VIEW FORMULAS __FLUIDMECHANICS —_—si| PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE LIQUID (or WATER): » Specific Weight: ye wean >» ‘Mass Density: p* ae » Specific Gravity: SQYbouy * ciety " Boe water Pwater » Specific Volume: Vs = waae ane Avg » Volumetric Strain: ae a Ep te dutie: ceteaee le Um Medes Eo * Volumetric strain, (A/V) » Coeff, of compressibility: “ z » $urface tension inside a droplet: o* (dia) >» ~ Gapillary rise: he sateseeh : a » Specific Weight: Yous @ RT Where: R = gas constant P = absolute pressure, Pans T # absolute temperature 8 Pagn + Poage # °C + 273 (in Kelvin) = OF + 460 (In Rankine) >» (Kilogram = 0.0686 (Ib)sec? /ft * 0.0686 slugs » bar = 100,000 Pa= 100 kPaWATER: ‘yoter ® 9.81 kNim? # 62.4 Ibs/ft* » P — Pratr ® 1,000 kgim? = 4 g/ce * 1.94 slugsift? » Absolute Pressure: Pubs ® Pgage * Pam » Gage Pressure; Poago ® y(H) » Atmospheric Pressure: Pam * 1 atm 1 atmosphere ® 101.326 kPa # 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg * 30 in Hg BOYLE'S LAW > FO) constant # By ) 4 Pala) . «aM Ean) T Th Ta Ta HYDROSTATIC FORGES ON SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES » Resultant Force: R= Pog A (General equation) Peg ® (hea) Pressure at the center f of gravity >» Eccentricity: oe > ricity AVeo) HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVE SURFACES » For Horizontal Force, Pu just treat it as a Plane Surface whose area, 4 ig the vertical projection of the area of curve. » For Vertical Downward Force, Py = 7V, where V is the volume above the curved surface. » For Vertical Upward Force (for Uplift force), Pv ls solved using MEReG five (8) Step Rule, NOTE; For non-uniform area, the procadure is the same but Instead of area to be solved in step #04, it should be volume, » Gentroid of Circular Sector; = K = ans! 3a Where: = measured along the axis of the sector a= half of central angle (in radians) HOOP TENSION Force >» Pressure (for fluids); Poe "hee Force > Stress (for solids): on DAM PROBLEMS » The solution for Dam problems is purely mechanics. Simply apply all concepts of static equilibrium. >» FACTOR OF SAFETY: 1, Sliding of dam: f FSsiaing * Py RM 2. Overturning of dam: FSoyoruming ™ om BUOYANCY >» Buoyant Fores: BF * {Vus) Where: Vsue = volume submerged, volume displaced, or volume below liquid surface STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES > MG*MBo+GBo use: (-)*ifGis above Bo (+) 1G is below Bo Conditions: STABLE = if M is above G, UNSTABLE = if M is below G. | > MBot eo + any vertical section Vsue ae B MBo # ($s) [1+ %tan’6] inclined rect. Section wd NOTE: Use WEDGE THEORY when there's an additional load Imposed on the body without causing It to sink. RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS » — Horizantal Movement: tangw SEE, Oe 8 ‘i womg ¢ fe 1ay » Inclined Movement: tan @ = a = a(cos a) Qt ay ¢ ay #* a(sin a) » Vertical Movement: P ® vh(1 + a/g) ROTATING VESSEL » — Height of liquid: he ee » Volume of paraboloid: Vs n(rjh » Volume of air is conserved: (Vain)serone # (Vatr)arrer WATER HAMMERING > WATER HAMMER PRESSURE: AP ® p(C)AV » CELERITY (velocity of sound through water): EB ' Ce pee) Rigid Pipes: ze : ? Epi) Non-rigid Pipes: 214 Est) aL » TIME OF CLOSURE: fotos fain! E % BQUIV.BULK MODULUS: Enea = Ta 1+ 0 HYDRODYNAMICS >» FORCE EXERTED BY LIQUID: AF = pQav (at rest plate) AF # p A (AV)? (moving plate) Where: Q= AV; AV 2 Va = Ve “END OF FLUID MEGHANIGS FORMULAS ***____ HYDRAULICS ; iecle » FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW ¥ 2 TOTAL FLOWENERGY; E= 5 + fe 2 NOTES: 1. Velocity is ZERO if the volume of liquid js too wide or too big that ite Increase or decrease is said to be negligible (like rivers, lakes, s@as, ete). It is also ZERO for large tanks, containers, ste, 2. Pressure is ZERO if the liquid Is exposed to air or to the atmospheric pressure. 