSIONS: 1. 1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile = 6,080 feet 2. 1 statute mile = 6,280 feet 4 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour Complimentary angles = the sum is 90°, Supplementary angles = the sum is 180°. Conjugate or Explementary angles = the sum is 360°. iS - eye Sin 6 = cos (90° 6) = sin (180° ~ 0) *** END OF MATH REVIEW FORMULAS ***