1

ASSIGNMENT

ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Irfan Pervaiz

SUBMITTED BY: Moazama Fayyaz
SUBJECT: Analysis
SEMESTER:5TH (B)
SAP ID: 70059120
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 23-11-2020

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr No: Topic Pg no:

1. Introduction 3

2. Principle 3

3. Instrumentation 4

4. Components 4-6

5. Application 7

6. Advantages 8

7. Disadvantages 8

8. References 9
 ATOMIC EMISSION
SPECTROSCOPY

INTRODUCTION:
Atoms or molecules that are
excited to high energy levels can
decay to lower levels by emitting radiation (emission or luminescence). For atoms
excited by a high-temperature energy source this light emission is commonly called
atomic or optical emission (atomic-emission spectroscopy,) and for atoms excited
with light it is called atomic fluorescence (atomic-fluorescence spectroscopy.)
Emission wavelength and energy are related by ΔE = hc/λ

PRINCIPLE:
The electrons of an atom moves from higher
energy level to lower energy level, they emit
extra amount of energy in the form of light which
is consist of photons.Atomic-emission
spectroscopy (AES) uses quantitative
measurement of the optical emission from
excited atoms to determine analyte
concentration.These high- temperature
atomization sources provide sufficient energy to promote the atoms into high energy
levels. The atoms decay back to lower levels by emitting light.
INSTRUMENTATION:
Instrumentation Comprises on:
i. Source & Sample
ii. Atomizer and sample handling
iii. Monochromator
iv. Detector & readout device
COMPONENTS:
1. LIGHT SOURCE:
a. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
b. Direct current plasma (DCP)
c. Flame
d. Arc and spark
e. Laser induced breakdown
f. Laser induced plasma h. Microwave induced plasma
 PLASMA SOURCE:
Plasma is defined as a neutral gas containing
significant number of both positive and negative
ions or free electrons.
Mechanism Of Inductively Coupled Plasma:
 The inductively coupled plasma torch
consist of 3 concentric silica quartz tube.
 Argon stream that carries the sample in the
form of an aerosol, passes through the
central tube.
 Plasma is initiated by a spark from a tesla
coil. Argon gas ionized and emission is
measured.

 FLAME SOURCE MECHANISM:

It consist of total consumption burner in which sample is drawn through a capillary
tube which injected directly into flame and flame is high temperature source that is
used to desolvate and vaporize a sample and generate free atom for spectroscopic
study.
 SPARK SOURCE MECHANISM:
It consist of the primary circuit a voltage of 110-220V is maintained. The high voltage
is obtained from setup transformer which convert the line power to 15000-40000V
which then charge the capacitor. When energy stored in the capacitor, synchronous
trigger the spark between the electrodes.
 LASER INDUCED PLASMA:
 In this source highly energetic laser pulse used to generated optical sample
excitation. When laser beam focused on the small spot on a sample(liquid, solid
and gases).
 The temperature of heated region is rise rapidly that vaporized the sample
material & induced plasma formed .
 Vaporized material excited & emit radiation.
 MICROWAVE INDUCED PLASMA:
 Used for multi-analytic determination of major to minor elements.
 Employed microwave energy to produced plasma.
 MIP generated from few hundred watts of radiation source.
 Atomized sample pass through plasma & promote electron excitation .
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION:
 Liquid samples are nebulized and carried into the excitation source by a flowing
gas.
 Solid samples can be introduced into the source by a slurry or by laser ablation of
the solid sample in a gas stream. Solids can also be directly vaporized and excited
by a spark between electrodes or by a laser pulse.

2. ATOMIZER:
Elements to be analyzed needs to be in atomic state. Atomization is the
conversion of sample (maybe; solid or liquid) into free gaseous atom. Atomizer is a
device used for atomization
 Flame Atomizer:
Used to produce flame, required oxidant gas and flame gas. Mostly
the air-acetylene flame or nitrous oxide- acetylene flame is used.Liquid or dissolved
samples are typically used with flame atomizer.
 Electro-thermal Atomizer:
It is also known as “Graphite Furnace Atomizer” More convenient to
uses a non-flame method i.e. electrically heated graphite tube.

SAMPLE HANDLING:
 The droplets of sample introduced in atomizer should be of constant size.
 The temperature should be maintained to obtain good reproducibility.
 The speed of introducing sample must be equal to certain permissible band
values.
 Sufficient sample volume should be available for maximum efficiency

3. MONOCHROMATOR:
It is a device use to transmit narrow band of wavelength which is chosen from
wavelength of wider range available.Types of monochromator are:
i. Prism
ii. Diffraction grating
i. PRISM:
 When the light pass through prism it emerges out in form of two lines or beam.
 To overcome this drawback two half prism are placed.
 When light pass through first prism it splits into two beams, when it reaches
second half prism recombines two beam into single beam
ii. DIFFRACTION GRATING:
 It gives better result and resolution.
 It replaced prism give linear dispersion.
 Problem occurred during the identification of wavelength of emission lines on
photographic plate solved through grating mono-chromator.
 Once we identify known reference line and other lines identified automatically.

4. DETECTORS:
 Phototube (Photo Electric Cell)
 Glass filled or vacuum tube
 Sensitive to light
 Depend on frequency and intensity of incoming photon
 Need amplifier. But are replaced by photomultiplier detectors.

APPLICATIONS:
 It is used for rapid analysis of multi-component pharmaceutical tablet.
 It is used for elemental analysis.
 It is used primarily for the identification and determination of metals in traces
 amount.
 It is used for determination of mineral composition of igneous and metamorphic
rock.
 It is used for routine analysis of wear metals in lubricating oils.
 It is used for the analysis of sodium, potassium and lithium.
 It is used for qualitative identification of elements present in the sample.
 Also for quantitative analysis from ppm levels to percent
 Can be used to determine metals, metalloid, and some nonmetals simultaneous
 ln practice ~60 elements detectable
 In determining the impurities of Ni, Mn, Cu, Al etc., in iron and steel in
metallurgical processes.
 The percentage determined is 0.001% in iron to 30 in steel.
 Lubricating oils can be analysed for Ni, Fe, Mn etc.
 Solid samples and animal tissues have been analysed for several elements
including K, Na, Ca, Zn, Ni, etc.
 To detect 40 elements in plants and soils, thus metal deficiency in plants and soils
can be diagnosed.
ADVANTAGES:
 Rapid
 Multi-element (limited for alkali and some alkaline earth metals
 ICP-AES has become the technique of choice for metals analysis.
 Multie-iement technique

DISADVANTAGES:
 Initial cost of ICP instrumentation
 Continuing cost of operation (Ar required).
REFERENCES:
 www.researchgate.net/publication/338017314_Atomic_Emission_Spectroscopy
 Science direct
 Reynolds, R. J.; Thompson, K. C. (1978).