3. Elevation is ZERO if the elevation concerned is the datum or reference level. Above the reference level is POSITIVE while below it is NEGATIVE, BERNOULLI’S THEOREM; ~ HLie + HA ~ HE # Ea a [A Feet wes [Sars Be x 7 Where: V/2g = velocity head Pry = preesure head 2 elavation head HA = head /energy added (for PUMPS) HE = head /energy extracted (for TURBINES) HL = head losses (major and minor losses) POWER: Where: P# (Q)E E = HA (for Pumps as Output Eneray) E = HE (for Turbines as Input Energy) NOTE: 1hp = 746 watts = 660 Ib-ft/sec EFFICIENCY & (Pourpur / Pinpur) X 100% CONTINUITY EQUATIONS: 1, Incompressible Fluid Qa AM # AN... 2. Compressible Fluid Mass Flow Rate = p @ = p1 AiV1 = p2AoVe =. Weight Flaw Rate a y Q& 71 AiVy # y2AeMe ® & AnV) * constant VENTURI METER « tis solved using Bernoulli's Energy Equation and Gontinuity Relationships. REYNOLD'S NUMBER: D=4R FLUID FLOW IN PIPES (CLOSED CONDUIT) (for circular pipes) (for non-circular pipes) Where: v= p/p = kinematic viscosity [m*/s] pw dynarmle of abgolute viscosity [Pa-s} R® A/ Pwo * hydraulic radius 1. 2000) 2 (Re> 2000) «- + Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow + A. MAJOR HEAD LOSSES (head due to friction, hf): Basic Equation: $i (in terms of Q): L ' ve hf= (z) (5) a oeszaigiyat Engl. (in terms of Q): ht essence? MANNINGS’ FORMULA; Basic Equation: ve Re gia a 10.29n*(L)(Q") i {in terms of Q): hee — 2, Engl. (in terms of ); hr= asec ga t ULA: Basic Equation: V = 1.318 (C)(RO™)( 0%) 10,641.(a'®) Si (int f Q): {in terms of Q): hfs rr 1,85, Engl. (in terms of Q):; hr= Suen8. MINOR HEADLOSSES: « 1. Minor HL caused by Contraction in the cross- sectional area, he: he ™ Ke V? / 2g 2. Minor HL caused by Enlargement in the cross- sectional area, he: he® Ke V7/ 2g 3. Minor HL caused by Obstructions such as gates, valves, etc., ho: ho # Ko V7 / 2g 4, Minor Hl caused by Bends or curves in the pipes such as fittings, hs: he # Ka V?/ 2g 6. Minor HL. caused by Nozzle, by: 4 ws) ~4l {a mle >» VALUES OF FRICTION FACTOR, fi A. LAMINAR FLOW: f= bac Re B. TURBULENT FLOW; 4, For Smooth and Rough Pipes Bog BV5” fa a pve? Where; os = Shear Stress Vs Mean Velocity Vs = Shear oF friction velocity 2, For Smooth Pipes (Blasius Formula) (3000 s Re s 100,000) 1# 0,316 / Re"** SERIES AND PARALLEL PIPES » » These are ploes connected by the exit of one pipe and the entrance of another pipe, where their other ends never meet all throughout, * — Its head losses (hf's) will ADD.» PARALLEL PIPES These are pipes connected by a common entrance and PI common exit points. Its head losses (hfs) are EQUAL, RESERVOIR PROBLEMS » Point or Elev, G = is the elevation of the pressure head at the Junction, Reservoir above G supplies liquid to the junction while reservoir below G receives liquid from the Junction. FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS > Theoretical Area: A®(wi4)D? — circular area > Actual Area; ‘a™ Co(A) + area of jat at vena contracta » Theoretical Velocity: Ms /2gh open at top » Actual Velocity: VE Gu) = Gy /agh » Theoretical Discharge: Oh ® ACV) >» — Actual Discharge: Q® a(V) * [Ge (A) [Cv/2gh] | G8 Ce(Cv) A/2gh* CA /2gh Where: G = Ge (Cv) # cootticient of discharge Ge = coefficient of contraction Gv = coefficlént of velocity NOZZLE (OLJET DISCHARGE: = Qu= CAn/2gh » Discharge: Qo = CAo/2gh 1 Ve" >» Head Loss; HL, @ (aa i (=) A, CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE; 1 2. One chamber: Two chambers: Volume tam t= (Aq + Ag)CAy (2g 8. FALLING HEAD ORIFICE: hy fAgahyy — 2Aa( ny ~ fh 4. One chamber; f= pf" te ) tng Pam CAo |2g mcf) 2 Twochambers: t= Molume, 2ArAa(/Hy - Ha) Gave — (Ay + Ag )CAg 20. WEIR EQUATIONS: A, RECTANGULAR WEIR: Q=Gy{L) ((H + hy)? » (hy?) Cws i C/ag «correction factor Va? Where: hve ae = head due to velocity of approach Va ® Velocity of approach L. = length of weir H = height of water above crest 1. FRANCIS FORMULA: Cw ™ 1.84 (if not given) a, SUPPRESSED WEIR (or dams used as weirs): Q* CwLl Hi”? b. CONTRACTED WEIR: Q= Gwh' H”? One-End contraction: 4." = L = 0.10H Two-Eind contraction: = = L.~ 0.20H 2, BAZIN'S FORMULA: Qs [oo + (Hr) Jig Loy? 2 Hr H+ 180%") ag B. TRIANGULAR WEIR: 8 “ Q= 7 C tan (0/2), /2g H*? Q= 140 He? « when: @ = 90° C. TRAPEZOIDAL (or CIPOLLETTI) WEIR: Q= 1.86 L He ¢ whan: tan (®/2) = 1/4OPEN CHANNELS >» CHEZY FORMULA: V=CyYRS v VALUES OF COEFFICIENT, C; 1. DARCY-WEISHBACK: ce fe 2, KUTTER’S: C4nzvR 0.00186 a Wie neta) ZaQ3+ —— (81 units) (4.814 + nz)vik 0.00284 * “GR ha)iny zeae —— (English) A. MANNING'S: = Ge tau {$1 units) c# fact RW (English) 4. BAZIN’S: CaS St unit i i Ts tm) (St units) 187.6 c “s ‘4 ti? (English) Where: fn and m = roughness coefficients & #AF/L © slope of channel R& Al Pus = hydraulle radius WNIEORM FLOW OPEN CHANNELS ye > SPECIFIC ENERGY Heated Fag >» MOST EFFICIENT (or EGONOMICAL) SECTION * — The rate of discharge Ie maximum a The hydraulic radius is maximum « The least value of watted perimeter, P OPEN CHANNEL SECTIONS: 1, RECTANGULAR SECTION Be 2dNON-UNIEORM FLOW OPEN CHANNELS 2. TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION (half hexagon) 8 = a0) = 30° xay 3. TRIANGULAR SECTION = 90° 4. CIRCULAR SECTION For maximum digchatge : d= 0,038D For maximum velocity: \ d& 081d 6. SEMI-CIRCULAR SECTION The most efficient (or economical) section of all open channels. 2 98 » ORITICAL FLOW: Se Bo. g Be > GRITIGAL VELOCITY: Vol a ny > CRITICAL SLOPE: “ Ae / (Roy > FROUDE NUMBER: fa i > CRITICAL DISCHARGE: — Qe ® Q-# Ac(Ve) > CLASSIFICATIONS: Sub-Critical Critical 4. Depth of Flow dodo d= de 2. Velocity of Flow = VVe $o> Se Fod ¥ Vv ¥ CRITIGAL DEPTH IN TERMS OF SPECIFIC ENERGY, de: 14. Rectangular channel: de = (2/3) min 2, Triangular charinel: de # (4/8) min 3, Parabolic channef: he ® (3/4) Emi UNIT TRACTIVE FORCE (or AVERAGE SHEARING STRESS); 7 yw(ft)(S) Section Factor: Z»AVATB For minimum Seepage of Trapezoidal Section: Width, b = 4d (tan ) “" END OF HYDRAULICS FORMULAS **0 eotochmcal Eng’s TABLES AND DIAGRAMS SOIL COMPOSITION, ATTERBERG LIMITS AND MISCELLENEOUS TOPICS SITUATION (27-31): Moisture content, w(%o) Ant a a i Gi 410 Moisture content, w(%} anes SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS 100 90 80 70 «660 50 40 30 Percentage of sandAASHTO METHOD OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION: (A) More than 35% Pass No. 200 Sieve General Silty-clay Materials Classification (More than 35% of total samples pass No.200)| Plasticity index Usual types of etituent significant con: 8For A-7-5, PIS LL~ 30 For A-7-%, PI> LL- 30 (B) 35% or less Pass No. 200 Sieve General Granular Materials Classification (35% or less of total samples pass No. 200) bo mex 30max 6Omex 64min ‘5 mex 25mex 48inex 3 max Wimax I mex 36 mex Oman Vmin 48mmex 44min AO max 1inex Mmin 44min Excellent to goodUSCS METHOD OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION: A-Line Equation: PI = 0.73 (LL - 20) U-Line Equation: PI = 0.90 (LL - 8) UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS) [ior aistone | set ee Classification Criteria za Sesusen ea ar en ag ‘Cuvalueis greater than 4, and Co vahie ls between fand 3. Poorly graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures, | Retnerin bho E symbols Bordertine classification requiring uze of deal ‘Atterbergiimits plotbelow "A" ine | Atetberg Wiley plating iy Gi ets, Kater aind HE racurt and Plastioky inden less than § hatohed area are bordering classitioations: ‘Awerberglimis plot above Aline | requiring use of dual | 9 | Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-olag mintures ‘Well-graded sands and giavetly sands, litle or no: fines Pootly graded sands arid gravelly sands, fitthe or fines: aa | bmsranetchnane Pa, | omeieertannties and Plasticity Index greater than ? enies Cu value is greater than 6, and Co value is between 1and% Not meeting both criteria for Sv. ‘Aiterberg mits plot below "A" line Berg tanks plotting Wr and Plastiohy indeu lass than $ hatohed area aie borderine olassifioations ‘Atterbeigiimis plot above A lne | requiring use of dual and Plastiolty Indes greater than ? 60 3 Classitivation on basis of percentage oF fines: Lesethon St paseo, 200 oleve GW, GP, SW, SP Coarse-Grained Soils: 58x of more pass No. 280 siewe {| More than S@X retained on No. 200 siewe Hlore then 12% page Ho, 200 ziere GM, GC, SM, $C. Sk to 12Y pros No. 200 zieve Inorganis silts, very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands Inorganis clays of low to medium plasticny, gravelly olays, sandy clays, siity clays, lean clays ‘Organio sits, and organic silty olays of low: Plasticity Inorganis silts, mioanecus or diato-maceous fine sands of silts, elastio silts inorgania olays of high plasticity, Fat clays ‘Organic slays of medium to high plastiolty Highly Organic Sots Feat, muok, and other highly organie soils ae i , : & i 5 j i ‘Siks and Clags Liquid Limit Visual-Manual identification, see ASTM Designation 02429.GEOTECHNICAL ENG’G! _| SOIL COMPOSITION, ATTERBERG LIMITS AND SOIL COMPACTION > Vold Ratio; ool Vs VY e » Porosity: Li nla » Degree of Saturation: Sa Vw, WG) Ww e » Moisture Content: we Wy Ws » — Air void ratio; AVR # (n)(1~ 8) > wee » Shrinkage factor: SF ieee =1 >» Critical hydraulic gradient: lor = Se=t » Bulk specific gravity: @bux # (Gs)(1 = n) UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL: » Unit Weight of Soll / Moist or Wet Unit Weight: i wy (Gg + Se)(y,) TO tootot = Yat © 7 tte » Dry Unit weight / Oven-dry Unit weight: We _ Tot Gsl%w) fe tay? aw eel $= 0%> Saturated Unit weight of the Soil: (Gg + @)(¥y) Taat 1+e $= 100% = 1.0 . »& Submerged Unit Weight of the Soll: Ga-1 ly) Taub “Yen tw “Gag lerltw) G (ry) 8 » Zero air void unit weight: = yzav * Ts wGs ATTE RBERG LIMITS . iy a me Plastic thn > PLASTIG LIMIT, PL = is the average of moisture contents obtained in Plastic Limit Test > LIQUID LIMIT, LIL = Is the moisture content at 25 blows or 20 mm deep cone penetration v SHRINKAGE LIMIT, SL = [Stace i= Val oom me » SHRINKAGERATIO: SR* Tiel > SPEGIFIGGRAVITY: y= een 1 Met 1 = (SRMSL) Where; my and V; = wet or satutated soil condition Mm, and V2 = dry soil condition 4 4 > RELATIVE DENSITY: Dr = —jimit if = Sra S— ign Yan mm » INDEXES: (A) Plasticity Index: Pl@ LL -PL 7 w-Ph PL. WPL (B) Liquidity Index: Lis iba itoPL” =a Brittle solid Plastic Liquid Li gullabilityNo, eye 7 [og + tte + ae, BN AT [momneny (Dso)" — (Bz0)" (Dao) Si 6-10 0-26 20-30 | 30-40 > 80 pon Exeelient | Good | Fair | Poor | Unsuitable > — Sorting Coetficient gon {D2 J Dag ¥ » Relative Compaction Re i uw Uetis 4=Dr(1-Roy Ya,max Yd,min = amin Yamax >» Optimum Moisture Content = is the value of moisture content at its maximum dry unit weight, SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS >» GOEFFICIENT OF UNIFORMITY: Cur a (yo) > OEFFICIENT IRV AT! 4 Salar een, COEFFICIENT OF CUI URE, Cc (O10) >» JHREE COMMON METHODS OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION: 1. USDA = United States Department of Agriculture % Total = %Glay + %Silt + *Sand Percentage of Clay * %Glay / %Total Percentage of Silt = %Silt/ *Total Percentage of Sand * %Sand / %Total 2. AASHTO = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Group Index, Gi = (F ~ 35) [0.2 + 0.006 (LL ~ 40)] +0,01(F ~ 18)(PI = 10) : F © Percentage passing No. 200 Slave LL = Liquid limi value Pi = LL ~ PL = Plasticity IndexNOTE: For negative value of term/s In the Group index equation, set that term/s to zero. 3. USCS = Unified Soil Classification System A-Line Equation: Pl # 0.73 (LL ~ 20) U-Line Equation: Pl # 0.90 (LL ~ 8) Use Tables and Diagrams provided! PERMEABILITY OF SOIL, Ye wy ¥ v Ah Hydraulic Gradient ie ao Discharge Velocity V=K(i) Flow Rate 2 AWW) = A(K)i v ’ Seepage Velocity Vs ® * n= porosity METHODS OF COMPUTING COEFF, OF PERMEABILITY: QiL) naj) Q= volume 1. Gonstant Head Test: Ke ' tt) 2. Falling Head Test; Ks (=): (it EQUIVALENT HYDRAULIC CONOUCTIVITY: 4. Horizontal Equivalent: Kiteq ™ EEMD HH 2. Vertical Equivalant: Kyjew * = 3) PERMEABILITY TEST BY PUMPING FROM WELLS: Qin (r4/r2) 4. Unconfined Well: Kerrie mr(hy? = ho”) 2. Confined Well: Kn oral) 2ir(t)(hy ~h2) Q In (t4/t2) Transmissibility: Ts Ke a orn)EFFFECTIVE STRESSES OF SOIL » Total Strese Ore + Oot > Pore Water Pressure U® yufh) >» Effective Stress Cont or- UV > Capillary Stress Ge ® S(yw)(h) @s~ 1) (tw) NOTE: 1° rou ™ ousy * ton Yeat = YW a COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOILS > Total settlement $14 Sc + Ss + Se > PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT, Sc 4. Normally Consolidated Clays 8.2 CoH) (AP + Po 148, tog ( Po ) 2, Over-Consolidated Clays a. When (AP + Po) < Po Celt 1,4 @ + Pe) So" Tee, OBS b. When Pc < (AP + Po) 8. Sc(H) log (A y*2) Sa(H) log (OCR) 1+e@, Po 1+*e, Cc # 0.009 (LL ~ 10) = compression Index C. rel tt te = it ind 8 70 c) 0 5 c) = swell index P, OCR = ios = over-consolidated ratio > INGREASE IN VERTICAL PRESSURE: Ap= t [Pi 4(Pn) + Pi] (1.) The values of pressures are obtained using the 1:2 (horizontal to vertical) pressure distribution below the application of stress or pressure. (2.) AP * Pm (or middle preesure). SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL, » DIRECT SHEAR TEST 1. 2, » TRLAXIAL SHEAR TEST 1 Normally Consolidated Clay (C = 0) Over-consolidated Clay (G# 0) Consolidated Drained (CD) Test: Consolidated Teas] betes. RENT | eee Undrained (CU) fg aoa” Test: on NOTE: +AU = to left “AU = to right Ol 203 ini 8) + 2(C)(tan 6) = 46 + Ya() Uncensolidated Undrained (UU) Test: qu= Ad# 2R Cua R # (Ad) % (qu) UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST: P Ao 3 “ht aa ale Gu * undrained shear strength qu® unconfined compressive strength “* END OF GEOTECHNICAL ENG’G | FORMULAS ***